Python – Functions, Loops, I/O,

Numpy, Matplotlib
Rajiv Bhutani
XIM Bhubaneswar
2018-2020
 REPL
• Fast Prototyping
• Takes single expression from user, processes it, outputs it
• Helps in exploratory programming and debugging, because
you can see the result before deciding what expression to
input next

• Read – Evaluate – Print – Loop (REPL)

• Vs

• Edit – Compile – Run – Debug

 First Function
• In [1]: print("Hello World")
• Hello World

• Functions in python start with def

• def hello():
• print("Hello Hello")

• In [2]: hello()
• Hello Hello

• In[3]: pv = 100
…: pv*(1+0.015)**3
• Out[3]: 104.56783749999997
 More Examples
• def fv_f(pv,r,n):
• """Objective: Estimate present value
• formula : pv = fv/((1+r)^n)
• fv: future value
• r: discount rate
• n: time period
• """
• return pv*(1+r)**n

• In[4]: fv_f(100,0.1,2)
• Out[4]: 121.00000000000001

• In[5]: Help(fv_f)
• Help on function fv_f in module __main__:

• fv_f(pv, r, n)
• Objective: Estimate present value
• formula : pv = fv/((1+r)^n)
• fv: future value
• r: discount rate
• n: time period
 For Loop
• In[6]: import numpy as np

• In[7]: cashFlows=np.array([-100,50,40,30])

• In[8]: for cash in cashFlows:

• …: print(cash)
• …:
• -100
• 50
• 40
• 30
 Tuple Vs Dictionary
• () Used to denote a tuple type of data.
• Values in a tuple can’t be modified
• Useful if some values should never be modified
• Tuples start from 0
• Dictionary stores data with key-value pairs
• Dictionary is not ordered and it requires keys to
be hashable
• Dictionary values can be modified
 Tuple Vs List
• In[9]: x=[1,2,3]
• In[10]: x[0]=2
• In[11]: x=(2,2,3)
• Out[11]: [2,2,3]

• In[12]: y=(7,8,9)
• In[13]: y[0]=2
• Traceback (most recent call last):
• File "<ipython-input-51-f39ee00d3d8d>", line 1, in <module>
• y[0]=10
• TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

• In[14]: type(x)
• Out[14]: list

• In[15]: type(y)
• Out[15]: tuple
 Npv Functions
• def npv_f(rate, cashflows):
• total = 0.0
• for i in range(0,len(cashflows)):
• total += cashflows[i]/(1+rate)**i
• return total
• In[16]: r=0.035
• In[17]: cashflows=[-100,-30,10,40,50,45,20]
• In[18]: npv_f(r,cashflows)
• Out[18]: 14.158224763725372
 Npv Functions from Excel
• NPV function from Excel is actually a PV function, i.e. it can be applied only to
future
• def npv_Excel(rate, cashflows):
• total = 0.0
• for i, cashflow in enumerate(cashflows):
• total += cashflow/(1+rate)**(i+1)
• return total

• In[16]: r=0.035
• In[17]: cashflows=[-100,-30,10,40,50,45,20]

• In[18]: npv_Excel(r, cashflows[1:7]+ cashflows[0])

• Out[18]: 14.158224763725372

• In[19]: npv_Excel(r, cashflows[1:7]

• Out[19]: 114.15822476372537
 If Function
• In[20]: cashFlows = [550,-500,-500,-500,1000]
• In[21]: r=0
• In[22]: while (r<1.0):
• …: r+=0.000001
• …: npv=npv_f(r,cashFlows)
• …: if(abs(npv)<0.0001):
• ...: print(r)
• …:
• 0.07163900000005098
• 0.33673299999790873
 Conditional IF
• >>>a=3
• >>>b=2
• >>>If(a>0 and b>0):
• print(“both positive”)
• >>>if(a>0 or b>0):
• print(“at least one is positive”)
 if with elif
• >>>grade = 82

• Write in editor:
• if grade>=90:
• print('A')
• elif grade>=80:
• print('B')
• elif grade>=70:
• print('C')
• elif grade>=60:
• print('D')
• else:
• print('F')

• Run the program in editor

 Math Library
• In[20]: import math
• In[21]: math.sqrt(2)
• Out[21]: 1.4142135623730951

