GEOPHYSICS, VOL. 39, NO. 5 (OCTOBER 1974), P. 607-618, 10 FIGS.
, 3 TABLES
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VELOCITY AND ATTENUATION OF seismic
MEDIA: PART II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
GUY T. KUSTER* AND 31. ?JAFI
The velocity and attenuation of ultrasonic
waves are measured in suspensions of solid
spherical particles in fluid matrices as a function
of the concentration of inclusions. Polystyrene
and glass beads were used as inclusions and they
were suspended in pure water, oil, or acetylene
tetrabromide. Velocities were measured by a pulse
propagation technique. Attenuation in mixtures
was measured relative to attenuation in pure
matrix fluid. The observed velocities were com-
pared to theoretical values calculated using six
INTRODUCTION
Experimental data on the velocity and attenua-
tion of elastic waves in two-phase media are
available in the literature. Most of the expcri-
mental results have been obtained on partially
or fully saturated porous rocks (Born, 1941;
Wyllie et al, 1956, 1958; Shumway, 1960; Xur
and Simmons, 1969; Hamilton, 1972), or on
media where partial melting takes place (Spetzler
and Anderson, 1968). However, such two-phase
media are not optimal for the comparison of ex-
perimental data with theoretical models, pri-
marily because one has little control on the prop-
erties of the matrix and the shape or the concen-
tration of the inclusions. In order to circumvent
this difficulty, we measured velocity and attenua-
tion of elastic waves in two-phase media whose
characteristics can be chosen to match the as-
sumptions involved in the theoretical models.
For these ultrasonic measurements, we used
solid spherical particles suspended in fluids.
Velocity measurements have been made in
Manuscript receivedby the Editor July 10,1973; revisedmanuscriptreceivedFebruary 22,1974.
* I’ormerly MIT, Camhridge, Mass. Presently, Lahoratoire de Detection et de Geophysique,Bretigny sur Orge,
France.
5 MIT, Cambridge, Mass. 02139.
@ 1974 Society of Exploration Geophysicists. All rights reserved.
WAVES IN TWO-PHASE
TOKSijZ$
different models. The closest agreement is ob-
tained for the dynamic interaction model given
in Part I by Kuster and Toksiiz (1974) and for
the Reuss model.
The theoretical formulas ior the attenuation in
composite media are given. The observed at-
tenuation agrees reasonably. well with th, theo-
retical values computed by including geometrical
scattering, viscous absorption in the fluid matrix,
and the anelasticity of the solid inclusions.
suspensions or emulsions by other investigators
and compared with some theoretical models.
crick (1947) measured the sound velocity in a
water-kaolin suspension and in xylcne-water
emulsions. The data of Knudsen (1916) on the
attenuation of sound in fogs were used by Epstein
and Carhart (19533 to test their theoretical
models. Allegra and Hawley (1972) extended the
same theory to compare it to their measurements
of the attenuation in water-polystyrene suspen-
sions. Piotrowska (1971), starting from Urick’s
formulations, investigated particle site depen-
dence of the attenuation coefficient. Crawford
ct al (1972) measured velocities in an epoxy-lead
mixture.
In this paper we first present the measure-
ments of the velocity and attenuation of ultra-
sonic waves in three different suspensionsof solid
spheres in fluid media. Then we compare these
data to theoretical models given in Part I (Kuster
and Toksoz, this issue) as well as some other
standard models available in literature.
607
 608 Kuster and Toks6z

