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Maxwell Equation in Detail Noted PDF
Maxwell Equation in Detail Noted PDF
∂B
∇× E = − − M i = −M d − M i
∂t
∂D
∇ × H = Ji + Jc + = Ji + Jc + J d
∂ t
∇ ⋅ D = ρ ev
∇ ⋅ B = ρ mv
∂B ∂D
Md = , Jd =
∂t ∂t
E≡ Electric field intensity [V/m]
B≡ Magnetic flux density [Weber/m2 = V s/m2 = Tesla]
M i ≡ Impressed (source) magnetic current density [V/m2]
M d ≡ Magnetic displacement current density [V/m2]
H≡ Magnetic field intensity [A/m]
Ji ≡ Impressed (source) electric current density [A/m2]
D≡ Electric flux density or electric displacement [C/m2]
Jc ≡ Electric conduction current density [A/m2]
J d ≡ Electric displacement current density [A/m2]
∂D
Jd =
Ji dt
Current source J i generates the electric
displacement current
3. Through “equivalent principle” M i and ρ mv can be used to simplify the solutions
to some boundary value problems.
∂B
4. M d = (magnetic displacement current density [V/m2]) is introduced
∂t
∂D
analogous to J d = (electric displacement current density [A/m2])
∂t
Integral form of Maxwell’s Equations
Elementary vector calculus:
C
∫∫ (∇ × A) ⋅ ds = ∫ A ⋅ dl
Stokes’ Theorem:
S C
• It says that if you want to know what is happening in the interior of a surface bounded
by a curve just go around the curve and add up the field contributions.
volume V
surface S
∫∫∫ (∇ ⋅ A) dV = ∫∫ A ⋅ ds
Divergence Theorem:
V S
• In simple words, divergence theorem states that if you want to know what is happening
within a volume of V just go around the surface S (bounding volume V ) and add up the
field contributions.
Null Identities:
( )
∇⋅ ∇× A = 0 ⇔ ∇⋅B = 0 ⇔ B = ∇× A
∇ × (∇φ ) = 0 ⇔ ∇ × E = 0 ⇔ E = −∇φ
(electrostatic)
• The Divergence and Stokes’ theorems can be used to obtain the integral forms of the
Maxwell’s Equations from their differential form.
∂B ∂
• ∇× E = − − M i ⇒ ∫∫ ∇ × E ⋅ ds = − ∫∫ B ⋅ ds − ∫∫ M i ⋅ ds
∂t S
∂t S S
S
∂
⇒ ∫ E ⋅ dl = − ∫∫ B ⋅ ds − ∫∫ M i ⋅ ds
C
∂t S S
∂D ∂D
• ∇× H = + σE + J i ⇔ ∫∫ ∇ × H ⋅ ds = ∫∫ ⋅ ds + ∫∫ σE ⋅ ds + ∫∫ J i ⋅ ds
∂t S S
∂t S S
∂
⇒ ∫ H ⋅ dl = ∫∫ D ⋅ ds + ∫∫ J c ⋅ ds + ∫∫ J i ⋅ ds
C
∂t S S S
Where J c = σ E
• ∇ ⋅ D = ρ ev ⇔ ∫∫∫ ∇ ⋅ D dv = ∫∫∫ ρ ev dv ⇒ ∫∫ D ⋅ ds = ∫∫∫ ρ ev dv = Qe
V V S V S
• ∇ ⋅ B = ρ mv ⇔ ∫∫∫ ∇ ⋅ Bdv = ∫∫∫ ρ mv dv ⇒ ∫∫ B ⋅ ds = Qm = ∫∫∫ ρ mv dv
V V V
Since Qm = 0 ⇒ ∫∫ B ⋅ ds = 0
S
V
Helmholtz Theorem
• Traditionally, Newtonian mechanic is formulated in terms of force ( F ) and torque ( τ ),
dP dL
F= , τ = where L is the angular momentum.
dt dt
However such an approach to classical electromagnetism will be unnecessarily
cumbersome. Instead, the description of electromagnetics starts with Maxwell’s
equations which are written in terms of curls and divergences. The question is then
whether or not such a description (in terms of curls and divergences) is sufficient and
unique? The answer to this question is provided by Helmholtz Theorem
• A vector field is determined to within an additive constant if both its divergence and its
curl are specified everywhere.
