1553412835312-CQPP Test Series Question With Solution (Test No-02)

IES MASTER
Institute for Engineers (IES/GATE/PSUs)
Sl. No. 02 ABCDEF(M)

Civil Engineering
Conventional Test - 02
24h March 2019
SOLUTIONS
1.(a) Analyse the continuous beam by slope deflection method. Draw bending moment
diagram and shear force diagram.
75kN B 15kN/m C 15kN
A D
E
3EI 2EI EI
A
6m 4m 8m 2.5m
[12 Marks]
Sol. Fixed end moments
Pab2 75  6  42
FEMAB =     72 kN-m
L2 102
Pa2b 75  62  4
FEMBA =   108 kN-m
L2 102
wL2 15  82
FEMBC =    80 kN-m
12 12
wL2 15  82
FEMCB =   80 kN-m
12 12
MCD = – 15 × 2.5 = – 37.5 kN-m
Slope deflection equations
(2) [CE], ESE Conventional Test Series Program |Test-2| 24th March 2019
2 EI AB  
MAB = FEMAB   2  A  B  3 
L  L
2  3EI
= 72   2 A  B 
10
6EI
= 72   B ( A = 0 being a fixed end)
10
2  EI AB  3 
MBA = FEMBA    A  2 B 
L  L 
2  3EI
R
= 108   2 B 
10
12EI
E
= 108  B
10
2  EIBC 
T
3 
MBC = FEMBC   2 B  C  
L  L 
S
2  2EI
= 80   2 B  C 
8
A
2 EIBC  3 
MCB = FEMCB   B  2 c  
L  L 
M
2  2EI
= 80   B  2 C 
8
Joint equilibrium equations
At joint B
S
MB = 0
IE
MBA + MBC = 0
12EI EI C
108  B  80  EI B  = 0
10 2
22EI EI C
B   28 = 0
10 2
28
2.2 B  0.5 C =  ...(1)
EI
At joint C
MC = 0
MCB + MCD = 0
80  0.5EIB  EI C  37.5 = 0
42.5
0.5B  C =  ...(2)
EI
From (1) and (2)
45
B = 
13EI
530
C = 
13EI
Back substitution
R
6EI 45
MAB = 72    74.08 kN-m
10 13EI
E
12 45
MBA = 108  EI   103.85 kN-m
10 13EI
4EI 
T
45 530 
MBC = 80  8  2  13EI  13EI   103.85kN-m
S  
4EI  45 530 
A
MCB = 80  8   13EI  2  13EI   37.5kN-m
 
74.08kN-m 103.85kN-m
M
75kN
A B
RAB R BA
103.85  75  6  74.08
RBA = = 47.98 kN
S
10
RAB = 75 – 47.98 = 27.02 kN
IE
103.85kN-m 37.5kN-m 37.5kN-m

15kN
15kN/m
B C C D
RBC RCB 15kN
RCD = 15kN
37.5  15  8  4  103.85
RCB = = 51.71 kN
8
RBC = 15 × 8 – 51.71 = 68.29 kN
14.08 kN-m 75kN 15kN/m 15kN
B C
D
E
27.02kN RB = RBC + RBA 51.71kN + 15kN

= 116.27 kN = 66.71kN
68.29kN
27.02kN 15kN
B 3.45m
E
A
– –
47.98kN 51.71kN
R
S.F.D
V x = 68.29 – 15x
E
68.29
For maximum bending moment Vx = 0  x = = 4.55 m
15
T
The maximum bending moment (B.M.)max = 68 .29 × 4.55 – 103.85 – 7.5 × 4.552
= 51.6 kN-m
S
88.06kN-m
51.6kN-m
A
+ 103.8kN-m
14.08kN-m +
– – 37.5kN-m
–
–
M
A E B C D
6m 4.55 m
1.(b) A catchement is divided into four zones based onthe isochrones of time of concentration as shown
in the figure. The times of concentration for the lines AA',BB', CC' and DD' are 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours
S
respectively with reference to the point of observation P. The subareas are 20 ha, 30 ha, 50 ha and
40 for zones I, II, III and IV. A four hour
IE
C B
A
D
III II I
IV P
D A
C B
rainfall is observed on a day having an average intensity of 20 mm per hour over the whole catchment.
The runoff coefficient, C, for the first, second, third and fourth hours are 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 for
the catchment as a whole. Estimate the hourly discharges at P due to this rain in m3/s.
[12 Marks]
Sol.
1
Peak discharge, QP = kpc · A
36
where, QP = peak rate of runoff in cumecs
k = coefficient of runoff
A = drainage area of the basin in ‘ha’
pc = mean rainfall intensity in cm/hr for a duration equal to time of
concentration
Peak discharge caused by

Rainfall
intervals Area I (20 ha) Area II (30 ha) Area III (50 ha) Area IV (40 ha)
in m3 /s in m3 /s in m3 /s in m3 /s
1 1 1 1
QP   0.5  2  20 QP   0.5  2  30 QP   0.5  2  50 QP   0.5  2  40
R
st 36 36 36 36
1 hr rain
= 0.555 m3 /s = 0.833 m3 /s = 1.389 m3 /s = 1.111 m3 /s
at t = 1 hr at t = 2 hr at t = 3 hr at t = 4 hr
E
1 1 1 1
QP   0.6  2  20 QP   0.6  2  30 QP   0.6  2  50 QP   0.6  2  40
nd 36 36 36 36
2 hr rain
= 0.666 m3 /s = 0.1 m3 /s = 1.667 m3 /s = 1.333 m3 /s
at t = 2 hr
1
at t = 3 hr
1
T at t = 4 hr
1
at t = 5 hr
1
QP   0.7  2  20 QP 
S
 0.7  2  30 QP   0.7  2  50 QP   0.7  2  40
rd 36 36 36 36
3 hr rain
= 0.778 m3 /s = 1.167 m3 /s = 1.944 m3 /s = 1.556 m3 /s
A
1 1 1 1
QP   0.8  2  20 QP   0.8  2  30 QP   0.8  2  50 QP   0.8  2  40
th 36 36 36 36
4 hr rain
M
= 0.889 m3 /s = 1.333 m3 /s = 2.222 m3 /s = 1.778 m3 /s

Time Discharge caused Discharge caused Discharge caused Discharge caused Total peak discharge
in hr by area I in m3 /s by area II in m3 /s by area III in m3 /s by area IV in m3 /s at P in m3 /s
S
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.555 0 0 0 0.555
IE
2 0.666 0.833 0 0 1.499

3 0.778 1 1.389 0 3.167
4 0.889 1.167 1.667 1.111 4.834
5 0 1.333 1.944 1.333 4.61
6 0 0 2.222 1.556 3.778
7 0 0 0 1.778 1.778
8
1.(c) Find the structural indetermacy in following frame [12 Marks]

(i .)
(ii)
R
Sol : (i)
E
3(2 – 1) = 3
T
3(3 – 1)
3 = res. req. = 6
S
3 = res. req.
A
No. of restraint req. = 3 + 3 + 3 (2 – 1) + 3(3 – 1)
M
= 3 + 3 + 3 + 6 = 15
No. of cuts req. = 4
DS = 6 × 4 – 15 = 9
(ii)
S
3 4 4 5 5
6
IE
3
2 10 6
8 9
7
2 8
1 11 7
1 10
9
No. of member = 11
No. of joint = 10
No. of reactions = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
Ds = 3m + r – 3j
= 3 × 11 + 6 – 3 × 10 = 9
1.(d) 50 grams of oven dried soil sample is taken for sedimentation analysis. The hydrometer
reading in a 100 ml soil suspension 30 minutes after the commencement of
sedi m en t at i on t est i s 24.5. T h e ef f ect i v e dept h f or R n = 25, found from the calibration
curve is 10.7 cm. The meniscus correction is found to be + 0.5 and the composite
correction as – 2.50 at the test temperature of 30°C. Taking the specific gravity of
particles as 2.75 and viscosity of water as 0.008 poise, calculate the smallest particle
size which would have settled during this interval of 30 minutes and the percentage
of particle finer than this size.
[12 Marks]
1 2  G  1
Sol: Vs = D w
18 
R
0.5
 18Vs  
 D =  
  G  1  w 
E
It should be noted that 1 poise is equivalent to 0.1 Ns/m2 or 10–4 kNs/m2
He H
then, Vs = cm / sec  e m / sec
T
60t 600t
0.5
 18  106   He 
 mm
then D = 
S 
  G  1  w 6000t 
3000 He
A
= mm
 G  1  w t
R'n = 24.5 ;
M
 Rh = 24.5 + 0.5 = 25 ; R = 24.5 – 2.50 = 22

where D is in mm, He is in cm and t is in min.
For the present case,  = 0.008 × 10–4 kN-s/m2, He = 10.7 cm G = 2.75
S
and  w = 9.81 kN/m3 ; t = 30 min.
3000  0.008  104 He H