SUSPENSIONS USED IN THE EXPERIMENTS Nujol. Its density and viscosity were measured
The choice of suitable solid particles to be sus- in the laboratory at 20°C. We mixed benzene and
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pended in a fluid matrix is limited by a number acetylene tetrabromide in order to obtain a mix-
of constraints if one wants to make accurate and ture whose density is slightly lower than that
precise measurements and compare them with of glass. Since benzene evaporates faster than
theoretical results. These include (a) the inclu- acetylene tetrabromide, the matrix composition
sions should be spherical and of small diameter changed slowly with time For this reason, the
compared to the wavelength to minimize the ap- experiment was carried out in a few hours, and
proximations made in theoretical formulations; no attenuation measurements were performed
(b) the properties of the inclusion material should since these require a longer time The size dis-
be either known or measurable (the latter condi- tribution of the polystyrene spheres (Figure 1)
tion implies that it must also be available as a was obtained by sieving a sample through 16
bulk material and not only as a powder); (c) the sieves ranging from 707 to 53 microns. It can be
densities of the matrix and inclusions must be approximated by a Gaussian distributior) with
close so that the inclusions remain in suspension mean of 140~ and standard deviation of 30~. The
for a period sufficiently long for the measure- glass beads used were smaller than 50~ in radius,
ments; and (d) both materials must be miscible and their size distribution was not determined.
yet chemically nonreacting. We used the follow-
ing three combinations of materials for our lab-
oratory measurements: polystyrene beads in
water (WE’S), polystyrene beads in oil (OPS),
and glass beads in a mixture of benzene and
acetylene tetrabromide (ATBG). The physical
constants of the constituents are given in Table 1.
They are used in calculating the theoretical
values.
The polystyrene spheres were provided by Sin-
clair-Koppers Co.; soda-lime glass beads were
obtained from Potters Brothers, Inc. The densi-
ties of both materials were measured in the lab-
oratory. For soda-lime glasswe adopted the elastic
velocities tabulated by Press (1966). For poly-
styrene WC measured the velocities on a disc of
polystyrene provided by the manufacturer. To
obtain the Q values we measured attenuation in
lucite and used these as representative for poly- FIG. I. Distribution of the radiusa (in microns) of the
styrene. The trademark of the oil we used is polystyrene beads used in the experiments.

Table 1. Physical constants’ of the materials used in the experiments

Liquids Suspended Particles

Parameter -- ___-
Water Oil ATB* Polystyrene Glass

Density p (g/cm”) 0.9982 0.8794 2.365 1.045 2.405

Compressionalvelocity ol (km/s) 1.4632 1.4554 1.025 2.334 6.790
Shear velocity p (km/s) 1.163 3.265
Bulk modulus K (lOlodynes/cm2) 2.137 1.863 2.485 3.808 76.71
Shear modulus p (lOlo dynes/cm2) 1.413 25.64
Q for compression Q= 5.5
Q for shear Qo 40
Viscosity 7 (poise) 0.01 1.8

1 All values are valid at a temperature of 20°C.

* ATB refers to the acetylene tetrabromide-benzine mixture.
 Seismic Waves in Two-Phase Media: Experimental

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The experimental set-up is illustrated in Figure

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2. The suspension was contained in a 10 gallon

tank. The transducers were PZT-5 compressional
SUSPENSION
discs. The transmitter and receiver were moveable
along a rail fixed on the top of the tank and were
submerged in the suspension. They were located
so that all waves reflected and refracted by the
tank boundaries arrived at the receiver well after
the direct wave. The input signals shown in Fig- TRIGGER
I I
ure 3 were provided by a pulse generator for
velocity determinations. For attenuation mea-
surements, a tone-burst generator was used which
produces a sine wave train of constant amplitude
and several cycles duration. A delay line incor- FIG. 2. Experimentalset-up for velocityand attenua-
tion measurementsin suspensions. TRMX is the source
porated in the oscilloscope was used for traveltime and REC is the receivertransducer.
measurements, and the peak-to-peak amplitudes
were read on the scale of the oscilloscope screen.
Two electric stirrers were used to maintain the
solid spheres in suspension throughout the mea-

