ეკონომიკური ფსიქოლოგია PDF

iv.
javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

soxumis filiali
lia svaniZe
leqciebis
kursi
ekonomikur
fsiqologiaSi
(SemecnebiTi
swavleba)
Tbilisi 2008
1
u a k ( UDC)159.9:330(075.8)
s 45
ekonomikuri fsiqologia codnis sruliad axal sferos gvTavazobs, romelic

principulad gansxvavdeba ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri codnis tradiciuli gagebisagan.
igi swavlobs fsiqologiur movlenebs, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian adamianTa
warmoebiT urTierTobebTan, ikvlevs sameurneo meqanizmis efeqturi funqcionirebis
pirobebs.
naSromis avtori Teoriuli da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT uaRresad saWiro da
nayofier kvleviT saqmianobas eweva aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT, warmodgenili leqciebis
krebuli ki misi xangrZlivi Sromis Sedegia.
ekonomikuri azrovnebisa da fsiqologiuri ganwyobis Rrma analizis gareSe
SeuZlebelia adamianis saqmianobis prognozireba. gasagebia, rom aseT pirobebSi mecnierul
gamokvlevas ekonomikuri procesebis da movlenebis, ekonomikuri urTierTobebis fsiqikuri
asaxvis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba.
l. svaniZis naSromSi safuZvliani mecnieruli siaxleebia mocemuli. sagangebo
aRniSvnis Rirsia socialur-fsiqologiuri klimatis ganwyobis Teoriis princi pebidan
axsna. uaRresad sainteresod da originalurad aris warmodgenili socialur-
ekonomikuri procesebis marTvis socialur-fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, motivaciis sakiTxebi
da iseTi mniSvnelovani problemebi, rogorebicaa: normasa da paTologias Soris myof
adamianTa qaraqterologiur-tipologiuri Taviseburebebi da qmedunarianobis amaRlebisa
da SenarCunebis fsiqo-fiziologiuri pirobebi.
mewarmis fsiqologiuri portreti dRes mTeli ganviTarebuli samyaros yuradRebis
centrSia. avtoris sanaqebod unda iTqvas, rom man saukeTesod Camoayaliba es sakiTxi
da mogvca mewarmis srulfasovani daxasiaTeba.
metad rTulia wlebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovili unikaluri masalis kompleqsurad,
mokled Camoyalibeba. am amocanas warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi naSromis _ `leqciebis
kursi ekonomikur fsiqologiaSi~ _ avtorma, profesorma lia svaniZem. imavdroulad,
leqciebis kursSi man warmoadgina da logikur SesabamisobaSi moiyvana sxvadasxva
mecnier-mkvlevarTa naSromebi.
avtorma SemogvTavaza dasabuTebuli koncefcia, romelic, Cvenis Rrma rwmeniT,
usaTuod unda Seematos ekonomikur-fsiqologiuri xasiaTis samecniero literaturas.
`leqciebis kursi ekonomikur fsiqologiaSi~ gankuTvnilia ekonomikuri fakultetis
yvela specialobis studentisaTvis da sxva dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis.
redaqtori malaSxia,, profesori

g. malaSxia
recenzentebi: nadiraSvili,, profesori,

S. nadiraSvili
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi
g. yufunia, profesori
gamomcemloba `cotne~, 2009
ISBN: 99940-41-23-1
2
sarCevi
winasityvaoba
winasityvaoba.............................................................................5
leqcia 1
fsiqologiis sagani, fsiqologiis dargebi,
fsiqologiis ZiriTadi meTodebi...........................................9
sakontrolo kiTxvebi..........................................................22
leqcia 2
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis sagani,
amocanebi, wyaroebi...................................................................23
sakontrolo kiTxvebi......................................................32
leqcia 3
socialur-fsiqologiuri da
ekonomikuri problemebis
kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi.
adamianTa fsiqologiuri tipebi.........................................33
sakontrolo kiTxvebi—.....................................................40
leqcia 4
Sromis efeqtianobis amaRlebis
socialur-fsiqologiuri faqtorebi................................41
sakontrolo kiTxvebi........................................................56
leqcia 5
adamianis Sromisunarianoba
da Sromis nayofiereba.............................................................57
leqcia 6
socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis
marTvis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi........................................65
sakontrolo kiTxvebi.......................................................103
leqcia 7
marketingis arsi da misi
funqcionirebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi.........................104
sakontrolo kiTxvebi..............................................................111
leqcia 8
mewarmeobis ganviTarebis
fsiqologiuri safuZveli.
mewarmis fsiqologiuri portreti...................................112
sakontrolo kiTxvebi.........................................................125—
———
3
leqcia 9
saqmiani saubrisa da
molaparakebebisaTvis momzadeba.......................................126
leqcia 10
saqmiani urTierTobebis teqnologia.
saqmiani saubris warmarTvis
fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi........................................................140
leqcia 11
pirovnebis biologiuri foni-temperamenti
da misi zegavlena qcevasa da moqmedebaze..........................159
leqcia 12
grZnobebi da emociebi.............................................................173
sakontrolo kiTxvebi......................................................190
leqcia 13
nebisyofa..........................................................................................191
sakontrolo kiTxvebi.....................................................205
leqcia 14
motivacia.......................................................................................206
sakontrolo kiTxvebi.....................................................226
leqcia 15
normasa da paTologias Soris
myof adamianTa
qaraqterologiur-tipologiuri
Taviseburebani.
mosazRvre mdgomareobebi.....................................................227
leqcia 16
qmedunarianobis amaRlebisa
da SenarCunebis fsiqo-fiziologiuri pirobebi.............261
leqcia 17
kultura rogorc urTierTobis
regulirebis socialuri norma .......................................277
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis programa
programa.............................292
gamoyenebuli literatura
literatura................................................302
———————————
4
winasityvaoba
ekonomikuri fsiqologia fsiqologiis SedarebiT viwro
specializirebuli dargia, romelic socialuri kavSirebis
mTeli mravalferovnebidan Tavis sagnad gamoyofs ekonomikur
urTierTobebs da ekonomikuri procesebis, ekonomikuri
movlenebis, ekonomikuri urTierTobebis fsiqikuri asaxvis
kanonzomierebebs Seiswavlis.
winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli iqneba adamianis iseTi
fsiqikuri movlenebi, romlebic arsebiT da gadamwyvet rols
TamaSoben ekonomikuri procesebis mimdinareobaSi.
umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis gamovlenas pirovnebiseuli
specifika gaaCnia. igi ganisazRvreba pirovnebis individualuri
TvisebebiTac da realuri socialuri kontaqtebis zemoqmedebi-
Tac mis ganviTarebasa da Camoyalibebaze. swored am Tvalsaz-
risiT aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba adamianis qcevaze misi tempe-
ramentis, rogorc misi xasiaTis fiziologiuri safuZvlis
zemoqmedebas, nebisyofis, grZnoba-emociebis, ganwyobis, motivaciis
da sxva fsiqikuri movlenebis swavlebis mniSvnelobas adamianis
TviTSegnebis, TviTSefasebis, Tavisi ATavis pativiscemisa da misi
qcevis stilis CamoyalibebaSi.
profesiuli movaleobebis wris gansazRvrisas gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba eniWeba adamianTa niWisa da unaris donisa da
mimarTulebis gaTvaliswinebas, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva
bunebrivi unarebi saWiro kalapotiT warimarTos, raTa
optimalurad iqnas gamoyenebuli bunebisagan naboZebi yvela
SesaZlebloba, romlebic metad mravalferovania da, rogorc
wesi, praqtikulad amouwuravia. inteleqtis sworad organize-
buli testireba da unarebis mizanmimarTuli ganviTareba
adamians im sazRvrebTan aaxloebs, romlebic adamianis SesaZ-
leblobebis saxiT aris cnobili.
pirovnebisaTvis mniSvnelovani socialuri rolebisa da
misi individualuri unarebis urTierTSerwyma savsebiT
ganapirobebs individis bio-socialur qmedunarianobas. adamianis
mier TviTorganizebis gzebis codna optimaluri Sromis unaris
SesanarCuneblad, sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebisadmi,
axlis aRqmisadmi fsiqologiuri mzadyofnis gamomuSaveba misi
qcevis produqtiulobis sawindaria.
fsiqologiis eqsperimentuli da Teoriuli monacemebis
5
gamoyenebis safuZvelze adamians SesaZlebloba eZleva daeuf-
los da srulyos Tavisi umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebi.
adamianisaTvis misaRwevi xdeba Tavisi yuradRebis marTva;
mas SeuZlia Seiswavlos Tavisi mexsiereba, AraTa `gulmaviwyo-
biT~ ar gadaRalos partniori, moipovos da daeuflos saWiro
informacias da sxva; Seikavos sakuTari emociebi umniSvnelova-
nesi problemebis gadaWris dros; adamians unari Seswevs
Sromis procesSi winaswar, Segnebulad daisaxos mizani da
gaacnobieros moqmedebis gegma, moaxdinos sakuTari moqmedebis
regulireba, misi Sefaseba, misi obieqtivacia; Seimecnos da
obieqtur viTarebas Seufardos Tavisi biologiuri foni-
temperamenti; gaarkvios da Rrmad Caswvdes Tavisi nebisyofis
arss, mis naklovan mxareebs da srulyos Tavisi nebismieri
moqmedeba; warmoaCinos da gaaanalizos is obieqturi faqtorebi,
romlebic pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdenen adamianis fsiqikur
procesebze Sromis dros. TviTdakvirvebis wyalobiT adamians
unari Seswevs Seicnos Tavisi fsiqikuri Tvisebebi,
mdgomareobani, procesebi da gamoiyenos maTi uSreti rezervebi
sxva adamianebTan da sakuTar TavTan damokidebulebaSi,
sazogadoebaSi Tavisi adgilis povnaSi.
amJamad gamoyenebiTi socialur-fsiqologiuri gamokvlevebi
mTels msoflioSi umniSvnelovanesi instrumentis rols asru-
leben operatiul sameurneo diagnostikasa da warmoebis mar-
TvaSi, socialuri da ekonomikuri procesebis Segnebul regu-
lirebaSi. realurad, ekonomikuri procesebis funqcionirebis
praqtikaSi ekonomikuri, socialuri da fsiqologiuri kom-
ponentebi ganuyofel erTianobaSi imyofebian da romelime
maTganis gamoTiSvas disonansi Seaqvs sistemaSi. TiToeuli
maTganis Seswavla-Secnoba, imavdroulad, gulisxmobs maTi
Sinagani urTierTkavSiris garkvevas da Sesatyvisi erTiani
integraluri warmodgenis Seqmnas. amis gareSe SeuZlebelia
mTeli sisruliT gairkves SromiTi saqmianobis rogorc wminda
ekonomikuri, ise wminda socialur-fsiqologiuri mxareebi.
aRniSnuli leqciebis kursi ekonomikur fsiqologiaSi
avtoris mier warmatebiT ikiTxeba bolo eqvsi-Svidi wlis
ganmavlobaSi iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universi-
tetis, Tsu soxumis filialis, universitet ìberiis~, umaRles
saswavlebel `CAC~-is ekonomikuri fakultetis studentebTan,
rogorc speckursi. ekonomikuri fsiqologiis swavlebis
procesze am sagnisadmi studentTa damokidebulebiT Tu
6
vimsjelebT, igi maRal Sefasebas imsaxurebs.
winamdebare leqciebis kursSi masalebis gadmocemis logika
Semdegnairia: zogadi fsiqologiis sagnis, fsiqikuri sinamdvilis
klasifikaciis, fsiqologiis dargebis, fsiqologiis kvlevis
meTodebis ganxilvis Semdeg ganixileba zogadi fsiqologiis
ZiriTadi dargis _ ekonomikuri fsiqologiis sagani, misi
wyaroebi da tendenciebi da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi;
ekonomikur-fsiqologiuri problemebis kvlevis meTodebi,
adamianTa fsiqologiuri tipebi; ekonomikuri efeqtianobis
amaRlebis socialur-fsiqologiuri faqtorebi; warmoCenilia
is fsiqologiuri meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac vlindeba
pirovnebis damokidebuleba sameurneo saqmianobis procesebisa
da movlenebis mimarT. siRrmiseulad aris ganxiluli
socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati; ganxilulia
Sromisunarianobisa da Sromis nayofierebis urTierTkavSiris
arsi. sagangebo adgili ukavia socialur-ekonomikuri
procesebis marTvis fsiqologiur aspeqtebs, marTvis sistemis
detalur analizs, misi funqcionirebis oTxi aucilebeli
elementis _ obieqtisa da garemos Sesaxeb informaciis
Sekrebis arxebis, obieqtze zemoqmedebis arxis (marTvis
aparatis), marTvis miznisa da marTvis algoriTmis daxasiaTebas;
ganxilulia marketingis arsi da misi funqcionirebis
fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi. Camoyalibebulia marketingis
nebismieri problemis gadawyvetis eqvsi ZiriTadi etapis _
problemis formulirebis, informaciis Sefasebis, miznebisa da
amocanebis dasaxvis, moqmedebis konkretuli mimarTulebis
SerCevis, Sesasrulebeli samuSaos dagegmvisa da kontrolis da
miRebuli Sedegebis Sefasebis Sinaarsobrivi mxare.
leqciebis kursSi Tavisi aqtualobiT gamoirCevian iseTi
Temebi, rogorebicaa:L mewarmeobis ganviTarebis fsiqologiuri
safuZveli, mewarmis fsiqologiuri portreti; saqmiani saubrisa
da molaparakebis momzadeba; saqmiani urTierTobebis teqnolo-
gia, saqmiani saubris warmarTvis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi.
Semdegi Tema _ `temperamenti~ _ eZRvneba pirovnebis biologiu-
ri fonis _ temperamentis zegavlenis gansazRvras adamianTa
qcevasa da moqmedebaze. mocemulia temperamentis tipebis
sxvadasxvagvari interpretacia. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia
temperamentis klasifikaciis safuZvlebis daxasiaTebaze.
praqtikul saqmianobasTan kavSirSi ganxilulia temperamentis
TiToeuli tipi.
7
adamianis mier ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetisas
aRsaniSnavia iseTi fsiqikuri procesebi, rogoricaa: grZnoba-
emociebi da nebisyofa.
leqciebis kursi ekonomikur fsiqologiaSi moicavs metad
mniSvnelovan fsiqologiur fenomens _ motivacias. rogorc
cnobili fsiqologi s. rubinSteini aRniSnavda `sinamdvilis
konteqstSi adamiani CarTulia motivaciis meSveobiT~.
avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs kulturis udides rolze
saqmian urTierTobebSi. man naSromSi warmoadgina leqcia:
`kultura, rogorc urTierTobis socialuri norma~.
naSromis Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos saleqcio kursSi iseTi
problemis ganxilva, rogoricaa: `normasa da paTologias Soris
myof adamianTa qaraqterologiur-tipologiuri Taviseburebebi.
mosazRvre mdgomareobani~. adamianTa mravalferovnebaSi is
jgufebia gamoyofili da Seswavlili, romelTa funqciur-
konstituciuri da fsiqikuri Taviseburebebi ar akmayofileben
normalur mdgomareobas, magram arc paTologias miekuTvnebian.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis codna pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis
regulirebis utyuar SesaZleblobas iZleva. da bolos,
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis leqciebis kursSi ganxilulia yvela
drois da epoqis mniSvnelovani problema _ qmediTunarianobis
amaRlebisa da SenarCunebis fsiqo-fiziologiuri pirobebi.
avtori bednierad CaTvlis Tavs, Tu aRniSnuli leqciebis
kursi, garkveulwilad Suqs mohfens adamianis cxovrebisa da
SromisaTvis aucilebel problemebs, mkiTxvels adamianis
SesaZleblobebis uSreti rezervebis Ziebis interess gauRviZebs.
Tu warmodgenili saleqcio masala aTvisebuli da war-
matebiT gamoyenebuli iqneba cxovrebiseul praqtikaSi, mizani
miRweulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
amJamad avtori muSaobs wignze èkonomikuri fsiqologia~,
sadac vrclad iqneba ganxiluli krebulSi warmodgenili
leqciebis Sinaarsi da sxva mniSvnelovani problemebi.
8
leqcia
leqcia I
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l e q c i a fsiqologiis sagani,
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fsiqologiis dargebi,
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fsiqologiis ZiriTadi
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meTodebi
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gegma:
1. fsiqologiis sagani;
2. fsiqikis raoba; gasuli saukunis
3. fsiqikuri sinamdvilis klasifikacia; udidesma
4. tvini da fsiqika; fsiqologma Jan
5. fsiqikis da cnobierebis ganviTareba; piaJem (1896-1980)
6. fsiqika da cnobiereba;
7. cnobierebis mimarTeba aracnobierTan; fsiqologias
8. fsiqologiis dargebi; `mecnierebaTa
9. fsiqologiis meTodebi. galaqtikis RerZi~
uwoda.
me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda da Seiqmna
ubrwyinvalesi dargi mecnierebisa fsiqologia (berZn.
fsiqo _ suli, logia _ moZRvreba), Tumca fsiqo-
logiuri Semecneba iseTive uZvelesia, rogorc TviT
adamiani. misi daxvewa da ganviTareba saukuneebs
iTvlis.1
fsiqologia Seiswavlis fsiqikur movlenaTa
(SegrZneba, aRqma, warmosaxva, azrovneba, metyveleba,
mexsiereba, yuradReba, grZnoba-emociebi, nebisyofa,
temperamenti) kanonzomierebebs, fsiqikis, rogorc
cxovel moqmedebis gansakuTrebuli formis ganvi
cxovelmoqmedebis Ta
Ta--
ganviTa
re ba
reba sa da funqcionirebas. igi Seiswavlis ada
basa mi
adami a-
mia
nis Si nagan sulier samyaros, misi fsiqikis ganu
Sinagan me
me--
ganume
orebel agebu lebas, gviCvenebs adamianis fsiqikis
agebulebas,
unikalur SesaZleblobebs gare sinam dvi
sinamdvilis Semec
dvilis Semec--
nebasa da gardaqmnaSi, mokled, fsiqo logia aris
fsiqologia
mecni ereba fsiqikis Sesaxeb. maSasadame, fsiqologiis
mecniereba
____________
1
ix. m. iaroSevskis `fsiqologiis istoria~, m., 1976
(rusul enaze).
9
sagani aris fsiqika. terminiT `fsiqika~ fsiqologia-
Si aRiniSneba Sinagani sulieri cxovrebis yvela feno-
meni, rogorc cnobieri, ise aracnobieri (uneblieT
warmoSobili); igi gulisxmobs iseT hipotezur,
`mentorul~, `Sinagan~ meqanizmebs, romlebic marTaven
cocxal arsebas da masze zemoqmedeben.
fsiqika aris maRalorganizebuli materiis _
tvinis sistemuri Tviseba, aramaterialuri fenomeni,
misi meSveobiT subieqti axerxebs obieqturi
sinamdvilis asaxvas, gare samyaros xatebis agebas da
amis safuZvelze Tavisi qcevebisa da moqmedebis
regulirebas.
fsiqikis arseboba SesaZlebelia mxolod organiz-
mis cxovelmoqmedebis procesSi, magram fsiqika am
procesis Sedegs ki ar warmoadgens, aramed TviTon
aris procesi da amasTan procesi aqtiuri!
fsiqika gare samyarosTan Seguebis uaRresad mgr-
Znobiare instrumentia. misi meqanizmebi Sexmatkbilebu-
lad, harmoniulad da upiratesad subieqtisaTvis
SeumCnevlad moqmedeben. xatovnad rom vTqvaT, fsiqi-
kisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania subieqts ise miawodos
informacia, rom am Sedegebis mopovebis processa da
proceduraze misi yuradReba ar iqnes mipyrobili.
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aris iseTi SemTxvevebic,
rodesac ver vamCnevT CvenSi mimdinare fsiqikur movle-
nebs. adamianis fsiqikas gaaCnia specialuri meqanizmebi,
romlebic win eRobebian, aferxeben zogierTi fsiqiku-
ri procesis gacnobierebas subieqtis mier, ZiriTadad
es aris arasasurveli informaciisagan subieqtis
Tavdacvis saSualeba.
fsiqika damaxasiaTebelia organuli samyaros
maRalganviTarebuli formebisaTvis, fsiqika gaaCniaT
mxolod cxovelebsa da adamians. mxolod adamianisTvi-
saa damaxasiaTebeli fsiqikuri cxovrebis umaRlesi
forma _ cnobiereba, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom
mxolod adamians SeuZlia mizanmimarTuli SromiTi
saqmianoba, garesamyaros gardaqmna, moqmedebis winaswa-
ri mofiqreba da gaazreba. qcevis dawyebamde misi
Sedegebis naTlad warmodgena.
fsiqikur sinamdviles yofen sam did jgufad:
fsiqikuri procesebi, fsiqikuri Tvisebebi, fsiqi fsiqi--
ku ri mdgomareobani.
kuri
10
fsiqikuri procesebia obieqturi sinamdvilis
subieqturi asaxvis gansxvavebuli formebi. fsiqikur
procesebs fsiqikur funqciebsac uwodeben. am pro-
cesTa, funqciaTa saSualebiT xorcieldeba garesamya-
ros sagnebisa da movlenebis Semecneba, codnisa da
Cvevebis aTviseba, swavleba. fsiqikuri procesebi,
fun qci
funqci ebi iyofa sam qvejgufad: SemecnebiTi, emoci
qciebi emoci--
uri da nebelobiTi procesebi. ZiriTadi fsi qi
fsiqi ku
ku--
qiku
ri pro cesebia: SegrZneba, aRqma, yuradReba, mexsi
procesebia: mexsi--
ereba, war mosax
warmosax va, azrovneba, metyveleba, grZnobebi
mosaxva,
da emociebi, nebeloba.
fsiqikuri Tvisebebia pirovnebis individualur-
fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebi, romlebic gansaz-
Rvraven individualur da tipologiur sxvaobebs. esaa
temperamenti, xasiaTi, interesebi, moTxovnilebebi, niWi.
fsiqikuri mdgomareobani gamoxataven pirovnebis
fsiqikuri moqmedebis droebiT dinamikas, romelic
arsebiT gavlenas axdens qcevis saboloo Sedegebze.
esaa SfoTva, aRgznebadoba, daRla, apaTia, stresi,
aqtiuroba, pasiuroba da sxva.
yvela fsiqikuri movlena mWidro kavSirSia erTma-
neTTan. fsiqikuri procesebi yovelTvis mimdinareoben
gansazRvruli fsiqikuri mdgomareobis fonze, rac mniS-
vnelovanwilad gansazRvravs qcevis saboloo Sedegebis
Sefasebas.
tvini da fsiqika
fsiqika aris maRalorganizebuli materiis _
tvinis Tviseba da funqcia. mas aqvs garesamyaros
sinamdvilis asaxvis unari. fsiqika obieqturi
samyaros subieqturi asaxvaa. cxovelTa da adamianTa
organizms garesamyaros gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia.
organizmisa da garesamyaros kavSiri nervuli
sistemis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.
adamianis doneze fsiqikis ganviTareba axal for-
mebs iRebs. igi ZiriTadad azrovnebis, cnobierebisa
da iaraRis urTulesi formebis ganviTarebis gziT
mimdinareobs.
nervuli sistema iyofa centralur da periferi-
ul nawilebad. centraluri nervuli sistema aris
Tavisa da zurgis tvini, periferiuli ki _ nervebi,
11
e. i. mielinis garsiT dafaruli boWkoebi, romlebic
moTavsebulia mTel sxeulSi. tvini da nervebi
Sedgeba neironebisagan. tvini Sedgeba ramdenime nawi-
lisagan. xerxemalSi aris zurgis tvini, romelic
regulacias uwevs umartives moZraobebs. igi gadadis
mogrZo tvinSi, romelic aregulirebs organizmis
iseT sasicocxlo procesebs, rogoricaa saWmlis
moneleba, sisxlis mimoqceva, sunTqva da sxva. Tavis
tvinis didi naxevarsferoebi Sedgeba qerqqveSa kvanZe-
bisa da Tavis tvinis qerqisagan, romelic marTavs
adamianis mTel fsiqikas.
tvinis muSaobis safuZvelia refleqsi, e. i. orga-
nizmis sapasuxo reaqcia Sinagani da garegani samyaros
gaRizianebaze. cxovelebs axasiaTebs ori saxis ref-
leqsebi: upirobo, romlebic warmoiSobian uneblied,
organizmze gaRizianebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad da
pirobiTi, romlebic aRmocendebian mxolod gansaz-
Rvrul pirobebSi. upirobo refleqsebi TanSobilia.
maT miekuTvneba instinqtebi (kvebis, TavdacviTi,
sqesobrivi, tkivilis da sxv.).
pirobiTi refleqsebi araa TanSobili, igi SeZe-
nilia. pirobiTi refleqsebi muSavdeba gamRiziane-
belTa xSiri gameorebis Sedegad. magaliTad, bavSvma,
romelmac mravaljer naxa mware wamlis fxvnili,
romelsac mas alevinebdnen, romelime wamlis aseTi
fxvnilis danaxvisTanave pirSi aRmoucendeba simware.
es imitom xdeba, rom bavSvis tvinis mxedvelobis
centrSi agzneba (fxvnilis danaxvis dros) da gemos
centrSi simwaris SegrZneba mimdinareobs erTdro-
ulad da ganmeorebiTi agznebis dros tvinis qerqSi
warmoiqmneba ukukavSiri, ris gamoc wamlis danaxva
iwvevs bavSvis pirSi simwares, magram Tu es kavSiri
ar ganmtkicda, Tu wamlis danaxvas ar mohyva misi
miReba, igi Sesustdeba da Caqreba kidec.
pirobiTi refleqsebis aRmoceneba da ganmtkiceba
xorcieldeba Tavis tvinis qerqSi mimdinare Semdegi
ZiriTadi nervuli procesebis saSualebiT:
a) agzneba _ esaa nervuli centris an centrTa
jgufis aqtiuri, moqmedi mdgomareoba, romelic
aRmocendeba garegani gamRizianeblis moqmedebis
Sedegad.
