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Principles of Steady-State Converter Analysis
Principles of Steady-State Converter Analysis
Principles of Steady-State Converter Analysis
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Inductor volt-second balance, capacitor charge
balance, and the small ripple approximation
2.3. Boost converter example
2.4. Cuk converter example
2.5. Estimating the ripple in converters containing two-
pole low-pass filters
2.6. Summary of key points
1
SPDT switch changes dc + +
component 2
Vg + vs(t) R v(t)
–
– –
vs(t)
Switch output voltage Vg
waveform
DTs D' Ts
Duty cycle D: 0
0≤D≤1 0 DTs Ts t
switch
complement D’: position: 1 2 1
D’ = 1 - D
vs(t)
Vg
<vs> = DVg
area =
DTsVg
0
0 DTs Ts t
Ts
vs = 1 vs(t) dt
Ts 0
vs = 1 (DTsVg) = DVg
Ts
L
1
+ +
2
Vg + vs(t) C R v(t)
–
– –
Vg
v ≈ vs = DVg
0
0 1 D
a) 1
L M(D) = D
1 0.8
iL(t) +
0.6
Buck
M(D)
2
Vg + C R v 0.4
–
0.2
– 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
b) L 5
2 M(D) = 1 –1 D
+ 4
iL(t)
3
Boost
M(D)
1
Vg + C R v 2
–
1
–
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
D
c) 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 2 + -1
Buck-boost iL(t) -2
M(D)
Vg + C R v
– L -3
– -4 M(D) = 1––DD
-5
0
t
0
t
vripple << V
v(t) ≈ V
iL(t) L
1
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
original 2
Vg + C R v(t)
converter –
iL(t) L L
+ vL(t) – + + vL(t) – +
iC(t) iC(t)
– –
iL(t) L
Inductor voltage
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
vL = Vg – v(t)
Vg + C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation:
–
vL ≈ Vg – V
Knowing the inductor voltage, we can now find the inductor current via
diL(t)
vL(t) = L
dt
L
Inductor voltage
+ vL(t) – +
iC(t)
vL(t) = – v(t)
Vg + iL(t) C R v(t)
–
Small ripple approximation:
–
vL(t) ≈ – V
Knowing the inductor voltage, we can again find the inductor current via
diL(t)
vL(t) = L
dt
vL(t) Vg – V
DTs D'Ts
t
–V
switch
position: 1 2 1
diL(t)
vL(t) = L
iL(t) dt
iL(DTs)
I ∆iL
iL(0) Vg – V –V
L L
0 DTs Ts t
iL(t)
iL(DTs)
I ∆iL
iL(0) Vg – V –V
L L
0 DTs Ts t
V –V Vg – V
⇒ ∆iL = g DTs L=
2∆iL
DTs
2L
iL(t)
Vg – v(t)
L
– v(t) iL(nTs) iL((n+1)Ts)
L
iL(Ts)
iL(0)=0
0 DTs Ts 2Ts nTs (n+1)Ts t
Hence, the total area (or volt-seconds) under the inductor voltage
waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state.
An equivalent form:
s T
0= 1 v (t) dt = vL
Ts 0 L
The average inductor voltage is zero in steady state.
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 15 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Inductor volt-second balance:
Buck converter example
vL(t)
Inductor voltage waveform, Vg – V total area λ
previously derived:
DTs t
–V
Integral of voltage waveform is area of rectangles:
Ts
λ= vL(t) dt = (Vg – V)(DTs) + ( – V)(D'Ts)
0
Average voltage is
vL = λ = D(Vg – V) + D'( – V)
Ts
Equate to zero and solve for V:
0 = DVg – (D + D')V = DVg – V ⇒ V = DVg
Hence, the total area (or charge) under the capacitor current
waveform is zero whenever the converter operates in steady state.
The average capacitor current is then zero.