• Equivalent statement: A vector field is uniquely specified by giving its divergence and
its curl within a region and its normal component over the boundary, that is if:
S and C are known and given by
∇⋅M = S ,
∇×M = C
and M n (the normal component of M on the boundary) is also known; then M is
uniquely defined.
Theorem:
• A vector field which its divergence and curl vanishes at infinity can be written as the
sum of an irrotational & a solenoidal fields.
• According to the theorem stated above, the vector field M can be written as
(1) M = Fi + Fs
• Since Fi is irrotational then ∇ × Fi = 0 ⇒ Fi = −∇V where V is a scalar function.
• Since Fs is solenoidal then ∇ ⋅ Fs = 0 ⇒ Fs = ∇ × A then (1) ⇒ M = −∇V + ∇ × A
Constitutive Relations
D=ε E
B=µ H
ε = εr ε0
µ = µ r µ0
ε ≡ permittivity [F/m]
ε o ≡ vacuum permittivity = 8.85 ×10-12 [F/m]
ε r ≡ Relative permittivity or dielectric constant [#]
µ ≡ permeability [H/m]
µ 0 ≡ free space permeability = 4π × 10 -7 [H/m]
µ r ≡ relative permeability [#]
• We also write
(1) µ r = 1 + χ m
(2) ε r = 1 + χ e
Where χ m and χ e are the magnetic and electric susceptibility, respectively. χ m , χ e are
dimensionless.
• ε and µ describe the macroscopic response of the media. ε characterizes the electric
response while µ describes the magnetic response. In the following we assume our
medium is nonmagnetic.
= 1 + 2 (c 2 B 2 − E 2 )
1
classical non-linear effect is given by
ε0 b
• However, there are few problems with Born & Infeld classical non-linear vacuum
response. (1) The theory suffers from arbitrariness in the manner in which the
nonlinearities occur. (2) There are problems with transitions to the quantum domain. (3)
So far, there has been no experimental evidence of the existence of this kind of classical
nonlinearities.
• As to the last point, we may note that in the orbits of electrons in atoms, field strengths
of 1011-1017 V/m are present. For heavier atoms, these fields can be even as large as
1021 V/m at the edge of the nucleus; yet ordinary quantum theory with linear
superposition is sufficient to describe the observed phenomena with a high degree of
accuracy.
HW: Consider a hydrogen atom unexcited and in thermal equilibrium. Calculate the
magnitude of the electric field due to its nucleus at the site of its electron.
Temporal dispersion
• Remarks: Temporal dispersion means that the parameters describing the medium
response (e.g. ε and µ ) are functions of time derivatives. Spatial dispersion means that
the parameters describing the medium response (e.g. ε and µ ) are functions of space
derivatives.
• If a medium is linear, homogeneous, and isotropic, we say the medium is simple.
1
Recall that the potential energy (U) corresponding to two charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is
given by: U = q1 q2 /4 π ε0 r
Electric Field
• Electric field due to a point charge in origin
q aˆ q r q r
E = 1 r2 = 1 3 = 1 3 where z A
4πε 0 r 4πε 0 r 4πε 0 r
r Observation Point
r r âr
aˆ r = = and we use the shorthand notation
r r
q1 y
r =r.