IE
 D =   0.01182 e
 2.75  1 9.81 t t
10.7
or D = 0.01182  7.06  103 mm  0.00706 mm
30
The percentage finer is given by

100G
N = R where Md = mass of dry soil = 50 g
Md  G  1
100  2.75
 N = 50  2.75  1  22  69.1%
1.(e) A cylindrical shell, 0.8 m in diameter and 3 m long is having 10 mm wall thickness.
If the shell is subjected to an internal pressure of 2.5 N/mm2, determine (a) change
in diameter (b) change in length and (c) change in volume. Take E = 200 GPa and
Poisson’s ratio = 0.25.
[12 Marks]
Sol: Diameter of the shell d = 0.8 m = 800 mm
Thickness of the shell, t = 10 mm
Internal pressure p = 2.5 N/mm2
pd
Hoop stress, n =
2t
2.5  800
=  100 N / mm2
2  10
pd
R
Longitudional stress,  =
4t
2.5  800
=  50 N / mm2
E
4  10
1 1
Hoop strain, h =  h  t   100  0.25  50
E 2  105
= 4.375 × 10–4
T
S
1 1
Longitudional strain,  =    h    50  0.25  100 
E 2  105
A
= 1.25 × 10–4
Volumetric strain = 2h     2  4.375  104  1.25  104

M
= 10 × 10–4 = 10–3
Increase in diameter = Hoop strain × Original diameter
= 4.375 × 10–4 × 800 = 0.35 mm
Increase in length = Longitudinal strain × Original length
S
= 1.25 × 10–4 × 3000 = 0.375 mm

Increase volume = Volumetric strain × Original volume
IE
d2 
Original volume =     8002  3000  1507  106 mm3
4 4
Increase in volume = 10–3 × 1507 × 106 = 1507 × 103 mm3.
2.(a) Analyse the frame shown using slope deflection method.
[20 Marks]
25kN/m
50kN
C
D 3I B 3I
2m 2m 2m
1.5I 6m
R
Sol: The frame will not sway
 A = C  0
E
Dk = B
Fixed end moments:
T
MBD = +50 × 2 = +100kN-m
5WL2 5  25  16
MFBC =    20.83kN-m
S
96 96
MFCB = 20.83kN-m
Slope deflection equations :
A
0
2E 1.5I
MAB = MFAB  2A  B   0.5EIB
6
M
2E 1.5I
MBA = MFBA   2B  A   EIB
6
0
2E 3I
MBC = MFBC  2B  C 
4
S
= 20.83  3EIB
2E  3I
IE
MCB = MFCB   2C  B 

4
= 20.83  1.5EIB
Equilibrium equations: Joint B
MBA + MBD + MBC = 0
100   20.83  3EIB   EIB = 0
4EIB = –79.17
19.79
EIB = –19.79  B  
EI
Substituting value of EIB in the above slope deflection equation :
EIB
MAB =  9.9kN  m
2
MBA = –19.79kN-m
MBC = 20.83  3EIB  80.21kN-m
MCB = 20.83  EIB  1.5  8.86KN  m

100kN-m 33.33kN-m
80.21kN-m
8.86kN-m
19.79kN-m
D C
B
R
E
9.9kN-m
T
Bending moments (kN-m)
A
S
2(b)(i) A rigid bar ABC is pinned at A and is connected by a steel bar CE and a copper
bar BD as shown in Fig. If the temperature of the whole assembly is raised by
A
40°C, find the stresses induced in steel and copper rods. Given:
[10 Marks]
M
For steel bar For copper bar

Area 400 mm2 600 mm2
Modulus of elasticity 2 × 105 N/mm2 1 × 105 N/mm2
S
Coefficient of thermal expansion 12 × 10–6/°C 18× 10–6/°C

IE
6  6 
Sol. Given  c = 18  10 / C  s = 12  10 C
c = 1  105 N / mm 2 s = 2  105 N/mm 2

2
A c = 600 mm2 A s = 400mm
PS
PC
C S
S.t.LS
A
1m B 1m C
C.t.LS
0.6m
0.8m
R
Taking moment about A
2PS  PC
E
From Similar Triangle
C .t.LC  C = S .t.LS  S
S .t.LS  S = 2  C .t.LC  C 
T
PS .LS P .L
S
But  S  & C  C C
A S ES A C EC
A
 2C .t.LC  S .LS .t   2C  S  PC  2PS
4  PS  800 PS  600
M
2  18  10 6  40  800  12  10 6  600  40 = 5

600  10 400  2  105
PS  14202.74N
PC  28405.48N
S
PS 14202.14
Stress in Steel Rod = A   35.506 N/mm2 (Tensile)
S 400
IE
PC 28405.48
Stress in copper Rod = A   47.342 N/mm2 (Compressive)
C 600
2(b)(ii) The stress-strain diagram for an aluminium alloy that is used for making aircraft
parts is shown in figure. If a specimen of this material is stressed upto 600 MPa.
Determine the permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load is released.
Also find the modulus of resilience both before and after the load application.
Given A  elastic limit.
[8 Marks]
(MPa)
750
F
600 B
A
450
300
150
0.023
0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04  mm mm 
y  0.006
Sol.
R
450MPa
E =  75GPa
0.006mm mm
E
B F
T
S
A
D 0.023
C
0
0.01 0.02 0.003
From triangle BCD
M
BD
E =
CD
600  10 6 Pa
75  109 Pa =
S
CD
600  10 6
CD =  0.008mm mm
IE
75  109
CD is recovered elastic strain
Permanent strain = OD – CD
= 0.023  0.008
= 0.015 mm/mm
Modulus of resilience before load application
1
=  450  10 6  0.006
2
= 1.35MJ m 3
1
Modulus of resilience after load application =  600  106  0.008
2
= 2.40MJ m 3
2.(c)(i) A watershed has five non-recording rain gauge stations, installed in its area. The
amount of rainfall recorded for one of the years is given below :
Rain gauge station I II III IV V

Annual rainfall, in cm 240 220 190 170 150
R
Find the required optimum number of non-recording and recording rain gauges for
this watershed as per WMO. Assume an error of 8% in the estimation of mean
E
rainfall.
T
Sol. Number of rain guage stations in a given catchment must be sufficient so that the error in precipitation
[12 Marks]
S
measurement is not more than acceptable value.
The data of five non-recording guages are :
A
Rain gauge station I II III IV V
M
Annual rainfall, in cm 240 220 190 170 150
Calculation of mean rainfall (Pm),

P1  P2  P3  P4  P5 240  220  190  170  150
Pm = 
5 5
S
Pm = 194 cm
IE
Calculation of standard deviation, ( n 1 )
n 1 = (P1  Pm )2  (P2  Pm )2  ...(Pn  Pm )2

n 1
(240  194)2  (220  194)2  (190  194)2  (170  194)2  (150  194)2
=
4
n 1 = 36.47 cm
Calculation of coefficient of variation (Cv) :

n 1
Cv =  100
Pm
36.47
=  100  18.79%
194
Optimal number of stations, (N)

2
C 
N =  v
  
Where,  = allowable degree of error in %
2
 18.79 
N =    5.51  6
 8 
According to WMO, at least 10% of the total rain-guages should be of self-recording type
 No. of recording type guage station = 1 and no. of non-recording type guage station = 5.
2.(c)(ii) During a 3 h storm event, it was observed that all abstractions other than infiltration are negligible. The
R
rainfall was idealized as three 1 h storms of intensities 10 mm/h, 20mm/h and 10 mm/h respectively
and the infiltration was idealized as a Horton curve, f = 6.8 + 8.7 exp (–t) where f is in mm/h and
E
t is in h. What is the effective rainfall? [8 Marks]
Sol.
15.5 mm/hr
T
S
Intensity
A
M mm/hr
0 1 2 3
hr
S
f0 = 15.5 at t = 0
f1 = 10 at t = 1
IE
f2 = 7.97 at t = 2
f3 = 7.23 at t = 3
Total rainfall =(10 × 1) + (20 × 1) + (10 × 1) = 40 mm
Since between t = 0 to t = 1 hr,Rainfall intensity < Infiltration rate
hence,infiltration rate = Rainfall intensity
3 t
Infiltration = 10  1   (6.8  8.7  e )dt  26.367 mm
1
 Runoff = effective rainfall = 40 – 26.367 = 13.633 mm

3(a). Draw the bending moment diagram for the beam shown in figure by moment
distribution method.
500kN
1.5m 1.5m
EI
2EI
A
C
B
[20 Marks]
Sol. Fixed end moments
C
A B

6  EI  C 6  EI   C
FEMAC = FEMCA   
R
L2AC 2.25
6E2I  C 2  6EI C
E
FEMCB = FEMBC  
2.25 2.25
6EI  C
Let
2.25
= 100
FEMAC = FEMCA = – 100