Bs\I\I-
---Jt
4P=

FIG. 3. Typical input (transmitted)and receivedsignals:A) Input signal, pulse

generator;B) input signal, tone-burstgenerator:C) out ut signal, pulsegenerator;
D) outputsignal,tone-burstgenerator.Vertical scaleis arg.Itrary. time scaleis shown
separatelyfor each signal.
 610 Kuster and Toksiiz
1 1 1
I the ATBG suspension because all measurements
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I I I
100 140 180
TRAVEL time (/Js)
FIG. 4. Distance between the transducers versus
traveltime of the wave. Data points and least-squares
line are shown.
surcments. The uniformity of the concentration
\vas tested b;- repeating the measurements;.
The velocity was determined by measuring the
traveltime of the first peak of the received signal
as a function of distance. These measurements
were made at twenty distances, with the other
parameters of the suspension held constant. A
straight line was fitted to the measured values by
linear regression (Figure 4) to obtain the velocity
from the slope of the distance-time curve. A
typical value for the standard error of estimate of our data indicate that we can use the linear ap-
the slope is 2 out of 1500. For the sake of clarity proximation at least over the limited frequency
and consistency, we adopted the 90 percent con-
fidence limits on the fitted slope as the error
bounds on the measured velocity. All velocity
measurements were reduced to a common tem-
perature of 20°C. We used the tabulated values
of the temperature dependence of the velocity
and density of both components of the suspension coefficient” and is related to the quality factor Q
and computed the dependence of the effective
velocity on temperature. Temperature variations
were generally less than 3”C, and the corrections
were very small. No correction was needed for
were made in a few hours under a hood.
The volume concentration of inclusions was
determined by the ratio of the volume of solid
put into suspension to the total volume. It was
determined with less than 1 percent relative error.
fl ttenuation meusuvemzenls
The damping characteristics of the suspensions
were determined from the amplitude of sinusoidal
wave packets as a function of frequency. Absolute
amplitudes were difficult to use because they were
strongly affected by geometric spreading and the
directional response of the transducers. We used
the amplitude ratio technique to eiiminyatx tlrese
unwanted effects. The amplitudes A of com-
pressional waves propagating in pure matrix ma-
terial (subscript nz) and in a suspension of con-
centration c (subscript S) can be written as func-
tions of frequency 1‘ as
A,,,(f) = G,(x) T,(f)e-Ym(.‘).‘.ei(z~~f-~~r~,
(1)
d,(f) = G,(~)T,(f)e-Y8(J).rei(2rjl--L.r),
where x is the distance between the transducers
and k is the wave number. G is a factor depending
only upon geometry, T is the frequency response
of the recording system, and T(f) is the attenua-
tion factor. If the geometry and recording system
are kept the same for measurements in the suspen-
sion and in the pure matrix, we would obtain
For a wide variety of materials 7 is approxi-
matelp a linear function of frequency (Knopoff,
1964). This is not the case for suspensions if a
broad frequency range is considered. However,
range from 200 to 450 khz. With a linear fre-
quency dependence for _S,we can write
s(j) = rf + 6, (4
where y and 6 are independent of frequency. y
is commonly referred to as the “attenuation
by
5-
?=)v’
 Seismic Waves in Two-Phase Media: Experimental 611

where I’ is the wave velocity. Combining (2) and spherical. In the formulas given below, b is the
(3), we obtain ratio of the bulk modulus of the inclusion to that
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of the matrix, r is the ratio of the density of the

1lZ ;;i = (ym - ys)f.r + (6, - 6,)s. (5) inclusion to that of the matrix, and c is the volume
concentration of the inclusions. The normalized
effective velocity cy\- is given below for the six
We measured the Q of a suspension relative to
models:
the Q of pure matrix from the slope of a line
(1) The model of Ma1 and Knopoff (1967) :
fitted to the logarithm of the amplitude ratios
versus frequency. b + (b - 1)~ 1/Z
-____
(6)
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND aN = ( b[l + (r - l)c] > ’
COMPARlSON WITH THEORY
(2) The propagation model of Kuster and
Velocity
Toksoz (1974) :
The normalized values of effective velocity (~,v,
l/2
i.e., the ratio of the measured velocity at concen- b[1+2r+2c(l-r)]
tration c to the measured velocity of the matrix, ffN = ( ~+~Z)cl[1+GZ~-_rll (7)
>
are plotted versus concentration in Figures 5, 6,
and 7 for the three suspensions. The solid curves (3) The Reuss (1929) average:
represent the values calculated with different
b I/Z
theoretical models by using the parameters given
in Table 1. ayN= ( [l+oC][b+(l-b)c] > ’ (‘)
For all of the six theoretical models considered
below. the matrix is a fluid and the inclusions are (4) The Hill (1952) average:

WATER -POLYSTYRENE

?
a

IO 20 30 40 50 60 70
CONCENTRATION (%)
FIG. 5. Normalized effectivevelocityversusvolumeconcentrationof inclusionsfor a water-polystyrenesuspension.
Normalized velocity is the ratio of the observedvelocity to the velocityof pure matrix material (water in this case).
Experimentaldata are shownby solid circles.The numbersnext to the theoreticalcurvesindicatethe model number
given in the text (e.g. “I” is Mal and Knopoff, “2” is Kuster and ToksGz).Model 3.IScloseto model 2 and not shown
separately.
 612 Kuster and Toksijz
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OIL-POLYSTYRENE
:

i 1.20 _
I-
3
0’
d I.15
>

i -
1.10
7
a
r
E
z Ii05

IO 20 60 70
CC?N’CENT%T ION ‘;:o,
FIG. 6. Normalized effective velocity versusconcentrationfor an oil-polystyrenesuspension.
All other parameters same as those in Figure 5.