• Superposition principle
A Observation Point
1 aˆ R1 aˆ R 2 aˆ R 3
E= q1 + q2 2 + q3 2 +
4πε 0 R1 2 R2 R3 z R1
r R2 q1
1 R1 R2 R3 R3
= q1 3 + q2 3 + q3 3 +
r1′
4πε 0 R1 R2 R3
y
1 (r − r1′) (r − r2′) ( r − r3′)
r3′
= q1 3 + q2 3 + q3 3 + r2′
4πε 0 r − r1′ r − r2′ r − r3′ x q2
1 N r − r′ q3
E= ∑
4πε 0 k =1
qk k 3
r − rk′
Electric Field & Potential due to Continuous Charge
Distribution
• Volume charge density, ρ v′ (r ′) = ρ v′ (x ′, y ′, z ′)
z A (Observation point)
1 R 1 aˆ R
dE = 3 ρ v′ dv′ = ρ v′ dv′
4πε 0 R 4πε 0 R 2
r R = r − r′
1 r − r′
= ρ v′ dv′
4πε 0 r − r′ 3 y
1 aˆ R 1 r − r′ r′
E = ∫∫∫ ρ v′ dv′ = ∫∫∫ ρ v′ dv′
v′
4πε 0 R 2 v′
4πε 0 r − r′ 3
x Differential
1 ρ v′ dv′ 1 ρ v′ dv′ 1 ρ v′ dv′ volume charge
V = ∫∫∫ = ∫∫∫ = ∫∫∫
4πε 0 R 4πε 0 R 4πε 0 r − r ′ density ρ v′
v′ v′ v′
• Surface charge density, ρ s′ (r ′) = ρ s′ ( x′, y′, z ′) z
A (Observation point)
r
R = r − r′
y
r′
x
Differential
surface charge
density ρ s′
1 aˆ R 1 R 1 r − r′
E = ∫∫ 2 ρ s′ ds′ = ∫∫ 3 ρ s′ ds′ = ∫∫ 3 ρ s′ ds′
s′
4πε 0 R s′
4πε 0 R 4πε 0 s′ r − r′
1 ρ l′ dl ′ 1 ρ l′ dl ′ 1 ρ l′ dl ′
V =
4πε 0 ∫
l′
R
=
4πε 0 ∫
l′
R
=
4πε 0 ∫ r − r′
l′
x
Remark: If you have forgotten the differential length, surface, and volume elements for
rectangular, cylindrical, or spherical, you may want to revisit these. See also the end of
this note set.
x −q
q r1 r
E= 3 − 2 3
4πε 0 r1 r2
d
r1 = r −
2
d
r2 = r + & r >> d
2
Then
q r −d 2 r +d 2
E= −
4πε 0 r − d 2 3 r + d 2 3
−3 −3 3 r ⋅ d
r − d 2 ≈ r 1 + 2
2 r
−3 −3 3 r ⋅ d
r + d 2 ≈ r 1 − 2
2 r
q −3 3 r ⋅ d 3 r ⋅ d
E≈
4πε 0
( ) ( )
r r − d 2 1+ 2 − r + d 2 1− 2
2 r 2 r
−3
qr r ⋅ d
E= 3 2 r − d
4πε 0 r
Recall qd = p is the dipole moment, then
1 3(r ⋅ p )
E= 3 2 r − p
4πε 0 r r
• For our coordinate system p = p aˆ z
• r is the position vector in spherical coordinate, then let us express E in the spherical
coordinate
A = Ar (r ,θ , φ )aˆ r + Aθ (r ,θ , φ )aˆθ + Aφ (r ,θ , φ )aˆφ
A = Ax ( x, y, z )aˆ x + Ay ( x, y, z )aˆ y + Az ( x, y, z )aˆ z
Ar sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos θ Ax
Aθ = cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ Ay with
Aφ − sin φ cos φ 0 Az
x = r sin θ cos φ
y = r sin θ sin φ
z = r cos θ
pr cos θ p z
⇒ p = p aˆ = (cos θ aˆ − sin θ aˆ ) p
p
θ = − sin θ p z z r θ
pφ 0
• Or finally from
1 3(r ⋅ p )
E= 3 2 r − p
4πε 0 r r
we get
1 1 3r aˆ r ⋅ (cos θ aˆ r − sin θ aˆθ ) p
E= r aˆ r − (cos θ aˆ r − sin θ aˆθ ) p ⇒
4πε 0 r 3 2
r
3 [2 cos θ aˆ r + sin θ aˆθ ] , where r = r
p
E=
4πε 0 r
HW: Show that potential at point A for an electric dipole is given by
+q A
r
d
p ⋅ aˆ r p ⋅ aˆ r −q
V = 2 = 4πε r 2
4πε 0 r 0
E
Electric Polarization P
N∆v′
∑ pk
P = limt k =1
∆v′→0 ∆v′
p [C·m] Electric dipole moment
P [C/m2] Electric polarization vector
N [#/m3] is the number of dipoles per unit volume
• P [C/m2] is the volume density of electric dipole moment p [C·m]
Note P and D have the same units [C/m2]: D = ε 0 E + P
• Polarization vector P may come to exist due to (a) induced dipole moment, (b)
alignment of the permanent dipole moments, or (c) migration of ionic charges.
