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Chapter 25

Positional Tolerancing
The essential requirement is to be able to define the etc., and also differentiates between ‘ideal’ and other
limits for location of actual features, e.g., axes, points, toleranced dimensions. True-position dimensions are
median surfaces and nominally plane surfaces, relative always shown ‘boxed’ on engineering drawings; they are
to each other or in relation to one or more datums. never individually toleranced, and must always be
To accurately achieve this aim, it is essential that accompanied by a positional or zone tolerance for the
the primary constituents, theoretically exact dimen- feature to which they are applied.
sions, tolerance zones, and datums are utilized. The The positional tolerance is the permitted deviation
tolerance zone is symmetrically disposed about its of a feature from a true position.
theoretically exact location. The positional-tolerance zone defines the region
Utilizing these primary constituents ensures posi- which contains the extreme limits of position and can
tional tolerances do not accumulate when dimensions be rectangular, circular, cylindrical, etc.
are arranged in a chain, as would be the case if the
feature pattern location were to be specified by coor-
dinate tolerances. Typical Product Requirement
Note: The practice of locating groups of features by In the examples shown in Figs 25.2 and 25.3 the hole
positional tolerancing and their pattern location axis must lie within the cylindrical tolerance zone fixed
by coordinate tolerances is no longer recommended by by the true-position dimensions.
BS 8888 and BS EN ISO 5458.
Figure 25.1 illustrates the advantage of specifying
a circular tolerance zone to a feature located by posi- 15 Thickness

tional tolerancing. Note that the shaded tolerance area


represents an increase of more than 57%.
25

Theoretically Exact Dimensioning (TED)


(True-position)
Copyright © 2012. Elsevier Science & Technology. All rights reserved.

True-position dimensioning defines the exact location on Cylindrical tolerance


a component of features such as holes, slots, keyways, zone Ø0.05
FIGURE 25.2 Product requirement.
Ø0, 1

0, 07
15
25

Positional
tolerance

Ø24
Ø0.05

FIGURE 25.1 FIGURE 25.3 Drawing instruction.

Manual of Engineering Drawing. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-096652-6.00025-5 219


Simmons, C. H., Maguire, D. Ó
Copyright E.,2012
& Simmons, C. (2012).
Elsevier Ltd. Manual
All rights of engineering drawing : Technical product specification and documentation to british and international standards.
reserved.
Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Created from inholland on 2019-02-18 01:08:51.
220 Manual of Engineering Drawing

Some advantages of using this method are that: Case 2 (Figs 25.6 and 25.7)
1. interpretation is easier, since true boxed dimensions The axes of the four fixing holes must be contained
fix the exact positions of details; within rectangular tolerance zones 0.04  0.02.
2. there are no cumulative tolerances; In cases 3 and 4, the perpendicularity and coaxial
3. it permits the use of functional gauges to match the symbols shown are constituents of the position char-
mating part; acteristic, and could have been indicated by the posi-
4. it can ensure interchangeability without resorting to tion symbol equally as well.
small position tolerances, required by the coordi-
nate tolerancing system; Case 3
5. the tolerancing of complicated components is
simplified; Figure 25.8 shows a component where the outside
6. positional-tolerance zones can control squareness diameter at the upper end is required to be square and
and parallelism. coaxial within a combined tolerance zone with face A
and diameter B as the primary and secondary datums.
The following examples show some typical cases
where positional tolerances are applied to engineering
drawings. Case 4
In the component illustrated in Fig. 25.9, the three-
Case 1 (Figs 25.4 and 25.5) dimensional features are required to be perfectly
square to the datum face A, and also truly coaxial with
The axes of the four fixing holes must be contained each other in the maximum material condition.
within cylindrical tolerance zones of 0.03 diameter.
0.04
Ø0.03
0.02
20

20
20

20
25 25 25
25
FIGURE 25.4 Case 1: Product requirement. FIGURE 25.6 Case 2: Product requirement.
Copyright © 2012. Elsevier Science & Technology. All rights reserved.

4 × Ø10
4 × Ø10
Ø0.03
0.04

0.02
20

20
20

20

25 25 25 25

FIGURE 25.5 Case 1: Drawing instruction. FIGURE 25.7 Case 2: Drawing instruction.