12
b) Sekaveba _ esaa nervuli ujredis an ujredTa
jgufis umoqmedo mdgomareoba. igi agznebis sapiris-
piro mdgomareobaa. ganasxvaveben Sinagan da garegan
Sekavebas. garegani Sekaveba xorcieldeba maSin, roca
pirobiTi refleqsebis Sekaveba xdeba Tavis tvinis
qerqSi aRmocenebuli sxva gamRizianebliT gamow-
veuli agznebis axali keris gavleniT. Sinagani
Sekaveba aRmocendeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca pirobiTi
refleqsi ar Rebulobs ra ganmtkicebas pirobiTi
gamRizianeblis ganmeorebisas, TandaTanobiT sus-
tdeba da qreba.
g) agznebisa da Sekavebis procesTa iradiacia
_ esaa nervuli procesebis gavrceleba qerqSi misi
aRmocenebis sawyisi adgilidan mezobel nawilebze.
yoveli axali agzneba dasawyisSi ganicdis iradiacias,
xolo Semdeg xdeba misi TandaTanobiTi lokaluri
koncentracia gansazRvrul nervul centrebSi.
d) agznebisa da Sekavebis procesebis urTi erT
erT--
urTierT
induqcia. Tu Tavis tvinis qerqis gansazRvrul
monakveTSi aRmocendeba agznebis procesi, maSin in-
duqciis kanonis Tanaxmad sxva monakveTebSi viTardeba
Sekaveba, da piriqiT.
agznebiTi procesis gaZlierebas SekavebiTis
gavleniT ewodeba dadebiTi induqcia, xolo Sekavebi-
Ti procesis gaZlierebas agznebiTis gavleniT _
uaryofiTi.
didi tvinis naxevarsferoebis qerqis pirobiT-
refleqsur moqmedebas tvinis sasignalo moqmedeba
ewodeba. garesamyarodan tvinSi Semosul signalebs,
romlebsac iwveven sagnebi da movlenebi da romlebic
moqmedeben grZnobis organoebze, ris Sedegadac aRmo-
cendeba SegrZneba, aRqma, warmodgena, akademikosma
i. pavlovma uwoda pirveli sasignalo sistema, rome-
lic damaxasiaTebelia rogorc cxovelisaTvis, aseve
adamianisTvisac.
adamianis safexurze ki gaRizianebas iwvevs ara
mxolod sagnebi, aramed sityva, romelic warmoadgens
adamianur specifikur sasignalo sistemas. pirveli da
meore sasignalo sistema erTmaneTTan mWidro ur-
TierTkavSirSi imyofeba. Tu meore sasignalo
13
sistemis signalebi, sityvebi, ar efuZneba pirvels, is
gaugebari iqneba. magaliTad, ucxo sityva, romelic
Cven ar viciT, arafers gveubneba, radgan mas CvenTvis
ara aqvs konkretuli dasayrdeni.
akademikosma i. pavlovma tvins uwoda TviTreguli-
rebadi sistema, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom tvini ara
marto pasuxobs gamRizianeblebze, aramed akontrolebs
da aregulirebs Sesrulebel moqmedebas. es mxolod
maSinaa SesaZlebeli, roca arsebobs ukukavSiri,
informacia Sesrulebeli moqmedebebis Sesaxeb.
upirobo da pirobiTi refleqsebi amyareben
kavSirs organizmsa da garemos Soris. uzrunvelyofen
organizmis Seguebas am garemosTan da normalur
cxovelmyofelobas. upirobo refleqsebs garemoSi
SezRuduli orientacia axasiaTebT, xolo pirobiT
refleqsebs _ universaluri.
fsiqikis da cnobierebis ganviTareba
rogorc aRvniSneT, fsiqikis aRmoceneba aris
materiis evoluciis Sedegi. umartives cocxal
arsebebs ar gaaCniaT fsiqikuri asaxvis unari. maT
aqvT mxolod gaRizianebadobis unari, romelic
warmoadgens garemos gaRizianebaze pasuxs, risTvisac
nervuli sistemis arseboba saWiro ar aris. erT-
ujredian umartives organizmebs (ameba, infuzoria)
moZraobis mimarTulebis Secvla sinaTlis, qimiuri
nivTierebebis, eleqtrodenis da sxva zemoqmedebebis
Sedegad SeuZliaT. fsiqika, rogorc garesamyaros
sagnebisa da movlenebis Tvisebebis asaxva, Cndeba
nervuli sistemis CasaxvasTan erTad.
fsiqikis ganviTareba da nervuli sistemis gar-
Tuleba mimdinareobs cocxali arsebis garemosTan
Seguebis procesSi cxovrebis pirobebisa da forme-
bis gavleniT. cxovrebis pirobebi gavlenas axdenen
cxovelTa qcevaze, cvlian mas, rac Tavis mxriv nervu-
li sistemis ganviTarebas iwvevs. ganviTarebadi nervu-
li sistema ganapirobebs garTulebuli garesamyaro-
sadmi cxovelTa Seguebas.
nervuli sistemisa da fsiqikis ganviTarebis
mixedviT ganasxvaveben cxovelTa qcevis sam tips,
romelic warmoadgens maT garesamyarosTan Seguebis
14
xerxebsa da formebs. esaa instinqtebi, Cvevebi da
gonieri qcevis martivi formebi.
instinqtebi aris cxovelTa rTuli TanSobili
moqmedebebi, romelTa saSualebiTac kmayofildeba
moTxovnilebebi. qcevis es formebi mzamzareuli
meqanizmebis saxiT gadmodian memkvidreobiT. fizi-
ologiuri TvalsazrisiT instinqtebi aris upirobo
refleqsebis rTuli rgolebi. aseTia, magaliTad,
axalgamoCekili ixvis curaoba wyalSi da misi
TavdacviTi reaqciebis gamovlena qoris xmaze. na-
Telia, rom maT araviTari gamocdileba ar gaaCniaT
curvisa da qoris saSiSroebis Sesaxeb. garemosTan
xangrZlivi Seguebis procesSi instinqturi qcevebi
mizanSewonili aris ucvleli garemos pirobebSi,
magram savsebiT mizanSeuwoneli da uazro xdeba
cxovrebis garemo pirobebis Secvlis dros. esaa
qcevis Tandayolili formebis mTavari sisuste.
instinqturi qcevebi xorcieldeba avtomaturad,
azrovnebisa da cnobierebis monawileobis gareSe.
instinqtebi, upirveles yovlisa, damaxasiaTebelia
umdablesi cxovelebis qcevisaTvis. instinqturi
qcevebi axasiTebs agreTve umaRles cxovelebs da
adamiansac ki. kvebis, Tavdacvis, TviTSenaxvis da a. S.
adamianis qcevaSi instinqtebs sruliad sxva xasiaTi
aqvs. igi cnobierebasa da adamianis sazogadoebriv
bunebas emorCileba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom instinqtebi qcevis Zlieri,
myari, arsebiTad ucvleli formebia, isini nela,
magram mainc icvlebian garesamyaros TandaTanobiTi
garTulebisa da cvlilebis gavleniT. is instinqtebi
ki, romlebic aRar arian biologiurad mizanSewoni-
li, TandaTanobiT qrebian bunebrivi SerCevis mkacr
pirobebSi da axal Taobebs STamomavlobiT ukve aRar
gadaecema. magaliTad, Sinaurma frinvelebma (qaTami,
ixvi, indauri) TiTqmis mTlianad dakarges frenis
instinqti.
cxovelTa Cvevebi warmoadgens qcevis SeZenil
formebs, romelTa umetesoba isaa, rom ganviTarebis
am safexurze mdgari cxoveli garemo pirobebis Sec-
vlisas misi qcevis Tandayolili formebis mizan-
15
Seuwoneli xasiaTis gamo ki ar iRupeba, aramed
SeimuSavebs cxovrebis am axali pirobebis Sesatyvis
moqmedebebs, axal pirobiT refleqsebs. es ki saSua-
lebas iZleva cxoveli Seeguos axal, Secvlil ga-
remos. Cvevebi instinqtebTan SedarebiT Seguebis
ufro srulyofili meqanizmia.
cxovelTa gonieri qcevis safexurisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebelia gansazRvruli amocanis gadawyveta,
romelic dakavSirebulia raime winaaRmdegobis
gadalaxvasTan an axal situaciaSi qcevis optimaluri
formebis ganxorcielebasTan. am saqmeSi cxovels verc
instinqti da verc Cveva ver daexmareba. cxoveli
dgeba saWiroebis winaSe ipovos qcevis iseTi axali
formebi, romelic mas gamocdilebaSi ara aqvs. aseT
SemTxvevaSi umaRlesi cxovelebi (anTropoidebi da
delfinebi) avlenen e. w. gonier qcevas, romelic war-
moadgens umartives saazrovno moqmedebas, sagnebsa da
movlenebs Soris elementaruli kavSirebis damyarebas.
anTropoidebs SeuZliaT Sors dadebuli saWmlis
xelSi Casagdebad Soriaxlos mdebare joxis gamo-
yeneba. Tumca am miznisaTvis mas joxi arasodes ar
uxmaria. maT SeuZliaT gaaRon saketi, Seadgan yuTebi
erTmaneTze maRla Camokidebuli bananis misawvdomad
da a. S. yovelive amas anTropoidi akeTebs gawvrTnisa
da winaswari gavarjiSebis gareSe. gansakuTrebiT
unda aRiniSnos, rom cxovelis mier amocanis gadaw-
yvetis es xerxebi TandaTanobiT ganmtkicdeba, erT-
gvarad ganzogaddeba da SemdgomSi analogiur
situaciaSi gamoiyeneba. amgvarad, esaa erTgvari inte-
leqtualuri, gonieri qceva, cxovelTa samyaroSi
yvelaze ufro srulyofili forma, romelic uzrun-
velyofs cxovelTa Seguebas cxovrebis garemos cvale-
badobis pirobebSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom anTropodis inteleqtualu-
ri, gonieri qceva namdvili gonieri qcevis Cana-
saxovani formaa. umaRles cxovelTa gonieri qceva
metad primitiuli da SezRudulia, magaliTad, Sim-
panze, romelic adgams yuTebs erTmaneTze, xSirad
dgams did yuTs pataraze. xandaxan ki yuTs adebs
kedelze sayrdenis gareSe. cxel amindSi gasagri-
leblad tanze gadasasxmel wyals iRebs nakadulidan,
16
xolo cecxlis Casaqrob wyals iRebs ara nakadu-
lidan, romelic ufro axlosaa cecxlTan, aramed
midis ufro Sors da iRebs kasridan. es imitom
xdeba, rom misTvis nakadulis wyali da kasris wyali
ori sxvadasxva movlenaa. misTvis nakadulis wyali
tanis gamagrilebelia, xolo kasris _ cecxlis Casaq-
robi. adamianma ki icis, rom cecxls yovelgvari
wyali aqrobs. adamianis doneze gonieri qceva gulis-
xmobs axali situaciis azrobriv Sefasebas, rac miu-
wvdomelia umaRlesi cxovelebisTvisac ki.
amgvarad, cxovelTa samyaroSi qcevis formebis
ganviTareba xasiaTdeba imiT, rom sul ufro met
rols TamaSobs qcevis SeZenili formebi qcevis
TanSobili formebis Semcirebis kvalobaze.
fsiqika da cnobiereba
fsiqikis ganviTarebis umaRlesi forma aris
cnobiereba, romelic mxolod adamianisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli. cnobiereba aris Sromisa da
enis gamoyenebiT sxva adamianebTan mudmivi
urTierTobis procesSi adamianad Camoyalibebis
sazogadoebriv-istoriuli procesis Sedegi.
cnobiereba yofierebis gacnobirebaa.
adamianis cnobiereba socialuradaa ganpirobebu-
li. adamianis cnobierebis ganviTarebaSi wamyvan
rols cxovrebis pirobebi TamaSobs. adamianis azre-
bi, Sexedulebebi, mrwamsi, grZnobebi da miswrafebebi
pirdapir kavSirSia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis kon-
kretul pirobebTan. TiToeul adamians axasiaTebs
individualuri, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnobiereba,
romelic ganpirobebulia sazogadoebrivi azriT,
e. i. politikuri, filosofiuri, eTikuri, religiu-
ri, esTetikuri warmodgenebiTa da ideebiT.
adamianuri cnobierebis struqturaSi Sedis
codna garesamyaros sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb,
romelsac iZleva SemecnebiTi fsiqikuri procesebi,
SegrZneba, aRqma, mexsiereba, warmosaxva, azrovneba.
cnobierebis Semdegi damaxasiaTebeli niSania masSi
subieqtisa da obieqtis gamokveTilad gansxvavebuli
arseboba. adamiani cocxal arsebaTa Soris pirvelia,
romelsac SeuZlia TviTSemecneba, e. i. fsiqikuri
17
moqmedeba mimarTos sakuTari Tavis Sesamecneblad.
cnobierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve
mizanmimarTuli qceva. cnobierebis funqciaSi Sedis
moqmedebis miznebis formireba, romlis drosac
yalibdeba qcevis motivebi d miiReba nebelobiTi
gadawyvetileba da, bolos, cnobierebis erT-erTi
damaxasiTebeli niSania agreTve misi damokidebuleba
gare samyarosadmi. esaa grZnobaTa da emociaTa sam-
yaro. adamianis cnobierebaSi Semodis agreTve pirov-
nebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis emociuri Sefasebebic.
arsebobs aracnobieri fsiqikac
fsiqikac. esaa sinamdvilis
asaxvis iseTi forma, roca dafarulia droisa da
sivrciTi orientaciis sisrule, darRveulia qcevis
metyvelebiTi regulireba. aracnobierSi, cnobie-
risagan gansxvavebiT, SeuZlebelia adamianis mier
Sesrulebuli moqmedebebis mizanmimarTuli kon-
troli da am moqmedebaTa Sedegebis Sefaseba.
aracnobieri fsiqikuri sfero moicavs iseT mov-
lenebs, rogoricaa ZilSi aRmocenebuli movlenebi
(sizmari), sapasuxo reaqciebi, romlebsac iwvevs aRuq-
meli, magram realurad arsebuli gamRizianeblebi,
moZraobebi, romlebic warsulSi cnobierad mimdina-
reobdnen, magram xSiri gameorebis gamo gaxdnen avto-
matizirebulni. aseT aracnobier movlenebs miekuTvneba
agreTve zogierTi paTologiuri movlenac (bodva,
halucinaciebi). aracnobieri iseTive specifikuri
adamianuri gamovlenaa, rogorc cnobieri.
fsiqologiis dargebi
Tanamedrove fsiqologia Sedgeba rigi darge-
bisagan, romlebic mWidro urTierTkavSirSia
erTmaneTTan.
zogadi fsiqologia aris fsiqologiuri mecni-
erebis ZiriTadi dargi.
igi swavlobs da ikvlevs zrdadasrulebuli
normaluri adamianis fsiqikis zogad
kanonzomierebebs. zogadi fsiqologiis amocanaa
agreTve fsiqologiuri mecnierebis ZiriTadi
principebis, meTodebisa da cnebaTa sistemis dadgena.
asakobrivi fsiqologia swavlobs sxvadasxva
18
asakobrivi jgufebis fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis
etapebsa da kanonzomirebebs.
pedagogiuri fsiqologia ikvlevs aRzrdisa da
swavlebis fsiqologiur safuZvlebsa da kanonzomie-
rebebs, agreTve swavlobs maswavleblisa da moswavlis
faqiz urTierTdamokidebulebebs, maswavleblis
pirovnebis mimarT wayenebul fsiqologiur moTxov-
nebs, pedagogiuri unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebis pro-
cessa da Sinaarss.
samedicino fsiqologia swavlobs avadmyofis
pirovnebas, avadmyofisa da eqimis (da sxva samedicino
personalis) urTierTobebs, fsiqikis paTologiur
gamovlinebebs.
iuridiuli fsiqologia swavlobs samarTlebrivi
regulirebis fsiqologiur kanonzomierebebs.
samxedro fsiqologia swavlobs adamianis fsiqi-
kur Taviseburebebs omisa da samxedro subor-
dinaciis pirobebSi.
Sromis fsiqologia swavlobs SromiTi saqmiano-
bis fsiqologiur safuZvlebs. Sromis fsiqologiis
mTavar amocanas Seadgens adamianTa mizanSewonili
ganawileba profesiebze maTi fsiqofizikuri Tavi-
seburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
sainJinro fsiqologia swavlobs warmoebis meqa-
nizaciisa da avtomatizaciis pirobebSi adamianisa da
manqanis rTul fsiqologiur urTierTqmedebebs.
diferencialuri fsiqologia swavlobs adamianTa
Soris fsiqologiur sxvaobebs, igi swavlobs im
fsiqologiur Taviseburebebs, romelic axasiaTebs
sxvadasxva tipis, asakis, sqesisa da profesiis ada-
mianebs, maT eTnikur Taviseburebebs.
sportis fsiqologia swavlobs sportsmenTa
aRzrdisa da Camoyalibebis fsiqologiur
safuZvlebs.
xelovnebis fsiqologia swavlobs mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis fsiqologiur meqanizms, SemoqmedebiTi
warmosaxvisa da azrovnebis kanonebs, mxatvruli
niWisa da talantis sakiTxebs. igi swavlobs
esTetikuri aRzrdis fsiqologiur kanonzomierebebs.
19
religiis fsiqologia swavlobs religiuri
cnobierebis, misi struqturis, Sinaarsisa da
funqciis Taviseburebebis ganmapirobebel socialur-
fsiqologiur faqtorebs. igi swavlobs religiur
grZnoba-emociaTa specifikas.
SemoqmedebiTi fsiqologia swavlobs Semoqmedebi-
Ti Sromis procesSi warmosaxvis, azrovnebis, intui-
ciis rols.
socialuri fsiqologia Seiswavlis sxvadasxva
socialur jgufebSi myofi adamianebis qcevis
kanonzomirebebs da TviT am jgufebis fsiqologiur
Taviseburebebs. igi Seiswavlis erTobliv
moqmedebaSi myof adamianebs Soris urTierTobebsa
da pirovnebaTaSorisi damokidebulebebis
fsiqologiur aspeqtebs.
propagandis fsiqologia swavlobs propagandis
procesis fsiqologiur kanonzomirebebs.
marTvis fsiqologia swavlobs marTvis urTulesi
procesis fsiqologiur kanonzomirebebs.
ekonomikuri fsiqologia swavlobs ekonomikuri
procesebis, ekonomikuri movlenebisa da ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis fsiqikuri asaxvis kanonzomierebebs.
arsebobs agreTve reklamis, vaWrobis, saaviacio,
kosmosuri, anomaliur bavSvTa Semswavleli
fsiqologia da sxva.
fsiqologiis meTodebi
mecnieruli muSaobis da kvleva-Ziebis gzebisa da
xerxebis, anu teqnologiis codna gulisxmobs saTa-
nado meTodebis arsebobas. yvela mecniereba Tavis
Sesatyvis meTodebsa da meTodikebs iyenebs faqtiuri
masalis dagrovebisa da analizisaTvis.
fsiqologiur mecnirebaTa sistemaSi calkeuli
dargi sxadasxvagvar meTodebs iyenebs, magram
arsebobs yvela dargisaTvis saerTo, anu fsiqologi-
is ZiriTadi meTodebi. esenia: TviTdakvirveba,
dakvirveba, eqsperimenti.
TviTdakvirvebis meTodi warmoadgens sakuTar
sulier aqtivobaze da gancdebze dakvirvebas da maT
aRweras (`SigniT xedvas~).
Sinagani sulieri gancdebi ar aris mocemuli
20
sxvebisaTvis ise uSualod, rogorc ganmcdel
subieqts eZleva igi. isini mxolod da mxolod
TviTdakvirvebiT gveZleva.
TviTdakvirvebis meTodi garkveul momzadebas
moiTxovs. igi moiTxovs sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebas,
SigniT xedvis unars. Tavisi Tavis Semecneba adamianis
fsiqikis monapovaria.
dakvirvebis meTodi gulisxmobs raime movlenis
mimdinareobis procesze dakvirvebas da mis aRweras
(fsiqologiaSi es meTodi TviTdakvirvebis monacemebs
emyareba). am dros adgili aqvs Cveni Carevis gareSe
mimdinare procesebis aRweras. Cven am procesebis da
movlenebis arc daCqareba SegviZlia da arc Secvla. am
naklovanebis Tavidan acileba SegviZlia Semdegi
meTodis gamoyenebiT.
eqsperimentis anu cdis meTodi
meTodi.. igi SesaZleblo-
bas iZleva saWiroebis mixedviT, xelovnurad, Cveni
surviliT gamoviwvioT sakvlevi movlena da Cveni
surviliTve vcvaloT misi pirobebi.
eqsperimentuli kvlevis meTodSi kvlevis sistema
mTlianad igegmeba da kontroldeba eqsperimen-
tatoris mier. am meTodiT miRebuli masala gacile-
biT zusti da sandoa, radgan eqsperimentSi Cven ram-
denjerme SegviZlia gamoviwvioT erTi da igive
movlena.
cnobilia bunebrivi da xelovnuri eqsperimenti.
bunebrivi eqsperimenti tardeba Cveulebriv, cxov-
rebiseul pirobebSi.
saWiro fsiqologiuri movlenis gamowveva da
Seswavla ise unda moxdes, rom cdis pirma amis Se-
saxeb araferi icodes.
bunebrivi eqsperimentis upiratesoba laborato-
riulTan, xelovnurTan SedarebiT isaa, rom igi
saSualebas iZleva fsiqikuri procesebi ise
SeviswavloT, rogorc isini mimdinareoben bunebriv
pirobebSi, cxovrebiseul, TamaSis, SromiT, saswavlo
an sportul qcevaSi.
21
s akontrolo kiTxvebi:
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1. ras Seiswavlis fsiqologia?
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2. ras warmoadgens fsiqika?
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(CamoayalibeT fsiqikis definicia da
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misi Semadgeneli procesebi,
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Tvisebebi da mdgomareobani).
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3. ra urTierTobaSia tvini da fsiqika?
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4. ra gaxlavT fsiqikis ganviTarebis umaR-
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lesi forma?
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5. daaxasiaTeT cnobiereba
cnobiereba..
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6. arsebobs Tu ara aracnobieri fsiqikuri
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sfero?
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7. fsiqologiis romel dargebs icnobT?
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8. CamoayalibeT da ganmarteT fsiqolo-
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giis kvlevis meTodebi.
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22
leqcia II
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leqcia
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ekonomikuri
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fsiqologiis sagani,
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amocanebi, wyaroebi
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gegma:
1. fsiqologiisa da ekonomikis
urTierTkavSiri. fsiqologiis roli ekoeko--
nomikaSi;
2. ekonomikuri fsiqologiis ori wyaro da
ori tendencia;
3. ekonomikuri fsiqologiis ori ganStoeba;
4. ekonomikuri fsiqologiis Seqmnisa da gan-
viTarebis aucilebloba;
5. ekonomikuri fsiqologiis sruli defini
defini--
cia;
6. ekonomikuri fsiqologiis amocanebi.
mecnierebis im dargTa Soris, romlebmac Tavisi

saxeli ukvdavyves, erT-erTi centraluri adgili
fsiqologias ukavia, romelmac srulad moicva samya-
rosTan adamianis damokidebulebis mravalferovneba.
am mecnierebis momavali bevrad aris damokidebuli
imaze, Tu ramdenad nayofieri iqneba misi kavSiri
ekonomikasTan, sociologiasTan, medicinasTan da sxv.