dp
• In differential form: P =
dv′
z
A
r R
y
r′ Differential volume
x element dv′
v′
and furthermore
( )
∇′ ⋅ ( f A) = f ∇′ ⋅ A + A ⋅ ∇′f ⇒ A ⋅ ∇′f = ∇′ ⋅ f A − f ∇′ ⋅ A
1
* Let A = P and f = then
R
1 P 1 ′ ′
∫∫∫
v′
P ⋅ ∇ ′
R
d v ′ = ∫∫∫
v′
∇ ′ ⋅
R
d v ′ − ∫∫∫ ∇ ⋅ P dv
v′
R
Use divergence theorem ⇒
1 P 1
∫∫∫
v′
P ⋅ ∇′ dv′ = ∫∫ ⋅ ds′ − ∫∫∫ ∇′ ⋅ P dv′
R s′
R v′
R
The potential then can be written as
1 P ⋅ aˆn′ ∇′ ⋅ P
4πε 0 ∫∫
V = ds′ − ∫∫∫ dv′ ,
S′
R v′
R
Where aˆ n′ is perpendicular to surface S ′ bounding volume v ′ .
Compare above to the previously obtained expressions for V due to surface and volume
charge densities, i.e.:
1 ρ s′ ds′ 1 ρ v′ dv′
V = ∫∫ and V = ∫∫∫ ⇒
s′
4πε 0 R v′
4πε 0 R
P ⋅ aˆ n′ = ρ s′
− ∇′ ⋅ P = ρ v′
Or in general, dropping the prim notation since we know that integration is carried with
respect to the prim coordinate, we define
• Bound or polarized surface charge density: ρ sP = P ⋅ aˆ n [C/m2]
• Bound or polarized volume charge ρ vP = −∇ ⋅ P [C/m3]
Generalized Gauss’ Law & Constitutive Relation D = ε E
ρ
• In free space ∇ ⋅ E = v .
ε0
• When a medium is polarized we must take into account the effects of the bound
charges, hence
ρ v ρ vp ρ v ∇ ⋅ P
∇⋅E = + = − ⇒
ε0 ε0 ε0 ε0
( )
∇ ⋅ ε 0 E + ∇ ⋅ P = ρv ⇒ ∇ ⋅ ε 0 E + P = ρv
Let’s define D = ε 0 E + P then
∇ ⋅ D = ρ v ← Generalized Gauss’ Law
• Also note that for D = ε 0 E + P if P = ε 0 χ e E then D = ε 0 (1 + χ e )E = ε 0 ε r E
Where ε r = 1 + χ e then
D = ε 0ε r E = ε E where ε = ε 0 ε r
Magnetization & Permeability
• Magnetic materials exhibit magnetic polarization ( M , magnetization) when subjected
to an applied magnetic field
• This magnetization is the result of alignment of the magnetic dipoles of material with
the applied magnetic field. This is similar to electric polarization which is the result of
alignment of electric dipoles of the material with the applied electric field.