2b+c(l--c)(l--b)* 112 I

(
I I I I
---__ -_- ___ 5
cyN= [lf(r-l)c][2c(l-b)+2b] > . (9)

(5) The Voigt (1910) average: _

(6) The time average model: _

-1
%b.=[l+c(;-l)
1. (11)

In equation (ll), LYand cr’ refer to the Y-wave

velocity in matrix and inclusion, respectively.
Models (1) to (5) contain the long wavelength
approximation, whereas model (6) is valid when
the wavelengths are much shorter than the size
of the inclusions. The values predicted by models < I I I I I
0 IO 20 30 40 50
(2) and (3) are very similar if the density ratio r
CONCENTRATION (“/.I
is close to unity. Since this was the case for all
three suspensionswe used, our data will not allow FIG. 7. Norma&d effective velocity versus concen-
tration for an acetylenetetrabromide-glasssuspension.
a discrimination between these two models:. On Other parameterssame as those in Figure 5.
 Seismic Waves in Two-Phase
theoretical grounds (see Part I), however, we
favor model (2) over model 13). It is not clear
whether experimental data which would allow
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such a discrimination could actually be obtained,
since suspensions with a large density ratio be-
tween inclusion and matrix are difficult to main-
tain. [Urick (1947) reports velocity measure-
ments in a water-kaolin suspension with a nom-
inal density ratio of 2.60. However, kaolinite ab-
sorbs water and the solution becomes a viscous
model rather than the elastic spheres in an ideal
fluid treated theoretically.]
In all models given above, it is assumed that
the matrix is nonviscous. Of course, this does not
correspond to the reality of our experiments.
Ament (1953) showed that matrix viscosity has a
negligible effect on the effective P-wave velocity
when the wavelength of the S-waves in the fluid
is much smaller than the radius of the inclusion.
This is the case in our experiments, and we may
safely use the velocity models derived with the
nonviscous matrix assumption. However, the
matrix viscosity plays an important role in the
attenuation of seismic waves in suspensions, as
will be shown later.
The uncertainty on our velocity data is about
0.2 percent. There is also some uncertainty on the
theoretical values since they are computed from
parameters measured in the laboratory. At a con-
\
\
\
\
\
FIG. 8. Effective P-wave velocity versuswavelength( x ) to inclusionsize ratio
for the WPS (water-polystyrene)suspensionat a concentrationof 50 percent.Long
wavelength and short wavelength hmits are computed with models (2) and (6),
respectively.
Media: Experimental 613
centration of 50 percent, this uncertainty on the
theoretical values is about 0.5 percent. From
Figures 5, 6, and 7, it is clear that models (4),
(S), and (6) do not fit the data. Model (1) also
appears unsatisfactory especially at large con-
centrations. Model (2), and thus model (3), fall
closest to the data for all three suspensions, but
they are consistently above the measured values.
The discrepancy increases with concentration and
is undoubtedly significant since it is larger than
the combined uncertainties on the measured and
computed values.
The observed systematic difference between the
measured and computed values is most likely due
to some theoretical limitations and the assump-
tions involved in- die derivation of model (2).
There are two possible causes. One is the effects
of multiple scattering and interaction between
inclusions. The other is the dispersion in a two-
phase medium where the velocity may be depen-
dent on frequency. Both of these subjects were in-
vestigated theoretically by Kuster (1072). Both
mechanisms would tend to decrease the theoret-
ical velocities and improve the fit between ob-
served and theoretical values in Figures 5, 6, and
7. A calculation with higher order terms is com-
plicated and was carried out for only one case.
The results arc demonstrated semiquantitatively
in Figure 8. The velocity curve at very long wave-
1
x/o
 Kuster
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0 20 40 60 80 100
CONCENTRATION (%)
FIG. 9. Effective F-wave velocity in an epoxy-lead,
two+hase medium. Data from Crawford et al (1972).
The curves are computed with our noninteraction‘modkl
with spherical inclusions for three values of the matrix
shear wave velocity (p = 0, 0.5, 1.0 km/set).
lengths is calculated using model (2). The solid
portion of the curve incorporates a higher order
approximation (Kuster, 1972). The short wave-
length limit (X<<tr) is determined from the time-