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom cnobilma Sveicarielma
mecnierma Jan piaJem fsiqologias `mecnirebaTa
galaqtikis RerZi~ uwoda.
ram ganapiroba fsiqologiis esoden usazRvrod
didi upiratesoba? fsiqologia xom mecnierebaa fsi-
qikis Sesaxeb, romelic fsiqikuri cxovrebis kanon-
zomierebebs ikvlevs. fsiqika, romelic gansakuTre-
bulad organizebuli materiis umaRlesi produqtis
_ tvinis Tvisebas warmoadgens, adamianis nebismieri
moqmedebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. nebismieri
mecniereba, materialuri Tu sulieri simdidre
23
adamianis cnobierebis nayofia, cnobierebisa, romelic
fsiqikis umaRles formas warmoadgens da radganac
fsiqologia adamianis fsiqikur moqmedebas Seiswavlis,
cxadia, misi prioriteti eWvgareSea. fsiqologiis
Seswavlis sagania fsiqikis Tvisebebi da fsiqikuri
procesebi _ cnobiereba da qvecnobiereba, SegrZneba,
aRqma, yuradReba da mexsiereba, azrovneba da
metyveleba, warmosaxva, grZnobebi, nebisyofa,
temperamenti, xasiaTi, ganwyoba da sxv.
fsiqologiuri mecnierebis myar da Rrma fesvebze
me-19 saukunis dasasrulsa da me-20 saukunis dasawyis-
Si amoiylorta misi sxvadasxva ganStoebebi, iseTebi
rogoricaa: samedicino fsiqologia, sasamarTlo fsiqo-
logia, pedagogiuri fsiqologia, Sromis fsiqologia,
socialuri fsiqologia, ekonomikuri fsiqologia,
sportis, vaWrobis, kosmosuri da sxva fsiqologiis
dargebi.
amJamad gamoyenebiTi socialur-fsiqologiuri
gamokvlevebi sul ufro metad iZenen umniSvnelovanesi
instrumentis rols operatiuli, organizaciul-
sameurneo diagnostikisa da warmoebis marTvisaTvis,
socialuri da ekonomikuri procesebis Segnebuli
regulirebisaTvis. realurad ekonomikuri proce-
sebis funqcionirebis praqtikaSi ekonomikuri,
so cialuri da fsiqologiuri komponentebi ganu-
socialuri
yofel erTianobaSi imyofebian da romelime maT-
ganis gamoTiSvas disonansi Seaqvs sistemaSi. Ti-
Toeuli maTganis Seswavla-Secnoba, amasTan erTad, gulis-
xmobs maTi Sinagani urTierTkavSiris garkvevasa da Sesat-
yvisi erTiani integraluri warmodgenis Seqmnas. amis
gareSe SeuZlebelia mTeli sisruliT gairkves SromiTi
saqmianobis rogorc wminda ekonomikuri, ise wminda
socialur-fsiqologiuri mxareebi.
ekonomikuri sakiTxebis kvlevis dros ar SeiZ-
leba ama Tu im doniT ar iyos gaTvaliswinebuli
socialur-fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, romlebic
Zlier zegavlenas axdenen ekonomikur maCveneblebze.
SromiTi saqmianobis analizis procesSi ekonomikuri
da socialur-fsiqologiuri midgomis sinTezi
SesaZleblobas iZleva ufro Rrmad da srulyofilad
gamovlindes urTulesi procesebi, romlebic warmoe-
bis wess axasiaTebs.
24
ekonomikurma mecnierebam Tavisi Tavis srulyofis
mizniT fsiqologiuri mecniereba moiSvelia da mTeli
rigi misi debulebebisa Tavis kuTvnilebadac gaixada.
warmoebiTi urTierTobani, romlebic ekonomiku-
ri mecnierebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens, adamianTa
urTierTobis amsaxvelia Sromis procesSi. gamom-
dinare aqedan, cxadia, igi gverds ver auvlis fsiqo-
logiasTan mWidro kavSirs.
ekonomikuri fsiqologia, rogorc fsiqologiu-
ri mecnierebis dargi, yalibdeba me-20 saukunis dasaw-
yisisaTvis. SeiZleba gamoikveTos am disciplinis Seq-
mnis ori wyaro da, amis Sesatyvisad, ori tendencia.
pirveli maTgani dakavSirebulia Sromis fsiqolo-
giaSi kvlevebis ganviTarebasTan. rogorc cnobilia,
Sroma Tavdapirvelad Seiswavleboda SromiTi fun-
qciebisa da operaciebis fsiqologiuri uzrunvelyofis
aspeqtiT. kvlevis obieqti iyo samuSao adgili, romelic
fsiqologiaSi ganixileboda meqanikuri sistemis saxiT
_ instrumentebisa da iaraRebis SerCeva da ganlageba,
romelic aucilebelia profesiuli saqmianobis
Sesasruleblad. aseTi midgomis dros, bunebrivia, TviT
Sromac da samuSao adgilic TiTqos da amoglejili
iyo sawarmoo da ekonomikuri konteqstidan. gamomdinare
aqedan, Sromis fsiqologia Semoifargleboda im
fsiqologiuri movlenebiT, romlebic aregulireben
mSromelTa moZraobiT aqtivobas.
aseTi midgoma fsiqologiuri monacemebis dagrove-
bis SesaZleblobas iZleoda Sromis organizaciis srul-
yofis, profesiuli daostatebis, kadrebis SerCevisa da
adaptaciis mizniT, magram es ar iZleva fsiqologiis am
dargis dinamiuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas, misi
Tvisobrivad sxvagvar doneze _ Sromis socialuri
fsiqologiis doneze ayvanis SesaZleblobas.
Sromis fsiqologiis Semdgomi progresi
dakavSirebuli iyo samuSao adgilis, rogorc teqni-
kur-ekonomikuri sistemis Sesaxeb garkveuli warmod-
genis, formirebasTan, romelic organuladaa CarTuli
sawarmos warmoebiT procesSi. aseTi midgomis Ta-
naxmad, muSaki ganixileboda ara mxolod rogorc
Sromis subieqti, aramed rogorc sameurneo, ekono-
mikuri saqmianobis aqtiuri Semadgeneli nawili.
25
problemisadmi aseTi midgoma pirvelad gvxvdeba
g. miunsterbergTan («Ïñèõîëîãèÿ è ýêîíîìè÷åñêàÿ æèçíü»,
Ì., 1924.), romelmac gadawyvita fsiqologiuri faqto-
rebis gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom zemoqmedeba moexdina
ekonomikurad Rirebuli amocanebis gadawyvetaze.
ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani Sedegebis misaRebad
miunsterbergTan orientirebuli iyo fsiqoteqnikis
sami ZiriTadi problema: 1. Sesaferisi adamianebis
Ser Ceva
Ceva,, 2. umaRlesi Sromis nayofierebis miRweva
SerCeva miRweva,,
3. sasurveli fsiqologiuri efeqtis mmiReba.iReba.
amgvarad, mis naSromebSi mniSvnelovania ara mxolod
Sromis fsiqologiis ganviTarebis perspeqtiva, ara-
med axali mimarTulebis konturebic, romelic Sro-
mis meSveobiT fsiqologiasa da ekonomikas erTmaneT-
Tan akavSirebs. gamokvlevebis am mimarTulebam Sem-
dgom Tavisi ganviTareba hpova warmoebis ekonomikur
fsiqologiaSi.
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is faqti, rom miuns-
terbergis naSromebSi sagangebo adgili ukavia iseT
specifikur sakiTxebsac, rogorebicaa vaWroba, rekla-
ma da gasaReba. aqedan gamomdinare problematikam
ekonomikur fsiqologiaSi calke Sto Seadgina.
g. tardi oficialurad aris aRiarebuli socia-
luri fsiqologiis fuZemdeblad. amasTan erTad, igi
sruliad daumsaxureblad daviwyebuli naSromis _
èkonomikuri fsiqologiis~ avtorad iTvleba,
romelic 1902 wels gamovida germanul da frangul
enebze. am fundamentur ortomeul naSromSi igi
TanmimdevrobiT ganixilavs socialur kanonebsa da
Rirebulebebs: survilisa da rwmenis ekonomikur
ro ls, moTxovnilebas, Sromas, fulsa da kapitals;
rols,
fasebs, konkurencias, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kri-
zisebsa da ritmebs, ekonomikur warmodgenebs, sakuT-
rebas, gacvlas, asociaciebsa da xalxdasaxlebis sa-
kiTxebs. sakiTxebis es mokle CamonaTvalic warmod-
genas iZleva imaze, Tu ra farTo wres moicavda eko-
nomikuri fsiqologia da, gamomdinare aqedan, ufleba
gvaqvs vaRiaroT tardis upiratesoba socialuri
fsiqologiis damuSavebaSi. magram mis mier SemoTava-
zebuli damuSavebebi arsebiTad gansxvavebuli iyo
26
warmoebis fsiqologiisagan da ekonomikur fsiqolo-
giaSi calke Sto Seadgina. igi mimarTulia gacvlis,
ganawilebis, moxmarebis, fsiqologiuri problemebis
damuSavebaze. am ganStoebas SeiZleba ewodos marke-
tingis ekonomikuri fsiqologia. swored am ganSto-
ebam hpova sazRvargareT upiratesi ganviTareba.
Cvens qveyanaSi ekonomikisa da fsiqologiis ur-
TierTobis calkeuli mxareebi Tavis asaxvas poulob-
dnen socialur fsiqologiasa da marTvis fsiqolo-
giaSi, aseve Sromis organizaciisa da stimulirebis
problematikaSi, romelsac ekonomikuri mecniereba
wyvets.
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis mimarT esoden gulgri-
li damokidebuleba SeiZleba aixsnas sameurneo saq-
mianobis rigi TaviseburebebiT, romelsac, samwuxa-
rod, adgili aqvs dResac: 1. ekonomikis administraci-
uli meTodebiT marTvis upiratesoba, romelic reg-
lamentirebas ukeTebda, rogorc mwarmoeblebs Soris
urTierTobebs, iseve mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebels
Soris urTierTobebs. 2. adamianis erTiani koncefciis
uqonloba, romelsac adgili aqvs socialur-ekonomi-
kur modelebSi. arsebiTad, adamiani ganixileboda
mxolod rogorc samuSao Zala, SromiTi resursi,
mwarmoebeli, momxmarebeli. ar iyo damuSavebuli
midgoma adamianisadmi, rogorc sazogadoebis ZiriTa-
di sawarmoo Zalisadmi, Tumca aseTi Sexeduleba
deklarirebuli iyo. 3. gabatonebuli adgili ekava
teqnokratiul Sexedulebas warmoebasa da mis organi-
zaciaze, romelic umeteswilad marTvis administra-
ciul-mbrZaneblur meTodebTan iyo Sewyobili.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi ekonomikuri fsiqolo-
giis ganviTarebis obieeqturi moTxovnileba gamowve-
ulia ekonomikaSi da, masTan dakavSirebiT, adamianTa
fsiqologiaSi radikaluri cvlilebebis war-
moSobiT, im urTulesi ekonomikuri krizisiT, rac
gamoiwvia warmoebis sferoSi Zvelma midgomam, umZi-
mesi ekonomikuri urTierTobebidan gamosvlis auci-
leblobiT, marTvis ekonomikur meTodebze gadayvanam,
saxelmwifo, koleqtiuri (kooperatiuli), piraduli
interesebis dabalansebaze orientaciam,
27
mSromelebisaTvis sameurneo damoukidebulobisa da
iniciativis miniWebam da sxva mniSvnelovanma siaxleebma
ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi win wamoswia adamianTa
axleburad azrovnebis aucilebloba. sakuTrebisadmi
axleburma midgomam didi cvlilebebi gamoiwvia Zvel
Sexedulebebsa da sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi.
amasTan, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom axali
fsiqologia, romelic formirebis stadiaSia, gamo-
irCeva winaaRmdegobebiT. realuri sameurneo saqmi-
anoba warmoSobs metad kontrastul fsiqologiur
warmodgenebs, vinaidan isini zemoqmedebas axdenen
pirovnebisa da sxvadsxva jgufebis sameurneo saq-
mianobis aqtivobis donesa da mimarTulebebze. gadau-
Warbeblad SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom swored eko-
nomikuri fsiqologiis sferoSi SeiZleba iqnes na-
povni Tanamedrove socialur-fsiqologiuri situa-
ciebidan yvelaze metad Sesaferisi axali orientirebi
da meTodebi adamianis faqtoris aqtiurobisaTvis.
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis ori Stos _ sawar-
mosa da marketingisagan, dasavleTSi ufro moikida
fexi marketingis ekonomikurma fsiqologiam. bazris
kanonebi da konkurencia obieqturad moiTxovda
fsiqologiis swored am dargis ganviTarebas. rac
Seexeba sawarmoos ekonomikur fsiqologias, amis
gareSe, sazogadod, ar arsebobs arc erTi warmoebis
procesi, arc erTi sawarmo. fsiqologiuri faqtore-
bi saucxood gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri efeqtis misa-
Rebad.
magram, Cvenis azriT, ekonomikuri fsiqologiis
am ori ganStoebis gamijvna da mowyveta urTierTi-
sagan ar migvaCnia mizanSewonilad, vinaidan marketingi
iq ar iwyeba, sadac mTavrdeba warmoeba. britaneTis
marTvis instituti gvTavazobs CvenTvis misaReb
ganmartebas, rom `marketingi es aris SemoqmedebiTi
mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis umniSvnelovanesi forma,
romelic awesrigebs warmoebisa da gasaRebis ga-
farToebasa da dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofas, momxmare-
belTa moTxovnilebebis gamovlenis gziT, am moTxovni-
lebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis gamokvlevebisa da da-
muSavebis gziT. marketingi akavSirebs warmoebis SesaZ-
leblobebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxeebis reali-
28
zaciis SesaZleblobasTan, asabuTebs mTeli saqmianobis
xasiaTs, mimarTulebebsa da masStabebs, romelic auci-
lebelia mogebis misaRebad~... rogorc vxedavT, mar-
ketingi sruliadac ar gamoyofs warmoebas Tavis
saqmianobidan da marTvis sferodan, piriqiT, marketin-
gi es aris arsebiTad mTeli sameurneo saqmianobis
marTva, romelic mimarTulia im produqciis warmoe-
bisaken, romelic didi moTxovnilebiT sargeblobs.
teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebi da sainJinro-
teqnikuri codna, romelic mwarmoebels gaaCnia, sru-
liadac ar aris sakmarisi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis
asamaRleblad. aucilebelia mSromeli adamianis ganw-
yobilebis Zirfesviani codna, sxva adamianebTan maTi
damokidebulebis codna, agreTve unda vicodeT
maTi damokidebuleba warmoebis procesSi CarTuli
yovelgvari garemos mimarT. ekonomikis gardaqmnis
siZneleebi erTdroulad aris kadrebis fsiqolo-
giuri gardaqmnis siZneleebic. amasTan dakavSirebiT
warmoSobili Teoriuli da praqtikuli problemebi
mniSvnelovanwilad scildebian ekonomikuri da fsi-
qologiuri mecnierebebis kompetenciis tradiciul
gagebas da momijnave adgils ikaveben.
rogorc cnobilia, ekonomikuri mecniereba swav-
lobs warmoebiT urTierTobebs sawarmoo ZalebTan
mWidro kavSirSi, amasTan es urTierTobebi ganixileba,
rogorc adamianis nebisa da survilisagan damoukidebe-
li. maSasadame, sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor aris
warmodgenili es urTierTobebi adamianTa fsiqologi-
aSi, axdens Tu ara zegavlenas adamianis fsiqologia
ekonomikur urTierTobebze, ekonomikas sulac ar
ainteresebs (yovel SemTxvevaSi ase iyo aqamde...). rac
Seexeba fsiqologiur mecnierebas, adamianTa
urTierTobebi yovelTvis misi yuradRebis centrSi
iyo, magram isini ganixilebian, Cveulebriv, ekonomikuri
konteqstis miRma. rogorc vxedavT, subieqturi
urTierTobebi, romlebic faqtiurad yalibdeba
Sromis, warmoebis, gacvlis, ganawilebis procesSi, ar
Seiswavleba arc ekonomikaSi da arc fsiqologiaSi.
swored es xarvezi unda amoavsos ekonomikurma fsi-
qologiam, romelsac Tan moaqvs codnis sruliad
axali saxe, romelic principulad gansxvavdeba
29
ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri codnis tradiciuli
gagebisagan. am aboboqrebul saukuneSi, rodesac
sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba sruliad axal kalapots
eZebs Tavisi winsvlisaTvis, aucilebelia codnis
iseTi tipi, romelSiac meurneobis ekonomikuri
meTodebi ganixileba, aiwon-daiwoneba adamianTa mier
misi aRqmis, maTi fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis
kuTxiT, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas moaxdens es
meTodebi mSromelTa fsiqikaze.
èkonomikuri fsiqologiis~ sagani ikvlevs
sameurneo saqmianobaSi monawile pirovnebis fsi
sameurneo qo
qo--
fsiqo
lo gias, adamianis saqmianobisa da moqmedebis re
logias, re--
gu lirebas sazogadoebis ekonomikur sferoSi. igi
gulirebas
swav lobs fsiqologiur movlenebs, romlebic
swavlobs
dakav Sirebulni arian adamianTa warmoebiT urTi
dakavSirebulni urTi--
er TobebTan, ikvlevs sameurneo meqanizmis efeqturi
erTobebTan,
fun qcionirebis fsiqologiur pirobebs. mokled,
funqcionirebis
eko nomikuri fsiqologia aris mecniereba, romelic
ekonomikuri
Seis wavlis ekonomikuri procesebis, movlenebis,
Seiswavlis
eko nomikuri urTierTobebis fsiqikuri asaxvis
ekonomikuri
kanon zomierebebs.
kanonzomierebebs.
misi ZiriTadi amocanaa fsiqologiuri gamokvle-
vebis, adamianTa ganwyobebis Seswavlis safuZvelze
iseTi koncefciebisa da praqtikuli rekomendaciebis
damuSaveba, romlebic uzrunvelyofen sameurneo saqmi-
anobis efeqtianobis amaRlebasa da srulyofas. mniSv-
nelovan problemas warmoadgens pirovnebis adgilis
povna sawarmoo Zalebis, cocxali Sromis struq-
turaSi.
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis Sesaswavl problemaTa
Soris centraluri adgili ukavia im fsiqologiuri
faqtorebis Zirfesvian kvlevas, romlebic zemoqmede-
ben adamianze Sromis procesSi da iwveven ekono-
mikuri efeqtianobis amaRlebas an mis daqveiTebas.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, mniSvnelovania sawarmoo da
arasawarmoo sferoebis socialur-fsiqologiuri
klimatis Seswavla, im sakiTxTa empiriuli kvleva,
romlebic ganapirobeben fsiqologiuri klimatis
pozitiur Tu negatiur xasiaTs.
ekonomikuri fsiqologia ikvlevs ekonomiuri da
fsiqologiuri procesebis urTierTzemoqmedebis
30
aspeqtebs; adamianis Sromisunarianobisa da Sromis
nayofierebis urTierTkavSirs. ekonomikuri fsiqo-
logiisaTvis uaRresad saintereso da mniSvnelovani
problemaa socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis
marTvis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, am procesis urTu-
lesi labirinTebis gaSuqeba.
ekonomikuri fsiqologia gverds ver auvlis
pirovnebis biologiuri fonis _ temperamentis
Seswavlas, romelic pirdapir kavSirSia adamianis
saqmianobasTan, mis qcevasTan da romlis gauTvaliswi-
neblobac gamousworebel zians ayenebs adamianis
profesiul saqmianobas.
rogorc aRiniSna, ekonomikuri fsiqologia
ZiriTadad or nawilad iyofa: warmoebis ekonomikur
fsiqologiad da marketingis ekonomikur fsiqolo-
giad. amdenad, sruliad bunebrivia, rom ekonomikuri
fsiqologia swavlobs marketingis arss da misi fun-
qcionirebis fsiqologiur faqtorebs, mewarmis
fsiqologiur portrets da sxv.
metad mniSvnelovani problemaa adamianis fsiqo-
logiaSi sakuTrebis gansxvavebuli formebis asaxva,
ganawilebisa da moxmarebis fsiqologiuri sakiTxebi,
adamianTa moTxovnilebebis problemebi, maTi raode-
nobrivi da Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebi, maTi warmo-
Sobis, ganviTarebis, dakmayofilebisa da kvlavwarmoe-
bis kanonzomierebani da sxva.
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis ganxilvis sagans war-
moadgens ekonomikuri Segneba, rogorc sazogado-
ebrivad ganviTarebuli adamianis ekonomikuri urTi-
erTobebis fsiqikuri asaxvis umaRlesi done. misi
Semadgeneli nawilia ekonomikuri TviTSegneba, e. i.
Tavis TavTan, rogorc sameurneo saqmianobisa da
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis subieqtTan damokidebu-
leba, romelTa safuZvelzec yalibdeba ekonomikuri
qcevis mimarTuleba da aqtiurobis done, aseve am
urTierTobebiT gamowveuli gancdebi.
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ekonomikurma
fsiqologiam gaiara Tavisi aprobacia, daadastura
Tavisi arsebobis aucilebloba, rogorc praqtikuli
saqmianobisaTvis uaRresad saWiro da gamosadegma
mecnierebam.
31
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1. mecnierebis romel sferos
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miekuTvneba ekonomikuri
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fsiqologia?
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2. ras Seiswavlis ekonomikuri
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fsiqologia?
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3. ramdeni wyaro gaaCnia ekonomikur
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fsiqologias? romelia es wyaroebi?
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4. vin iyo Sromis fsiqologiis
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warmomadgeneli? ra problemebis
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gadawyveta miaCnda mas gadaudeblad?
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5. vin iyo socialuri fsiqologiis
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warmomadgeneli da ra problemebis
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gadaWra miaCnda mas aucileblad?
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6. ekonomikuri procesebis
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funqcionirebis praqtikaSi, romeli
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komponentebi imyofebian ganuyofel
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erTianobaSi?
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7. ekonomikuri fsiqologiis Sesaswavl
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problemaTa Soris romlebs ukavia
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centraluri adgili?
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32
leqcia III
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l e q c i a socialur-fsiqologiuri
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da ekonomikuri probleme-
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bis kvlevis Tanamedrove
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meTodebi.
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adamianTa fsiqologiuri
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tipebi
gegma:
1. socialur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis
meTodebis Camoyalibeba da ganxilva;
2. anketis Sedgenisa da gamoyenebis wesi.
anketis formebi. anketirebis meTodebi;
3. anonimurobis principis upiratesoba;
4. kvlevis Catarebis winapirobebi;
5. adamianTa fsiqologiuri tipebi.
kvleva aris informaciis Sekreba sasurvel

prob
problele masTan dakavSirebiT
lemasTan dakavSirebiT,, misi damuSaveba,
analizi
lizi,, Se
analizi sa
Sesa bamisi daskvnebis gakeTeba.
sabamisi
cnobilia kvlevis Semdegi meTodebi: interviu,
anketireba, interviu-anketireba (najeri meTodi),
dakvirveba, dokumentebis Seswavla-analizi, sociomet-
ria da testirebis meTodi.
fsiqologiur mecnierebaTa sistemaSi Semavali
calkeuli dargi sxvadasxvagvar meTodebs iyenebs,
magram aris iseTi meTodebic, romelTa meSveobiTac
SesaZlebeli xdeba nebismieri informaciis mopoveba.
ganvixiloT es meTodebi.
intervius meTodis gamoyenebis dros adamianis
gancdebze da moqmedebaze ki ar xdeba dakvirveba,
aramed xdeba kvlevisaTvis saintereso sakiTxis ir-
gvliv gamoTqmuli azris analizi. am dros gadamwyve-
ti mniSvneloba eniWeba respondentis damokidebule-
bis gadmocemas mkvlevris mier SeTavazebul SekiT-
xvaze.
informaciis mopovebis mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeva anketirebisa da interviu-anketirebis
meTodebi. am meTodebiT kvlevis Catareba moiTxovs
33
anketis Sedgenisa da gamoyenebis wesebis codnas.
msoflio standartebis doneze Sesrulebuli
anketa broSuris formas atarebs da Sedgeba oTxi
nawilisagan: pirvel gverdze mocemulia sakvlevi
problemis sruli dasaxeleba, magaliTad, ànketa
socialur-fsiqologiuri klimatis Sesaswavlad~ da
sxv.
meore ganyofileba eZRvneba respondentis mimarT
Txovna-mimarTvas, raTa Seeqmnas ganwyoba utyuari da
srulyofili pasuxebi gasces anketaSi mocemul SekiT-
xvebze. amave ganyofilebaSi aris mocemuli anketis
Sevsebis wesic, magaliTad, `gTxovT, xazi gausvaT
(SemoavloT) im pasuxis variants, romelic Tqvens azrs
gamoxatavs mocemul SekiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT, an
CaweroT Tqveni pasuxi~.
anketis mesame ganyofilebas ànketis ConCxs~ uwo-
deben. masSi yalibdeba SekiTxvebi, romlebic srul-
yofili informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas iZlevian.
anketa ar unda iyos gadatvirTuli SekiTxvaTa
raodenobiT. optimaluri raodenoba SekiTxvebisa
unda iyos 1-12. didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ram-
denad lakonuri, Sinaarsiani da daxvewili iqneba
TiToeuli SekiTxva.
anketis meoTxe ganyofileba gankuTvnilia res-
pondentis anketuri monacemebisaTvis, kerZod: erovneba,
sqesi, asaki, ganaTleba, specialoba, profesia, muSaobis
staJi da sxv. anketuri monacemebi SesaZleblobas iZleva
movaxdinoT kvlevis Sedegebis diferenciacia.
anketa unda iyos anonimuri. anonimurobis prin-
cipi uaRresad dadebiT rols asrulebs informaciis
WeSmaritebisa da srulfasovnebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
igi dadebiTad moqmedebs rogorc respondentze, ise
mkvlevarzec. anonimuroba ganawyobs adamians sruliad
Tavisuflad gamoTqvas Tavisi azri sagnebsa da mov-
lenebze. anonimurobis principi zemoqmedebas axdens
mkvlevris muSaobazec. rodesac man icis, rom
gamokvleva araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar moutans zians
gamokiTxuls, igi ufro damajereblad muSaobs.
Tu mkvlevari miaRwevs imas, rom daarwmunos
respondenti absolutur anonimurobaSi, unda
34
vivaraudoT, rom miRebuli informacia sandoa.
cnobilia anketis 3 saxe: 1. Ria anketa, sadac
mocemulia SekiTxvebi pasuxebis gareSe, pasuxs wers
respondenti Tavisi inteleqtisa da kulturis
Sesabamisad. 2. daxuruli anketa
anketa, sadac mocemulia
SekiTxva da am SekiTxvis Sesabamisi pasuxebis
variantebi. respondentma xazi unda gausvas (an
Semoavlos) pasuxis im variants, romelic gamoxatavs
mis damokidebulebas mocemuli SekiTxvis mimarT.