• The electron orbiting the nuclei can be thought of as a small current loop of area dsi
with current I i
• As long as loop is small, its shape can be circular, square, or any other closed curve
e−
- n̂i n̂i
+ ≡ ≡
e− - - e−
dsi Ii
dsi
• The magnetic field of the current carrying loop at large distance is similar to the field of
a linear bar magnet, i.e., a magnetic dipole.
• Subjected to the above torque, the magnetic dipoles realign themselves such that their
moment ( dmi ) is collinear with Ba (see figure in the next page)
Ψi → 0 ⇒ ∆τ → 0
Remark: Comparing the similarities between the torque & potential energy for electric &
magnetic dipoles
∆τ B = dm × Ba ∆U B = − dm ⋅ Ba
∆τ E = dp × Ea ∆U E = − dp ⋅ Ea
• From next page figure we see that in absence of an applied magnetic field, we can write
(1) B = µ0 H a .
But, when a magnetic material is present, a magnetic polarization ( M ) is also present
and an additional term must be added to (1). In order to take into account the influence of
the material, we write
(2) B = µ 0 H a + µ 0 M = µ 0 (H a + M )
• However, M is ultimately related to the applied field H a . If we assume
(3) M = χ m H a ,
Where χ m is a scalar (or tensor) function then we have
(4) B = µ0 [1 + χ m ] H a = µ0 µ r H a = µ H a ,
Where µ r = 1 + χ m is the relative permeability and µ is the permeability.
Bound Magnetization Current Density
• Recall that for an electric field applied to a medium we had
ρ sP = P ⋅ aˆ n
ρ vP = −∇ ⋅ P , where P is the electric polarization, ρ vP and ρ sP are the volume and
surface bound charges, and â n is the normal to the surface.
Remark:
The origin of magnetization ( M ) can also be visualized by the following:
• When Ba ≠ 0 , the magnetic moments line up with Ba to minimize the potential energy as
shown in the figure.
• Since the number of dipoles is very large and therefore they are closely packed, in the
limit, the currents of the loops within the interior part of the medium will cancel each
other and only a surface current ( J sm ) on the exterior of the slab remains.
• This bound magnetization surface current density ( J sm ) is responsible for producing the
magnetization ( M ).
• So far we have only considered the magnetic moment of the orbiting electron; however,
a magnetic moment can also be assigned to the spin of electron.
• Only electrons in the atomic shell that are not completely filled will contribute to the
spin magnetic moment.
DC Conductivity
• Consider a small cylinder containing N electrons per unit volume, where electrons are
moving with velocity v .
n ⋅ v ∆t
• We define N e v = J , where J is the current density vector [A/m2] and ∆Q ∆t = ∆I ;
then we have ∆I = J ⋅ nˆ ∆S
Remark:
• ∆I = J ⋅ nˆ ∆S can be written as dI = J ⋅ nˆ ds in differential form, -
which implies E v
⇒ I = ∫∫ J ⋅ nˆ ds ← This is our standard equation for
calculating current from current density.
• Let us assume a linear relationship between velocity ( v ) and electric filed ( E ), i.e.,
v = − µ E , where µ is called mobility [m2/V·s] (note E and v are anti-parallel)
• Then J = N e v = − N e µ E , for electron e = −q = −1.602 × 10 −19 [C]
⇒J =qN µ E
• Compare the above to J = σ s E ⇒ σ s = q N µ . This says that static conductivity is the
product of electron charge, electron density, and electron mobility.