average model (6). The dashed portion is an ex-
trapolation showing how these limits may bc con-
nected.
The extension of our experimental results to
higher density contrasts between the matrix and
inclusions can be made by considering the epoxy-
lead data of Crawford et al (1972). They mea-’
sured the P-wave velocity in a two-phase medium
consisting of an epoxy matrix and lead inclusions.
These data are shown in Figure 9, along with
theoretical curves with diRerent values for the
matrix shear velocity @). The curve for /3= 0 was
calculated by Crawford et al (19i2) using the
Reuss model. Curves for fl= 0.5 and /3= 1.0 km/
set are calculated with our model (2), except using
the solid-solid formulation given in Part I. The
best fit seems to bc for p=O.S km/see, a reason-
able value for shear velocity in soft epoxy.
Attenuation
Attenuation in suspensions relative to that in
pure fluid was measured from spectral ratios of
the waves in pure fluid and in the suspension.
In Figure IO the amplitude ratios measured for
the OPS (oil-polystyrene) suspension at 5, 20,
and ToksSs
40, 50, and 62 percent concentration, are shown.
They illustrate the fact that a linear dependence
on frequency is not valid over the full irequcncl
range. There seems to bc a systematic increase
in attenuation at low frequencies, and an ob-
vious deviation from linear behavior in the 01’S
suspension at 40 percent concentration. No expla-
nation could be found for this behavior. But for
the highest concentrations, where the attenuation
is most significant, the plots exhibit fairly well the
expected linear variation. It is also clear from
Figure 10 that attenuation increases significantly
when concentration exceeds 40 percent and that
the viscosity of the matrix is not a negligible
parameter, since the attenuation observed in the
WPS suspension is quite different from that ob-
served in the OPS suspension for approximate11
the same concentration.
In Table 2 we compare theoretical Q values to
the values of Q obtained from the fit of a linear
law [equations (1) and (s)] to the data over a
limited frequency band for c 240 percent.
The theoretical Q values of our suspensions arc
computed by taking into account the three major
sources of attenuation: the scattering, the viscos-
ity of the matrix, and the anelasticity oi polyst!.-
rene. The contribution of the scattering is evalu-
ated from the expression derived by Yamakawa
(1962) as given in the Appendix. The contribution
of the matrix viscosity is calculated with the
formula of Epstein (1941). The attenuation due
to polystyrene anelasticit), is calculated following
the method described in the Appendix by letting
the inclusion shear and bulk moduli be complex.
The part of the total attenuation stemming from
each mechanism is given in Table 3 for various
frequencies.
Table 3 shows that the contributions of scatter-
ing and matrix viscosity are significant although
the dominant mechanism is the polystyrene
anelasticity. The combination of the three mecha-
nisms results in a slightly frequency dependent Q.
For comparison with the observations, however,
we averaged Q over the frequency band of interest
(180-350 khz). The agreement between the com-
puted and the observed Q values (Table 2) is
satisfactory, except that the discrepancy increases
at the largest concentration. \Vithout the con-
tributions of scattering and matrix viscosity, the
observed and measured Q values could not bc
matched.
 Seismic Waves in Two-Phase Media: Experimental 615

OPS OPS
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c = 5 % c = 20 %

-2

L 1 I I I I I I I I I

OPS OPS
4- c = 40 % 4 c = 50 %

2- 2
.;?\
.
O- . 0
. \ .
-2- . -2

-4

I I I I I

WPS
4 c = 68 %

-2

-4

1 I I I I I I I I I I
.I .2 .3 4 .5 .I .2 .3 .4 .5
f, MHz f, MHz
FIG. 10.Natural logarithm of the ratio of amplitudesmeasuredin a suspension
and in the pure matrix fluid versus
frequencyfor oil-polystyrene(OPS) and water-polystyrene(WPS) mixtures. Observedpoints and linear fits (solid
line) to these are shown for different concentrations,
 616 Kuster and Toks6z

Table 2. Observed and calculated Q in water-polystyrene (WPS) and oil-polystyrene (OPS) suspensions

Volume concentration
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(percent) Qcalcu
Ned Qobserved Frequency band (khz)
-___ -__
OPS 40 200 230 24&440
OPS 50 147 150 200-440
OPS 2; 111 80 160-440
WPS 119 160 200-440

Table 3. Contribution of different mechanisms to the total attenuation factor y.’