3. Se reuli anketa
Sereuli anketa, romelSic mocemulia rogorc
Ria, ise daxuruli SekiTxvebi. Sereuli anketa praq-
tikulad ufro mosaxerxebelia.
gavecaniT ra anketis Sedgenis klasikur wess, mis
saxeebs, dgeba sakiTxi anketiT informaciis mopovebis
wesebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb.
cnobilia anketiT informaciis mopovebis ori
meTodi: 1. pirdapiri anketireba da iribi anke ti
ti--
anketi
reba
reba.
pirdapiri anketireba varaudobs anketis Camori-
gebas cdis pirebisaTvis imis miTiTebiT, Tu rodis
da sad unda daabrunon Sevsebuli anketebi. anketi-
rebis am formas is nakli aqvs, rom didia anketebis
danakargi (igi, sakvlevi problemidan gamomdinare,
meryeobs 10%-dan 50%-mde), anketaSi iSviaTad aris
gacemuli pasuxi yvela mocemul SekiTxvaze, da bolos,
mkvlevars SesaZlebloba ar eZleva mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSirebi daamyaros kiTxva-pasuxebs Soris.
miuxedavad am naklovani mxareebisa, eqstremalur
situaciebSi anketirebis am meTodiT mainc sargeb-
loben yvela zemoT aRniSnuli naklovani mxareebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
informaciis mopovebis umaRles formad iTvleba
iribi anketireba, romelic cnobilia, rogorc
utyuari informaciis miRebis erT-erTi saukeTeso
saSualeba.
iribi anketireba varaudobs respondentTa
SerCevas statistikuri (SemTxveviTi SerCeviT)
meTodis gziT _ yoveli meore, an meaTe, an meoce da
a.S. gaaCnia sakvlevi masivis sidides.
iribi anketirebis dros respondenti anketas
35
avsebs mkvlevris TandaswrebiT, romelic srul in-
struqtaJs aZlevs mas.
kvlevis warmateba didad aris damokidebuli
mkvlevris momzadebaze, mis profesionalizmze, kvlevis
adgilisa da drois winaswar organizebaze. didi
mniSvneloba aqvs mkvlevris pirovnebas, romelsac
garkveuli moTxovnebi waeyeneba aRniSnuli meTodis
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. igi unda iyos delikaturi,
taqtiani. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda moaxvios
Tavisi azri respondents da ar unda gamoxatos
Tavisi damokidebuleba sakvlevi problemis mimarT.
mkvlevarma unda SeZlos ndobis atmosferos
Seqmna, rac warmatebis arsebiTi sawindaria. mkvlevari
TiToeul cdis pirTan cal-calke (gamonaklis Sem-
TxvevaSi mcire jgufebTan) atarebs kvlevas, romlis
drosac igi iyenebs informaciis miRebis yvela
SesaZlo wyaros _ akvirdeba (farulad) respondentis
moqmedebas, mis azrTa svlas, Jestebs, mimikas da sxv.
iribi anketireba ar daiyvaneba masalis Sekrebis
romelime konkretul elementarul meTodze, igi
masalis Sekrebis meTodebis sinTezad gvevlineba.
iribi anketirebis dadebiT mxareebad iTvleba:
1. ar aris anketebis danakargi; 2. anketaSi mocemul
yvela SekiTxvaze gacemulia pasuxi; 3. mkvlevari
intervius daxmarebiT (uaRresad faqizad) mizez-Sede-
gobriv kavSirebs amyarebs kiTxva-pasuxebs Soris, rac
sakvlevi problemis srulyofilad warmoCenis
SesaZleblobas iZleva.
iribi anketirebis meTods Tavisi sirTuleebic
gaaCnia. kerZod, igi rTulia organizaciulad da met
dros moiTxovs pirdapir anketirebasTan SedarebiT.
miuxedavad amisa, iribi anketireba informaciis maqsi-
malur WeSmaritebas uzrunvelyofs.
dakvirvebis meTodi gamoirCeva Tavisi unikalu-
robiT. igi SeiZleba iyos rogorc ZiriTadi meTodi
kvlevisa, ise damxmare meTodi, romelic kvlevis sxva
meTodebs axlavs Tan. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT
dakvirveba unda iyos mizanmimarTuli. damkvirvebelma
kargad unda icodes ras daakvirdes da ras ara,
risTvis akvirdeba. fsiqologiuri dakvirveba unda
36
mimdinareobdes gansazRvruli gegmisa da programis
mixedviT. aucilebelia kvlevis Sedegebis
dafiqsireba, Semdeg misi Rrma analizi da faqtebis
mecnieruli Seswavla.
dokumentebis Seswavla-analizis meTodi SesaZleb-
lobas iZleva mkvlevari gaerkves respondentis damo-
kidebulebaSi im sakiTxTa mimarT, romlebic sainte-
resoa sakvlevi problemis Sesaswavlad. weriT metyve-
lebaSi ufro gamWvirvaled da mkafiod Cans is faq-
tebi, romlebic Rirebulia kvlevis procesSi.
sociometriis meTodi gamoiyeneba jgufSi pirovne-
baTSorisi damokidebulebebis Sesaswavlad. jgufis
wevrebs aZleven kiTxvebs jgufis sxva wevrebisadmi
simpaTiis an antipaTiis dasadgenad. am meTodis saSua-
lebiT ganisazRvreba urTierToba koleqtivis wevrebs
Soris, pirovnebis adgili koleqtivSi, jgufSi saku-
Tari mdgomareobiT gamowveuli kmayofileba-ukmayofi-
leba da a.S. miRebuli Sedegebis statistikuri anali-
zi gamoavlens jgufis liderebs, popularul an
gariyul wevrebs.
fsiqodiagnostikis amocanebis ganxorcielebisaTvis
ZiriTads warmoadgens testuri meTodebi, rogorc
individualur-fsiqologiuri gansxvavebulobis Seswav-
lis saSualeba. testi inglisuri sityvaa da niSnavs
gamocdas, Semowmebas. winaswar damuSavebuli testebiT
(ZiriTadad specialuri kiTxvariT) xdeba dadgenili
normebisadmi pirovnebis Tvisebebisa da unarebis Sesat-
yvisobis Sefaseba. testebis gamoyenebiT warmoebs ro-
gorc saerTo ganviTarebis da pirovnuli Tvisebebis,
ise profesiuli unarebisa da saswavlo miRwevebis
diagnostireba.
testebis meTodis Rirsebaa praqtikuli moxerxebu-
loba da siadvile, mas ar esaWiroeba ZviradRirebuli
aparatura da masalebi, an winaswar xangrZlivi mzadeba,
arc miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebas Wirdeba didi
dro da xarjebi, TavisTavad testi advilad Sesas-
rulebeli moklevadiani davalebaa, romelic aseve
advilad gamoavlens adamianis unarebs da codna-
Cvevebs.
socialur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis Catarebas win
37
unda uZRodes specialuri momzadeba, rac SemdegSi
gamoixateba:
1. unda momzaddes specialuri programa, romelic
Seicavs Semdeg punqtebs: sakvlevi problemis,
Sesaswavli movlenis aRweras; kvlevis amocanebsa
da miznebs; monacemebis mopovebis meTodebs; kvle-
vis Sedegebis damuSavebisa da analizis saSuale-
bebs; unda Sedges anketa (an kiTxvari), romelSiac
amomwuravad iqneba mocemuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
sakvlev problemasTan dakavSirebiT.
2. sakvlev obieqtze, kvlevis mizansa da amocanebze,
agreTve mkvlevris pirovnebaze unda Seiqmnas adekva-
turi fsiqologiuri reaqcia. pirovnebam unda
icodes ras ikvleven, risTvis ikvleven, ras unda
moelodes kvlevis Semdeg, vin xelmZRvanelobs
kvlevas.
3. respondentebs unda SeeqmnaT rwmena, rom maT mona-
wileobas kvlevis procesSi sargebloba moaqvs
saqmisaTvis da rom kvlevis Sedegebi praqtikulad
iqneba gamoyenebuli.
4. mkvlevari aucileblad unda SeeTvisos respon-
dentis fsiqologiur tips.
fsiqologiur literaturaSi gvxvdeba tipolo-
gia, romelsac usaTuod unda icnobdes mkvlevari (da
ara mxolod mkvlevari, aramed nebismieri adamiani).
cnobilia adamianTa xuTi fsiqologiuri tipi:
1. `gulubryvilo~ fsiqologiuri tipi, romelsac
miekuTvnebian is adamianebi, romlebic bevrs
laparakoben. daqveiTebuli aqvT logikuri
azrovnebis unari, ris gamoc ver sazRvraven, ra
mohyveba Sedegad maT saubars da moqmedebas. am
tipis adamianebs ar SeuZliaT saidumloebis
Senaxva. maTTan SeiZleba pirdapir saubari,
advilad iZlevian yovelgvar informacias.
2. ègocentriki~
ègocentriki~. am tipis adamianebi ukiduresad
azviadeben TavianT damsaxurebas yovelgvar
saqmianobaSi. cdiloben amaRldnen sxvis TvalSi.
miiswrafvian pirvelobisaken. xSirad
araadekvaturad afaseben TavianT SesaZleblobebs.
maT metyvelebaSi Warbobs sityva `me~, `Cemi~,
38
`CemTvis~. am tipis adamianTa bunebaSi Warbobs
egoizmi. ègocentrikebTan~ damokidebuleba maTi
pirovnebiT did dainteresebas moiTxovs.
gamocdili mkvlevari am tipis adamianTan
saubarSi yovelTvis zusti, gadauWarbebeli
masalis mopovebas axerxebs.
3. àRsarebis~ fsiqologiuri tipi. es adamianebi
yovelTvis laparakoben saqmesTan dakavSirebiT.
umaRles doneze aqvT ganviTarebuli logikuri
azrovnebis unari, risi wyalobiTac kargad ician
ra mohyveba Sedegad maT saubarsa da moqmedebas.
dajildoebulni arian taqtis grZnobiT. am tipis
adamianebSi ganviTarebulia saidumlos Senaxvis
unari. maTgan informaciis miReba ar aris
dakavSirebuli raime sirTulesTan. isini saWiro
masalas gvawvdian, magram maTTan muSaoba
mkvlevris daxvewilobas da momzadebas moiTxovs.
4. `mecnieri~
`mecnieri~.. am fsiqologiur tipTan Zalze
Znelia saqmis daWera. isini araviTar saqmes ar
daiwyeben ise, Tu Zirfesvianad ar Cawvdebian, ar
awon-dawonian am saqmes. arian `kirkimalebi~.
sakmarisia saubarSi dauSvaT raime ulogikoba, an
raime sakiTxis ucodinaroba, maSinve daecema
mkvlevris avtoriteti maT TvalSi. `mecnieri~
tipis damorCileba SeiZleba mxolod logikiT da
farTo erudiciiT. maTi ZiriTadi Tviseba aris
gadaWarbebuli eWvianoba.
5. `sofisti~
`sofisti~. am tipis adamiani xan erTs ambobs, xan
meores. mis azrebSi bevria winaaRmdegobrivi, Sexe-
dulebebi Zalze cvalebadia. isini meryevi adamiane-
bi arian, amitom mkvlevris didi dakvirvebaa saWi-
ro, rom zusti informacia miiRos.
cxovrebaSi, praqtikulad iSviaTad vxvdebiT suf-
Ta saxiT aRniSnuli fsiqologiuri tipebis adamia-
nebs, ZiriTadad Cven vxvdebiT Sereuli fsiqologiuri
tipis individebs, magram erTi tipi yovelTvis
dominirebs, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs esa Tu is
adamiani ama Tu im fsiqologiur tips mivakuTvnoT da
Sesabamisad warvmarToT Cveni urTierToba masTan.
39
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1. ra aris kvleva?
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2. kvlevis romeli meTodebia cnobili
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ekonomikur fsiqologiaSi?
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3. ra formisa da Sinaarsis aris msoflio
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standartebis doneze Sesrulebuli
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anketa?
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4. ramdeni saxis anketa aris cnobili?
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5. anketiT informaciis mopovebis
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ramdeni meTodia cnobili?
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6. rogor fiqrobT, anketaSi unda iyos
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aRniSnuli respondentis saxeli da
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gvari, Tu igi unda iyos anonimuri?
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ratom?
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7. ras niSnavs ,,iribi anketireba~ da ra
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aucilebeli pirobebis Sesrulebas
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moiTxovs igi?
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8. daaxasiaTeT dakvirvebis meTodi.
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9. ramdeni fsiqologiuri tipi gvxvdeba
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fsiqologiur literaturaSi?
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daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani.
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40
leqcia IV
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leqcia
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Sromis efeqtianobis
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amaRlebis socialur-
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fsiqologiuri
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faqtorebi
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gegma:
1. nebismieri saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaR-
lebis fsiqologiuri meqanizmi. ganwyobis
Teoria.
2. `socialur-fsiqologiuri klimatis~ mo-
deli. socialur-fsiqologiuri klimatis
defin
definii cia.
3. ori sistemisa da Tormeti qvesistemis da-
xasiaTeba.
4. socialuri garemos roli socialur-fsi- nebismieri socialuri
qologiuri klimatis Camoyalibebaze.
5. sawarmoo garemos roli socialur- jgufis fun qci
qciooni
funqci rebis
nirebis
fsiqologiuri klimatis formirebaSi. praqtikaSi ekonomikuri,
socialuri da fsiqo
fsiqo--
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis umniSvnelovanes amoca-
logiuri komponentebi
nas warmoadgens pirovnebis, pirovnebaTa jgufis da
mTlianad sazogadoebis aqtiurobis amaRleba, adami- ganuyofel erTianobaSi
anis saqmianobisa da moqmedebis regulirebis prob- arian da romelime
lemaTa kvleva ekonomikur sferoSi,
maTganis gamoTiSvas
is fsiqikuri meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac vlin-
deba pirovnebis damokidebuleba sameurneo saqmianobis disona
disonann si Seaqvs
procesebisa da movlenebis mimarT da romelic ekono- sistemaSi.
mikuri urTierTobebis fsiqikuri asaxvis kanonzomi-
erebis kvlevis SesaZleblobas iZleva, aris ganwyoba
ganwyoba.
ganwyobis Teoriis Semqmneli da fuZemdebeli iyo
didi qarTveli mecnieri dimitri uznaZe. am Teo-
riis Tanaxmad, adamianis garkveuli moTxovnile
moTxovnilebe be
be--
bisa da misi sarealizacio situaciis urTierT-
bisa
zemoq
zemoq medeba pirovnebaSi iwvevs erT mT
moqmedeba l ian,
mTl
zogadi xasiaTis mdgomareobas _ ganwyobas.
ganwyoba adamianis Sinagan ZalTa iseTi organize-
41
baa, romelic gansazRvravs imas, Tu ras gaakeTebs
subieqti mocemul situaciaSi, ra mimarTulebiT
imoqmedebs. es mdgomareoba aseT saxes iRebs:
gamaRizianebeli _ ganwyoba _ moqmedeba. gan-
gama
wyoba xidia gamaRizianebelsa da moqmedebas Soris.
rogorc cnobilia, yovelgvari gamaRizianebeli
ver iwvevs adamianis moqmedebas. moqmedebas iwvevs
mxolod is gamaRizianebeli, romlis mimarTac adamians
ganwyoba warmoeqmneba. maSasadame, ganwyoba adamianis
moqmedebis, misi qcevis safuZvlad gvevlineba.
socialuri qcevis ganwyobis Sinagani faqtorebis
dadgenisaTvis saWiro xdeba adamianis, rogorc soci-
aluri arsebis, bunebriv socialur pirobebSi gan-
xilva. yoveli calkeuli pirovnebis realuri aqti-
uroba, saboloo jamSi, im socialur kanonzomiereba-
Ta moqmedebiT aris ganpirobebuli, romlis realiza-
ciaSic monawileobs igi.
Tu adamianis fsiqologiuri aqtiurobis am rea-
luri mdgomareobidan gamovalT maSin misi pirovnebis
aqtivobaSi angariSi unda gaewios im realur Zalebsa
da faqtorebs, romlebic mis fsiqikur aqtivobaze
axdenen gavlenas.
adamianis pirovnebaze garkveul gavlenas axdenen
socialuri Zalebi da saWiro xdeba im fsiqologiuri
meqanizmis kvleva, romelTa safuZvelzec xorcieldeba
am zemoqmedebis Sesatyvisi saxiT miReba da mis mimarT
mizanSewonili swori reaqciebi.
ganwyoba, romliTac adamiani damokidebulebas
amyarebs sinamdvilesTan, orgvari zogadSinaarsobrivi
niSniT SeiZleba daxasiaTdes. adamiani fsiqikuri
aqtiurobis procesSi im obieqtebis mimarT,
romlebTanac igi amyarebs urTierTobas, dadebiT an
uaryofiT damokidebulebas iCens.
ganwyobebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs yoveli
adamianis aqtivobas, bunebrivia, socialur-
fsiqologiuri klimatis formirebis ZiriTad wyaros
unda warmoadgendes. socialur-fsiqologiuri
klimatis Seswavlis dros swored saTanadod Seqmnili
modelis wyalobiT (ix. modeli) xdeba im realuri
Zalebisa da faqtorebis Seswavla, romlebic uSualod
42
axdenen adamianze zemoqmedebas Sromis dros.
fsiqologiur klimatSi igulisxmeba iseTi
socialur-fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba, romelic
gamoxatavs adamianis realur fsiqologiur xasiaTs,
Sinaarssa da mimarTulebebs. igi SromiTi koleqtive-
bisaTvis specifikuri socialur-fsiqolo
socialur-fsiqologiugiuri
giuri
movlenaa da yalibdeba Sromis procesSi koleqtivis
wevrebis urTierTobebis im rTuli sis temis zegav-
sistemis
leniT, romelic vlindeba koleqtivis garkveuli
ganwyobebis saxiT da mimarTu lia pirovnebis aqti-
mimarTulia
urobis, koleqtivis cxovelmoqmedebis zrdisaken, an
piriqiT, daqveiTebisaken.
piriqiT,
romel ganwyobebzea aq laparaki, rasTan mimarTeba-
Si vlindebian isini? romelia is faqtorebi da
Zalebi, romlebic garkveul zegavlenas axdenen ada-
mianis fsiqikur aqtivobaze da arsebiTad gansazRvra-
ven SromiTi koleqtivebis fsiqologiur klimats?
aRniSnuli ganwyobebi mimarTulia im movlenaTa
mimarT, romlebic Cven gavaerTianeT fsiqologiuri
klimatis Seswavlis mizniT specialurad Seqmnil
modelSi. mocemul modelSi (ix. modeli #1) asaxulia
is faqtorebi, romlebic pirovnebis fsiqikur
aqtiurobas ganapirobeben. mocemul models qmnis
Semdegi ZiriTadi maCveneblebi:
I. damokidebuleba socialuri garemosadmi
pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi vertikalze
(oficialuri da araoficialuri kavSirebi): urTier-
Toba warmoebis (ganyofilebis, saamqros, ubnis, samsa-
xuris da sxva) ufrosTan; urTierToba uSualo
ufrosTan, ostatTan, seqtoris gamgesTan da sxva;
konfliqtebis arseboba-ararseboba sxvadasxva rgolis
xelmZRvanelobasTan; xelmZRvanelobis stili (xel-
mZRvanelis piradi da saqmiani Tvisebebis Seswavla da
Sefaseba misi stilis dadgenis mizniT).
urTierToba horizontalze (oficialuri da
araoficialuri kavSirebi): urTierToba amxanagebTan;
konfliqtebis arseboba-ararseboba amxanagebTan; megob-
rebis yola Tavis ubanze, ganyofilebaSi, saamqroSi da
sxva; integrirebuli socialuri jgufebis arseboba
koleqtivSi.
43
jgufis socialuri Rirebulebisadmi damokidebu-
leba: disciplina, samuSaosadmi keTilsindisieri
damokidebuleba; TanamSromloba; urTierTpativiscema;
SemWidroveba koleqtivSi; urTierTdaxmareba; urTi-
erTmomTxovneloba, Tavisi sawarmos, dawesebulebis
siyvaruli; Tavisi ganyofilebis, ubnis, saamqros siyva-
ruli; Tavazianoba, TanagrZnoba da yuradReba erTmane-
Tis mimarT; midrekileba koleqtiuri dasvenebisaken;
Tavisufali drois gamoyeneba, koleqtivis wevrebis
erTad yofna arasamuSao dros.
monawileoba sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi _ adami-
anTa socialuri aqtivoba: piradi iniciativiT iseTi
saqmianoba, romelic uSualod ar aris dakavSirebuli
profesiul, Tanamdebobriv saqmianobasTan.
axalmiRebulTa adaptacia: profesiuli orientacia
da profesiis SerCeva; individualuri fsiqologiuri
Taviseburebebis Sesabamisoba profesiis xasiaTTan
(axalbedebis gamoyeneba misi kvalifikaciis, unarisa da
fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT);
jgufuri normebis, oficialuri da araoficialuri
kavSirebis zemoqmedeba sawarmoo da socialur adapta-
ciaze; moraluri waxalisebis faqtoris mniSvneloba
adaptaciaze; axalbedas zrdisa da winsvlis
perspeqtiva.
II. damokidebuleba sawamoo garemosadmi:
_ samuSao mowyobiloba (dazga-danadgarebi,
avtomatebi da nebismieri xelsawyo, riTac
Sromobs adamiani);
_ samuSao adgili;
_ Sromis reJimi;
_ Sromis anazRaurebis pirobebi;
_ materialuri da moraluri stimulireba;
_ Sromis ritmi;
_ samuSaos xasiaTi.
III. Sromisadmi damokidebulebis problemebi:
I ganyofileba _ damokidebuleba socialuri
garemosadmi;
II ganyofileba _ damokidebuleba sawarmoo ga-
remosadmi; SromiTi aqtivoba; specialobis mowoneba-
44
modeli #1
ocialur-fsiqologiuri klimatis modeli

socialur-fsiqologiuri
socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati
ganwyoba
valentoba
dadebiTi uaryofiTi neitraluri
pirovnebaTSorisi
urTierTobani samuSao
vertikalze iaraRebi
pirovnebaTSorisi jgufis Sromis

urTierTobani socialuri samuSao
anazRaurebis
horizontalze Rirebulebani adgili
pirobebi
socialuri fizikuri
garemosadmi garemosadmi
damokidebuleba damokidebuleba
sazogadoebriv axladmiRe-
saqmianobaSi bulTa Sromis muSaobis
monawileoba adaptacia reJimi ritmi
Tavisufali
drois Sromis
organizacia x a si a T i
SromiT
moraluri kmayofileba
Sr
ri aq omi
lu a ti
c ia rob ur Ti
so tiu ob
a
aq
45
armowoneba; moraluri kmayofileba-ukmayofileba
muSaobiT.
rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnul modelSi mocemuli yvela
maCvenebeli Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs pirovnebis
Sromisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxSi. amdenad, Sro-
misadmi damokidebulebis maCvenebeli erT-erT centralur
adgils ikavebs fsiqologiuri klimatis modelSi.
problemis Seswavlis procesSi SesaZlebelia wamo-
iWras rigi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebisa, romlebic Sev-
len modelSi da ufro srulyofils gaxdian mas.
SromiTi koleqtivis socialur-fsiqologiuri
klimatis cnebaSi swored is ganwyobebia nagulisxmebi,
romlebic vlindebian mocemul modelSi asaxuli maC-
veneblebis mimarT pirovnebis damokidebulebis dros.
fsiqologiuri klimatis kvlevas, mis srulyofas
udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba ekonomikis gajan-
saRebasTan dakavSirebiT.
ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi koleqtiurobis
principi wamyvania Sromis organizaciaSi. misi Tanmim-
devruli realizacia, sakuTrebis nebismieri formebis
arsebobis pirobebSi, moiTxovs ekonomikuri, socia-
luri, teqnikuri da sxva problemebis farTo
kompleqsis damuSavebas. metad mniSvnelovani adgili am
kompleqsSi miekuTvneba fsiqologiur problemebs,
SromiTi koleqtivebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa
sakiTxebs, fsiqologiuri klimatis formirebas, rome-
lic uSualo zemoqmedebas axdens Sromis nayofierebaze.