T
S
FEMCB = FEMBC = 200
Distribution factors
A
4  EI 8EI
KAC = 
1.5 3
M
4  2EI 16EI
KBC = 
1.5 3
8EI
S
3 1
  0.33
D.FCA = 8EI 16EI 3

3 3
IE
D.FCB = 0.67
Joint A C B
Member AC CA CB BC
D.F 0.33 0.67
FEM 100 100 200 200
BAL 33.33 66.67
CO 16.67 33.33
Final 116.67 133.33 133.33 166.67
116.67 133.33 133.33
A C C B
1.5m 1.5m
166.67
116.67  133.33 133.33  166.67
R AC  RBC 
1.5 1.5
 166.67 kN   200kN 
RAC + RBC = 366.67 kN 
500
MAC = 116.67   159.09 kN-m
366.67
500
MBC = 166.67   227.27 kN-m
366.67
R
375kN-m
E
(+)
(–) (–)
T
159.09 227.27
kN-m kN-m
S
B.M.D
3.(b) A 12 hour storm rainfall had the following depths in cm for each successive hour, occuring over a basin
A
are 1.8, 2.6, 7.8, 3.9, 10.6, 5.4, 7.8, 9.2, 6.5, 4.4, 1.8 and 1.6. The surface runoff resulting from
the above storm is found to be 14.4 cm depth over the basin. Determine the average infiltration index
M
(-index) for the basin. [20 Marks]
Sol.
10.6
9.2
S
7.8 7.8
Rainfall intensity (cm/hr)
IE
6.5
5.4
4.4
3.9
2.6
1.8 1.8
1.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Time (hr)
Total surface runoff = 14.4 cm
Total depth of rainfall = 1.8 + 2.6 +7.8 + 3.9 + 10.6 + 5.4 + 7.8 + 9.2 + 6.5 + 4.4 +1.8 + 1.6
= 63.4 cm
Infiltration = 63.4 – 14.4 = 49 cm
Time of rainfall = 12 hours
Considering whole period of rainfall to be the period of rainfall excess,
49
-index = = 4.08 cm/hr
12
Since the time period 0–1 hr, 1 –2 hr, 3 –4 hr, 10 – 11 hr and 11–12 hr are not the period of rainfall excess,
these periods are not considered in the calculation of -index.
63.4  1.8  2.6  1.8  1.6  14.4  3.9
– index =
R
7
37.3
= = 5.32857 cm/hr
7
E
Since 4.4 cm/hr for the period 9–10 hr in below 5.32857 cm/hr then
37.3  4.4
index = = 5.48 cm/hr
T
6
Since 5.4 cm/hr for the period 5-6 hr in below 5.48 cm/hr then
37.3  4.4  5.4
S
index = = 5.5 cm/hr
5
This  -index value is less than or equal to all rainfall intensities considered for  -index.
A
Calculation hence  -index = 5.5 cm/hr
3.(c) Determine the moment at each joint of the frame shown below.
M
[20 Marks]
2kN/m
12m
S
B C
10m
IE
EI = Constant
HA 60° 20m
A
HD D
Sol : Sloping member AB causes frame to side sway to the right.

B
1 3
C
30° 2 C
2 30°
B
60°
HA
A
HD
D
R
1
1 sin 30° = = 2
2
1
E
 2 
2
1 3
3 = 1cos 30° =
 3  0.8661
T 2
S
2EI  31 
MAB = 0  B  0   ...(1)
10  10 
A
2EI  31 
MBA = 0  2 B   ...(2)
10  10 
M
2  (12)2 2EI  32 

MBC =   2  C   ...(3)
12 12  B 12 
S
2  (12)2 2EI  32 

MCB =   2C  B   ...(4)
12 12  12 
IE
2EI  3 3 
MCD = 0  2C   ...(5)
20  20 
3 3 
MDC = 0  2EI 
 C   ...(6)
20  20 
1
2 =  0.5 1 ...(7)
2
3 = 0.8661 ...(8)
Joint Equilibrium Equation
MBA + MBC = 0 (equilibrium eq. 1) ...(9)
MCB + MCD = 0 (equilibrium eq. 2) ...(10)
Force Equilibrium Equation
HA + HD = 0 ...(11)
VA (C)
MBC 2kN/m
(B) 12m MCB
HA VD
MBA M CD
VA VD
10
10sin60°
20 m
MAB
(A) 60°
10cos 60°
HA (D) HD
VA MDC
R
VD
E
Taking moment of all forces about (B) in FBD of inclined member we have
T
M AB  M BA  H A  10sin 60  VA  10 cos60  0 ...(A)
Taking moment of all forces about C in horizontal member we have

S
2  (12)2
V A  12  M BC  M CB  0
2
A
12  2 M BC  M CB
VA   ...(B)
2 12
M
From (A) and (B) (HA) can be calculated.
M CD  M DC
HD 
20
S
Another approach for writting the shear equillibrium equation:

IE
O
30°
24 m 20.78 m
24 kN
B
C
6m 6m
m
10
20 m
MAB A 60°
R
M AB  M BA MDC D
NA
10 M CD  M DC
20
ND
E
Taking moment of all the forces about point ‘O’.
Note: By doing this unknown NA and ND are avoided.
 M  M BA
M AB   AB

  (34)  (24  6)  
T
 M CD  M DC 
  (40.78)  M DC = 0
 10 
S  20 
This is the shear equillibrium equation.

A
By solving these we get the result
EIB = 87.67, EIC = –82.3
M
E I 1
= 673.08
10
M AB  23.2 kNm, M BA  5.63, M BC  5.63, M CB  25.3,

M CD  25.3 kNm, M DC  17 kNm
S
4.(a) (i) What is “well Function”? [5 Marks]

IE
Sol. Well-function:– (W n), Well function is an integral function of storativity, (S) and transmissivity (T) and is
defined by an infinite series as
eu
 u2 u3 u4
W(u) = u u du = – 0.5772 – ln u + u –    ...
2  2! 3  3! 4  4!
Drawdown in an observation well located at a distance r from the pumping well, assuming a homogeneous &
isotropic aquifer with a uniform thickness and infinite in areal extent is given as,
Q
S = Well function
4T
Q  4Tt 
On approximation, S = ln  0.5772
4T  r 2 s 
well function
4. (a)(ii) The annual rainfall values at a station P for a period of 20 years are as follows :
Year Annual Rainfall Year Annual Rainfall
(cm) (cm)
1975 120.0 1985 101.0
1976 84.0 1986 109.0
1977 68.0 1987 106.0
1978 92.0 1988 115.0
1979 102.0 1989 95.0
1980 92.0 1990 90.0
R
1981 95.0 1991 70.0
1982 88.0 1992 89.0
E
1983 76.0 1993 80.0
1984 84.0 1994 90.0
Determine
(i)
T
The value of annual rainfall at P with a recurrence interval of 15 years.
S
(ii) The probability of occurrence of an annual rainfall of magnitude 100 cm at station P.
(iii) 75% dependable annual rainfall at the station. [15 Marks]
A
Sol. The data are arranged in descending order and the rank number is assigned to the recorded events. The
probability P of the event being equalled to or exceed is calculated by using Weibull formula.
M
N = 20 years
S
IE
m Annual Probability Return period

rainfall (cm) P = m/(N+1) T = 1/P (years)
1 120 0.048 21
2 115 0.095 10.5
3 109 0.143 7
4 106 0.19 5.25
5 102 0.2 4.2
6 101 0.29 3.5
7 95 0.33 3
8 95 0.38 2.625
9 92 0.43 2.33
R
10 92 0.47 2.1
11 90 0.52 1.923
E
12 90 0.57 1.75
13 89 0.62 1.62
14
15
88
84
0.67
0.71
T 1.5
1.41
S
16 84 0.76 1.31
17 80 0.81 1.24
A
18 76 0.86 1.17
19 70 0.90 1.11
M
20 68 0.95 1.05
(i) For T = 15 years, by linear interpolation
(120  115)
P = 115   (15  10.5)
(21  10.5)
S
P = 117.14 cm
(ii) Return period (T) of an annual rainfall magnitude equal to or exceeding 100 cm by linear interpolation
IE
(3.5  3)
T = 3  (100  95)
(101  95)
T = 3.416 years
1 1
Probability of occurance =   0.2927
T 3.416
(iii) 75% dependable annual rainfall = annual rainfall with probability of exceedance equal to 0.75
(88  84)
R = 88   (0.75  0.67)  84.44 cm
(0.76  0.67)
4(b)(i) Determine the values of the stress in portions AC and CB of the steel bar shown
Fig. when the temperature of the bar is –45°C knowing that a close fit exists at both
of the rigid supports when the temperature is +24°C. Use the values E = 200 GPa
and   11.7  106 / C for steel. Also calculate the deformation in portion AC & CB.
2 2
A = 380 mm A = 750 mm
C B
A
300 mm
300 mm
[12 Marks]
Sol. We first determine the reactions at the supports. Since the problem is statically indeterminate, we
R
detach the bar from its support at B and let it undergo the temperature change
C B
A
E
T
(a)
T
C B
A
1
S 2
(b) L2 R
A
L1
C
A B
M
1 2
(c)
T  45 C  24 C  69 C