Geometrical Matrix Polystyrene

l’frequency scattering viscosit) anelasticity Total
(khz) (lo-” s/cm) (1OF s/cm) (1OF s/cm) (1OF s/cm) Q
100 0.3
200 ;: 124 174
165 109
115
OPS c= 62 percent 300 5.;
400 16:7 :“o 124 164
lil 115
110
480 29.0 27 124 180 105

100 0.2 0.5 147 148 125

200 1.6 0.5 147 149 123
WPS c= 68 percent 300 5.4 0. 147 153 120
400 12.8 0 147 160 116
480 22.0 0. 147 160 110

1 c is the volume concentration of inclusions. 0 is related to the total attenuation factory hy Q=r/vr, where I’
is the wave velocity.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS in the frequency range used in the experiments,

In this paper we have presented laborator) comparison of the attenuation in the watcr-
data on the velocity and attenuation of ultra- polystyrene and oil-polystyrene suspensions indi-
sonic waves in huspenaions and compared these cates that the viscosity of the matrix is a non
data with the values calculated with different negligible parameter. At lower frequencies the
theoretical models. The velocity data on three scattering effect diminishes, and the total attenu-
different suspensions of spherical particles in ation is controlled by the intrinsic properties of
liquids can best be fitted by either the Keuss the matrix and inclusion materials.
average model or the dynamic model derived b)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Kuster 8r Toksiiz (1974). There is a systematic
difference between the observed data and the This research was supported by American
theoretical values which, most likely, is due to the Petroleum institute Research Project r.29. Dur-
limitations of the long wavelength approximation ing part of this study, Guy Kuster was the recipi-
in the theoretical models. ent of a Chevron Oil Co. graduate fellowship.
The velocity in the composite medium varies WC are grateful to Drs. Keiiti Aki, Sean Solo-
with concentration nearly uniforml?, where the mon, Joseph Walsh, and Uon Weidncr for man)
density contrast between the suspended particles beneficial discussions during the course of this
and the fluid is small. Where the density contrast work.
is large, as in the case of the lcad-epoxy mixture,
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 Seismic Waves in Two-Phase Media: Experimental 617

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[IP ,
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1 1 li?
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- = p”? Real ~

l/2
(A41)
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76 = _-
Q3P
= - 2,~“~ Imag
[I
~
!J
,