• In our analysis so far we have only considered the electrons, however when positive
charges (ions of holes) are present we must consider the contributions of both carriers to
the conductivity. The static conductivity is then modified according to:
σ s = q N e µe + q N h µ h
µ e ≡ Electron mobility
µ h ≡ Hole mobility
N e and N h are electron and holes densities [1/m3]
Time Harmonic or Sinusoidal Steady State
Electromagnetic Fields
• Assuming time harmonic fields, the instantaneous field E (x, y, z , t ) and the complex
spatial field E (x, y, z ) are related by
E ( x, y, z , t ) = Re[E ( x, y, z ) e jωt ]
H ( x, y, z , t ) = Re[H ( x, y, z ) e jωt ]
• For good dielectrics such as glass or plastic σ s ≈ 0 , but these materials when exposed to
alternating fields ( σ a ≠ 0 ) can dissipate large amount of energy. Example of large σ a and
its application are:
- microwave cooking
- selective heating of human tissue
- removing sulfur from mineral coal to produce clean coal (selective heating)
• Note ∇ × H = J i + σ e E + jωε ′E = J i + J ce + J de
J i ≡ Impressed current density
J ce ≡ σ e E = (σ s + σ a )E = (σ s + ωε ′′) E : Effective conduction current density
J de ≡ jωε ′E : Effective displacement current density
Loss Tangent
• Note that Amper’s law given by ∇ × H = J i + σ e E + jωε ′E can be rewritten as:
σ
∇ × H = J i + jωε ′1 − j e E = J i + jωε ′(1 − j tan δ e ) E , where
ωε ′
tan δ e ≡ Effective electric loss tangent
σ σ σ σ ωε ′′ σ s ε ′′
tan δ e = e = s + a = s + = +
ω ε ′ ωε ′ ω ε ′ ω ε ′ ω ε ′ ω ε ′ ε ′
= tan δ s + tan δ a
with
σ
tan δ s = s : Static (DC) loss tangent
ωε ′
ε ′′
tan δ a = : Alternating (AC) loss tangent
ε′
• Manufacturer usually provides loss tangent or the conductivity.
• Note that in the above discussion we have expressed the conduction (DC) and dielectric
losses (AC) in terms of effective conductivity ( σ e ) or effective loss tangent ( tan δ e ). We
could have also formulated the problem in terms of complex permittivity.
σ
• To see this we write: ∇ × H = J i + jωε ′1 − j e E = J i + jωε c E , where
ωε ′
σ σ +σa σ
ε c = ε ′1 − j e = ε ′ − j ( s ) = ε ′ − j ( s + ε ′′)
ωε ′ ω ω
• In the expression for ε c the free carrier losses and dielectric losses are clearly evident.
Boundary Conditions
• Maxwell’s equations in differential forms are point equations; i.e. they are valid when
fields are: single valued, bounded, continuous, and have continuous derivatives.
• When boundaries are present, fields are discontinuous; hence to find the fields we must
rely on their integral form.
• Boundary conditions for tangential H :
Assume finite conductivity (σ 1 , σ 2 ≠ ∞ ) and no sources on boundary (M i = 0, J i = 0 )
∂
∫C H ⋅ dl = ∫∫S σ E ⋅ ds + ∂t ∫∫S D ⋅ ds (1)
0 0 0
• Taking the limit of the both sides of Eq. (1), the Left hand side (LHS) can be written as:
[
lim ∫ H ⋅ dl = lim ∫ H1 ⋅ dl1 + ∫ H 2 ⋅ dl2
∆y →0 ∆y →0
]
C0 y
= H1 ⋅ ∆x aˆ x − H 2 ⋅ ∆x aˆ x = (H1 − H 2 )⋅ ∆x aˆ x
n̂
• The first term on the right hand side (RHS) C0
of Eq. (1) can be written as:
2 ε 2 , µ 2 ,σ 2
lim ∫∫ σE ⋅ ds = lim ∫∫ σE ⋅ dxdy aˆ z x ∆y
∆y →0 ∆y →0
S0 S0
ε 1 , µ1 , σ 1
[
= lim σE∆x∆y ⋅ aˆ z = 0] 1
z ∆x S0
∆y →0
• The second term on the RHS of Eq. (1) can be written as:
∂ ∂ ∂
lim ∫∫
∆y →0 ∂t S
D ⋅ ds = lim ∫∫ D ⋅ dxdy aˆ z = lim ( D ⋅ ∆x∆y aˆ z ) = 0
∆y →0 ∂t
S0
∆y →0 ∂t
0
• Note that:
aˆ x ⋅ H 2 ≡ Tangential component of H 2 WRT the interface,
aˆ x ⋅ H 1 ≡ Tangential component of H1 WRT the interface.