   
S
The corresponding deformation Fig. (b) is

IE
T    T  L  11.7  10 6 / C
 
 69 C   600 mm 
= – 0.484 mm
Applying now t he unknown for ce RB at end B (Fig. c),
Substituting
L1 = L2 = 300 mm
A1 = 380 mm2 A2 = 750 mm2
P 1 = P 2 = RB E = 200 GPa
into equation, we write
P1 L1 P2 L2
R  
A1 E A2 E
RB  300 mm 300 mm 
  2
 
200 GPa  380 mm 750 mm2 
Expressing that the total deformation of the bar must be zero as a result of the imposed constraints,
we write
  T   R  0
= – 0.484 mm + (5.95 × 10–6mm/N)RB = 0

from which we obtain
RB = 81.34 × 103 N = 81.34 kN
The reaction at A is equal and opposite.
Nothing that the forces in the two portions of the bar are P 1 = P2 = 81.34 kN, we obtain the following
R
values of the stress in portions AC and CB of the bar:
P1 81.34 kN
1    214.1 MPa
E
A1 380 mm2
P2 81.34 kN
T
2    108.5 MPa
A2 750 mm2
Calculation of deformation in AC and CB

S
While the total deformation of the bar must be zero, the deformations of the portions AC and CB are
not zero. Let us determine the strain AC in portion AC of the bar. The strain AC can be divided
A
into two component parts; one is the thermal strain T produced in the unrestrained bar by the
temperature change T (Fig. b).
M


T  T  11.7  106 C 69  C
 
= – 8.7.3 × 10–6 mm/mm
The other component of AC is associated with the stress 1 due to the force RB applied to the bar (Fig.
S
b). From Hooke’s law, we express this component of the strain as

IE
1 214.1 MPa
  1070.5  106 mm/mm
E 200 GPa
Adding the two components of the strain in AC, we obtain
1
AC T   807.3  106  1070.5  10 6
E
= 263.2 × 10–6 mm/mm
A similar computation yields the strain in portion CB of the bar:
2
CB T   807.3  106  542.5  106
E
= –264.8 × 10–6 mm/mm
The deformations  AC and CB of the two portions of the bar are expressed respectively as
 
 AC AC  AC   263.2  106  300 mm 
= 0.079 mm
 
CB CB CB   264.8  10 6  300 mm 
= – 0.079 mm
We thus check that, while the sum    AC  CB of the two deformations is zero, neither of the
deformations is zero.
4(b)(ii) The bar has a cross-sectional area A, Length L, modulus of elasticity E and coefficient
R
of thermal expansion  . The temperature of the bar changes uniformly along its length
from TA at A to TB at B so that at any point x along the bar T  TA  x  TB  TA  L .
E
Determine the force the bar exerts on the rigid walls. Initially the bar has a temperature
of TA.
T [8 Marks]
x
S
A
dx
A B
Sol.
M
TB  TA
Tx = TA  x
L
TB  TA
T = TA  x  TA
L
S
TB  TA
= x
L
IE
L L
Total free expansion =  d    T dx

0 0
L
TB  TA
=   x dx
0
L
L
TB  TA x 2
=  
L 2 0
 TB  TA   L
= 
2
Due to increase in temperature bar will try to elongate. But due to fixed end a compressive stress will develop
in the bar.
From compatibility condition.
Free elongation of bar = Compression due to R
L R L
 TB  TA  =
2 AE
E A
R =  TB  TA 
2
4.(c) Annual rainfall and runoff values (in cm) of a catchment spanning a period of 21
years are given in the table. Analyse the data
R
(i) to develope a linear correlation equation by least square error method
to estimate annual runoff volume for a given annual rainfall value.
E
(ii) find the coefficient of correlation of the linear equation
Anuual Anuual
Year ra inf all runoff T
Anuual Anuual
Year ra inf all runoff
S
 cm   cm   cm   cm 
A
1975 118 54 1986 75 17
1976 98 45 1987 107 32
1977 112 51 1988 75 15
M
1978 97 41 1989 93 28
1979 84 21 1990 129 48
1980 91 32 1991 153 76
S
1981 138 66 1992 92 27

1982 89 25 1993 84 18
IE
1984 80 11 1995 95 26
1985 97 32
[20 Marks]
Sol.
(i) The linear correlation equation is written as R = aP +b
The coefficients of the best fit straight line for the data are obtained by the least square error method as
mentioned in table below.
From Table
P = 2132 R = 759 PR  83838
P2 = 224992 R2  33413
(P)2 = 4545424 (R)2  576081 N = 21

N (PR)  (P) (R) (21 83838)  (2132) (759)
a =   0.7938
N (P2 )  (P)2 (21 224992)  (2132)2
1 2 3 4 5 6
P R P2 R2 PR
Rainfall runoff
Year (cm) (cm)
R
1975 118 54 13924 2916 6372
1976 98 45 9604 2025 4410
1977 112 51 12544 5601 5712
E
1978 97 41 9409 1681 3977
1979 84 21 7056 441 1764
1980 91 32 8281 1024 2912
T
1981 138 66 19044 4356 9108
1982 89 25 7921 625 2225
1983 104 42 10816 1764 4368
S
1984 80 11 6400 121 880
1985 97 32 9409 1024 3104
1986 75 17 5625 289 1275
A
1987 107 32 11449 1024 3424
1988 75 15 5625 225 1125
1989 93 28 8649 784 2604
M
1990 129 48 16641 2304 6192

1991 153 76 23409 5776 11628
1992 92 27 8464 729 2484
1993 84 18 7056 324 1512
1994 121 52 14641 2704 6292
S
1995 95 26 9025 676 2470

SUM 2132 759 224992 33413 83838
IE
R  a (P) (759  0.7938  (2132)

b =    44.44
N 21
Hence, the required annual rainfall–runoff relationship of the catchment is given by
R = 0.7938 P – 44.44 with both P and R being in cm R > 0.
(ii) By coefficient of correlation,

N (PR)  (P) (R)
r =
[N (P2 )  (P)2 ] [N(R2 )  (R)2 ]
 21 83838  2132  759 

r = 0.5 = 0.948
 21 224992   2132 
2

 21 33413   759 
2

5.(a) Analyse the continuous beam with a spring at the joint C as showin Figure by the
moment distribution method. Draw the bending moment diagram.
36 kN 26 kN
A B
C
3m
EI
k
4m 2m 9
R
[12 Marks]
E
Sol. Fixed end moments MFAB = – 16 kNm, MFBA = 32 kNm, MFBC = MFCB = 0
Distribution factors using modified stiffness for member BC,
I/ 6
T  3 / 4  I / 3
DFBA = I / 6   3 / 4   I / 3  0.4, DFBC = I / 6  3 / 4  I / 3  0.6
 
S
A force P is assumed at the point where the spring is attached such that there is no downward movement
of the joint C as shown in Figure the distributionof moments for this case is shown in Table.
A
36 kN 26 kN
6.4
B
A C
M
19.2 kN.m P
Joint A B C
D.F. – 0.4 0.6 0.5
FEM –16.00 32.00 0 0
S
BAL – –12.80 –19.20 0

CO –6.40 – 0 –
BAL – 0.00 0.00 –
IE
FINAL –22.40 19.20 –19.20 0
1920
Shear in member BC =  6.4 kN
3
Shear in member CD = 0
So, P = 26 – 6.4 = 19.6 kN
Actually there is no force like P at the joint C, so apply an equal and opposite force which will cause
downward displacement of joint C. Assuming an arbitrary displacement of joint C,   30 / EI.
MFAB = MFBA = MFCB = 0
3EI 3  30
MFBC =  10 kNm, (one end fixed, other hinged)
2