Simmons, C. H., Maguire, D. E., & Simmons, C. (2012). Manual of engineering drawing : Technical product specification and documentation to british and international standards.
Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Created from inholland on 2019-02-18 01:08:51.
Chapter | 25 Positional Tolerancing 221

50.02 6 cylindrical tolerance


Ø50.00 zones 0.25 dia.
Ø0.05 A B

Ø50

FIGURE 25.8 Case 3.

10.1 FIGURE 25.10 Case 5: Product requirement.


Ø10.0

Ø0 M
Ø0 M A 5.018
6 × Ø5.000
Ø0.25 M

20.01
Ø20.00
A
40.1
Ø50
Ø40.0

FIGURE 25.9 Case 4.

Case 5 (Figs. 25.10 and 25.11)


The six boltholes on the flange in Fig. 25.10 must have
their centres positioned within six tolerance zones of
Ø ¼ 0.25 when the boltholes are at their maximum
material condition (i.e. minimum limit of size).
Copyright © 2012. Elsevier Science & Technology. All rights reserved.

Note in Fig. 25.11 that all the features in the group


have the same positional tolerance in relation to each FIGURE 25.11 Case 5: Drawing instruction.
other. This method also limits in all directions the rela-
tive displacement of each of the features to each other.

Case 6 (Figs. 25.12 and 25.13) 4 cylindrical tolerance


zones 0.25 dia. in true
position relative to
The group of holes in Fig. 25.12, dimensioned with Datum face B and
a positional tolerance, is also required to be positioned Datum axis A
with respect to the datum spigot and the face of the Datum
face B
flange.
Note in Fig. 25.13 that the four holes and the spigot
are dimensioned at the maximum material condition. It
Axis of
follows that, if any hole is larger than 12.00, it will Ø80
datum A
have the effect of increasing the positional tolerance
for that hole. If the spigot is machined to less than FIGURE 25.12 Case 6: Product requirement.

Simmons, C. H., Maguire, D. E., & Simmons, C. (2012). Manual of engineering drawing : Technical product specification and documentation to british and international standards.
Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Created from inholland on 2019-02-18 01:08:51.
222 Manual of Engineering Drawing

12.25 4 × Ø15
4 × Ø12.00 Ø0,2 A B C
Ø0.25 M B A M
A Ø0,01 A

50.05
Ø50.00
B
Ø100

Ø40
Ø35
Ø15
Ø80 A

26
B

FIGURE 25.13 Case 6: Drawing instruction.

13
50.05, then the positional tolerance for the four holes 15 30
as a group will also increase. C

FIGURE 25.15 Case 8: Drawing instruction.

Case 7 and the cylindrical tolerance must lie perpendicular to


Figure 25.14 shows a drawing instruction where the datum A and also be located in their theoretical exact
group of equally spaced holes is required to be posi- positions to each other and to datums B and C.
tioned relative to a coaxial datum bore. Note that in product requirement drawings, Figs
25.16 and 25.17, simulated datums A, B, and C are
7.1
numbered 1, 2, and 3.
6 × Ø7.0
Ø0.1 M A M
Ø0,01
90
°

26

90
°
90

°
90
°

13

3 15 30 3
Copyright © 2012. Elsevier Science & Technology. All rights reserved.

50.5
Ø70 FIGURE 25.16 Case 8: Product requirement.
Ø49.5
A

FIGURE 25.14 Case 7: Drawing instruction.


90 2 Ø0,2
°

Case 8
Figure 25.15 shows a drawing instruction where
26

90 90
a pattern of features is located by positional toleranc- ° °
°
90

ing. Each specific requirement is met independently.


The product requirement in Fig. 25.16 shows that the
13

axis of each of the four holes is required to lie within 1


a cylindrical tolerance of Ø ¼ 0.01. The positional 15 30
3 3
tolerance zones are located in their theoretically exact
FIGURE 25.17 Case 8
positions to each other and perpendicular to datum A.
In Fig. 25.17, the axis of each of the four holes must Further information may be obtained with reference
lie within the cylindrical tolerance zone of Ø ¼ 0.2 to BS EN ISO 5458.

Simmons, C. H., Maguire, D. E., & Simmons, C. (2012). Manual of engineering drawing : Technical product specification and documentation to british and international standards.
Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Created from inholland on 2019-02-18 01:08:51.

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