L 2
iL(t) + vL(t) – +
Boost converter iC(t)
1
with ideal switch Vg + C R v
–
L D1
L 2
iL(t) + vL(t) – +
iC(t)
1
original Vg + C R v
–
converter
–
L L
+ iL(t) + vL(t) – +
iL(t) + vL(t) – iC(t)
iC(t)
+ Vg + C R v
Vg C R v –
–
– –
Vg + C R v
–
vL = Vg
iC = – V / R
Vg + C R v
–
vL = Vg – V
iC = I – V / R
vL(t)
Vg
DTs D'Ts
t
Vg – V
iC(t) I – V/R
DTs D'Ts
t
– V/R
Solve for V:
Vg
V =
D'
The voltage conversion ratio is therefore
M(D) = V = 1 = 1
Vg D' 1 – D
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 23 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
Conversion ratio M(D) of the boost converter
5
1 = 1
M(D) = D'
4 1– D
3
M(D)
2
1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
D
iC(t) I – V/R
Capacitor charge balance:
DTs D'Ts
Ts
iC(t) dt = ( – V ) DTs + (I – V ) D'Ts t
0 R R – V/R
I= V 4
D' R
2
– 2∆v = – V DTs
RC
Solve for peak ripple: • Choose C such that desired voltage ripple
magnitude is obtained
∆v = V DTs • In practice, capacitor equivalent series
2RC
resistance (esr) leads to increased voltage ripple
Fundamentals of Power Electronics 27 Chapter 2: Principles of steady-state converter analysis
2.4 Cuk converter example
L1 C1 L2
Cuk converter, i2 +
i1 + v1 –
with ideal switch
1 2
Vg + C2 v2 R
–
L1 C1 L2
Cuk converter:
practical realization i1 i2 +
+ v1 –
using MOSFET and
diode Vg + Q1 D1 C2 v2 R
–
Switch in position 1: L1 L2 i2
MOSFET conducts i1 + vL1 – iC1 + vL2 –
+
– iC2
Capacitor C1 releases Vg + v1 C1 C2 v2 R
–
energy to output
+ –
i1 L1 L2 i2
iC1
Switch in position 2: + vL1 – + vL2 – +
+ iC2
diode conducts
Vg + C1 v1 C2 v2 R
Capacitor C1 is –
Vg – V1
Inductor L2 voltage
vL2(t) – V2
DTs D'Ts
– V1 – V2 t Average the waveforms:
DTs D'Ts
I2 t
iC2(t)
I2 – V2 / R (= 0)
V2
i C2 = I 2 – =0
DTs D'Ts t R
D
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
-1
-2
M(D)
V2
-3 M(D) = =– D
Vg 1–D
-4
-5
Interval 2 slopes: – V1 – V2 – V2
L2 L2
I2
di 1(t) vL1(t) Vg – V1 ∆i2
= =
dt L1 L1 i2(t)
di 2(t) vL2(t) – V2
= =
dt L2 L2
Subinterval 1:
v1(t)
dv1(t) i C1(t) I 2 ∆v1
= = V1
dt C1 C1 I2 I1
C1 C1
Subinterval 2:
DTs Ts t
dv1(t) i C1(t) I 1
= =
dt C1 C1
VgDTs VgDTs
∆i 1 = ∆i 1 =
2L 1 2L 1
V + V2 VgDTs
∆i 2 = 1 DTs ∆i 2 =
2L 2 2L 2
– I DT VgD 2Ts
∆v1 = 2 s
2C 1 ∆v1 =
2D'RC 1
iL(t)
Inductor current iL(DTs)
I ∆iL
waveform. iL(0) Vg – V –V
What is the L L
capacitor current?
0 DTs Ts t
iC(t)
Must not total charge
neglect q
∆iL t
inductor
current ripple! Ts / 2
DTs D'Ts
If the capacitor
voltage ripple is
small, then vC(t)
essentially all of
∆v
the ac component V
∆v
of inductor current
flows through the t
capacitor.
∆iL Ts
∆v =
vC(t) 8C
∆v
V Note: in practice, capacitor
∆v
equivalent series resistance
t (esr) further increases ∆v.
L1 iT L2
Example: Q1
+ +
problem 2.9 i1 i2
Vg + C1 vC1 C2 R v
– D1
– –
vL(t)
total
flux linkage
λ
∆v t
Ts / 2
DTs D'Ts
can use similar arguments, with
λ = L ∆i
iL(t)
λ = inductor flux linkages
∆i
I = inductor volt-seconds
∆i