L 32
The moment distribution assuming for downward displacement of joint C is carried out in Table.
Joint A B C
D.F. – 0.4 0.6 0.5
BAL 0.00 0.00 –10.20 0.00
CO – 4.00 6.00 0.00
BAL 2.00 – 0.00 –
FINAL 2.00 4.00 –4.00 0.00
4
Shear in member BC =  kN
3
Force in the spring = (EI/9) × (30/EI) = 10/3 kN
So, P' = 4/3 + 10/3 = 14/3 kN
P 19.6
Correction factor for sway moments =   4.2
R
P ' 14 / 3
In table the final moments are calculated which is the sum of the moments due to no sway and correction
factor times the moments due to sway.
E
Joint AB BA BC CB
No sway 22.40 19.20 19.20 0.00
T
Due ot sway 8.40 16.80 16.80 0.00
Final 14.00 36.00 36.00 0.00
48
S
36
A
14
M
B.M.D
5.(b) The dilution method with gulp injection procedure was used to measure the discharge
of a small but rapid stream. A sodium dischromate solution was suddenly injected at
station A. In this, 60 litres of solution with concentration of 300 mg/cc was used. The
data of concentration measurements at station B on the downstream indicated a time-
S
concentration curve that could be approximated as a triangle with a base of 5 minutes

and the maximum concentration of 12 parts per million by weight. The base
IE
concentration of the dye in the stream was zero. Estimate the discharge in the stream.
[12 Marks]
Sol.
C1 Station A
Concentration
Station B
C2
C0
t1 t2
Back ground Time
concentration
here C0 = Base concentration = 0
1C1
 Q= t2
t C2  C0  dt
1
here, t2 – t1 = 5 minutes = 5 × 60 = 300 sec

1 = 60 lit
C1 = 300 mg/cc
C2 = 12 × 10–6 × 9790 N/m3
The mass of the substance added,
300 mg 300 mg
= 3
 60   60  18 kg
cm 103 lit
Then in terms of weight= 18 × 9.81 = 176.58 N
R
1
 Area of time concentration curve at station B =  C2  t
2
E
1
= × 300 × 12 × 10–6 × 9790
2
= 17.622 N/m3/sec
So, Discharge of stream =

176.58
17.622
 10.02 m3 / sec
T
S
5.(c) At room temperature (24°C) a 0.5 mm gap exists between the ends of the rods shown
in the figure. At a later time when the temperature has reached 120°C, determine (a)
A
the normal stress in Aluminium rod (b) the change in length of the Aluminium rod.
0.5 mm
0.45 m 0.35 m
M
Al Br
[12 Marks]
S
Aluminium Brass
IE
A A  1800 mm2 A b  1500 mm2

EA  73 GPa Eb  105 GPa
 A  23.2  106 / C  b  21.6  106 / C
Sol.
T = 120C  24 C  96 C
Free thermal expansion
 T = L Al  Al T  Lb  bT
= 0.45  23.2  106  96  0.35  21.6  10 6  96
= 1.728  10 3 mm
Shortening due to P to meet constrain
 l = 1.728  10 3  0.5  10 3  1.228  10 3 m
PL Al PLB

A AlE Al A bEb = 1.228  10
 3
 0.45 0.35 
 P   1.228  10 3
 6
1800  10  73  10 9 1500  10 6  105  109 
 P  5.6469  109 = 1.228  103
 P = 217.465KN
P 217.465  10 3
(a)  Al = A  1800  10 6  120.81MPa  Comopressive
R
Al
 Al  L Al
(b)  Al = L Al  Al T  E Al
E
120.81 10 6  0.45
= 0.45  23.2  10 6  96 
73  109
= 2.575  10 4 m
T
= 0.2575mm Expansion 
S
5.(d) Prepare the maximum depth-duration curve for the 90-minute storm given below:
A
Time (minutes) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Cumulative rainfall (mm) 0 8 15 25 30 46 55 60 64 67
M
[12 Marks]
Sol. Incremental depth of rainfall (mm) in various durations
Durations (min)
S
Time Cumulative rainfall

(min) (mm) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
IE
0 0
10 8 8
20 15 7 15
30 25 10 17 25
40 30 5 15 22 30
50 46 16 21 31 38 46
60 55 9 25 30 40 47 55
70 60 5 14 30 35 45 52 60
80 64 4 9 18 34 39 49 56 64
90 67 3 7 12 21 37 42 52 59 67
80
70
60
Max. depth (mm)
50
40
30 Max. depth
20 duration
curve
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
R
Duration (min)
5. (e) State the steps involved in “Trial and error method of reservoir routing”.
E
[12 Marks]
Sol. Steps involved in computations
T
(i) Divide the inflow flood hydrograph into a number of small intervals. The time interval should be
so chosen, as not to miss the peak values.
S
(ii) Fix the normal pool level at which the spillway crest is provided, and the level at which the flood
enters the reservoir; the two are generally taken to be the same, as it is assumed that this worst design
flood enters the reservoir only after the reservoir is full up to the normal pool level.
A
(iii) Work out the spillway and the outlet discharge rating curves, if not given.
(iv) Work out the elevation-capacity curve for the reservoir from the elevation-area curve, if the former
M
h
is n ot g iv e n , u sin g c on e for mu la, i. e. V =  3  A1  A 2  A1 A 2  , w h er e h is th e
contour interval.
(v) Start with the first interval and compute the total inflow during the interval by multiplying the
average inflow rate at the beginning and the end of the interval, with the period of the interval.
S
I1  I2
 I(V) =  t 
2
IE
where, I1 = Inflow rate at the start of the interval

I2 = Inflow rate at the end of the interval
t = Duration of the interval
I(V) = Total inflow volume during the interval.
(vi) The reservoir level at the start of the flood (i.e. start of first interval) is known. Assume a trial value
for the reservoir level at the end of the interval.
(vii) Compute the total outflow during the interval
O1  O2
O (V) = .t
2
where, O 1 = Outflow rate at the start of the interval, corresponding to the given reservoir level.
O 2 = Outflow rate at the end of the interval, corresponding to the assumed reservoir level.
t = Duration of the interval

O (V) = Total outflow volume during the interval.
(viii) Using the elevation-storage curve for the reservoir, determine the storage S1 and S2 at the
beginning and the end of the interval, corresponding to the known and the assumed reservoir levels,
respectively. Their difference S2 – S1 = S , represent the amount of flood stored in the reservoir during
the interval.
(ix) Add the volume of outflow O (v) obtained in step (vii) to the values of S obtained in step (viii) and
compare it with the inflow volume I (V), calculated in step (v). The two values must be equal (i.e. I (V) =
O (V) + S ). If this is so, the assumed reservoir level is correct, otherwise, change it and repeat the
procedure till this coincidence is obtained.
(x) All the above steps should be repeated for other time intervals, till the entire flood is routed or still
further, till the reservoir level returns to pre-flood pool level.
R
(xi) Outflow ordinates are plotted so as to obtain the outflow hydrograph. The point at which it crosses
the inflow hydrograph gives the peak outflow rate. From this time, the rate of outflow begins to fall
due to decrease in the inflow rate.
E
(xii) The time lag between the two peaks is evaluated as to give the time lag.
6(a). Analyse the given frame by the slope deflection method. Evaluate the end
moments and draw the bending moment diagram.
15 kN/m
T[20 Marks]
S
B C
8m
2EI
A
5m EI 2EI 5m
M
A D
Sol. Given frame is not symmetric hence sway will occur.

Fixed end moments
S
FEMAB = FEMBA = FEMCD = FEMDC = 0

IE
15  82
FEMCB =  = – 80 kN-m
12
15  82
FEMCB = = 80 kN-m
12
Slope deflection equations
2 EI AB  3 
MAB = FEMAB   2 A  B  
L AB  L AB 
2  EI  3 
= 0  
5  B 5 
= 0.4EI B  0.24EI 
2 EI AB  3 
MBA = FEMBA    A  2 B  
L AB  L AB 
2EI  3 
= 0 2 
5  B 5 
= 0.8EI B  0.24EI 
2 EIBC
MBC = FEMBC   2 B  C 
LBC
R
2  2EI
= 80   2 B  C 
8
E
= 80  EI B  0.5EI C
T
2 EIBC
MCB = FEMCB   B  2 C 
LBC
S
2  2EI
= 80   B  2 C 
LBC
A
= 80  0.5EI B  EI C
M
2  EICD  3 
MCD = FEMCD   2C  D  
LCD  L CD 
2  2EI  3 
= 0 2 
5  C 5 
S
= 1.6EI C  0.48EI 
IE
2 EICD  3 
MDC = FEMDC   C  2 D  
LCD  LCD 
2  2EI  3 
= 0  C 
5  5 
= 0.8EI C  0.48EI 
Joint equilibrium equation
At joint B
MBA + MBC = 0
0.8EI B  0.24EI   80  EI B  0.5EI C = 0

 1.8EI B  0.5EIC  0.24EI  = 80
80
 1.8 B  0.5 C  0.24  = ...(1)
EI
At joint C
MCB + MCD = 0
80  0.5EI B  EI C  1.6EI C  0.48EI  = 0
0.5EI B  2.6EI C  0.48EI  = – 80
80
 0.5 B  2.6 C  0.48  =  ...(2)
EI
R
MBA MCD
E
MAB  MBA MCD  MDC
HA  HD 
T
L AB L CD
HA HD
S
MAB MCD
Column shear condition
A
HA + HD = 0
MAB  MBA MCD  MDC