SromiT koleqtivs adamianis cxovrebaSi didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba. swored aq amJRavnebs igi mTel
Tavis SromiT da socialur aqtivobas. aq iRebs igi
Tavis Sromis sazRaurs, aq xdeba misi sazogadoebrivi
aRiareba da Cans misi kavSiri sazogadoebasTan, koleq-
tivis zegavleniT yalibdeba adamianis socialuri
Tvisebebi, amxanaguri TanamSromloba, urTierTdaxmare-
ba da sxv. aqedan gamomdinare, udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeba `fsiqologuri klimatis~ mdgomareobas koleq-
tivSi. Tanamedrove koleqtivis marTvis dros
usaTuod unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli adamianTa
fsiqikaSi momxdari cvlilebebi.
gamocdilebam cxadyo, rom adamiani ufro nayofi-
46
erad muSaobs, roca aqvs profesiuli da kulturuli
zrdis perspeqtiva da mogvarebulia misi yofa-cxovrebis
sakiTxebi. xatovnad rom vTqvaT, koleqtivis marTva
SeiZleba manqanis marTvas SevadaroT. SeZlebs Tu ara
mZRoli daTqmul punqtamde miaRwios, romelic mdeba-
reobs ramdenime aTasi kilometris moSorebiT star-
tidan, Tu is gzaSi ar izrunebs Tavis manqanaze? Tu ar
gawmends, ar gasinjavs, ar gazeTavs, ar gaaremontebs? Tu
ar Secvlis mwyobridan gamosul detalebs axliT?
naTelia, rom ver SeZlebs. amis msgavsi ram mimdinareobs
sawarmoo koleqtivSic. aq muSaoben adamianebi, romleb-
sac TavianTi survilebi, interesebi, miswrafebebi, moT-
xovnebi da grZnobebi aqvT. maT Soris urTierTobaTa
srulyofaze zrunva uaRresad saWiro da gadaudebeli
amocanaa. igi koleqtivis erT-erTi mTavari funqciaa.
xolo es imas niSnavs, rom koleqtivis marTvis obieqtad
gvevlineba adamianTa ara marto warmoebiTi moRvaweoba,
aramed maTi Sromisa da cxovrebis materialuri
pirobebi, maTi urTierTobebis formebi.
amerikeli biznesmenebi didi siamovnebiT
sargebloben fsiqologebis monacemebiT Sromis nayo-
fierebis efeqtianobis amaRlebisa da mogebis zrdis
mizniT. amaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom konkretul
sociologiur gamokvlevebze yovelwliurad 250 mili-
oni dolari ixarjeba. gamoCenil amerikel sociologs
uilbert murs miaCnia, rom `konsultaciuri biznesi~
mxolod eleqtronikas uTmobs adgils. saavtomobilo
mrewvelobis mefe henri fordi umcrosi acxadebs: `Tu
Tanamedrove pirobebSi gadavwyvetT adamianTa
urTierTobebis problemebs, maSin Cveni produqciis
TviTRirebulebas momavali 10 wlisaTvis SevamcirebT
ara nakleb, vidre igi SevamcireT avtomobilebis
masobrivi gamoSvebis gziT am bolo meoTxedi
saukunis manZilze~. fordi adamianTa marTvis efeqts
2,5-jer ufro didad afasebs, vidre samecniero-
teqnikuri miRwevebis gamoyenebiT miRebul efeqts.
elton meio amtkicebs: `bednieri muSa aris swored
efeqtiani, maRalnayofieri muSa~.
ekonomikurisa da fsiqologiuris urTierToba
da urTierTzemoqmedeba Tavis srulyofil
47
gamosaxulebas fsiqologiur klimatSi poulobs.
amdenad, am fenomenis Rrma Seswavla Sromis
efeqtianobis amaRlebis mTavar pirobas warmoadgens.
socialuri garemos roli SromiTi

koleqtivebis socialur-fsiqologiuri
klimatis CamoyalibebaSi
adamianis Sexedulebaze, moqmedebaze, azrovnebasa da,
saerTod, mTel mis cxovrebaze did zegavlenas axdens
socialuri garemo. igi ayalibebs adamianis pirovnebas
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli qcevis normebisa da kulturis
Sesatyvisad. es procesi xorcieldeba gansakuTrebiT
rTuli meqanizmis saSualebiT. socialuri garemos
zemoqmedeba individze metad mravalferovania. es
gamowveulia rogorc socialuri garemos sirTuliT,
ise TviT individis sirTuliTac. socialuri garemos
zemoqmedeba individze specifikur xasiaTs atarebs
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogori Tvisebebis matarebelia
is warmoeba, momsaxureoba Tu sxva sfero, romelSiac
pirovneba moRvaweobs. zemoqmedeba imiTac ganisazRvre-
ba, Tu rogori urTierToba arsebobs pirovnebasa da
koleqtivs Soris. socialuri garemo arsebiT zegavle-
nas axdens adamianis aqtivobaze, mis cnobierebaze.
adamianis saqmianoba ganisazRvreba ara mxolod sagnob-
riv sinamdvilesTan misi urTierTobiT, aramed, upirve-
les yovlisa, misi urTierTobiT sxva adamianebTan,
socialur garemosTan. pirovnebis qcevaSi sagnobriv
garemosTan urTierTobis gverdiT socialuri moTxov-
nebic aisaxeba.
sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom socialuri
garemo did gavlenas axdens pirovnebis SromiT saqmia-
nobaze. SromiTi jgufis struqtura, mis wevrebs
Soris arsebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba, axalmiRe-
bulTa adaptacia, xelmZRvanelobis stili, jgufSi
gabatonebuli RirebulebiTi orientaciebis mdgoma-
reoba, moraluri normebi da sxv. garkveulad moq-
medebs adamianis Sromisunarianobaze. am
urTierTobebSi vlindeba adamianis specifikuri
socialur-ekonomikuri kanonzomierebani da xdeba maTi
realizacia, romlis Seswavlis safuZvelze SesaZlebe-
48
lia misi fsiqikur TaviseburebaTa Rrma Semecneba.
amgvari Semecnebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba adami-
anis socialuri qcevis, misi socialur-fsiqologi-
uri aqtivobis winaswarmetyveleba da axsna.
adamianis damokidebulebas socialuri garemosad-
mi gansazRvravs socialuri garemos zemoqmedeba
pirovnebaze. Tu aris cnobili pirovnebaze so ci
soci
ciaa-
lu
luriri garemos zemoqmedebis gaZlierebis an Se sus
sus--
Sesus
tebis faqtebi, SesaZlebelia SromiTi koleq ti
koleqti vebis
tivebis
mecnieruli marTvis organizeba maRal do neze.
doneze.
Cven SevecadeT uamrav faqtorTa Soris, romlebic
adamianze Sromis procesSi sistematurad moqmedeben,
gamogvekveTa iseTi maCveneblebi, romlebic aZliereben
an asusteben pirovnebaze socialuri garemos zemoqme-
debas. aseTebia: pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi
vertikalze da horizontalze, jgufis socialuri
Rirebulebani, monawileoba sazogadoebriv saqmianoba-
Si, axalmiRebulTa adaptacia da Tavisufali drois
organizacia.
adamianebi ara marto funqcionireben SromiT
koleqtivebSi, aramed cxovroben kidec, sistematurad
amyareben kontaqtebs erTmaneTTan, uziareben
erTmaneTs TavianT warmodgenebs, TavianT imedebs,
ayalibeben saerTo interesebs, Sefasebas aZleven
sagnebsa da movlenebs da a. S. es aris maTi `cxovreba~,
romelic gacilebiT farToa, vidre maTi wminda
sawarmoo funqcia.
SromiT koleqtivebSi warmoiSoba
àraoficialuri jgufebi~, romlebic stiqiurad
gamoimuSaveben TavianTi sakuTari moqmedebis normebs,
ganwyobebs. pirovnebisaTvis es jgufi uaRresad
mniSvnelovania: igi masSi ikmayofilebs socialur
moTxovnilebebs pirovnebebTan damokidebulebaSi,
TviT Tavisi pirovnebis aRiarebaSi da sxv. amitom igi
am jgufze damokidebuli xdeba, mis Sinagan dauwerel
kanonebs emorCileba.
yvela socialur gaerTianebaSi _ ojaxSi, SromiT
koleqtivSi, saswavlebelSi da sxv. adamiani garkveul
adgils ikavebs, garkveul rols asrulebs, garkveuli
saxiT gamoxatavs Tavis pirovnul Taviseburebebs,
49
miswrafebebs. amave dros, roli, romelsac adamiani
kisrulobs da, maSasadame, Tanxmdeba mis Sesrulebas,
mas garkveul moTxovnebs uyenebs, romelic man unda
daakmayofilos.
sawarmoo garemos roli socialur-
fsiqologiuri klimatis formirebaSi
socialur-fsiqologiur klimats ganapirobebs
ara marto pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebi, Rire-
bulebiTi orientaciebi da, saerTod, socialuri
garemo, aramed pirovnebis damokidebuleba (dadebiTi,
uaryofiTi da neitraluri) sawarmoo garemosadmi,
romlis avkargianoba pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens
adamianTa ganwyobebze, maTi mougvarebloba xels uS-
lis nebismieri Sromis organizaciis normalur fun-
qcionirebas.
sawarmoo garemos ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: samu-
Sao adgili, samuSao mowyobiloba (xelsawyo-iaraRebi,
dazga-danadgarebi da sxva), Sromis reJimi, Sromis
anazRaurebis pirobebi, Sromis ritmi, samuSaos xa-
siaTi (ix. socialur-fsiqologiuri klimatis modeli)
da sxva obieqturi Rirebulebani. amasTan, obieqturi
Rirebuleba, Tumca fsiqologiuri kategoriis mov-
lena ar aris, magram pirovnebis qcevis kanonzomierebe-
bis gageba mis gareSe iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc
azrovnebis fsiqologiuri kanonzomierebebis gageba
cnebis gareSe.
warmoebis ekonomikuri faqtorebis asaxvis socia-
lur-fsiqologiuri done am faqtorTa specifikas
gamoxatavs da igi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ekonomi-
kuri xasiaTis winaaRmdegobebis diagnostikisaTvis.
gamomdinare zemoTqmulidan, Sromis socialur-
fsiqologuri faqtorebis kvlevis dros
mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba adamianTa damoki-
debulebis Seswavlas ekonomikuri da organizaciul-
teqnikuri sakiTxebis mimarT.
Sromis procesSi udides rols asrulebs samuSao
adgili. gamoCenili mecnieri v. m. bexterevi ambobda _
garegani faqtorebis fizikuri zemoqmedebis gverdiT
arasodes ar SeiZleba daviviwyoT maTi esTetikuri
zemoqmedebac adamianze. garegani faqtorebi garkveul
50
zemoqmedebas axdenen pirovnebis xasiaTze da ganwyobaze.
maT SeuZliaT adamianuri energiis rogorc daqvei-
Teba, ise amaRleba. fsiqo-fiziologiuri Tvalsazri-
siT samuSao adgili SeiZleba gaiyos or nawilad:
sensoruli veli (samuSao adgilis nawili, romelic
zemoqmedebas axdens adamianis analizatorebze da
profesiuli mniSvnelobisaa, amave dros igi aris
esTetikuri gancdis wyaroc) da motoruli veli (samu-
Sao adgilis is nawili, romelzedac adamiani axdens
zemoqmedebas Tavisi SromiTi moZraobebiT). am Tval-
sazrisiT unda iqnes Seswavlili samuSao adgili.
samuSao adgilis swori organizebis gziT SeiZleba
vimoqmedoT Sromisadmi adamianis emociurad dadebi-
Ti damokidebulebis formirebaze. maSasadame, SromiTi
moRvaweobis procesSi unda dakmayofildes adamianTa
esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi. samuSao adgilze garkve-
ul rols asrulebs sanitarul-higienuri mdgomare-
oba. saWiroa iseTi jansaRi ekologiuri garemos
Seqmna, romelic xels Seuwyobs Sromis nayofierebis
zrdas. araxelsayreli sanitarul-higienuri pirobebi,
cudi samuSao adgili, monotonuri, erTferovani
muSaoba xels uwyobs muSakTa swraf daRlilobas, rac
Sromis xarisxze cudad moqmedebs. daRlilobis
grZnoba eufleba adamians ara mxolod maSin, roca
bevri imuSava, aramed maSinac, rodesac mcire energia
daxarja, magram ganwyoba daekarga muSaobis mimarT. am
SemTxvevaSi, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, did rols asru-
lebs mouwesrigebeli samuSao adgili, sanitarul-
higienuri pirobebis mougvarebloba _ normaze meti
sicxe an sicive, mtvriTa da mavne airebiT gaJRenTili
haeri, ventilaciisa da haergamwmendi aparatebis uqon-
loba da sxva.
Sromis unaris daqveiTebaSi gansakuTrebuli
adgili ukavia Sromis saSualebebis (dazga-danadgare-
bi, aparatura da sxva) mouwesrigeblobas, moralur da
fizikur gacveTas. adamians didi dro da energia
exarjeba, roca saqme aqvs misTvis araxelsayrel samu-
Sao saSualebebTan, iaraRebTan, mas ekargeba Sromis
survili, eufleba uaryofiTi ganwyobebi.
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sromis procesSi
51
Sromis reJims, samuSao drois mecnierul gansazRvras,
Sesvenebebisa da mikroSesvenebebis normalur mogva-
rebas.
gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom warmoebaSi ori
reglamentirebuli Sesvenebis SemoRebam (erTi cvlis
pirvel naxevarSi, meore _ cvlis meore naxevarSi)
SesamCnevad gaaumjobesa Sromis procesi, Seamcira
daRliloba da Sromis nayofiereba gazarda 15%-iT.
didi da SeuZlebeli ki araferi gakeTebula: pirveli
mikroSesvenebis dros muSebs samuSao adgilebze, esTe-
tikurad gaformebuli saxiT, miarTmevdnen cxel aro-
matul Cais orcxobilasTan an RvezelTan erTad, xolo
meore mikroSesvenebis dros mimdinareobda sawarmoo
fizkultura.
Sesvenebebis efeqtianoba (ZiriTadi Sesvenebisa da
mikroSesvenebis) didad aris damokidebuli emociur
faqtorze, rodesac Sesvenebas Tan sdevs sixarulis,
siamovnebis grZnoba. adamianebi, romlebic cxovroben
qalaqSi da maTi samuSao did daZabulobas moiTxovs,
dasvenebis dros axlos unda iyvnen bunebasTan. simwvane,
wylis Sadrevnebi, lamazi gazonebi da sxva, dadebiT
gavlenas axdenen adamianis fsiqikaze da axali energiiT
avseben mas.
unda aRiniSnos is dadebiTi efeqti, rasac musika
asrulebs sawarmoo procesSi. musikas, romelic warmo-
ebaSi gamoiyeneba, `funqcionalur musikas~ uwodeben.
igi organulad Sedis Sromis procesSi da dadebiTad
moqmedebs masze. musika amsubuqebs Sromas da amaRlebs
Sromis nayofierebas. musikaluri gadacemebi muSaobis
dawyebamde da Sesvenebis procesSi Sromis ritmSi
Sesvlis periods 1,5-2,0-jer amcirebs. musikaluri
gadacemebi cvlis damTavrebamde 5-7 wuTiT adre Zalze
amcirebs daRlilobas. musika unda iyos msubuqi,
sasiamovno, JReradi. mecnierebis mier dadgenilia misi
optimaluri xangrZlivobac, 10-dan 25 wuTamde. rode-
sac xmauri sWarbobs 70-75 decibels, musika Sromis
procesSi ar aris rekomendebuli.
higienuri, fsiqologiuri, esTetikuri komforti
dadebiTi ganwyobebis warmoSobis sawindaria.
Sromis reJimis mowesrigeba SeuZlebelia, Tu ar
52
aris cnobili Sromisunarianobisa da Sromis nayofi-
erebis urTierTmoqmedebis sakiTxebi.
Sromis procesSi metad mniSvnelovania Sromis
ritmi. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT did rols asrulebs
adamianis iseTi Tviseba, rogoricaa yuradReba, rom-
lis funqcia mdgomareobs fsiqikis (fsiqikuri ener-
giis) ama Tu im mimarTulebiT warmarTvaSi, mis koncen-
traciaSi ama Tu im Sinaarsze. nebisyofis mizandasaxu-
li daZabva Sromis procesSi Tavis gamoxatulebas
poulobs adamianis yuradRebaSi. garkveuli profesiu-
li mniSvneloba aqvs yuradRebis iseT Tvisebebs,
rogoricaa misi intensivoba, koncentracia, simyare anu
gadauxradoba, yuradRebis gadanacvleba, yuradRebis
moculoba, misi varjiSebadoba da sxva. yuradRebis
intensivobas xSirad `daZabvas~ uwodeben. Sromis sxva-
dasxva saxeebisaTvis yuradRebis daZabvis done sruli-
ad sxvadasxvagvaria (kiTxvisas 100%, manqanaze beWdvisas
78%, kemsvisas 15%, iatakis dagvisas 9% da a. S.)
aris iseTi profesiebi, romlebic yuradRebis
maqsimalur daZabvas moiTxoven, magram arsebobs ise-
Tebic, romlebsac minimaluri yuradReba sWirdebaT
(am dros yuradReba Clungdeba).
muSaobaSi erTferovneba, monotonuroba gaci-
lebiT amcirebs yuradRebis intensivobas da amave
dros mivyavarT swrafi daRlilobisaken. monoto-
nurobis movlenas, èrT ujredze mudmiv zemoqmedebas~
(i. pavlovi), bolos da bolos mivyavarT Tavis tvinis
qerqis damuxruWebamde. mudmivi erTferovani samuSaos
dros viTardeba qronikuli gadaRla, romelic ukve
mkurnalobas moiTxovs. monotonurobis winaaRmdeg
brZolis Semdegi gzebi arsebobs: 1. metad martivi da
erTferovani operaciebis gaerTianeba ufro rTul da
mravalferovan operaciebad; 2. adamianis mier Sesrule-
beli operaciebis perioduli cvla, samuSaos saxeebis,
formebis, pirobebis drodadro Secvla; 3. muSaobis
ritmis perioduli cvlilebebi; 4. Sromis procesSi
sxvadasxvagvari dadebiTi gamRizianeblebis Seyvana
(musika, simRerebi, varjiSi da sxva).
Sromis procesSi uaRresad mniSvnelovania yurad-
Rebis ganawilebisa da gadanacvlebis unari. gamokvle-
vebma daadastura, rom yuradRebis nebismieri ganawi-
53
leba moiTxovs nebisyofis daZabvas, magram SeCvevis
faqtorTan dakavSirebiT igi avtomatur saxes Rebu-
lobs. es axali Tviseba xels uwyobs Sromis nayofiere-
bis zrdas. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
aRniSnuli funqcia varjiSobadia. igi yvelaze metad
SeimCneva ufro gamocdil da kvalificiur muSakebTan.
yuradRebis ganawilebis aqts yovelTvis Tan axlavs
yuradRebis swrafi gadanacvlebis unari, romelic
metad mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa bevri profesiisaTvis.
daxvewili yuradReba aucilebeli pirobaa
nayofieri, efeqtiani muSaobisaTvis. yuradRebis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi pirobebi: 1. unda
gqondes farTo da myari interesebi samuSaosa da misi
Sedegebis mimarT; 2. unda iyo Seni yuradRebis baton-
patroni, unda iswavlo misi marTva, raTa SegeZlos
yovel momentSi yovelgvari movlenis mimarT yuradRe-
bis mipyroba; 3. SegeZlos ebrZolo gamcden da gamaRi-
zianebel movlenebs. SeaCvio Seni Tavi imas, rom imu-
Sao araxelsayrel pirobebSic; 4. arasodes ar unda
imuSao uyuradRebod, yovelgvari uyuradRebo muSao-
ba SeiZleba Cvevad gadaiqces.
urigo ar iqneba, Tu adamiani daakvirdeba Tavis
Tavs, ecodineba Tavisi yuradRebis Tvisebebi, misi
Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
Sromis ritmi gulisxmobs SromiTi operaciebis
ganawilebas drois garkveul periodebSi (dRis, kvi-
ris, Tvis, wlis). adamianebis fsiqikaze, mis nervul
sistemaze metad uaryofiTad moqmedebs mocdenebis
arseboba Sromis procesSi, e. w. ieriSobana da sxva
negatiuri movlenebi.
socialur-fsiqologiuri klimatis modelSi
sagangebo adgili ukavia Sromis anazRaurebis pirobe-
bisadmi adamianis damokidebulebis sakiTxs. es imiT
aris ganpirobebuli, rom Sromis anazRaurebis piro-
bebi did zegavlenas axdens:
_ Tavisi Sromis SedegebiTa da mTlianad koleqti-
vis warmatebebiT dainteresebis sakiTxze;
_ aZlierebs adamianis iniciativas, imis survils,
rom srulyos Tavisi kvalifikacia;
_ zrdis Tavisi SromiT dakmayofilebis dones;
54
_ aZlierebs interess yovelgvari informaciis
mimarT, romelic mis sawarmos exeba;
_ amaRlebs sawarmos yovelgvari saqmianobis
Sefasebas.
mSromelTa dadebiTi, uaryofiTi da neitraluri
ganwyobebi ganapirobebs maT Sromisadmi damokidebu-
lebas.
gamoyenebiTi socialur-fsiqologiuri gamokvle-
vebi SromiT koleqtivebSi umniSvnelovanesi inst-
rumentis rols asruleben operatiuli organiza-
ciul-sameurneo diagnostikisa da warmoebis marTvi-
saTvis, socialuri procesebis Segnebuli regulire-
bisaTvis. realurad, SromiTi koleqtivebis funqcio-
nirebis praqtikaSi ekonomikuri, socialuri da
fsiqologiuri komponentebi ganuyofel erTianobaSi
arian da romelime maTganis gamoTiSvas disonansi
Seaqvs sistemaSi. TiToeuli maTganis Seswavla-Secnoba
gulisxmobs maTi Sinagani urTierTkavSiris garkvevas
da Sesatyvisi erTiani integraluri warmodgenis
Seqmnas. amis gareSe SeuZlebelia mTeli sisruliT
gairkves SromiTi saqmianobis wminda ekonomikuri da
wminda socialur-fsiqologiuri mxareebi. ekonomiku-
ri sakiTxebis kvlevis dros ar SeiZleba ama Tu im
doniT ar iyos gaTvaliswinebuli socialur-fsiqo-
logiuri faqtorebi, romlebic Zlier zegavlenas
axdenen ekonomikur maCveneblebze.
SromiTi saqmianobis analizis procesSi ekonomi-
kuri da socialur-fsiqologiuri midgomis sinTezi
SesaZleblobas iZleva ufro Rrmad da srulyofilad
iqnes gamovlenili urTulesi procesebi, romlebic
warmoebas axasiaTebs.
55
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1. ra warmoadgens Sromis efeqtianobis
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amaRlebis fsiqologiur meqanizms?
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2. ra aris socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati?
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3. faqtorTa romeli sistemebi da
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qvesistemebi qmnian socialur-
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fsiqologiur klimats? daaxasiaTeT
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TiToeuli maTgani.
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4. ra warmoadgens socialur-fsiqologiuri
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klimatis formirebis ZiriTad wyaros?
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5. ra aris ganwyoba (CamoayalibeT definicia)
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da vin Seqmna ganwyobis Teoria?
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6. ra rols asrulebs socialuri garemo
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socialur-fsiqologiuri klimatis
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CamoyalibebaSi?
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7. ra mniSvneloba aqvs sawarmoo garemos
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funqcionirebaSi?
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8. ramdengvari damokidebuleba arsebobs
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ganmsazRvrel faqtorTa mimarT?
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9. ra ganapirobebs socialur-fsiqologiuri
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klimatis avkargianobas, mis pozitiur, an
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negatiur mdgomareobas?
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56
leqcia V
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leqcia
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adamianis
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Sromisunarianoba da
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Sromis nayofiereba
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gegma:
1. Sromis procesis Taviseburebani;
2. Sromisunarianobis definicia;
3. Sromisunarianobis periodebi
periodebi;;
4. Sromisunarianobis Sefasebis meTodebi
meTodebi;;
5. emociuri mdgomareobis zegavlena
adamianis Sromisunarianobaze
Sromisunarianobaze;;
6. Sromisunarianobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.
maRalnayofieri Sroma SeuZlebelia, Tu adamians

ara aqvs Sromis, sawarmoo pirobebi, romlebic xels
Seuwyoben adamianebis janmrTelobis SenarCunebas maTi
Sromisunarianobis maRali donis arsebobis pirobebSi.
Sromis pirobebis Sesabamis doneze mowesrigeba da
am donis SenarCuneba umniSvnelovanes faqtorad gvev-
lineba, romelic uzrunvelyofs adamianis myari Sro-
misunarianobis stabilurobas da, cxadia, misi Sro-
mis nayofierebis zrdas.
SromiTi saqmianobis procesSi adamiani ganicdis
fizikur da nervul datvirTvas. aRsaniSnavia, rom
adamianis organizms gaaCnia mTeli rigi Tavisebure-
bani, maT Soris, SromiTi saqmianobis pirobebisadmi
Seguebis, sawarmoo procesebis TaviseburebebTan
Seguebis unari, magram SromiTi datvirTvisa da misi
zemoqmedebis drosTan erTad, adamianis organzmSi
warmoiSoba gansxvavebuli fiziologiuri
cvlilebebi, romlebic zemoqmedeben mis
Sromisunarianobaze: maRldeba arteriuli wneva,
xdeba pulsis gaxSireba, sunTqvis aCqareba, sxeulis
temperaturis Secvla da a. S. optimalur doneze
Sromisunarianobis SenarCuneba Tanamedrove mecnie-
rebis erT-erT ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens.
57
Sromis unari _ es aris adamianis unari Camo-
ayalibos da SeinarCunos Tavisi organizmi samuSao
mdgo mareobaSi, e. i. Secvalos fiziologiuri
mdgomareobaSi,
fun qci
funqci ebis (kunTebisa da nervuli sistemis, sun
qciebis sun--
Tqvis, sisxlis mimoqcevis, nivTierebaTa cvlis da
sxvaTa funqciebi) moqmedeba imgvarad, rom uzrun-
velyos Sromis nayofierebis maRali done. maSa-
sadame, adamianis unari, drois romelime monakveTSi
saTanado doneze Seasrulos garkveuli sirTulisa
da simZimis konkretuli samuSao, adamianis organiz-
mis fiziologiur funqciad gvevlineba.