• Also the fact that we can carry the same analysis in the y-z plane which results in
aˆ z ⋅ (H 2 − H1 ) = 0 , with aˆ z ⋅ H 2 and aˆ z ⋅ H1 designating the tangential components of the
H fields. The conclusion is then the following: tangential components of H are
continuous across the boundary between two dielectrics. This all can be summarized as
nˆ × (H 2 − H 1 ) = 0
y
A0
n̂
2 ε 2 , µ 2 ,σ 2
x
1 ε 1 , µ1 , σ 1
z A0
∫∫ D ⋅ ds = ∫∫∫ ρ dv
v
v
LHS:
[
]
[
lim ∫∫ D ⋅ ds = lim ∫∫ D2 ⋅ ds + ∫∫ D1 ⋅ ds = lim ∫∫ D2 ⋅ dxdzaˆ y − ∫∫ D1 ⋅ dxdzaˆ y
∆y →0 ∆y →0 ∆y →0
]
= lim (D2 A0 aˆ y − D1 A0 aˆ y )
∆y →0
RHS:
lim ∫∫∫ ρ v dv = lim [ρ v ∆yA0 ] = A0 lim ρ v ∆y = A0 ρ s = 0
∆y →0 ∆y →0 ∆y →0
v
Then
(D2 − D1 )⋅ aˆ y = 0 ⇔ nˆ ⋅ (D 2 − D1 ) = 0 ⇔ nˆ ⋅ (ε 2 E 2 − ε 1 E1 ) = 0
Summary of boundary conditions
General Case:
• nˆ × (E 2 − E1 ) = − M s
y
Boundary Conditions for Two Media in which One Medium Is a Perfect Conductor
( σ 1 = ∞ ), With no Sources Present ( M s = 0 , ρ ms = 0 ):
∂ ∂
• In medium-1, since perfect conductor ⇒ E1 = D1 = 0 then ∇ × E1 = − B1 ⇒ 0 = B1
∂t ∂t
. But this means that B1 must be a constant function of time which contradicts the
assumption of time varying electric and magnetic fields; i.e. the electrodynamics
assumption. Therefore, B1 = H1 = 0
• nˆ × (E 2 − E1 ) = − M s ⇒ nˆ × E 2 = 0
Electric filed has no tangential component on the boundary between perfect conductor
and dielectric.
• nˆ × (H 2 − H1 ) = J s ⇒ nˆ × H 2 = J s
Tangential component of H is discontinuous by amount of surface current J s at the
boundary between perfect conductor and dielectric.
• J s is the surface current due to the free charges on the metal (not the bound charges)
• nˆ ⋅ (D2 − D1 ) = ρ es ⇒ nˆ ⋅ D2 = ρ es
Electric field has only normal component on the boundary between perfect conductor and
dielectric.
• nˆ ⋅ (B2 − B1 ) = ρ ms ⇒ nˆ ⋅ B2 = 0
Magnetic field has no normal component
on the boundary between perfect conductor
and dielectric.
E E
Boundary Conditions Between Two
Medium one of which Is a Perfect Metal
Magnetic Material (the medium has
infinite magnetic conductivity, i.e.
H 1t = 0 ) and no sources are present (
ρ es = 0 , J s = 0 )
• Here H 1 = 0 ⇒ B1 = 0 , E1 = D1 = 0
• nˆ × (E2 − E1 ) = − M s ⇒ nˆ × E2 = − M s
Electric filed is tangential to the boundary
• nˆ × (H 2 − H1 ) = J s ⇒ nˆ × H 2 = 0
Magnetic filed has no tangential component on the boundary
• nˆ ⋅ (D2 − D1 ) = ρ es ⇒ nˆ ⋅ D2 = 0
Electric filed has no normal component at the boundary
• nˆ ⋅ (B2 − B1 ) = ρ ms ⇒ nˆ ⋅ B2 = ρ ms
Magnetic field is normal to the boundary
Differential length elements