M
  = 0
5 5
 0.4EI B  0.24EI   0.8EI B  0.24EI   1.6EI C
0.48EI   0.8EI C  0.48EI  = 0

S
 1.2 B  2.4 C  1.44  = 0 ...(3)
From (1) (2) and (3)

IE
15200 13600 10,000

B = C   
287EI 287EI 287EI
Back substitution
 15200 0.24   10,000  

MAB = EI  0.4  287EI  287EI
  29.55 kN-m
 
 15200 0.24   10,000  

MBA = EI  0.8  287EI  287EI
  50.73 kN-m
 
 15200 0.5   13600  

MBC = 80  EI  287EI  287EI
  50.73 kN-m
 
 15200  0.5 13600 

MCB = 80  EI  287EI  287EI   59.09kN-m
 
  13600  0.48   10,000  

MCD = EI  1.6  287EI  287EI

 
= 59.09 kN-m
 0.8   13600  0.48   10,000  

MDC = EI   
R
 287EI 287EI 
= – 21.18 kN-m
E
50.73kN-m 59.09kN-m
15 kN/m
8m C
T
B
RB
S RC
15  8 59.09 50.73
RB =  
A
2 8 8
= 58.955 kN
then V x = 58.955 – 15x
M
58.955
From maximum bending moment Vx = 0  x =  3.93 m
15
(B.M.)max = 59.955 × 3.93 – 50.73 – 7.5 × 3.93 2

S
= 65.126 kN-m
50.73kN-m 59.09kN-m
IE
(–) (–)
50.73kN-m 59.09kN-m
(+)
(–) (–)
65.126kN-m
(+) (+)
29.55kN-m 21.18kN-m
B.M.D
6.(b) Analyse the structure shown below using moment distribution method.
20 kN
2m 2m B
A
1.5 I
2m
2m I I
10 kN 10 kN
1m
1m 1.5 I
D
C
5 kN/m
[20 Marks]
Sol: The structure is symmetrical
R
Hence symmetrical beam approach will be used (as axis of symmetry passes through Beam). We will
1
consider only of the structure
E
2
T
A
S
D C
A
Joint Member Stiffness D.F.
factor
2E (1.5 I)
M
AB 0.36
4
A
4 EI
AD 0.64
3
4 EI
DA 0.64
3
S
D
2E (1.5 I)
DC 0.36
4
IE
B A D C
0.36 0.64 0.64 0.36 DF
1 –10 +2.22 –4.44 6.66
2 2.8 4.98 –1.42 –0.8
3 –0.71 2.49
4 0.26 0.45 –1.6 –0.89
5 –0.8 0.23
6 0.29 0.51 –0.15 –0.08
7 –0.075 0.25
8 0.025 0.05 –0.16 –0.09
1–8 –6.625 6.625 –4.8 4.8

20 kN
6.625 6.625
6.625 A B
6.625
10 3.938 10 10 10
10 kN 10 kN
6.062
The free body diagram is as shown 10 10 4.80
4.80
4m
10 D C
10
5 kN/m 4.80
13.375
6.625 6.625
R
6.625
1.259
E
Hence the BMD will be as shown. 1.259
T
4.80
4.80
5.2
S
6.(c) The ordinates of a 6-hour unit hydrograph of a catchment is given below.
A
Time  h  : 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 69
Ordinate 0 25 50 85 125 160 185 160 110 60 36 25 16 8 0
M
of 6-h UH :
Derive the flood hydrograph in the catchment due to the storm given below:
Time from start of storm  h  : 0 6 12 18

S
Accumulated ra inf all  cm  : 0 3.5 11.0 16.5
The storm loss rate (  -index) for the catchment is estimated as 0.25 cm/h. The base flow can be
IE
assumed to be 15 m3/s at the beginning and increasing by 2.0 m3/s for every 12 hours till the end
of the direct-runoff hydrograph. [20 Marks]
Sol.
Interval 1st 6 hours 2nd 6 hours 3rd 6 hours
Rainf all depth  cm  : 3.5 11.0  3.5   7.5 16.5  11.0   5.5
Loss @ 0.25 cm / h for 6 h : 1.5 1.5 1.5
Effective rainf all  cm  : 2.0 6.0 4.0
Time Ordinates DRH due to DRH due to DRH due to Ordinates Base flow Ordinates
in hr of U.H. 2 cm ER 6 cm ER 4 cm ER col.2 of final DRH (m3/s) of flood
col. 2 × 2.0 (advanced by 6 h) × 4.0 (advanced (col. 3 + 4 + 5) hydrograph
3
Col. 2 × 6.0 by 12 h) (m /s)
(col. 6 + 7)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15
3 25 50 0 0 50 15 65
6 50 100 0 0 100 15 115
9 85 170 150 0 320 15 335
12 125 250 300 0 550 17 567
15 160 320 510 100 930 17 947
18 185 370 750 200 1320 17 1337
(21) (172.5) (345) 960 340 1645 (17) 1662
24 160 320 1110 500 1930 19 1949
(27) (135) (270) (1035) 640 1945 19 1964
R
30 110 220 960 740 1920 19 1939
36 60 120 660 640 1420 21 1441
42 36 72 360 440 872 21 893
E
48 25 50 216 240 506 23 529
54 16 32 150 144 326 23 349
60 8 16 96 100 212 25 237
66 (2.7) (5.4) 48 64 117 25 142
T
69 0 0 — — — — —
72 0 16 32 48 27 75
75 0 0 — — — —
78 0 0
S (10.8) (11) 27 49
81 0 0 27 27
A
7.(a) Analyse the portal frame shown below using moment distribution method.
M
100 kN B C
4/3I
4m I 5I/4, 5m
S
A
D
4m 3m
IE
[20 Marks]
Sol: As the loading is acting only at joint hence FEM = 0.
 Only sway analysis needs to be performed.
Joint Member Relative DF

Stiffness
BA I/4 3/7
B
4I I
BC  4/7
34 3
4I I
CB  4/7
34 3
C
5 I I
CD   3/7
4 5 4
sin
 cos  

B
C
4m
4m
sin
5m
A  D
4
6EI  
6EI  sin  5 = –0.3EI
MFAB = 
l2 16
MFBA = –0.3EI
R
4 
6E  I   cos  6  4  EI   3
MFBC = 3   3 5  0.3EI 
16 16
E
MFCB = 0.3EI
5 
6 E  I  
T
 4   0.3EI 
MFCD =
25
MFDC = –0.3EI
S
A B C D
A
3/7 4/7 4/7 3/7 DF
–100 –100 100 100 –100 –100 FEM

M
Note that joints are balanced hence no further distribution needs to be carried out.
The free body diagram is as shown below.
50
S
100 100
100 50
50
50 100 3
4m cos  
5
IE
3m 50 50 4
5m sin  
4m 5
200
 50 kN
100 4
 100
50 3m
350
 87.5 kN 50
4
Total sway force corresponding to assumed deflection
= 50  87.5  137.5kN 
100
 Correction factor =  0.7273
137.5
Hence corrected moments are
A B C D
–72.73 –72.73 72.73 72.73 –72.73 –72.73
The BMD is as shown below.

72.73
72.73
72.73
72.73
R
E
72.73 72.73
7.(b) Members AB and AC of the truss shown consists of bars of square cross-section made
T
of the same alloy. It is known that a 20-mm square bar of the same alloy was tested
to failure and that an ultimate load of 120 KN was recorded. If bar AB has a 15-mm
square cross-section, determine (a) the factor of safety for bar AB. (b) The dimensions
S
of the cross section of bar AC if it is to have the same factor of safety as bar AB.
A
[20 Marks]
0.75 m
M
0.4 m
B
1.4 m
S
28 KN
IE
C
Sol.
RAy
RAx A