Sromis unari ar warmoadgens mudmiv sidides,
igi sxvadasxva faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT icvleba
samuSao drois, kviris, wlis ganmavlobaSi. misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia fazobrivi ganviTareba.
fiziologiurma da fsiqologiurma gamokvlevebma
naTelyo, rom Sromisunarianobas gaaCnia Semdegi peri-
odebi: Sromis ritmSi Sesvla, mdgradi Sromis
unarisa da Sromis daqveiTebis etapebi. unda
aRiniSnos, rom Sromis unaris dinamika uSualod aris
damokidebuli centralur nervul sistemasTan,
romelic organizmis gansxvavebul qcevebs are-
gulirebs da axorcielebs mis kavSirs garemosTan.
adamianis SromiTi saqmianobisaTvis tipiurad
gvevlineba sruliad gansxvavebuli pirobiTi gamaRi-
zianeblebis garkveuli Tanmimdevroba da drois
garkveul SualedebSi mravaljer ganmeoreba, rac
iwvevs centralur nervul sistemaSi myari, mdgradi
pirobiTi refleqsebis sistemis Camoyalibebas (swav-
lis, gamocdebis da a. S. procesSi). aRniSnulma siste-
mam dinamikuri stereotipis saxelwodeba miiRo.
Sromis procesSi dinamikuri stereotipi Tavis Tavs
gamoavlens, rogorc mamoZravebeli pirobiTi ref-
leqsebis sistema, amitomac man muSa dinamikuri stere-
otipis saxelwodebac miiRo. igi adamianis Sromisu-
narianobis dones axasiaTebs. dasawyis fazaze _ Sro-
mis ritmSi Sesvlis procesSi _ muSa dinamikuri
stereotipi kvlav iZens umuSevrobis dros miZinebul
Tvisebebs. cnobilma fiziologma a. uxtomskim daam-
tkica, rom Sromis ritmSi Sesvlis procesSi yalib-
deba centralur nervul sistemaSi `muSa dominanti~
58
_ gabatonebuli gamaRizianeblis kera Tavis tvinis
qerqSi. es procesi gamartivebulad ase SeiZleba
warmovidginoT: iwyeba adamianis gansxvavebuli nervu-
li centrebisa da maregulirebeli sistemebis awyoba
aqtiurobis saWiro donesa da nervuli reaqciebis
siCqareze. aseTi movlenebis mimdinareobis Sedegad
Sromis unaris done TandaTan izrdeba.
muSaobis ritmSi Sesvlis periodi mTavrdeba
adamianis organizmis e. w. myar samuSao mdgomareoba-
Si gadasvliT.
Sromis sirTulidan, arsebuli socialur-fsiqo-
logiuri Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare, Sromis
ritmSi Sesvlis periodi (da yvela sxva periodebi,
romlebic axasiTebs Sromisunarianobas) Zalze gansxva-
vebulia, igi meryeobs 10-55 wuTamde.
maRali, mdgradi Sromisunarianobis fazisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia dinamikuri stereotipis miRwevisa da
ganmtkicebis maRali done. mdgradi dinamikuri stereo-
tipis warmoqmnis Sedegad adamianis moqmedeba garkveul
ritmul xasiaTs iZens da maRali koordinaciis unari
gaaCnia. am periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sromis rao-
denobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis maRali done,
produqciis erTeulze daxarjuli samuSao drois
Semcireba da a. S., aseve fiziologiuri funqciebis
daZabulobis stabiluroba, zogjer Semcirebac ki.
aseTi mdgomareoba SeiZleba SenarCunebul iqnes 2-
2,5 saaTisa da zogjer ufro meti drois ganmavloba-
Sic. es didad aris damokidebuli subieqtur da
obieqtur faqtorebze, arsebul fsiqologiur klimat-
ze. Semdgom SeimCneva adamianis organizmis funqciona-
luri saqmianobis daqveiTeba da Sromisunarianobis
dinamikaSi dgeba daskvniTi faza. es procesi Tavis
konkretul gamosaxulebas poulobs refleqsebis
mimdinareobis SenelebaSi, yuradRebis dafantulobaSi,
Secdomebis raodenobis zrdaSi, gul-sisxlZarRvTa
sistemis mdgomareobis gauaresebaSi da a. S. Sesabamisad
uaresdeba teqnikur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebic da,
pirvel rigSi, izrdeba samuSao drois danaxarjebi
produqciis warmoebaze, izrdeba wuni da a. S. Sromis
unaris dacema, daqveiTeba warmoiSoba daRlilobis
ganviTarebis zegavleniT. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom
59
Sromisunarianobis fazebis Tanamimdevroba samuSao
cvlis II naxevarSi (sadilis Semdeg) igivea, rac I-Si.
amasTan, pirveli ori periodi _ Sromis ritmSi Ses-
vla da myari Sromisunarianoba, nakleb xangrZlivia da
doniTac ufro dabalia. Sromisunarianobis daqveiTeba
samuSao cvlis II naxevarSi adre dgeba ufro swrafi da
Rrma ganviTarebiT.
praqtikaSi, socialuri garemosa da sawarmoo
garemodan gamomdinare, SromisunarianobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli fazebis xangrZlivoba da done SeiZle-
ba gansxvavebuli iyos. aqve gasaTvaliswinebulia Sro-
mis Taviseburebanic. aris iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac
mkveTrad izrdeba Sromisunarianoba TviT samuSao
dRis bolomde. aseTi movlena, romelmac èmociuri
aRtyinebis~ saxelwodeba miiRo, rogorc wesi, ada-
mianis emociur mdgomareobasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
Sromis unaris miRebuli dinamika damaxasiaTebelia
kviris periodisTvisac. magaliTad, kviris pirvel
dReebTan SedarebiT, Sromis unaris amaRleba kviris
Sua dReebSi ufro SeimCneva, xolo kviris bolos,
daRlilobis dagrovebis Sedegad, gamomuSaveba qveiT-
deba, izrdeba fiziologiuri funqciebis siZneleebi.
Sromisunarianobis aseTi dinamika gonebrivi muSao-
bisTvisac aris damaxasiaTebeli.
adamianTa Sromisunarianobis mdgomareobis
Sesafaseblad arsebobs Semdegi meTodebi: statistiku-
ri (informaciuli), fiziologiuri, energetikuli da
subieqturi.
statistikuri meTodis gamoyenebis dros anali-
statistikuri
zi ukeTdeba produqciis gamoSvebis monacemebs an
samuSao drois danaxarjebs, romelic saWiroa ama Tu
im samuSaos Sesasruleblad TiToeul naxevar an erTi
saaTis SualedebSi. mTlianad cvlis ganmavlobaSi
saWiro monacemebis misaRebad gamoiyeneba qronomet-
raJi an fotoqronometraJi. amis safuZvelze dgeba
grafiki cvlaSi Sromis Sedegebis Sesaxeb.
fiziologiuri meTodi Sromisunarianobis
cvlilebebis Sefasebas iZleva adamianis organizmSi
mimdinare fiziologiuri cvlilebebidan gamomdina-
re (pulsometria, Termometria, sisxlisa da arteriu-
li wnevis mdgomareoba da a. S.). fiziologiuri
60
meTodis umniSvnelovanes maCveneblad SeiZleba CaiTva-
los kunTuri gamZleobis maCvenebeli, e. i. mamoZrave-
beli aparatis unari, romelic garkveuli drois
manZilze mamoZravebel funqcias asrulebs. kunTuri
gamZleobis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba vercxlis-
wylis dinamometri da ergografi.
energetikuli meTodis daniSnulebas warmoadgens
adamianis gazcvlis monacemebis garkveva Sromis periodSi.
amisaTvis sunTqvis process swavloben specialuri
xelsawyoebis _ spirografis, spirometabulografisa da
gamoanalizatoris daxmarebiT. es xelsawyoebi fiqsirebas
ukeTeben filtvebis mier gazcvlis process, Jangbadisa da
naxSirorJangis urTierTcvlilebebis process. am
meTodis gamoyenebis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes
is mdgomareoba, rom adamianis organizmSi gazis cvlazec
da fiziologiuri funqciebis Sesrulebazec did
zemoqmedebas axdens misi emociuri mdgomareoba. emocia _
es aris sulieri gancdebi da mRelvareba, sevda da
siamovneba, sixaruli da TviTdakmayofileba, wyena an
dardi. es aris adamianis damokidebuleba adamianTan,
damokidebuleba gare samyarosTan da Tavis TavTan, mTeli
gama grZnobebisa da SegrZnebebisa.
adamianis emociuri mdgomareoba didad ganapiro-
bebs rogorc gonebriv, ise fizikur Sromisunarianobas.
dadebiTi emociebi adamianTa umetesobisaTvis
STagonebis, aRmoCenebis, didi warmatebebis wyaroa,
xolo uaryofiTi _ warumateblobis, nervuli
stresis, SromiTi Cavardnebisa da a. S.
maRali emociuri daZabuloba _ stresuli mdgo-
mareoba warmoiSoba sxvadasxva araxelsayreli
faqtoris zegavleniT da udides zemoqmedebas axdens
pirovnebis SromiT saqmianobaze. stresul mdgomareo-
bas sami maCvenebeli ganapirobebs:
1. subieqturi Zlieri SegrZneba _ mRelvareba,
simSvidis darRveva, wuxili, daZabuloba;
2. Sromisunarianobis daqveiTeba;
3. Sinagan organoebSi uCveulo SegrZnebebi, saerTo
aRgznebadoba.
uaryofiTi emociebi mZafrad aCenen TavianT
kvals pirovnebaTa Soris urTierTobebs. am dros
SeimCneva yvelafris mimarT ganurCevloba, xdeba
61
pirovnebis aqtiurobisa da, saerTod, urTierTobis
daqveiTeba.
rac Seexeba dadebiT emociebs, isini aaqtiureben
saqmianobas da janmrTelobisa da sicocxlis gamaxan-
grZlivebel faqtorad gvevlinebian. dadgenilia, rom
dadebiTi emociebi astimulireben gulis moqmedebas
da sunTqvas, farTovdeba sisxlZarRvebi. emocia, ro-
gorc fsiqikuri aqtivobis saxe, did zemoqmedebas
axdens adamianis rogorc Sromisunarianobaze, aseve
misi Sromis nayofierebaze.
Sromisunarianobis Sefasebis Semdegi meTodi
gaxlavT subieqturi meTodi
meTodi, romlis arsic mdgoma-
reobs TviT adamianis mier daRlilobis grZnobis
gancdaSi. mas SesaZlebloba eZleva gamokiTxvis meSveo-
biT gadmosces Sromisunarianobis daqveiTebisa da
dakargvis mizezebi. ZiriTadad asaxeleben fsiqolo-
giuri klimatis modelSi mocemuli komponentebis
mimarT uaryofiTi ganwyobebis warmoSobis mizezebs,
rac arsebiTad ganapirobebs adamianis daRlilobas,
zogjer daqancvasac da janmrTelobis Selaxvasac ki.
SesaZlo Secdomebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
mizanSewonilia es Sefaseba Seivsos statistikuri
meTodis meSveobiT miRebuli monacemebiT.
garda ganxiluli maCveneblebisa, Sromisunariano-
bis dinamikis analizisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebuli
iqnes Sromis Sedegebis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis
monacemebi samuSao drois sxvadasxva monakveTebSi,
agreTve mocdenebis maCveneblebi, samuSao dRis foto-
masalebi da sxv.
Sromisunarianobis dinamikis analizi, misi faze-
bis dadgena nebas gvaZlevs ganisazRvros masze moqme-
di faqtorebi, rac Semdgom adamianis am umniSvne-
lovanes unarze zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobas mogvcems.
1. organizmis fizikuri mdgomareoba
praqtikulad janmrTeli, navarjiSebi, saRi fsiqi-
kis mqone adamiani ufro gamZlea da naklebad iqanceba
nebismieri Sromis saxeobis _ fizikurisa Tu goneb-
rivis _ Sesrulebisas.
rodesac pirovnebis survili da SesaZlebloba
62
garkveuli SromiTi saqmianobis Sesrulebis dros
erTmaneTTan SesatyvisobaSia, maSin igi muSaobis
procesSi diskomforts aRar ganicdis.
2. samuSaos Sinaarsi
dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom gansxvavebuli datvir-
Tvis dros, romelic moiTxovs yuradRebis gadar-
Tvas, adamianis daRla Sromis procesSi gacilebiT
naklebia. saqmianobis saxeebis cvlilebebi TiTqmis
dasvenebis tolfasia. erTgvarovani, naklebSinaarsiani
samuSaos Sesrulebis dros monotonurobis mov-
lenebi warmoiSoba, romelsac daRlilobisaken
mivyavarT da aqveiTebs Sromisunarianobas.
3. Sromis pirobebi
Sromis pirobebi moicavs yvela gare gamRiziane-
bels, romelic zemoqmedebas axdens organizmze (tempe-
ratura, tenianoba, haeris moZraoba, xmauri, ganaTeba,
damtverianeba, dagazianeba da sxv.) da moiTxovs orga-
nizmis mier winaaRmdegobis gawevas. aseve Sromis
pirobebSi Sedis samuSao tempi da ritmi, samuSao
adgili, warmoebis kultura, Sromis dacvis kultu-
ra, usafrTxoebis teqnika da sxva.
4. socialur-fsiqologiuri klimati
im dawesebulebis socialur-fsiqologiuri
klimati, romelSic SromiT saqmianobas eweva adamiani,
udides rols asrulebs Sromisunarianobis amaRle-
baSi. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba agreTve dade-
biT ganwyobebs im komponentebis mimarT, romlebic
fsiqologiur klimats ganapirobeben (ix. fsiqolo-
giuri klimatis modeli).
Sromis nayofierebis amaRlebis erT-erT mTavar
faqtorad Sromisunarianobis amaRleba gvevlineba. es
problema SeiZleba gadawydes sxvadasxva gzebiTa da
meTodebiT. ZiriTadi mizani mdgomareobs samuSao
ritmSi Sesvlis drois Semcirebasa da Sromisu-
narianobis daqveiTebis periodebis mowesrigebaSi. es
ki miiRweva masze moqmedi faqtorebis Rrma analizisa
da maTi srulyofis gziT.
63
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1. ra aris Sromisunarianoba?
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(CamoayalibeT definicia)
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2. ramdeni periodi gaaCnia
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Sromisunarianobas? (CamoayalibeT da
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daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli maTgani).
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3. romeli meTodebia cnobili
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Sromisunarianobis Sesafaseblad?
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4. ra zegavlenas axdens
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Sromisunarianobaze emociebi?
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5. romeli faqtorebi axdenen pirdapir
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zemoqmedebas Sromisunarianobis
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amaRleba-daqveiTebaze?
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6. ra urTierTobaa Sromisunarianobasa
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da Sromis nayofierebas Soris?
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64
leqcia VI
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leqcia
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socialur-ekonomikuri
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procesebis marTvis
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fsiqologiuri
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aspeqtebi
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gegma:
1. marTvis definicia;
2. socialur-ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri
procesebis marTvis sqemis ganxilva;
3. marTvis ZiriTadi elementebis
daxasiaTeba;
4. marTvis procesis analizi;
5. marTvis urTulesi procesis
sailustracio magaliTi;
6. miznis dasaxvis kanonebi;
7. fsiqika, rogorc marTvis àparati~.
marTva, romelic varaudobs mizandasaxul,

mi
mizanmi
mizan mar
mimar Tul da mizanSewonil zemoqmedebas
marTul
samarTav obieq tze, urTules process warmoadgens.
obieqt
am procesis ganxorcielebaSi mTavari roli adamians
miekuTvneba, ris gamoc marTvis socialur-fsiqolo-
giur aspeqtebs ganuzomlad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
problemis Teoriul-praqtikuli sakiTxebis
ganxilvamde gavecnoT socialur-ekonomikuri proce-
sebis marTvis sistemas, romelic sqemis saxiT aris
warmodgenili (ix. sur. 1). sistemis funqcionirebis
arsebiT mxares warmoadgens informacia obieqtis
Sesaxeb da marTvis mizani, amasTan erTad, miznis miR-
wevis gzebisa da saSualebebis garkveva.
à~ da `b~ arxebiT obieqtisa da garemos ur-
TierTzemoqmedeba aisaxeba. à~ arxi informacias
awvdis garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, xolo `b~ arxi
obieqtis mdgomareobas gvauwyebs. es informacia
marTvis sinTezis amosaval wyarod gvevlineba.
marTvis aparati informaciis Semkrebi samsaxure-
65
`d1~ _ informacias Rebulobs garemos
bidan (`d
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, xolo `d2~ _ swavlobs viTa-
rebas obieqtis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb _ rogor
damokidebulebaSia obieqti garemos mimarT, `ra
TvaliT~ uyurebs igi mas) informacias iRebs obieq-
tis Sesaxeb à1~ da `b1~ arxebis meSveobiT.
miiRebs ra informacias garemosa da obieqtis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, marTvis aparati obieqtze
zemoqmedebas axdens `g~ arxis meSveobiT. am zemoqmede-
bis uzrunvelyofa miznisa (ris Sesaxebac informacias
marTvis aparati `v~ arxiT iRebs) da algoriTmis
(romlis Sesaxebac infomacia è~ arxiT miiReba) meSve-
obiT xdeba.
imisaTvis, rom marTvam SeZlos funqcionireba, e.i.
mizanmimarTulad Secvalos samarTavi obieqti, igi
unda flobdes 4 aucilebel elements:
1. garemosa da obieqtis Sesaxeb informaciis
à1~ da `b1~);
Sekrebis arxebs (à
2. obieqtze zemoqmedebis arxs (`g~ `g~
`g~);
`v~
3. marTvis mizans (`v~
`v~);
4. marTvis algoriTms (è~è~
è~), romelic miuTiTebs ra
gzebiTa da saSualebebiT SeiZleba miznis miRweva,
rodesac xelTa gvaqvs srulyofili informacia
garemosa da obieqtis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
informaciis Sekrebis problemas informatikis
mecniereba wyvets, informaciis gadacemis problemas
_ kavSirgabmuloba; obieqtze zemoqmedebis organiza-
cia xorcieldeba mmarTvelobiTi aparatis mier gace-
muli brZanebebis, miTiTebebis, gankargulebebis
realizaciis gziT; marTvis mizani marTvis aparati-
saTvis yalibdeba saTanado SemkveTis mier, an TviT
marTvis aparatis meSveobiT. rac Seexeba marTvis
algoriTms, igi kibernetikis sferoSi Sedis. algo-
riTmi mowodebulia pasuxi gasces SekiTxvas: rogor
unda iqnes gamoyenebuli informacia marTvis sinTe-
zisaTvis, imisaTvis, rom misma zemoqmedebam obieqtze
dasaxuli miznis miRwevamde migviyvanos.
swrafmoqmedi gamoTvliTi teqnikis warmoSobam
marTvis urTulesi algoriTmis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba
mogvca. uzarmazari moculobis informaciis gada-
66
suraTi #1
socialuri da ekonomikuri
procesebis marTvis sistemis sqema
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garemo
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d1 g d2
a1 marTvi
marTviss aparati
aparati b1
e v
z T
algoriTmi
algoriTmi mizani
mizani
67
muSaveba (saxelmwifos, regionis, Tanamedrove sawar-
mos) manqanuri damuSavebis gareSe ukiduresad Znelia.
marTlac, gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, e. i. sawarmos
marTvis sinTezisaTvis aucilebelia usazRvro in-
formaciis, faqtebisa da monacemebis mizez-Sedegob-
rivi gaazreba. Cvens pirobebSi am funqcias asrulebs
warmoebis kancelaria da administracia maSin, ro-
desac amas gamoTvliTi manqanebi unda akeTebdnen da,
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi Tavs ver arTmevs
saqmes, maSin SeiZleba mimarTos adamians. ar SeiZleba
imis daviwyeba, rom informaciis damuSavebis amocana
win uswrebs marTvis sinTezis proceduras (gadawyve-
tilebis miRebas) da gvevlineba centralur sakiTxad
marTvis procesSi.
gadawyvetilebis miReba, Cveulebriv, `bolodan~
wydeba, rac SemdegSi gamoixateba: mizani dasaxulia
da saWiroa im saSualebebis povna, romelTa daxmare-
biTac es mizani SeiZleba iqnes miRweuli. mmarTvelis
fsiqikaSi daibadeba azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
iqnes miRweuli mizani. Tu mizani erTia, maSin yvela-
feri rigzea _ misi gatareba xdeba cxovrebaSi,
vinaidan sxva mosazreba ar arsebobs, magram umeteswi-
lad praqtikaSi aseTi mosazrebebi bevria. winaswari
analizi SesaZleblobas iZleva daixvewos informacia,
Camoscildes gamousadegari sakiTxebi. aseTi seleq-
ciis Sedegad ramdenime mniSvnelovani winadadeba
rCeba, romlebic ufro dawvrilebiT da guldasmiT
analizs moiTxoven. es analizi mdgomareobs imis
SefasebaSi, Tu rogor Sedegebamde migviyvans ama Tu
im winadadebis realizacia. aseTi kiTxva mxolod
urTulesi obieqtebis marTvis procesSi warmoiSoba.
rac ufro rTulia obieqti, miT ufro Znelia imis
winaswarmetyveleba, Tu ra Sedegs gamoiRebs ama Tu im
winadadebis ganxorcieleba. amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis
miRebis proceduris siZneleebi am gadawyvetilebis
Sedegebis SefasebaSi mdgomareobs. xazgasmiT unda
aRiniSnos, rom rTuli obieqtebis marTva SeuZlebe-
lia mxolod intuiciuri meTodebiT, imdenad, ramde-
nadac adamianis intuicia (rogori mdidari da daxve-
wilic ar unda iyos igi) namdvilad ver SeZlebs
68
rTuli obieqtebis (Tanamedrove warmoebis) moqmede-
bis yvela mravalferovani Taviseburebebis gaazrebas.
adamianis fsiqikas uaRresad daZabavs im mizez-Sede-
gobrivi kavSirebis erTdrouli aTviseba, rac Tana-
medrove rTuli obieqtebis marTvisaTvis aris saWi-
ro. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalze Znelia marTvis mTeli
Sedegebis sizustiT ganWvreta. am amocanis gadaw-
yvetaSi adamians exmareba Tanamedrove eleqtrogamoT-
vliTi teqnika, kompiuterebi. amitomac amJamad didi
yuradReba eTmoba maT Seswavlas. informaciis Sek-
rebis procesi, misi damuSaveba, miznis warmoSoba da
obieqtze zemoqmedebis organizacia uSualod aris
dakavSirebuli marTvis algoriTmis Seqmnis, realiza-
ciisa da funqcionirebis procesTan. Cinebuli algo-
riTmis efeqtianoba SeiZleba nulze iqnes dayvanili,
Tu Secdomebi aris daSvebuli swori informaciis
miRebaSi, mis damuSavebaSi, marTvis sistemisaTvis mis
miwodebaSi, miznis dasaxvaSi da a. S.
marTvis sistemis moqmedebis naTelsayofad movi-
yvanoT aRzrdis procesis ilustrireba. rogorc
cnobilia, aRzrda marTvis uaRresad Sromatevad
procesad gvevlineba.
maS ase, marTvis obieqtad gvevlineba bavSvi. es
bavSvi gonieri, Wkviani, SeiZleba iTqvas, geniosicaa,
magram mas naklovani mxareebic gaaCnia, romlebic unda
aRmoifxvras.
mSobeli gamodis marTvis aparatis rolSi. bavSvi
ki sqemaSi òbieqtis~ rols ikavebs. garemod misi
megobrebi, skola, quCa, ezo gvevlineba. arxebi à~
à~,
`b~ da `g~ marTvis sistemis erT rkalad gvkravs Cven,
Cvens Svils da garemos. à~ arxi gamoxatavs bavSvis
kavSirs garemosTan. am arxiT igi aRiqvams samyaros,
iTvisebs Cvevebs, Tvalyurs adevnebs yvelafers, rac
gars akravs. garemos zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos kargi,
cudi, yvelanairi. aRzrdisaTvis uaRresad
mniSvnelovania vicodeT am garemos namdvili
mdgomareoba. garemos Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis
wesi ganisazRvreba `d1~ _ sainformacio samsaxuris
mier. ar unda daviviwyoT, rom es informacia, nebiT
Tu uneblied, SeiZleba iyos damaxinjebulic. Tu
69
informaciis wyarod bavSvis keTilismyofeli megob-
rebi iqnebian, maSin monacemebi garemos Sesaxeb
SeiZleba Selamazebuli iyos, xolo Tu mezoblebi,
maSin Selamazebas ar eqneba adgili. aucilebelia, rom
informacia garemos Sesaxeb, romelmac Cvenamde
moaRwia, iyos sando. amis Semdeg SeiZleba Tu ara
daviwyoT aRzrda? cxadia ara! CvenTvis xom ar aris
cnobili, bavSvi rogor reagirebs am garemoze.
