Introduction of case scenario – Autonomous vehicle

Autonomous
Before diving into the concept of autonomous vehicle, let us first identify the definition of
Autonomous. Autonomous means having the independency of governing or controlling one’s
own affairs.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) should reduce traffic accidents, but they will sometimes have to
choose between two evils, such as running over pedestrians or sacrificing themselves and their
passenger to save the pedestrians. Defining the algorithms that will help AVs make these moral
decisions is a formidable challenge. We found that participants in six Amazon Mechanical Turk
studies approved of utilitarian AVs (that is, AVs that sacrifice their passengers for the greater
good) and would like others to buy them, but they would themselves prefer to ride in AVs that
protect their passengers at all costs. The study participants disapprove of enforcing utilitarian
regulations for AVs and would be less willing to buy such an AV. Accordingly, regulating for
utilitarian algorithms may paradoxically increase casualties by postponing the adoption of a safer
technology [ CITATION Bon16 \l 1033 ].

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) represent a potentially disruptive yet beneficial change to our
transportation system. This new technology has the potential to impact vehicle safety,
congestion, and travel behavior. All told, major social AV impacts in the form of crash savings,
travel time reduction, fuel efficiency and parking benefits are estimated to approach $2000 to per
year per AV, and may eventually approach nearly $4000 when comprehensive crash costs are
accounted for. Yet barriers to implementation and mass-market penetration remain. Initial costs
will likely be unaffordable. Licensing and testing standards in the U.S. are being developed at the
state level, rather than nationally, which may lead to inconsistencies across states. Liability
details remain undefined, security concerns linger, and without new privacy standards, a default
lack of privacy for personal travel may become the norm. The impacts and interactions with
other components of the transportation system, as well as implementation details, remain
uncertain. To address these concerns, the federal government should expand research in these
areas and create a nationally recognized licensing framework for AVs, determining appropriate
standards for liability, security, and data privacy [ CITATION Dan15 \l 1033 ].

Benefits of autonomous vehicle

This paper explores the impacts that autonomous (also called self-driving, driverless or robotic)
vehicles are likely to have on travel demands and transportation planning. It discusses
autonomous vehicle benefits and costs, predicts their likely development and implementation
based on experience with previous vehicle technologies, and explores how they will affect
planning decisions such as optimal road, parking and public transit supply. The analysis indicates
that some benefits, such as independent mobility for affluent non-drivers, may begin in the 2020s
or 2030s, but most impacts, including reduced traffic and parking congestion (and therefore road
and parking facility supply requirements), independent mobility for low-income people (and
therefore reduced need to subsidize transit), increased safety, energy conservation and pollution
reductions, will only be significant when autonomous vehicles become common and affordable,
probably in the 2040s to 2060s, and some benefits may require prohibiting human-driven
vehicles on certain roadways, which could take longer [ CITATION Lit15 \l 1033 ].

This study gains insight into individual motivations for choosing to own and use autonomous
vehicles and develops a model for autonomous vehicle long-term choice decisions. A stated
preference questionnaire is distributed to 721 individuals living across Israel and North America.
Based on the characteristics of their current commutes, individuals are presented with various
scenarios and asked to choose the car they would use for their commute. A vehicle choice model
which includes three options is estimated:

1. Continue to commute using a regular car that you have in your possession.
2. Buy and shift to commuting using a privately-owned autonomous vehicle (PAV).
3. Shift to using a shared-autonomous vehicle (SAV), from a fleet of on-demand cars for
your commute.

A factor analysis determined five relevant latent variables describing the individuals’ attitudes:
technology interest, environmental concern, enjoy driving, public transit attitude, and pro-AV
sentiments. The effects that the characteristics of the individual and the autonomous vehicle have
on use and acceptance are quantified through random utility models including logit kernel model
taking into account panel effects.
Currently, large overall hesitations towards autonomous vehicle adoption exist, with 44% of
choice decisions remaining regular vehicles. Early AV adopters will likely be young, students,
more educated, and spend more time in vehicles. Even if the SAV service were to be completely
free, only 75% of individuals would currently be willing to use SAVs. The study also found
various differences regarding the preferences of individuals in Israel and North America, namely
that Israelis are overall more likely to shift to autonomous vehicles.

Challenges of autonomous vehicle in the future

Vehicles are currently being developed and sold with increasing levels of connectivity and
automation. As with all networked computing devices, increased connectivity often results in a
heightened risk of a cyber-security attack. Furthermore, increased automation exacerbates any
risk by increasing the opportunities for the adversary to implement a successful attack. In this
paper, a large volume of publicly accessible literature is reviewed and compartmentalized based
on the vulnerabilities identified and mitigation techniques developed. This review highlighted
that the majority of studies are reactive and vulnerabilities are often discovered by friendly
adversaries (white-hat hackers). Many gaps in the knowledge base were identified. Priority
should be given to address these knowledge gaps to minimize future cyber security risks in the
connected and autonomous vehicle sector [ CITATION Cyb15 \l 1033 ].
The Road Traffic Authority – Assumptions

Consequences of the proposed plan

Consequences of a driver-less vehicle needed refueling

Security requirements