B
28 KN
RCx C
R
 Fy = 0
R Ay = 28 KN
E
Fx = 0
T
RAx = Rcx
 MA = 0
S
28  0.75 = R Cx  1.4
RCx = 15 KN
A
RAx = 15 KN
0.75
M
tan  =  1.875
0.4
cos  = 0.471
sin  = 0.882
At joint A,
S
28 KN
IE
15 KN FABsin
 FAB
FAC FAB cos
Fx = 0
FAB sin  = 15 KN
15
FAB =  17KN
sin 
 Fy = 0
FAC  FAB cos  = 28 KN
FAC  8 = 28
FAC = 20 KN
For test material
a = 20 mm
a = 20 mm
Area = (20)2 = 400 mm2
Ultimate load = 120 KN
R
120
u =  0.3 KN mm 2
400
E
(a) For member AB
FAB = 17 KN
a = 15 mm
17
T
S  0.075 KN mm 2
 =
15  2
A
u 0.3
F.O.S. for bar AB =   3.9671
 0.075
(b) For member AC
M
F.O..S. = 3.97
u
  AC = 3.97
S
u 0.3
  AC =   0.0756KN mm 2
3.97 3.97
IE
FAC = 20 KN
FAC
 AC =
a2
FAC
a2 = 
AC
20
a =  16.27mm
0.0756
7.(c)(i) Define instantaneous unit hydrograph and state its salient features.
[10 Marks]
Sol. A unit hydrograph of infinitesimal duration is called instantaneous unit hydrograph (IUH).
 Main advantage of IUH is that it is independent of the duration of effective rainfall hyetograph and has
one parameter less than D-hr unit hydrograph.
 IUH is independent of rainfall characteristics. It is indicative of catchment storage characteristics.
 Instantaneous unit hydrograph is obtained from S-curve.
1 dS
 Ordinate of instantaneous hydrograph is given by u(t )  , i = intensity of rainfall, S = ordinate
i dt
of S-curve.
Thus ordinate of instantaneous unit hydrograph is the slope of S-curve of intensity 1 cm/hr (i.e. S-curve
R
derived from a unit hydrograph of 1 hr duration).
7.(c)(ii) How is the consistency of the rainfall record at a station tested. Why does inconsistency, if any, arise
? How is the inconsistency adjusted?
E
[10 Marks]
Sol. The inconsistency in the rainfall data of a station arises when conditions relevant to the recording of a
(a) Shifting of a raingauge station to a new location

T
raingauge station have undergone a significant change during the period of record.
S
(b) Neighbourhood of station undergoing a marked change
(c) Change in ecosystem due to calamities such as forest fires, landslides etc.
A
(d) Occurrence of observational error from a certain date.
(e) Replacement of old instrument by new one.
M
(f) Change of observer or method of observation.

The inconsistency in the rainfall data can be checked by double-mass curve technique. Under this technique
a group of 5 to 10 base stations in the neighbourhood of the problem station x is selected. The data of
annual rainfall of the station x and also mean of the group is arranged in the reverse chronological order.
The graph of Px (accumulated precipitation of station x) vs Pav . (accumulated average of precipitation
S
of group) is plotted. The decided break in the slope of plot indicates a change in the precipitation regime
of station x. This shows inconsistency in data.
IE
This inconsistency is corrected by correcting values beyond point of slope change by using relation.
Mc
Pcorrected, x = Px × M
a
Mc  corrected slope of double mass curve

Ma  original slope of double mass curve.
Mc c
Correction factor = 
Ma s
71
PX (accumulated annual rainfall of x)

73
75
77 s
79
81 c
83
85
b
87
89 Break in the year 1983
91
correction ratio = c/s
93
95
97
99
R
 PAV (accumulated annual rainfall)
Fig. 2.6 : Double mass curve analysis to
adjust the error.
E
8.(a) Analyse the beam shown below using moment distribution method.
T
4 kN/m
A D
B
S C
15 m 20 m 15 m
A
EI = Constant
[20 Marks]
M
Sol :
Joint Member Stiffness DF
3EI 0.2 2
BA = 0.2 EI 
15 0.2  0.1 3
S
B
IE
2EI 0.1 1
BC = 0.1 EI 
20 0.2  0.1 3
4  E  2I
Stiffness of BA =  2EI
4
Wl2 4  (15)2
MFAB =   30
30 30
Wl2 4(15)2
MFBA =   45
20 20
Wl 2 4  (20)2
MFBC =   –133.33
12 12
A B C D
Distribution
2/3 1/3
factor
–30 45 –133.33
+30 15
1 0 60 –133.33 Final FEM

48.89 24.44 Balancing
2
1–2 0 108.89 –108.89
2
Note that 48.89 = –(60 – 133.33) ×
3
1
24.44 = –(60 – 133.33) ×
3
Free body diagram is as shown below.
R
4 kNm 4 kNm
4 kNm
E
15 m 20 m 108.89
15 m
108.89 108.89 27.26
108.89 2.74
10–7.26
T
=2.74 27.26
40 40
40 27.26
S
2.74 +
+
+
SFD
–
A
–
– 2.74
4.533
M
40
27.26
91.11
+ 8.28
8.28
+
+ BMD
S
– –
IE
108.89 108.89
For Symmetric Loading

BMD = Symmetrical, SFD = Antisymmetrical
4x 1
Note: 2.74 –  x = SF at a distance x from left end
15 2
For SF to be zero, x = 4.533 m

If however, we follow the normal approach in which we analyse the complete beam, the solution will be as under:
Joint Member Relative Stiffness DF
3 I I
BA   1/2
4 15 20
B
I I
BC  1/2
20 20
I I
CB  1/2
20 20
3 I I
CD   1/2
4 15 20
A B C D
1 1 1 1 DF
2 2 2 2
R
–30 45 –133.33 133.33 –45 +30 FEM
+30 15 –15 –30 Balancing
hinged joint
E
1 0 60 –133.33 133.33 –60 0 Final FEM
T
2 36.67 36.67 –36.67 –36.67
3 –18.34 18.34 C/o

S
4 9.17 9.17 –9.17 –9.17 Bal
5 –4.59 4.59 C/o
A
6 2.3 2.3 –2.3 –2.3 Bal
7 –1.15 1.15 C/o
M
8 0.58 0.58 –0.58 –0.58 Bal

9 –0.29 0.29 C/o
10 0.15 0.15 –0.15 –0.15 Bal
1–10 0 108.83 –108.83 108.83 –108.83 0

S
Note that no. of calculations involved in this approach increases. Thus use of concept of symmetry will reduce
the effort in analysis.
IE
8.(b) What are the factors which affect and characterise the flood hydrograph of a basin?
How do the different limbs of the flood hydrograph depend on these factors?
[20 Marks]
Sol. Flood hydrograph is a response of a catchment to a rainfall input. Graphically, it is a plot between discharge
and time. The components of a flood hydrograph are given below :
Discharge, Q (m /sec)
C
3
B D Peak flood
Base flow
0
E
A F
Time in hours
OA and EF  base flow recession
AB  rising limb
BD = crest segment
DE = falling limb
The factors which affect the flood hydrograph of an catchment can be broadly divided into two categories.
Physiographic factors Climatic factors
1. Basin characteristics e.g . 1. Storm characteristics e.g.

shape, size, slope, drainage precipitation, intensity,
density etc. duration, magnitude and
movement of storm
2. Infiltration characteristics e.g. 2. Initial loss
land use and cover, soil type
and geological conditions etc.
R
3. Channel characteristics 3. Evapotranspiration
The falling limb of a flood hydrograph depends on catchment characteristics and rising limb is controlled
E
by storm and basin characteristics.
The majors factors affecting the shape of hydrograph are.
T
(i) Shape of the Catchment
A catchment that is shaped with the narrow end towards the upstream and the broader end nearer
the catchment outlet (Figure (a)) shall have a hydrograph that is fast rising and a rather concentrated
S
high peak
A catchment with the same area as in (Figure a) but shaped with its narrow end towards the outlet
A
has a hydrograph that is slow rising and with somewhat lower peak (Figure (b)) for the same amount
of rainfall. This is because for uniform rainfall distribution more rain fall is away from the outlet.
Though the volume of water that passes through the outlets of both the catchments is same (as
M
areas and effective rainfall have been assumed same for both), the peak in case of the latter is
attenuated.
For other type of catchment the hydrograph may have the shape shown in figure (c)., Here 2 peaks
of the hydrograph is observed due to dividied shape of the catchment.
S
Discharge
Discharge
Discharge
IE
Time Time Time

(a) (b) (c)
Effect of catchment shape on the hydrograph
(ii) Size
 In small catchments the overland flow phase is the more important than the channel flow. Hence
the land use and intensity of rainfall have important role on the peak flood. On large basins
channel flow phase is more predominant. Hence drainage density has significant role in large
catchment.
 The time base of the hydrographs from larger basins will be larger than those of corresponding
hydrographs from smaller basins.
(iii) Slope
Slope of the main stream or general land slope affects the shape of the hydrograph. Larger slopes
generate more velocity than smaller slopes and hence can dispose off runoff faster. Thus the peak
will come early and time base will be shorter.
General land slope is more important in smaller catchment where overland flow is predominant. Main
stream slope is more important in large catchment because the channel flow is more important in
this.
(iv) Drainage Density
Density of drainage has pronounced effect on peak of the hydrograph. If drainage density is higher,
peak is more and if drainage density is low, peak is lower because in basins with smaller drainage
densities, the overland flow is predominant and the resulting hydrograph is squat with a slowly rising
R
limb.
A
E
Discharge
T
High density
B-low density
S
Time
(v) Land use : Vegetation and forest reduces peak due to retardation of overland flow
A
(vi) Urbanisation : It leads to increase in effective rainfall and peak increases and time base decreases.
M Discharge
After urbanisation
Before
urbanisation
S
Time
(vii) Effect of Rainfall
(a) Rainfall intensity : For a given duration, the peak and volume of the surface runoff are essentially
IE
proportional to the intensity of rainfall.