• In[22]: from math import *

• In[23]: Sqrt(3)
• Out[23]: 1.7320508075688772

• >>>dir(math)
 Working with Python
• To find all string related functions
• >>>dir(‘’)

• >>> x='this is great‘

• >>>x.split()
• ['this', 'is', 'great']
 Reading a Text File
• Make a text file called test.txt, store somewhere in your PC with
following data
• ab
• 12
• 34
• Now type following:
• In[24]: f = open(“C:/….path name/test.txt”,”r”)
• In[25]: x=f.read()
• In[26]: f.close()
• In[27]: print(x)
• ab
• 12
• 34
 Importing through Numpy
• >>> import numpy as np
• >>>r=0.023
• >>>pv=np.array([100,300,500])
• >>>type(r)
• Float
• >>>type(np)
• Numpy.ndarray
• >>>7/3
• 2.3333333333333335
• >>>round(7/3)
• 2
• >>>round(7/3,5)
• 2.33333
 Working with Numpy
Command
A=np.zeros(10)
B=np.zeros((3,2),dtype=float)
C=np.ones((4,3),float)
D=np.array(range(0,9),float)
E1=np.identity(4)
E2=np.eye(4)
E3=np.eye(4,k=1)
F=np.arange(1,20,3,float)
G=np.array([[2,2,2],[3,3,3]])
H=np.zeros_like(G)
H=np.ones_like(G)
Explanation
Array with 10 zeros
3 by 2 with zeros
4 by 3 with all ones
0,1,2,3,…,9
Identity 4 by 4 matrix
Same as above
Starts from k=1
From 1 to 20 interval 3
2 by 2 with 2 in 1st row and 3 in 2nd row
All zeros
All ones
 Working with Numpy
• >>>x=np.array([10,20,30])
• >>>x.sum()
• 60

• >>>x=np.array([[1,2],[5,6],[7,9]])
• >>>print(x)
• >>> y=x.flatten()
• >>>print(x)
• >>>print(y)
• >>>x2=np.reshape(y,[2,3])
• >>>print(x2)
 Working with Numpy
• >>>x=np.array([[1,2,3],[3,4,6]])
• >>>np.size(x)
• 6
• >>>np.size(x,0)
• 2
• >>>np.size(x,1)
• 3
• >>>np.size(x,2)
• Error
• >>>np.std(x)
• 1.5723301886761005
• >>>np.std(x,0)
• array([1. , 1. , 1.5])
• >>>np.std(x,1)
• array([0.81649658, 1.24721913])
• >>>Total=x.sum()
• 19
 Random Numbers with Numpy
• >>>z=np.random.rand(50)
• >>>print(z)
• >>>y=np.random.normal(50)
• >>>print(y)
• >>>y=np.random.normal(500)
• >>>print(y)
• >>>y=np.random.normal(size=50)
• >>>print(y)
• >>>mean(z)
• >>>avg(z)
• >>>average(z)

• >>>np.mean(z) & np.mean(y)

• >>>np.std(z) & np.std(y)
• >>>r=np.array(range(0,100),float)/100
• >>>print(r)
 Matrix multiplication with Numpy
• >>>a=np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]],float)
• >>>b=np.array([[1,2],[3,3],[4,5]],float)
• >>>np.dot(a,b)
• array([[19., 23.],
• [43., 53.]])
 Data Output
• >>>f = open(“C:/….path name/out.txt”,”w”)
• >>>x=“This is great learning python”
• >>>f.write(x)
• >>>f.close()

• Check the out.txt file

 Plotting using Matplotlib
• >>>import matplotlib
• >>> from matplotlib.pyplot import *
• In Editor:
• plot([1,2,3,9])
• xlabel("x-axis")
• ylabel("y-axis")
• title("my figure")
• show()
 Plotting using Matplotlib
• In Editor:
• from pylab import *
• x=np.linspace(-np.pi,np.pi,256,endpoint=True)
• c,s = np.cos(x), np.sin(x)
• plot(x,c), plot(x,s)
• show()

• Note: linspace function has 4 arguments: start,

stop, num and endpoint
 Plotting using Matplotlib
• In Editor:

• n=1024
• X=np.random.normal(0,1,n)
• Y=np.random.normal(0,1,n)
• scatter(X,Y)
• show()