UNIT-4

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
 Electromagnetic Induction
FARADAY’S LAW
• Michael Faraday formulated two laws

➢ Faraday's First Law

➢ Faraday's Second Law

LENZ’S LAW
Fleming’s Right
Hand Rule

Fleming’s Left
Hand Rule
Induced EMF
 ELECTRICAL
MACHINES

DC MACHINE AC MACHINE

3Φ
DC
DC MOTOR TRANSFORMER INDUCTION
GENERATOR
MOTOR
 DC GENERATOR

Input DC Output
Energy GENERATOR Energy

(Mechanical) (Electrical)
 DC GENERATOR

Working principle

• Faraday’s Electromagnetic Induction

• Dynamically Induced EMF

Construction of DC Machine
Construction of DC Machine
Construction of DC Machine
Armature (Rotor)
Field (Stator)
Commutator and Brush
Construction of DC Machine
 Types of Armature Winding
Armature Winding of a DC Machine is
wound by one of the two methods
• Lap Winding
• Wave Winding.
• The difference between these two is
merely due to the end connections and
commutator connections of the
conductor.
• It may be simplex, duplex or multiplex.
 Types of Armature Winding
LAP WINDING
• In a simplex lap winding, the two ends of a coil are
connected to adjacent commutator segments.
 LAP WINDING
• No of parallel paths(A) is equal to the no of poles(P),
(A=P).
• Let Z=16, P=4, V(per conductor)=10V, I(per
conductor=10A)
• High current, low voltage
 Types of Armature Winding
WAVE WINDING
• a conductor under one pole is connected at the
back to a conductor which occupies an almost
corresponding position under the next pole which
is of opposite polarity.
 WAVE WINDING
• No of parallel paths(A) is always equal to 2, (A=2)
• Let Z=16, P=4, V(per conductor)=10V, I(per
conductor=10A)
• Low current, High voltage
 WAVE WINDING
No of parallel paths(A) is equal to 2 (A=2)
Z=16, P=4, V(per
conductor)=10V, I(per
conductor=10A)

Low current, High voltage

EMF Equation of DC Generator
 TYPES OF DC GENERATORS

DC
GENERATORS

SEPARATELY
SELF EXCITED
EXCITED

SERIES SHUNT COMPOUND

WOUND WOUND WOUND
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATORS
SERIES WOUND DC GENERATORS
SHUNT WOUND DC GENERATORS
 COMPOUND WOUND DC GENERATORS

SHORT SHUNT LONG SHUNT

 DC MOTOR

Input Output
DC MOTOR Energy
Energy

(Electrical) (Mechanical)
 DC MOTOR
Working principle

“whenever a current carrying

conductor is placed in an uniform
magnetic field it experiences a
force”.
Working principle
Working principle
Back EMF(Eb)/Counter EMF
Back EMF(Eb)/Counter EMF
 Significance of back EMF
• Back EMF makes the d.c motor a self-
regulating machine

Let, Nr = running speed of the motor

load load
N N
Eb Eb
Ia Ia
Nr Nr
Torque Equation of DC Motor

F= Force acting tangential on the surface

in Newton.
r= Radius of the armature in meters
Torque Equation of DC Motor
The Torque exerted by this force on the armature
is given by
Ta= F r Nm

The work done in the armature by

this force F in one revolution is

W=(Force distance covered in 1 revolution)

 Torque Equation of DC Motor

The power developed by the armature = work

done in 1 sec
Torque Equation of DC Motor
WKT electrical power converted into
mechanical power in the armature is EbIa
Watts.
 TYPES OF DC MOTORS

DC MOTORS

DC
DC SHUNT DC SERIES COMPOUND
MOTOR MOTOR MOTOR
DC SHUNT MOTOR
DC SERIES MOTOR
 Armature
copper loss
Series field
Copper Loss
copper loss
Shunt field
copper loss
Eddy
Losses in DC Current loss
Iron Loss
Machines
Hysteresis
loss