(b) Rainfall duration : If the rainfall intensity is constant, then the rainfall duration determines the peak
flow and affects the rising limb.
If uniform rainfall continues, the discharge will go on increasing upto the rainfall duration equal to time
of concentration. If rainfall continues beyond the time of concentration the discharge will not increase
any further. The neglecting base flow peaks discharge at the time of concentration is (i × A), where
i = intensity of uniform rainfall and A = Area of catchment.
Note : Isochrones are imaginary lines across the catchment from where water particles travelling
downward take the same time to reach the catchment outlet.
(c) Effect of areal distribution of rainfall outlet.
Isochrone III Rainfall of constant

(time 3t) intensity (i)
Discharge
A4
Isochrone II
(time 2t)
A3
Isochrone I
(time t)
A2 Time
A1 4t
Hydrograph due to constant rainfall intensity greater than
Catchment outlet
the time in which entire catchment starts contributing.)
R
If only area A1 receives rainfall but other areas do not then since the area is nearest to outlet, the
resulting hydrograph immediately rises. Thus early peak will come. If the rainfall continues for
duration greater than ‘t’ in area A1, discharge will reach a max constant value. [i × A1, if base flow
E
is neglected].
If rainfall occurs with constant intensity in area A4 only then there will be no direct runoff component
in hydrograph upto to time 3t.
Q Q
T
S
A
t t
(a) (b)
M
Effects of storm and basin characteristics on hydrograph shape.

(d) Direction of storm movement : If the storm moves from upstream of the catchment to the
downstream end, there will be a quicker concentration of flow at the basin outlet. This results in a
peaked hydrograph. However, if the storm movement is up the catchment, the resulting hydrograph
S
will have a lower peak and longer time base.

8.(c)(i) In order to compute the flood discharge in a stream by the slope method, the following
data have been obtained:
IE
Upstream Middle Downstream

section section section
Area (m2 ) 108.6 103.1 99.80

Wetted perimeter (m) 65.3 60.7 59.40
Gauge reading (m) 316.8 – 316.55
Determine the flood discharge assuming Manning’s n = 0.029 and length between
downstream section and upstream section as 250 m.
[12 Marks]
A1  2A 3  A 2 108.6  2  103.1  99.8

Sol. Average area of reach = = = 103.65 m2
4 4
P1  2P3  P2 65.3  2  60.7  59.4
Average wetted perimeter of reach = = = 61.53 m
4 4
A 103.65
Hydraulic radius, R =   1.685 m
P 61.53
R2/3 = 1.416 m
1 1
Q = AR 2/3S1/2   103.65  1.416 S
n 0.029
Q  5060.98 S m3 /s
V2 V2
Assume V1 = V2  h1   h2   hL
2g 2g
R
 h L  h1  h2
hL 316.8  316.55
S
E
The energy line slope =
L 250
1
 S
T
1000
1
 Q = 5060.98  160.04 m3 /s
1000
S
Eddy losses are neglected.
Hence Next trial  Using the Q = 160.04m3/sec & consider the eddy’s loss
A
V12 V22
h1  = h2   hL
2g 2g
M
V12  V22 Q2  1 1 
 hL =  h1  h2     h1  h 2    2  2
2g 2g  A1 A 2 
Q2  1 1 
(h1  h 2 )   2  2 
2g  A1 A 2 
S =
S
l
2
(160.04)2  1  1 
0.25     
2  9.81  108.6  (99.8)2 
IE
 
= = 9.184 × 10–4
250
 Q = 5060.98 S = 153.38 m3/s
Next trial
2
 153.38 
V12  108.6 
   0.10167
=
2g 2  9.81
2
 153.38 
V22  
=  99.8   0.1204
2g
2  9.81
0.25  (0.10167  0.1204)
 S =  9.2508  10 4
250
 Q = 5060.98 S  153.93 m3 /s
Thus value is closer to the value of Q in previous trial and hence we should stop here.
The final value of Q can be taken as 153.93 m2/s.
8.(c)(ii) Explain the method of base flow separation from storm hydrograph.
[8 Marks]
Sol The various methods are as described below:
(i) Simply by drawing a line AC tangential to both the limbs at their lower portion. This method is very simple
but is approximate and can be used only for preliminary estimates.
(ii) Extending the recession curve existing prior to the occurrence of the storm up to the point D directly
under the peak of the hydrograph and then drawing a straight line DE, where E is a point on the
R
hydrograph N days after the peak, and N (in days) is given by
N = 0.83 A0.2,
where A = area of the drainage basin, km2
E
(iii) Simply by drawing a straight line AE, from the point of rise to the point E, on the hydrograph, N days
T
after the peak.
Peak N days
B
S
I N (days) = 0.83 A0.2 (empirical)
Discharge Q (cumec)
A = Drainage area (km2)

A
Direct
surface Four separation procedures
M
runoff
Point of F
rise E (N days after peak)
4 3 G
A 2 C Recession
1
2 Ground water contribution
D to stream (base flow)
S
Time t (hr or days)

Fig. 6.7: Hydrograph separation.
(iv) Construct a line AFG by projecting backwards the ground water recession curve after the storm, to a
IE
point F directly under the inflection point of the falling limb and sketch an arbitrary rising line from the
point of rise of the hydrograph to connect with the projected base flow recession.

1553412835312-CQPP Test Series Question With Solution (Test No-02)

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1553412835312-CQPP Test Series Question With Solution (Test No-02)

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IES MASTER

Institute for Engineers (IES/GATE/PSUs)

Sl. No. 02 ABCDEF(M)

103.85kN-m 37.5kN-m 37.5kN-m

27.02kN RB = RBC + RBA 51.71kN + 15kN

Peak discharge caused by

= 0.889 m3 /s = 1.333 m3 /s = 2.222 m3 /s = 1.778 m3 /s

2 0.666 0.833 0 0 1.499

1.(c) Find the structural indetermacy in following frame [12 Marks]

 Rh = 24.5 + 0.5 = 25 ; R = 24.5 – 2.50 = 22

and  w = 9.81 kN/m3 ; t = 30 min.

3000  0.008  104 He H

The percentage finer is given by

Volumetric strain = 2h     2  4.375  104  1.25  104

= 1.25 × 10–4 × 3000 = 0.375 mm

MCB = MFCB   2C  B 

100   20.83  3EIB   EIB = 0

MCB = 20.83  EIB  1.5  8.86KN  m

For steel bar For copper bar

Coefficient of thermal expansion 12 × 10–6/°C 18× 10–6/°C

c = 1  105 N / mm 2 s = 2  105 N/mm 2

Given A  elastic limit.

Rain gauge station I II III IV V

Annual rainfall, in cm 240 220 190 170 150

Calculation of mean rainfall (Pm),

Calculation of standard deviation, ( n 1 )

n 1 = (P1  Pm )2  (P2  Pm )2  ...(Pn  Pm )2

Calculation of coefficient of variation (Cv) :

Optimal number of stations, (N)

 Runoff = effective rainfall = 40 – 26.367 = 13.633 mm

FEMAC = FEMCA = – 100

RAC + RBC = 366.67 kN 

(-index) for the basin. [20 Marks]

Sol : Sloping member AB causes frame to side sway to the right.

2  (12)2 2EI  32 

2  (12)2 2EI  32 

Taking moment of all forces about C in horizontal member we have

From (A) and (B) (HA) can be calculated.

Another approach for writting the shear equillibrium equation:

This is the shear equillibrium equation.

M AB  23.2 kNm, M BA  5.63, M BC  5.63, M CB  25.3,

4.(a) (i) What is “well Function”? [5 Marks]

m Annual Probability Return period

(i) For T = 15 years, by linear interpolation

T  45 C  24 C  69 C

The corresponding deformation Fig. (b) is

= – 0.484 mm + (5.95 × 10–6mm/N)RB = 0

Calculation of deformation in AC and CB

b). From Hooke’s law, we express this component of the strain as

Adding the two components of the strain in AC, we obtain

Total free expansion =  d    T dx

1981 138 66 1992 92 27

(i) The linear correlation equation is written as R = aP +b

P = 2132 R = 759 PR  83838

P2 = 224992 R2  33413

(P)2 = 4545424 (R)2  576081 N = 21

1990 129 48 16641 2304 6192

1995 95 26 9025 676 2470

R  a (P) (759  0.7938  (2132)

R = 0.7938 P – 44.44 with both P and R being in cm R > 0.

(ii) By coefficient of correlation,

 21 83838  2132  759 