SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

SUBJECT CODE : 16 AR 460

SUBJECT NAME : Project Management & Construction

SEMESTER : VIII YEAR: IV

REGULATION : 2016

COURSE : B.Arch (Architecture)

SPECIALISATION :

COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020

 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

ELEMENTS OF NETWORK
& CPM AND PERT UNIT – 2
ANALYSIS
COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020
 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

Event

• The commencement or completion

of an activity is called an EVENT

Elements Properties of an EVENT

of • An event is either the start or

completion of an activity
network • An event represents a noteworthy,
significant and recognizable point in
the project. Event act as control
points in a project.
• An event is an accomplishment
occurring at an instantaneous
points in time.

COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020

 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

Representation • In a network diagram, events are represented by

nodes. The shape of the nodes may be
of EVENTS

COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020

 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26
• A particular event out of various events on the network diagram may be
specified as
• Tail Event
• Head Event

Specifying • Dual role Even

• Tail Event
the Events • A tail event is the one which marks the beginning of an activity
• Head Event
• A head event is the one which marks the end of an activity.
• Dual Role Event
• Most of the events are serve as a dual function I.e., they are
head event to some activity and tail event to other activity
• All events except initial and final events are called as Dual Role
Events.

COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020

 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

Successor Event and Predecessor

Event
• Successor Event:
• The Event or events that follow another event are called
as Successor Event to that event.
• Predecessor Event
• The event or events occur before another event is called
as Predecessor Event to that event.

COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020

 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

Activity

• An Activity is the actual

performance of a task.
• It is the work required
to complete a
specific event.
• An activity is a
recognizable part of a
work project that
requires time and
resources for its
completion.

COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020

 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

• A dummy is a type of
operation in the
network which neither
requires any time nor
any resources, but is
Dummy merely a device to
identify a dependence
among operation.
• A dummy is a
connecting link for
control purposes or for
maintaining uniqueness
of activity.
• A dummy is
represented by dotted
arrow.

COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020

 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

• Initial node has only outgoing arrows. There must be only single
initial node in a network.
• An event cannot occur until all the activities leading to it are
completed.
• An event cannot occur twice, i.e., there cannot be any network
path looping back previously occurred event. No event depends,
for its occurrence of a succeeding event.
• There must not be any dead end left except the final node. Final
node has only incoming arrows. There must be only one single final
node.

Network • No activities can start unitil its tail end event (predecessor event)
has occurred.

Rules • Any arrow should represent singular situation, i.e., individuality

and separate entity of an activity must be maintained in a network
diagram. Particular arrow cannot emanate from a single evet only.
Number of arrows should be equal to number of activities in the
project.
• Representation of the network should be such that every activity is
completed to reach the end objective.
• All the constraints and interdependencies should be shown
properly on the network by use of appropriate dummies.
• Logic of network should always be maintained, I.e., arrow heads
point correct way to indicate the true control situation.
• It is usual practice to show the time flow from left to right

COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020

 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

• Arrows are vectors. They are

never used to indicate duration
(or time) through its length.
• Orientation or angle between
Graphical arrows should be chosen to
suit drafting convenience.
Guidelines
• As far as possible, straight
for arrows should be used. Curved
network arrows are not preferred.
• Arrows should normally not
cross each other. If this crossing,
length of the arrow should be
broken to bridge over the other
COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020
 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

1. There is a single initial event in a network

diagram. This initial event will have arrows
coming out of it and none entering it.
Numbering Number this initial event as 1.
the Events 2. Neglect all the arrows emerging out of
initial event numbered 1. doing so will
(Fulkerson apparently provide one or more new initial
Rule) events.
3. Nuber these apparently produced
new initial events as 2, 3, 4, etc.
4. Again neglect all emerging arrows from
these numbered events; this will create few
more initial events.
5. Follow Step 3.
6. Continue this operation until the last event,
which has no emerging arrows, is
numbered.

COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020

 SRM SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN – TN 26

CPM (Critical Path PERT (Program

Method) Evaluation Review
Technique)

• CPM is an activity- • PERT is an event-

oriented network oriented network
diagram, where in CPM diagram, where PERT
CPM vs emphasis is given to
activity.
emphasis is given to
event.
PERT • CPM works with fixed
deterministic time.
• PERT works
probabilistic time.
with

• CPM is useful for • PERT is useful for non-

repetitive and non- repetitive and complex
complex projects with projects with uncertain
certain degree of time degree of time
estimate. estimate.
• CPM includes Time- • PERT is restricted to
Cost tradeoff. time variable.
• CPM is for construction • PERT is for R&D
projects. program.
COMPILED BY: NARAYANAN M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR- SRM SEAD 2019-2020