Friction loss
Mechanical
Loss
Windage
loss
Power Flow
Power Flow
 TRANSFORMERS
• Static Device
• Transfers energy from one circuit
other circuit.
• Step up Transformer
• Step down Transformer
• Efficiency is 95%-98%
Construction
Windings
Core
Laminations of Core
 Working Principle
• The working principle of the single phase
transformer is based on mutual induction
between two magnetically coupled windings
Working Principle
 Types of Transformer
• Depending on the way in which
windings are wound on the core,
Transformers are classified as

➢CORE TYPE
➢SHELL TYPE
 Types of Transformer
• CORE TYPE
 Types of Transformer
• SHELL TYPE
Emf Equation of Transformer
 Emf Equation of Transformer
The peak value of induced EMF is Em1 is given
by

RMS value of the induced EMF E1 is given by

Similarly RMS value of the induced EMF in secondary

is given by
 DIFFERENCE

DC MOTOR INDUCTION MOTOR

• Power is conducted • Rotor will not get the

directly to the electric power by
armature through conduction, instead by
brushes and induction. Hence they
commutator. Hence are called as Induction
they are Conduction Motor.
Motor.
 3Φ INDUCTION MOTOR
Advantages:
• They are simple and rugged.
• Its cost is low and it is reliable.
• It has high efficiency.
• Maintenance cost is less.
• It is self-starting motor.
• It can be manufactured with characteristics to
suit most industrial requirements.
• They are the most widely used electric motors
in industry.
 Construction
• Induction motor has 2 main parts :
➢Rotating part (Rotor)
➢Stationary part (Stator)
 Construction
Stator
➢ It consist of laminated cylindrical core
having slots at the inner periphery.
➢ Insulated stator conductors are placed
inside the slots
 Construction
Stator
➢ The conductors are either in star or delta to
form 3Φ winding.
➢ It is been excited by 3Φ supply
 Construction
Rotor
❖ Squirrel Cage Rotor
➢ Rotor winding is composed of copper bars
embedded in the rotor slots and shorted at
both the ends by end rings
➢Simple, low cost, robust, low maintenance
❖ Phase wound Rotor/Slip Ring Rotor
➢Rotor windings are wound by wires. The
winding terminals can be connected to
external circuits through the slip rings and
brushes.
➢More expensive
 Construction
Squirrel Cage Rotor
➢ It consist of laminated cylindrical core
having slots at the outer periphery.

➢ Copper/aluminum bar conductors are

placed in the slots and short circuited
at each end by copper/aluminum
rings called as short circuiting rings
 Construction
Squirrel Cage Rotor
➢The rotor windings are permanently short
circuited & its not possible to add any
external resistance
 Construction

Squirrel Cage Rotor

➢The rotor slots are not parallel to the
shaft but skewed to-
✓Reduce humming
✓Reduce magnetic locking of stator and rotor.
 Construction
Phase wound Rotor
➢It is also called as slip ring rotor.
➢It consist of laminated cylindrical core
having slots at the outer periphery &
carries 3Φ insulated windings.
 Construction
Phase wound Rotor
➢ The 3 finish terminals are connected together
forming a star point & the 3 star terminals are
connected to 3 slip rings fixed on the shaft.
 Concept of RMF
➢ 3Φ stator winding is excited
by 3Φ supply, which will
produce 3Φ flux of constant
magnitude in the stator.
➢ This flux will rotate at a
speed, called as synchronous
speed(Ns).
➢ This flux is called as Rotating
Magnetic Field
 Concept of RMF
• Synchronous speed (Ns) is the speed of the
flux and given by

f= frequency of the supply

P= number of poles
Production of RMF
 Principle of operation
➢ A RMF is set up in the stator, when 3Φ
supply is given.
➢ The stationary rotor conductors cuts the
revolving field and due to electromagnetic
induction an EMF is induced in rotor
conductors.
➢ As the rotor conductors are short circuited,
current flows through them.
➢ Hence it becomes a current carrying
conductor in the magnetic field, which
experience the force and start rotating.
 Slip
➢The speed of the Rotor (N) of the
induction motor is always less than
synchronous speed (Ns). N<Ns
➢The difference between the flux speed
(Ns) and the rotor speed (N) is called
as Slip (s).
➢Usually it is expressed in percentage
as