CCvenTvis
venTvis gare aucilebelia miviRoT informacia TviT òbieqtis~
samyaro Cveni fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, e. i. bavSvis moqmedebis, misi
qcevis Sesaxeb, misi uSualo damokidebulebis, misi
cxovrebis Sinaarss
ganwyobis Sesaxeb garemos mimarT. bavSvi garemoze
warmoadgens, misi zemoqmedebas axdens `b~ arxis meSveobiT. `sufTa
`masalidan~ iZerweba saxiT~ am moqmedebaze Tvalyuris devneba iSviaTad Tu
Cveni miznebi da SeiZleba. amitom informaciis wyarod gvevlineba
`d2~, romelic masalas moipovebs kvlevis sxvadasxva
muSavdeba misi miRwevis
meTodebiT, amjerad TviT misi gamokiTxvis gziT, an
saSualebebi. misi Tanamoazreebis dakvirvebis gziT.
amgvarad, obieqtis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informa-
ciis miRebisaTvis marTvis aparati flobs `b1~ arxs.
am arxiT igi iRebs cnobebs bavSvis ganwyobebis, misi
qcevis Sesaxeb. am informaciis mniSvneloba sruliad
naTelia. CvenTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania imis cod-
na, normalurad funqcionirebs Tu ara `d2~ infor-
maciis wyaro. am wyaros mcdarobis SemTxvevaSi
garduvalia Cveni araswori zemoqmedeba bavSvze:
ciliswameba, sayveduri tyuilis gamo; daumsaxureb-
lad waxaliseba. marTva warimarTeba uxeSi, gamouswo-
rebeli SecdomebiT, Cveni zemoqmedeba mkveTrad ara-
adekvaturi iqneba. marTvis efeqtianoba ecema faqtebis
damaxinjebis SemTxvevaSic. cxadia, aseT viTarebaSi
aRzrda ver Seasrulebs masze dakisrebul funqcias,
vinaidan amosavali informacia mcdari iyo. axla `g~
arxis Sesaxeb. es aris marTvis zemoqmedebis arxi,
romlis meSveobiTac mSobeli zemoqmedebas axdens
bavSvze, e. i. waaxalisebs an dasjis im informaciis
Sesatyvisad, romelic man miiRo à1~ da `b1~ arxebis
meSveobiT. Tu gadaiketa `g~ arxi, dairRveva
aRzrdis mTeli procesi, vinaidan ar gveqneba mTavari
_ obieqtze Cveni zemoqmedebis saSualeba.
70
magram, rogor ucnauradac ar unda moeCvenoT
mSoblebs, am sami arxis arseboba (àà1~, `b1~ da `g~
arxebi), sruliadac ar aris sakmarisi efeqturi
aRzrdisaTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi maTematikosebi
amboben, rom à1~, `b1~ da `g~
g~ arxebis arseboba
aucilebel pirobad gvevlineba, magram ara sakmarisad.
es ki imas niSnavs, rom am arxebis gareSe ar arsebobs
marTvis procesi, magram maTi arseboba jer kidev ar
aris sakmarisi!
aRmzrdelisaTvis, zemoaRniSnulis garda, auci-
lebelia imis codna, Tu ra unda aswavlos (hqondes
mizani) da rogor unda aswavlos (icodes miznis
miRwevis algoriTmi).
marTlac, nebismieri aRzrda garkveul mizans
isaxavs. mizani SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli, magram igi
yovelTvis asaxavs moqmedebis arsebul normebs da
mSoblebis idealebs.
moqmedebis normebi warmoiSoba socialuri gare-
mos zemoqmedebis Sedegad da Seicavs racionalur
gamocdilebas, romelic daagrova adamianma. idealebi
ki sul sxva saqmea, isini umeteswilad gaucnobiere-
belni arian intuiciis doneze, magram yovelTvis
arseboben.
maSasadame, yovelgvari aRzrdis mizani _ es aris
im sazogadoebrivi normebis dacva, romlebic arse-
boben da idealisaken miswrafeba, romelic mkveTrad
ar aris gamokveTili. rom ar hqondeT ideali, mSob-
lisaTvis saerTod ar iqneboda cnobili, risken unda
miiswrafodnen da rogori Sefaseba miscen TavianTi
Svilis ama Tu im qcevas. ubralod rom vTqvaT, nebis-
mieri marTvis procesSi mizani gansazRvravs Rirebu-
lebebis Skalas, imis postulirebas akeTebs, Tu ra
aris kargi da ra aris cudi. Tu aseTi Skala ar
gagvaCnia, maSin marTvac SeuZlebeli xdeba.
magram esec ar aris sakmarisi. sakmarisi ar aris
gvqondes obieqtTan kavSiris arxebi da vicodeT
mizani _ aucileblad unda gvqondes SesaZleblobe-
bic. SesaZleblobebi ki mxolod imaT miecemaT, vinc
icis, Tu rogor, ra gziT miaRwios mizans, rogor,
ra saxiT moaxdinos obieqtze zemoqmedeba ise, rom
71
moqmedeba Seesabamebodes mizans _ ideals, risi
gakeTebaa saWiro am miznis misaRwevad. swored es
aris marTvis algoriTmi, pedagogikis termini rom
vixmaroT _ aRzrdis meTodi.
mSobeli movalea icnobdes aRzrdis algoriTms,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi ver SeZlebs miznis miRwe-
vas. es algoriTmi arsebobs pedagogiuri xerxebis,
saSualebebis saxiT, romelic mas uflebas aZlevs
miaRwios dasaxul mizans. aucilebelia gvaxsovdes,
rom aRzrdis àlgoriTmi~ ar aris Sokoladi an
Solti, is aris miTiTeba: rodis da ra zomiT iqnes
igi gamoyenebuli.
metad martivi aRzrdis algoriTmis modeli
aseTia: (samwuxarod, aseTi algoriTmi xSirad gamoi-
yeneba mSoblebis mier) Tu bavSvma danaSauli Caidina,
romelic ar Seefereba mSoblis ideals, mas sjian
SoltiT, xolo Tu is cdilobs asiamovnos mSoblebs
_ mas waaxaliseben SokoladiT. aseTi e. w. aRzrda
ufro wvrTnas mogvagonebs da mxolod bavSvis
fsiqikis moqniloba iZleva SesaZleblobas, aseTi
algoriTmis miuxedavad, gaizardos adamianad da ar
darCes lekvad. sazogadod, aRzrdis algoriTms
amuSavebs pedagogikis mecniereba, romelic gansazRv-
ravs mSoblis moqmedebis saerTo mimarTulebas. ro-
gorc Cans, Tu ar aris aRzrdis algoriTmi, ara-
viTar aRzrdaze ar SeiZleba iyos laparaki.
maSasadame, miznis dasaxva da am miznis miRwevis
gzebis gamonaxva uaRresad rTul da seriozul saqmes
warmoadgens, amasTan, pirveli gacilebiT Znelia,
vidre meore.
am magaliTidan naTlad Cans marTvis sistemis
TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawilis moqmedeba
cxovrebaSi.
marTvis procesis SewyvetisaTvis, sistemis moS-
lisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia oTxidan Tundac erT-
erTi Semadgeneli nawilis moSla: Tu moiSleba
informaciis Sekrebis arxebi _ garemos mdgomareo-
à~ arxi) da obieqtis mdgomareobis
bis Sesaxeb (à~
`b~ arxi), riTac marTvis aparats SesaZleb-
Sesaxeb (`b~
loba waerTmeva gaerkves situaciaSi; Tu gadaiketa
72
`g~ arxi, riTac marTvis aparati SesaZleblobas
dakargavs zemoqmedeba moaxdinos obieqtze; Tu
damaxinjda marTvis algoriTmi, riTac arasworad
warimarTeba miznis miRweva; Tu daisaxeba yalbi,
araswori mizani, an damaxinjdeba igi, yovelive es
aiZulebs marTvis aparats Sewyvitos masze dakis-
rebuli movaleobis Sesruleba.
rogorc vxedavT, marTva metad rTuli procedu-
raa, romelzedac mravali faqtori axdens zemoqmede-
bas, sakmaod didia imis saSiSroeba, rom xeli SeeSa-
los mis normalur funqcionirebas. marTvis mizanze
zemoqmedeba nebismieri ideologiuri diversiis
mTavar amocanas warmoadgens.
metad sainteresoa TviT cocxali organizmis
mier ganxorcielebuli marTvis mravalferovani
doneebis sistema:
1. cnobiereba _ es marTvis erT-erT metad rTul
da, amave dros, faqiz formas warmoadgens.
cnobiereba uflebas gvaZlevs vmarToT sistema
(organizmiT) SeuCvevel, gaurkvevel situaciaSi.
2. qvecnobiereba _ marTvis iseTi sistemaa,
romelic marTvis process warmarTavs ukve cno-
bil, winaT xSirad Sexvedril situaciebSi. qvec-
nobierebis avtomaturoba gantvirTavs cnobiere-
biT marTvis zeda konturebs rutinuli operaci-
ebidan (siaruli, sirbili, moZraobebis koordi-
nacia, profesiuli Cvevebi da sxva) inteleqtualu-
ri amocanebis gadaWramde, romelTa gadawyvetac
SesaZlebelia mxolod cnobierebis doneze;
3. marTvis nervul-somaturi done uzrunvelyofs
aucilebel refleqtorul moqmedebas (mxedvelo-
biT refleqss _ xamxams, xvelebas, ylapvas da a. S).
am donis funqcionireba sakmaod `mkacrad~ gadae-
cema STamomavlobas, e. i. asaxavs wina Taobebis
gamocdilebas;
4. marTva funqcionaluri sistemis doneze xor-
cieldeba umTavresad vegetaturi nervuli siste-
miT da uzrunvelyofs organizmis mTlianobas;
5. organizmi
organizmiss marTvis Semdegi done xorcieldeba
qimiuri gziT, hormonebis daxmarebiT _ specia-
luri sasignalo nivTierebebiT. hormonebi
73
vrceldebian sisxlis nakadiT da zemoqmedebas
axdenen mTlianad organizmze. marTvis am dones
hormonalurs uwodeben;
6. da bolos, ukanaskneli done _ ujredovani.
marTva ujredis doneze gansazRvravs ujredebis
maregulirebel meqanizms da maT urTierTdamoki-
debulebas gare samyarosTan (organoebiT, xolo
misi meSveobiT mTlianad organizmiT). marTvis es
saxe xorcieldeba fermentebis daxmarebiT _
specialuri saxis cilebiT, amitomac ujredis
doneze marTvas xSirad fermentulsac uwodeben.
es aris organizmiT marTvis ukanaskneli done,
Sesabamisad, yvelaze daculi da yvelaze sando.
marTvis am donis mTavari daniSnulebaa organizm-
Si SeinarCunos mTavari _ misi mTlianoba, rome-
lic misi arsebobis aucilebel pirobad gvev-
lineba.
aseTi ierarqia, rodesac qveda donem icis ro-
gor da ra akeTos, xolo zedam _ rodis akeTos,
qmnis Zalze moqnil da saimedo marTvis sistemas.
rogorc vxedavT, rac ufro qvemoT aris marTvis
done, miT ufro mniSvnelovani funqciebis Sesruleba
ekisreba mas da miT ufro Znelia misi daSla, darRve-
va, miT ufro kargad aris igi daculi yovelgvari
usiamovnebisagan. es bunebrivi Tviseba evoluciis
Sedegad warmoiSva, romlis procesSic gadaSenebis
intensivoba pirdapir damokidebulebaSia imasTan, Tu
ra donezea daculi marTvis procesi. ai ase, buneb-
rivi SerCevis Sedegad warmoiSva marTvis SesaniSnavi
ierarqia, romliTac Cven vsargeblobT uangarod,
magram romelsac, samwuxarod, Cven ver vafasebT maSin,
rodesac amas saTuTad unda gafrTxileba.
exla davubrundeT socialur-ekonomikuri proce-
sebis marTvis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis ganxilvas.
pirvel rigSi, unda gairkves adamianis fsiqikuri
cxovrebis sakmaod intimuri detalebi _ rogor
warmoiqmnebian Cveni survilebi da miswrafebebi, Cveni
moqmedebis motivebi, ratom viqceviT ase da ara sxva-
gvarad, rogor vsaxavT miznebs, ra kriteriumebi
udevs safuZvlad maT SerCevas da a. S.
74
marTlac, Cven uamravi miznebi gvaqvs. maT Soris,
erTni, yalibdebian biologiuri moTxovnilebebidan
gamomdinare: adamianisaTvis aucilebelia sakvebi,
wyali, TavSesafari, tansacmeli da sxva. meoreni _
Cveni survilebidan da interesebidan gamomdinare
warmoiSobian: adamians unda eleganturad Cacma, musi-
kiT datkboba, mogzauroba da sxv. mesameni ki Cven
gveZleva garedan: unda vakeToT saqme samsaxurSi,
movinaxuloT avadmyofi, megobari, wavideT sayidleb-
ze maRaziebSi da sxva. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Cven
gvaqvs rogorc Sinagani, piradi miznebi, aseve garedan
Tavsmoxveuli, socialuri miznebi. idealur situaci-
aSi isini erTmaneTs unda emTxveodnen, magram praqti-
kaSi SeimCneva mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba `saWirosa~ da
`mindas~ Soris da adamiani amis mixedviT agebs Tavis
qcevas. Sesabamisad, pirovneba warmoadgens ara mxo-
lod aqtiur, mizanswraful sistemas, aramed mraval-
programul, mravalmiznobriv sistemasac. swored
aseTia rTuli obieqtis marTvis sistema, romelsac
evaleba Tavi gaarTvas informaciuli, inteleqtua-
luri da miznobrivi SimSilis siZneleebs, igi unda
iyos aqtiuri, raTa miiRos aucilebeli informacia
da damoukideblad SeZlos marTvis miznis formuli-
reba; igi unda iyos mizanmimarTuli, raTa efeqtianad
gadawyvitos dasaxuli amocana; igi unda iyos mraval-
miznobrivi, raTa SesaZlebloba mieces marTos
mravalferovani kriteriumebiT; da bolos, igi unda
iyos mravalprogramuli, raTa erTdroulad SeZlos
gadawyvitos mravali urTierTdakavSirebuli marTvis
amocanebi.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, TiTqmis wina saukunis
dasasrulamde, SekiTxva `ratom~ mecnierebaSi koreq-
tulad, materialisturad iTvleboda, xolo SekiTxva
`risTvis~ _ piriqiT, aramarTlzomierad, arakoreq-
tulad, idealisturad.
aqcenti qcevis mizezebze iyo gadatanili da ara
mis miznebze, romlebic, ubralod, ignorirebulnic
ki iyvnen. amasTan, warmoiSva cduneba _ socialuri
problemebi gadayvanili yofiliyo fsiqologiurze,
fsiqologiuri _ fiziologiurze, fiziologiuri
_ Sidaujredovanze, Semdeg molekulurze da a. S.
75
submolekuluri donis nislian SoreulSi Canda
`pirvelmizezi~, romelic `pasuxismgebelia~ yvelafer
cocxalsa da socialurze.
sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia, rom amJamad SekiTxvis
_ `risTvis?~ _ marTlzomiereba sruliad sxvagvar,
realur gagebas iZens.
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom Sedegi organizebas
ukeTebs qcevas, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mizani
gansazRvravs moqmedebas. qcevis nebismier aqts ara
mxolod mizezi, aramed mizanic gaaCnia. pasuxi SekiTx-
vaze `ratom?~ jer kidev naxevari saqmea. aucilebelia
pasuxis gacema SekiTxvazec `risTvis?~. am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gacemis udidesi mniSvneloba imaSi
gamoixateba, rom rTuli biologiuri sistemebis
qceva mxolod am TvalsazrisiT ganixileba. Tu
gverds avuvliT pasuxis gacemas kiTxvaze sistemis
qcevis moTxovnilebebisa da miznebis Sesaxeb, maSin
riskis winaSe vdgebiT, araferi vicodeT am qcevis
irgvliv. gageba ki aucilebelia Tundac imitom, rom
SevZloT mizanwarmoqmnis procesis modelireba, rome-
lic ase advilad da bunebrivad mimdinareobs buneb-
riv, cocxal sistemaSi da ase rTulad da Znelad
xelovnurSi. swored es sirTule SeiZleba iqnes
Tavidan acilebuli, Tu cocxali sistemebis mizanwar-
moqmnis meqanizmSi gaverkveviT.
adamianis qcevaze, garda Sinagani, bunebrivi faq-
torebisa, udides zemoqmedebas axdens garemo. Tumca
adamiani sociumis produqtad gvevlineba, kavSiri
`garemo _ adamiani~ erTmniSvnelovnad ar SeiZleba
ganvixiloT. igi ormxrivad unda warmovidginoT.
garemos mravalferovan gamRizianeblebze adamiani
ganurCevel reagirebas ar axdens. Cveni damokidebule-
ba am garemos mimarT mkacrad aris diferencirebuli
(gavixsenoT ganwyobis Teoria).
adamiani arsebobs informaciul garemoSi. CvenT-
vis gare samyaro Cveni fsiqikuri cxovrebis Sinaarss
warmoadgens, misi `masalidan~ iZerweba Cveni miznebi
da muSavdeba misi miRwevis saSualebebi.
Cveni survilebi, miswrafebebi, moTxovnilebebi,
interesebi, saWiroebani gvaiZuleben raime viRonoT:
vagebT gegmebs, vmsjelobT maT ganxorcielebaze,
76
raRacas vupirispirebT, vaxdenT Sedarebas,
vRebulobT gadawyvetilebebs da sxva. es aris Cveni
moqmedebis programebi, romlebic adamianis
aqtiurobis gamoxatulebad gvevlinebian.
maS ase, programebis kompleqsebis qveS igulisxme-
ba Sinagani ganzraxvebis, survilebis erToblioba,
romlebic Cveni qcevis mimarTulebebs ganapirobeben.
arsebobs programebis sxvadasxvagvari saxeebi:
`cxoveluri~, `sufTa adamianuri~, socialuri survi-
lebi _ dawyebuli sakvebiT da damTavrebuli esTe-
tikuri survilebiT. zogi maTgani zedapirzea moTav-
sebuli _ mSobliuri, seqsualuri da sxva, zogic
Znelad SesamCnevia _ informaciis gacemis programebi
da sxva.
fsiqikuri wyobiT adamianebi metad mraval-
ferovan saxes atareben. am mravalferovnebas ganapiro-
bebs egreTwodebuli `programuli profili.~ adamia-
nebs dabadebidanve Tan dahyvebaT nairferovani prog-
ramebis krebuli. TviT erTgvarovan socialur
garemoSic ki ori adamiani SeiZleba sruliad
gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisagan (wynari, Tvinieri an
boboqari, uxeSi, jiuti da sxva), magram adamianis
programuli profili ixveweba, yalibdeba cxovrebis
procesSi (upiratesad bavSvobasa da siymawvileSi)
socialuri garemos, gare informaciis zegavleniT.
rigi programebisa iCrdileba, zogi ki, piriqiT,
viTardeba, xdeba misi stimulireba. adamiani unika-
lur pirovnebas warmoadgens Tavisi ganumeorebeli
programuli profiliT _ gansxvavebuli mis-
wrafebebiT, interesebiT, survilebiT, ocnebebiT.
qcevis motivebis analizi gviCvenebs, rom adamia-
nis qceva uamravi faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli,
romelTa CamoTvla Zalze Znelia, magram maTi mkafio
danawevreba mainc SesaZlebelia, isini SeiZleba or
jgufad gaiyos: garegani faqtorebi, romlebic war-
moiqmnebian im garemos zemoqmedebiT, sadac arsebobs,
cxovrobs, Sromobs adamiani da Sinagani, idumali
moTxovnilebebiT, programebiT, motivebiT da sxva. es
Sinagani faqtorebi udides rols TamaSoben
adamianis qcevis organizaciaSi.
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mizani marTvis procesis urTules problemas
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123456789012345warmoadgens miznis dasaxva, misi warmo-
Soba, Seqmna. nebismieri marTvis sistemisaTvis mizani
gare kategorias warmoadgens iseve, rogorc cnobebi
garemosa da obieqtis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. amitomac
marTvis miznis sakiTxi ZiriTadad unda gadawydes
ara mocemul sistemaSi, aramed `sarTuliT~ zemoT.
Cveni sistemisaTvis mizans saxavs ufro maRali donis
marTvis sistema. amgvarad, Cveni `mizani~ gvevlineba
marTvis saSualebad, romlis daxmarebiTac zeda sis-
tema zemoqmedebas axdens dabal sistemaze. magram
marTvis zeda sistemasac xom unda hqondes Tavisi
mizani, romelic mas eZleva zemodan? es kidev ufro
zemoTa safexuris marTvis sistemam unda gaakeTos.
amgvari msjelobiT Cven aucileblad mivalT ukve ara
romelime zemdgomi marTvis sistemasTan, aramed adami-
anTan, romelsac mouwevs am urTulesi amocanis Tavis
Tavze aReba. rogoradac ar unda vimoqmedoT, marTvis
mizani, bolos da bolos, adamianma unda
Camoayalibos. yovelive es cxadia _ adamiani xom
bunebis mbrZanebelia, materiis umaRlesi forma.
magram romel bunebazea aq laparaki? romeli bunebis
mbrZanebelia igi? yovelive rigze iyo manam, sanam
buneba iyo erTaderTi, pirvelsawyisi, sadac
warmoiSva adamiani, warmoiqmna goneba. goneba Seiqmna
da evoluciurad Camoyalibda, rogorc am bunebasTan
Seguebis saSualeba, rogorc misi gardaqmnis,
Secvlis saSualeba, rogorc misi damorCilebis
xerxi. pirvelsawyis bunebasTan urTierTobis
damyarebis procesSi, urTulesi amocanebis
gadawyvetis dros, TandaTan xdeboda adamianis tvinis
ganviTareba da srulyofa.
magram ai, warmoiSva meore buneba, romelic Seqmna
adamianma. es aris mecniereba, kultura, teqnika. mecni-
erebam da teqnikam am bolo ori saukunis manZilze
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. samecniero-teqnikuri
revolucia, romelic amJamadac mimdinareobs, meore
bunebis saxiT mWidro rkalad Semoertya adamians.
exla ukve `mbrZanebloba~ adamians uxdeba im sagnob-
riv garemoSi, romelic misive xeliT aris Seqmnili.
78
pirveli SexedviT, TiTqos yvelaferi rigzea,
magram es mxolod pirveli SexedviT. mdgomareobis
analizi SesaZleblobas iZleva mivuTiToT erT metad
mniSvnelovan wanaaRmdegobaze. adamians miznis formu-
lireba uxdeba arsebiTad meore bunebisaTvis, rome-
lic misi biologiuri bunebidan sakmaod Sors aris.
Tu winaT, pirvel bunebasTan dakavSirebiT, adamiani
ayalibebda da saxavda mizans, romlis Sesrulebac
maSinve axdenda keTilmyofel zegavlenas mis biolo-
giur struqturaze, exla mas meore bunebis ganviTa-
rebisaTvis uxdeba miznis formulireba, romelic
iribad aris dakavSirebuli mis biologiur arsTan
da inteleqtTan.
moviyvanoT ramdenime magaliTi, rodesac mizani,
erTi SexedviT, sworad dayenebuli, Semdeg sasacilo,
an kidev ufro uaresi _ saSiSi aRmoCndeba. meoce
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mexanZreebisaTvis SemoRebuli
iqna Sromis anazRaurebis metad Taviseburi kriteri-
umi _ is dro, rodesac mexanZreebs mZime, saSiSi
xanZris pirobebSi uxdebodaT yofna, am drois Sesa-
bamisad mexanZreebs Zalze didi anazRaureba
eZleodaT. TiTqos yvelaferi rigzea: rac ufro
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda mexanZre saSiS
zonaSi, miT ufro meti xelfasi eZleoda mas, magram
praqtikam sruliad sxvagvari saxe misca am sakiTxs.
pirveli xanZari Caqrobil iqna 15 wuTSi da
mexanZreebi faqtiurad uxelfasod darCnen. maSin
isini `daWkviandnen~ da xanZris Caqrobas saaTebi
moandomes, rac imiT mTavrdeboda, rom zogierTma
saxanZro razmma xanZarwakidebuli obieqti mTlianad
daferfla. analogiur situaciebs vawydebiT exlac,
rodesac àvariuli samsaxurebis~ xelfasi pirdapir
damokidebulebaSia gamoZaxebebis raodenobasTan, rac
ufro metia avariebi, miT ufro met xelfass iReben
am samsaxurebis muSakebi. TiTqos sakvirveli
araferia, asec unda iyos _ `saavario samsaxurebi~
dainteresebulia avariebis didi raodenobiT. mizezi
_ arasworad formulirebuli mizania. amasTan dakav-
SirebiT, sainteresoa amerikis magaliTi gazis
samsaxuris Sromis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. am dargis
79
muSakebis anazRaureba gamoZaxebaTa raodenobis
ukuproporciulia, e. i. rac ufro naklebia saavario
gamoZaxebebi, miT ufro didia rogorc xelfasi, ise
waxalisebebi da dajildoveba. am SemTxvevaSi
samsaxuri dainteresebulia saavario gamoZaxebebis
SemcirebiT da, Sesabamisad, mTeli sakontrolo
sistemis uavario muSaobiT. miznis dasaxvis aseT
pirobebSi, muSakebi miiswrafian Tavidan aicilon
avariebi, riTac kmayofilni arian rogorc am
sistemis muSakebi, aseve adamianebi, romelTac es
sistema emsaxureba. maSasadame, Tu TiToeuli detali
yovelmxriv iqneba garkveuli da gaanalizebuli,
savsebiT SesaZlebelia mosalodneli Sedegebis Se-
faseba, riskenac mivyevarT ama Tu im miznis miRwevas.