p. 349-354. where the complex shear modulusp is expressed as

Knopoff, L., 1964, Q: Rev. Geophys., v. 2, p. 625-660.
Knudsen, V. O., 1946, The propagation of sound in the p =
atmosphere, attenuation and fluctuations: J. .%cous.
PR + iPI, 642)
Sot. ;\m., v. 18, p. 90-96.
Kuster, G., 1972, Seismic wave propagation in two-
and subscripts R and Z imply real and imaginary
phase media and its application to the earth’s interior: parts. Ii we assume that the attenuation is small
Ph.D. thesis, M.I.T., Cambridge. (pLI<<pR), then to the lowest order approximation
Kuster, G., and Toks~z, M. N., 1974, Velocity and at-
tenuation of seismic waves in two-phase media:
Part I. Theoretical formulations: Geophysics, this
issue, p. 587-606.
l\Ia,i, .\. K., and Knopoff, L., 1967, Elastic wave veloci-
ties in two-component systems: J. Inst. Math. Appl., (A.3
v. 3, p. 376-387.
Nur, h., and Simmons, G., 1969,. The effect of viscosity
of a fluid phase on velocity m low porosity rocks:
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 7, p. 99.
For the P-waves
Piotrowska, .\., 1971, Propagation of ultrasonic waves
in suspensions and emulsions: 2. Relation between
ultrasonic properties and certain characteristics of the
medium: Ultrasonics, v. 9, p, 23.5-239.
Press, I:., 1966, Seismic velocities, in Handbook of
physical constants: S. P. Clark, ed., GSA mem. 97,
1). 195-218.
Keuss, h., 1929, Berechnung der Fliessgrenze von
(A4
lLleschkristallen auf Grund der Plastizitatsbedingung
fur Einkristalle .Angew. Math. u. Mech., v. 9, p, 49
Shumway, G.! 1960, Sound speed and absorption stud-
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Spetzler, H., and .inderson, D. L., 1968, Effect of tem-
perature and partial melting on velocity and at-
tenuationin a simple binary system: J. Geophys. Res., where Zi is the bulk modulus. In (;\3) and (;\-1)
v. 73, p. 6051-6060.
l-rick, R. J., 1947, i\ sound velocity method for de- the density p is real.
termining the compressibility of finely divided suh- In the case of two-phase media, one can find the
stances: J. .\ppl. PhJ-s., v. 18. p. 983-987. effective anelastic behavior from the effective
Voigt, \V., 1910, Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik: Leipzig,
elastic moduli b>- using the correspondence prin-
Germany, Teubner.
iv)-llie, Jl. 12. J., Gregory, A. I~.! and Gardner, I,. \V.. ciple, provided the characteristic attenuation
1056. Elastic wave velocities m heterogeneous and length (1 s’7.T) is much longer than the radius of an
porous media: Geophysics, v. 21, p. 41-70.
inclusion. For shear waves, this condition implies
\Vyllie, ;\I. II. .I., Gregory, .I. I<., and Gardner, G. 51. I’..
1958, An experimental investigation of factors af-
d
(
fecting elastic wave velocities in porous media: PI
Geophysics, v. 23, p. 459-193. ----a<<1 . (A3
Jyamaka\va, 5.. 1962, Scattering and attenuation of B PR )
elastic waves Geophysical Magazine (Tokyo), v. 31,
,>. 63-103. For the general case oi a two-phase medium
 618 Kuster and Toksiiz

(with solid anelastic matrix and solid anelastic where d is the thickness of the inclusion.
inclusions) we must set In a two-phase medium there are other sources
of attenuation besides anelasticity of the constit-
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K = KR + iKr, P = PR + +I
uent phases, The attenuation coefficient due to
and geometrical scattering was computed by Yama-
kawa (1962). For a P-wave in a solid-solid, two-
K’ = K’, +iK:, /A’ = /.lz +ip:. phase medium
(A@
The effective bulk and shear moduli are complex
2B: + $(l + 2v3)B;
and can be found from

K* - K K’-K 1
-_= c------- - Tiijj
3K* + 4p 3K’ + 4p 3

P* - P where
(A7)
6r*(K + 2~) + p(9K + 8~)
K - K’
B. =---,
= $f4z [Tijij - +Tiijj], 3K’ + 4~
P
where T;ijj and Tij;j are scalars depending on the
B
1
_‘-”
3P
matrix and inclusion properties and on the shape
of the inclusion (see Part I, Kuster and ToksGz, crG’ - cr)
& ~20
this issue).
3 W(K + 2~) + d9K + 8~)
To determine the effective anelastic properties
(Q values) of the two-phase medium, we use the v = a/P, and
real and imaginary parts of the effective moduli f = frequency.
K* and p* and equations (A3) and (A4).
Because of the algebraic complexity of (A7), In a suspension where the matrix is a Newtonian
it is difficult to derive analytic expressions for Q fluid with viscosity TJ,part of the attenuation of
values. However, the effective velocities and Q the wave train stems from the absorption of the
values can be calculated by a computer using com- scattered S-waves in the very neighborhood of
plex algebra routines. This procedure was fol- each inclusion. The attenuation coefficient for
lowed in this paper. P-waves was derived for this case by Epstein
The particular cases of viscous fluid inclusions (1941)
or matrix can be treated as shown above by
letting the shear modulus become purely imagin-
ary
y = c _”(p - p’)
a (All)
/.l = iwn, (A@ i + b. - ib;/3

where r~ is viscosity and w is angular frequency.

In this case condition (AS) becomes
. Real
~(1 - &I -
-~-
(P + 2p’%‘9 1’

where
-
UP 57
d
J a<< 1, (L49) ba = (1 +i)a __
9
.