Tu kargad gaverkveviT... magram yovelTvis aris SesaZ-
lebeli karagad garkveva? yovelTvis SeiZleba imis
ganWvreta, Tu saiT mivyavarT ama Tu im miznis reali-
zacias? imisaTvis, rom garkveul iqnas ama Tu im
moqmedebiT gamowveuli Sedegebi, saWiroa gasaanali-
zebeli movlenis kargi modelis Seqmna, romlis dax-
marebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba SesaZlo Sedegebis
yvela variantis Sefaseba. ai, swored aseTi modelis
Seqmna ar xerxdeba yovelTvis rTuli obieqtebis
marTvis sistemis Camoyalibebis dros. am sirTulis
gamo rTuli obieqtebis marTvis sistemisaTvis miznis
Camoyalibeba xdeba intuiciis doneze, radgan ar
arsebobs arc garkveuli wesi da arc garkveuli
Cvevebi miznis formulirebisaTvis. amdenad, Zalze
Znelia marTvis sistemis winaSe swori miznis dasaxva.
rogor Camoyalibdes mizani ama Tu im situacia-
Si? amis mzamzareuli rekomendaciis micema aravis ar
ZaluZs. magram, mainc SeiZleba gamoikveTos am
amocanis gadawyvetis zogierTi gza. saqme imaSia, rom
bunebaSi aris meqanizmi, romelic brwyinvaled
arTmevs Tavs am urTules amocanas. aseTad gvevlineba
fsi qi
fsiqi ka, romelsac yovel nabijze uxdeba qcevis
qika,
urTulesi amocanebis dayeneba da gadawyveta, e. i.
imis gadawyveta, Tu rogor moiqceva adamiani ama Tu
im situaciSi garemosTan da sxva adamianebTan
urTierTobis damyarebis procesSi. igi ayalibebs da
80
azustebs Tavis miznebs bunebrivad, advilad da
martivad. amitomac sruliad logikuria mivmarToT
fsiqikas imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT misi unari miznis
CamoyalibebaSi. amisaTvis saWiroa gavarkvioT, ra
aris qceva, misi motivebi da miznebi, rogor warmo-
iqmnebian isini fsiqikis meSveobiT. aseve unda
aRiniSnos, rom miznis dasaxvis codna da unari
utyuari inteleqtis maCveneblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
adamianTa motivebi orbunebovnebiT gamoirCevian.
es ganpirobebulia rogorc garemos, aseve subieqtis
moTxovnilebebiT. magram motivi jer kidev ar aris
qceva. motivis realizaciisaken pirveli nabijebi aris
miznis formulireba da swored aq elodeba subieqts
mTeli rigi siZneleebis daZleva da usiamovno momen-
tebi. Turme, erTi da igive motiviT SeiZleba
dayenebuli iqnes uamravi, sxvadasxvagvari mizani,
e. i. erTi motiviT SeiZleba ramdenime mizani daisa-
xos da Sesabamisad mravalferovani iqneba adamianis
qcevac.
mizanwarmoqmnis procesi uaRresad faqizi da
mgrZnobiarea masze zemoqmedi movlenebis mimarT.
swored amitom, fsiqikis normebis darRveva, upirve-
les yovlisa, miznis warmoqmnis process exeba da
qceva maxinj saxes iRebs.
marTvis sistemis Seqmnis, miznis damoukideblad
Camoyalibebis dros, aucilebelia imis codna, Tu
rogor warmoiSobian es miznebi, ra faqtorebi uS-
lian xels misi normalurad Seqmnis process, e. i. ra
mizezebiT xdeba miznis warmoqmnis procesis damaxin-
jeba. mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom
yvelaferi, rac mizanmimarTulia, SeiZleba mizanSewo-
nili ar iyos. magaliTad, SesaZloa mizanmimarTulad
migvyavdes manqana manqanebis zRva nakadSi, moswrebu-
lad gadaWraT gazonebi ise, rom ar daazianoT narga-
vebi, gverdi auaroT moTamaSe bavSvebs, magram gaci-
lebiT uSiSari da mizanSewonili iqneboda, Tu mZRo-
li daelodeboda Suqfaris niSans, romelic moam-
zadebda, xolo Semdeg nebas darTavda mSvidad ganeg-
rZo gza. analogiuri SeiZleba iyos adamianis
nebismieri qceva, Tumca maTi Suqfarebi agrerigad
81
ver iZlevian Sesabamis SuqniSnebs, magram arsi TiT-
qmis igivea. adamianma unda SesZlos gare samyaros
movlenaTa drois TanamimdevrobaSi asaxva, e. i. mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSirebis damyareba saWiro infor-
maciis amoRebis safuZvelze. es SesaZleblobas iZleva,
Tundac albaTobiT, aigos momavlis prognozebi, rac
drois mogebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs qcevis opti-
mizaciisaTvis.
magram movlenaTa mxolod prognozireba ar aris
sakmarisi mizanmimarTuli qcevis organizebisaTvis.
adamians unda gaaCndes programis Secvlis unaric, mas
unda SeeZlos saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi erTi
programidan meoreze efeqturad gadasvla. amitom
mizani ubralo ocneba rodia, igi momavali sistemis
iseTi modelia, romelic 1. iTvaliswinebs amosavali
situaciis Taviseburebebs da movlenaTa Semdgomi
ganviTarebis prognozirebas axdens; 2. flobs prog-
nozul movlenaTa msvlelobis Secvlis unars saWi-
roebis SemTxvevaSi.
rodesac laparakia mizanmimarTul qcevaze, aq
navaraudevia ara mxolod miznis warmoqmnis procesi,
aramed miznis ganxorcielebis procesic.
adamianebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian
sxvadasxva socialuri sistemebis meSveobiT, dawyebu-
li ojaxiT da damTavrebuli kacobriobiT; Cven ara
mxolod vmarTavT, aramed gvmarTaven kidec: vasru-
lebT Txovnas, brZanebas, miTiTebas, gankargulebas da
sxva.
davuSvaT, adamians garedan eZleva mizani. ra pi-
robebSi SeiZleba miiRos da Seudges am miznis miR-
wevas?
upirveles yovlisa, aucilebelia: 1. komunikaciis
saSualebebisa da receptorebis sijansaRe, misi wes-
rigSi moyvana, romlebic uzrunvelyofen informaciis
miRebas cdomilebis gareSe; 2. saerTo enis arseboba
mimRebsa da gadamcems Soris. mimRebis unari, amoi-
Ros informaciis azri, magaliTad, bulgareTSi
Tanxmobis niSniT Tavis daqneva niSnavs uaryofas,
xolo Tavis gadaqneva niSnavs dadebiTs, rac Zalze
aferxebs ucxoelebTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas; 3. moce-
muli informacia mkafiod unda iyos formuli-
rebuli da 4. miznis Sinaarsis siaxlove am miznis
82
mimRebis Sinagan mrwamsTan (Tundac araabsoluturad
sapirispiro).
miznis Seqmnas xels uSlis ara mxolod garegani
akrZalvebi. misi wamoyenebis, dasaxvis dros gasaT-
valiswinebelia resursebi, saSualebebi, rac Cvens
xelT aris da, rac miznis miRwevisaTvis aris aucile-
beli.
rogorc cnobilia, miznis warmoqmnis procesi
yovelTvis umtkivneulod ar mimdinareobs. Cveni
cxovrebis gza dafarulia Seusrulebeli imedebiT,
ocnebebiT. xom ar niSnavs es imas, rom Cven ar viciT
miznis dasaxva? ra moTxovnilebebs unda akmayofileb-
des miznis warmoqmna? _ 1. mizani unda iyos subieq-
turad mimzidveli, sasurveli. igi unda iyos indivi-
dualuri survilebis, interesebis produqti. cxadia,
amiT imis Tqma ar gvsurs, rom adamiani egoisti unda
iyos, magram arc im udavo WeSmaritebis uaryofa
SeiZleba, rom rac ufro didi siamovnebiT keTdeba
saqme, miT ufro didia misi warmatebiT Sesrulebis
SesaZlebloba. xSirad adamianis tragedia imiT aris
gamowveuli, rom igi mTeli sicocxlis manZilze iseT
saqmes akeTebs, romelic, ase vTqvaT, misi saqme ar
aris, igi ver poulobs Tavis Tavs, ver avlens Tavis
SesaZleblobas, ar aris bednieri. 2. miznis warmo-
Sobis dros aucilebelia misi Rirebulebis
gaTvaliswineba. dro-is, resursebis, energiis,
janmrTelobis danaxarjebis gaTvaliswineba, Rirs ki
es mizani am saSualebad? miznis SerCeva sxva
SesaZleblobebze uaris TqmasTan aris dakavSirebuli
da es uaris Tqma SesaZloa metad Zvirad daujdes
adamians. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT urigo ar iqneba
gavixsenoT svetoniusis brZnuli gamonaTqvami cezaris
Sesaxeb: `...igi arasodes ar iwyebda brZolas an oms,
Tu ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom gamarjvebisas ufro
mets moigebda, vidre dahkargavda damarcxebis
SemTxvevaSi. imaT, vinc cdilobda warmatebisaTvis
mieRwia didi saSiSroebisa da danakargis fasad,
cezari meTevzes adarebda, romelic Tevzs oqros
ankesiT iWers, Tu ankesi gawyda, veraviTari nadavli
ver aanazRaurebs danakargs~. 3. mizani unda iyos ara
mxolod principulad misaRwevi, aramed unda
83
Seesabamebodes, rogorc realur situacias, ise Cvens
SesaZleblobebs. xSirad am faqtis uaryofas cxov-
rebiseul kraxamde mihyavs adamiani. obieqturad rom
ganisazRvros miznis miRwevis albaToba, gaTvalis-
winebul iqnes sakuTari resursebi da SesaZleblo-
bebi _ marTvis udidesi xelovnebaa. 4. mizans unda
gaaCndes maqsimalurad mkafio xasiaTi da mdgradoba.
bundovani survilebi, gaurkveveli miswrafebebi,
amorfuli interesebi Tavis miznobriv gaformebas
moiTxoven. imisaTvis, rom saqmianoba iyos produq-
tiuli da Sinagani kmayofileba mogvaniWos, mizans
stabiluroba unda gaaCndes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
cxovreba miznis miRwevis mcdelobis miznad gadaiq-
ceoda. adamianma, rogorc mravalmiznobrivma sistemam,
yvelanairad unda Seecados Tavidan aicilos
SeuTavsebeli miznebis dasaxvis udidesi saSiSroeba,
rameTu es gardauvalad migviyvans Sinagan konfliq-
tamde. sailustraciod moviyvanoT magaliTebi
paTologiidan. èqimo, Tqven gainteresebT Cemi
saqmianobis mizani? inebeT, ukve saidumlo aRara maqvs
ra: unda gavanadguro azris motacebis saerTaSoriso
organizacia. me TvTon didxans vimyofebodi misi
zegavlenis qveS _ isini marcvlavdnen Cems ideebs,
urcxvad mparavdnen yovelives, rasac ki gamovigo-
nebdi... magram me gavimarjve maTze! me davZabe Cemi
nebisyofa da exla Cemi Tavi savsea sxvisi ideebiTa da
azrebiT! me exla mWirdeba mxolod gamaZlierebeli
da me yovel maTgans ganvaiaraReb, movspob da me
gamovigoneb am gamaZlierebels!~ rogorc vxedavT, am
adamianis energia ixarjeba sruliad uSedegod,
vinaidan misi saqmianoba mimarTulia principulad
dausabuTebeli (bodviTi) miznis miRwevisaken. òx
eqimo! Tqven mekiTxebiT ra moxda? kraxi ganvicade
cxovrebaSi. diax, me axalgazrda da lamazi var. Cems
winaSe yvela gza xsnilia, magram me araferi ar minda!
jer kidev me-7 klasSi mivxvdi, rom mxolod erTi gza
gamaCnia cxovrebaSi _ es gza aris scenisaken.
kulisebis surneleba, lampionebi, mayurebelTa didi
armia, warmatebebi, yvavilebi, Tayvanismcemlebi,
yovelive es Teatraluri atmosferoa.… Teatris
84
gareSe Cemi cxovreba arad Rirs. samjer vcade bedi,
samjer Cavabare Teatralurze da exlac igive moxda:
`Cven girCevT sxva specialobaze ifiqroT...~ me
gamovedi institutidan buranSi gaxveuli... gadavwyvi-
te _ aRar Rirs sicocxle da Cavvardi manqanis qveS...~
aq saqme gvaqvs iseT SemTxvevasTan, rodesac mizani
savsebiT realuria, magram Cvens pacients, specialis-
tebis daskvniT, ar gaaCnia msaxiobad gaxdomis unari,
e.i. ar flobs saWiro saxsrebs mocemuli miznis misaR-
wevad, romelic ganuxorcielebel ocnebad gadaqceula.
ar SeiZleba normalur saqcielad CaiTvalos
isic, rodesac adamiani erTdroulad ramdenime mi-
zans isaxavs, arafriT ar unda Tavis SezRudva, magram
bolomde verafris miyvanas veRar axerxebs. amasTan,
TiToeuli miznis miRweva principulad aucileblad
miaCnia. aseT dros iqmneba Sinagani konfliqturi
situacia, rac did zians ayenebs adamianis janmrTe-
lobas. ramdenime arawinaaRmdegobrivi miznis miRwe-
vac ki gansakuTrebul talants moiTxovs.
romelime problemis gadawyvetis Ziebis procesSi,
e.i. miznis miRwevis dros, Cven yovelTvis viRebT
damatebiT informacias, romelic axal Sinagan situ-
acias warmoSobs, romlis CarCoebSic sxva, aranakleb
mniSvnelovani, magram ufro advilad gadasawyveti
miznis problema vlindeba. miznis Secvlis SesaZ-
lebloba _ adamianis fsiqikis plastikurobis
maCvenebelia. magram yvelaferi zomierad! rogorc
hiperstabiluroba, ise miznis zedmiwevniTi cvlileba
paTologiis maCveneblad gvevlineba.
adamiani Tavisi cxovrebis gzaze, mzis amosvlidan
mzis Casvlamde, iZulebulia daicvas TamaSis wesebi,
romlebic biologiuri bunebiT da socialuri
sistemiT arian ganpirobebulni: daiZino, miiRo
sakvebi, iSromo da gaerTo, giyvardes da gZuldes,
Seicno samyaro da moaxdino TviTgamorkveva...… magram
es gza xveulia, imitom rom igi SemTxveviTi situa-
ciebis garemozec gaivlis, sadac adamiani saxavs
miznebs, iRebs gadawyvetilebebs, axdens arCevans, qmnis
`momavlis moTxovnilebebis models~. igi gansxvavebu-
li variantebiT axdens biosocialuri programebis
realizacias.
85
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fsiqika
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Sedegad (Sinaganisa an gareganisa), aramed igi gar-
kveuli miznebiTac ganisazRvreba, e.i. mizanmimarTul
process warmoadgens. TviT sityvac `mizanmimarTuli~
mis organizebulobas, mowesrigebas, marTvadobas
gulisxmobs. am marTvas fsiqika axorcielebs. fsiqi-
kis, rogorc qcevis marTvis aparatis Sesaxeb, garkve-
ul warmodgenas gviqmnis pasuxi kiTxvaze: `risTvis
arsebobs igi?~ e. i. rogor avlens Tavis funqciona-
lur rols. SemdegSic, fsiqikis organizaciis gar-
kvevis mcdelobis procesSi, SevecdebiT gavarkvioT
misi Semadgeneli nawilebis rolic, gavarkvioT Tu
ra wvlili Seaqvs TiToeul maTgans marTvis erTian
sistemaSi. am sakiTxTa gadawyvetaSi daxmarebas gag-
viwevs paTologiis gaTvaliswineba. Semadgeneli
elementebis funqciebis gaZliereba an Sesusteba momen-
talurad aCens Tavis kvals marTvis procesze, maT
Soris kavSirebis gawyvetas an darRvevas qcevis
moSlamde movyavarT. qcevis moSlis TaviseburebaTa
analizi SesaZleblobas iZleva gamovavlinoT da
davazustoT marTvis sistemis Semadgeneli
komponentebis rolic.
maS ase, fsiqikas unda mivceT rigi SekiTxvebisa:
ras akeTeb Sen? romeli Semadgeneli nawilebisagan
Sedgebi? ras akeTebs TiToeuli es Semadgeneli
nawili? da a.S. pasuxebi gamoyenebuli iqneba marTvis
sistemebis konstruirebisaTvis.
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mexsiereba
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123456789012345ra iqneboda adamiani, Tu mas waarTmevd-
nen mexsierebas? ra moxdeba, Tu ànarqizatorebiT~
gadaiketeba mexsierebis blokebi? dairRveva mTeli
sicocxlis manZilze warmoqmnili asociaciebi? Seiq-
mneba iseTi mdgomareoba, romelic Zalze hgavs
s. lemis roman ùZlevelSi~ gadmocemul ambavs: meqani-
kurma sicocxlem, romelic erT-erT planetaze warmo-
iSva, mexsierebis Semcveloba waarTva cocxal arsebebs,
amasTan, SeunarCuna genetikuri mexsiereba, magram
mTeli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba daukarga maT.
adamiani axladSobils emsgavseboda. amgvar pirobebSi
verc erTma adamianma ver SeZlo arseboba. am romanis
86
gmirebi iZulebulni iyvnen uari eTqvaT am usaSinles
iaraRze.
mexsierebis gareSe SeuZlebelia daswavla, war-
matebebisa da warumateblobebis dafiqsireba, SeuZle-
beli xdeba Seqeba da gakicxva da a.S. Sesabamisad,
SeuZlebelia garemosTan Seguebac, TviTregularu-
lad, ganmeorebad, ciklurad cvalebad movlenebTanac
ki. mexsierebis gareSe adamiani ara mxolod cudad
grZnobs Tavs, aramed TviT cxovrebaa SeuZlebeli.
arsebobs sami saxis mexsiereba: operatiuli,
xanmokle da xangrZlivi (ix. sqema).
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garemo
12345678901234567890123 operatiuli mexsiereba
mexsiereba
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xanmokle xan grZlivi

xangrZlivi
mexsiereba
mexsiereb a mexsiereb
mexsierebaa
mexsierebis am samive formas Soris mWidro da

aucilebeli kavSiri arsebobs da erT mTlian siste-
mad warmogvidgeba. Tundac erTi maTganis dazianeba
sakmarisia sistemis moSlisaTvis. zogjer adamians
dazianebuli aqvs damaxsovrebis centri, moSlili
aqvs mimdinare procesebis fiqsaciis unari, e.i.
dakarguli aqvs xanmokle mexsiereba, xolo xangrZlivi
mexsiereba SeiZleba SenarCunebuli hqondes. saintere-
soa, rom msgavs situaciaSi Cavardnili zogierTi
adamiani sakmaod rTul amocanebsac ki wyvets, asru-
lebs inteleqtualur saqmes, TamaSobs Wadraks, avsebs
krosvords da sxv., rac imis daskvnis uflebas iZleva,
rom mas SenarCunebuli aqvs operatiuli mexsiereba.
mexsierebis erT-erT maRal (ganviTarebul) formas
asociaciuri mexsiereba warmoadgens. mexsierebis
maRali formisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom am
dros adamiani ar aris mijaWvuli aRqmasTan.
warsulSi aRqmulis reproduqcia cnobierebaSi
warmodgenis an azris saxiT xdeba, metad Tu naklebad
87
xangrZlivi faruli periodis Semdeg. asociaciuri
mexsierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom mexsiereba
aRqmisagan mowyvetil SinaarsTa, saxeldobr,
warmodgenaTa saxiT vlindeba, rac SesaZleblobas
iZleva àmJamad ganicado is, rac amJamad aRar aris~.
warsulSi aRqmuli, obieqturad ukve gancdili,
adamianTa cnobierebaSi asaxulia misi warmodgenis an
mis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis saxiT. mexsierebis es
maRali forma Zalze afarToebs adamianis cnobie-
rebas droisa da sivrcis mimarTulebiT:
warmodgenis meSveobiT adamianis fsiqikaSi aisaxeba
is, rac Sors aris misgan rogorc sivrceSi, ise
droSi da, rac amis gamo, mis aRqmaSi ver isaxeba.
maSasadame, mexsierebis am maRali formisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia, upirveles yovlisa, aRqmulis rep-
roduqcia warmodgenis saxiT.
asociacia msgavsebiT uzrunvelyofs winaT arse-
buli STabeWdilebebis, signalebis cnobas, ris gare-
Sec SeuZlebelia sicocxle. cnobis procesis darRve-
va (anu agnozia) umZimesi aSlilobaa, romlis drosac
adamiani sruliad ususuri xdeba.
asociaciur mexsierebaSi metad mniSvnelovania
warmodgenebs Soris iseTi kavSirebis arseboba, ro-
desac cnobierebaSi erT warmodgenas uneblieT meore
warmodgena mohyveba. warmoidgenT instituts da
amotivtivdeba mexsierebaSi gamocdebis Cabarebis
dro da a.S.
asociaciuri mexsierebis movlenebi aRwerili da
gaanalizebuli hqondaT jer kidev Zveli drois
filosofosebs. im droisaTvis oTxi kanoni iyo
dadgenili: 1. droiTi asociacia. asociacia myardeba
im warmodgenebs Soris, romlebic erTdroulad an
TanmimdevrobiT iyvnen gancdilni adamianis mier.
institutis warmodgena imitom daukavSirda gamocde-
bisa da swavlis warmodgenas, rom Cven bevrjer erT-
droulad gangvicdia isini. 2. sivrciTi mosazRvre-
obis asociacia. asociacia myardeba im sagnebis war-
modgenebs Soris, romelnic sivrceSi mosazRvred
iyvnen aRqmulni. qalaqSi xbos danaxva, sofels mogva-
gonebs, radgan xbos, Cveulebriv, sofelSi
aRviqvamdiT da a. S. 3. msgavsebis asociacia. aRqma an
88
warmodgena cnobierebaSi iwvevs Tavisi msgavsi
warmodgenis reproduqcias. reproduqcias swored
msgavseba ganapirobebs. rodesac vuyurebT nacnobis
fotosuraTs, TviTon is nacnobi gvagondeba, rodesac
vkiTxulobT aleqsandre makedonelis Sesaxeb, napo-
leon bonaparti gvagondeba, radgan maT Soris bevri
msgavseba iyo da a. S. 4. kontrastis asociacia. aRqma
an warmodgena cnobierebaSi Tavisi sawinaaRmdego
(kontrastuli) warmodgenis reproduqcias axdens.
rodesac metad maRal adamians davinaxavT, winaT
naxuli metad dabali adamiani gvagondeba, rodesac
raimes gviamboben uzneo adamianis Sesaxeb, gvagondeba
gansakuTrebiT saTno da zneobrivi adamiani da a. S.
am kanonTa Secvlis bevri mcdelobis miuxedavad,
isini dResac ZalaSi rCebian.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom asociaciis
procesze gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens adamianis
ganwyoba, romelic gulisxmobs subieqtis obieqtur
situaciasTan Sesatyvis iseT mTlian mdgomareobas,
romelic, erTis mxriv, aRmocendeba subieqtSi maSin,
rodesac igi obieqtTan garkveul urTierTobaSi
dgeba da, meores mxriv, ganapirobebs saTanado fsi-
qikuri procesebis aRmocenebas da mimdinareobas.
erTi da igive obieqtis aRqma an warmodgena
sxvadasxvagvarad ganwyobil adamianebSi sxvadasxva
warmodgenaTa asociacias iwvevs.
asociaciis Sinaarsi, misi mimarTuleba icvleba
imis mixedviT, Tu rogor aris ganwyobili adamiani,
ra moTxovnilebaTa gaaqtiureba xdeba mocemul momen-
tSi, rogoria misi interesebi da a.S.
asociaciaTa mimdinareobis pirovnuli xasiaTis
gamo meoce saukuneSi fsiqologiasa da fsiqiatriaSi
asociaciasTan dakavSirebuli eqsperimenti ara er-
Txel iyo gamoyenebuli, rogorc `sadiagnozo~ saSua-
leba pirovnebis faruli gancdebis Tu midrekilebe-
bis gamosamJRavneblad, nevrozis gamomwvevi, cnobiere-
bidan `gandevnili~ gancdis dasadgenad, borot-
moqmedebaSi monawileobis gamosamJRavneblad da a. S.
cxovrebis praqtikam daadastura, rom mexsierebis
samive forma (operatiuli, xanmokle da xangrZlivi)
aucilebelia marTvis procesis gansaxorcieleblad,
89
asociacia ki, rogorc mexsierebis umaRlesi forma,
udides rols asrulebs garemosTan Seguebisas.
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cnobiereba
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arc Tu ise iSviaTad SevxvdebiT cxovrebaSi mosia-
rule ènciklopedias~ da krosvordebis amoxsnis
did specialistebs, romlebic sruliad ar toveben
Semoqmedis an inteleqtualis STabeWdilebas. mniSvne-
lovania ara mxolod `bevris codna~, aramed am
codnis gamoyeneba garkveuli problemebis gamosav-
lenad, miznis sworad dasaxvisaTvis da miznis
miRwevis saSualebaTa gamosanaxad da a. S. ufro
metic, codna gamoyenebul unda iqnes im didi infor-
maciis gadamuSavebisa da analizisaTvis, romelic
adamianma codnis saxiT SeiZina.
ZvelTaganve adamianis fsiqikaSi ganasxvavebdnen
cnobiers da qvecnobiers. informaciis gadamuSavebis
es konturebi ar emTxvevian erTmaneTs marTvis erTian
procesSi.
adamianebi cxovroben azrobrivi, Sinaarsobrivi
informaciis samyaroSi. ekonomiurobis mizniT Cven
vqmniT ganzogadebul cnebebs. magaliTad, megobari
gTxovT iyidoT xili da ara vaSli, msxali, atami da
a. S. garecxoT WurWeli da ara TefSi, kovzi, dana da
sxva.
maS ase, cnobierebis wyalobiT garemo ar warmo-
adgens raRac gamaRizianebelTa krebuls. cxovrebise-
ul situaciebs adamiani aRiqvams kompleqsurad, fsi-
qikaSi iqmneba garkveuli warmodgenebi, modelebi,
romelTa mixedviTac ukavSirdeba igi samyaros.
cnobiereba vetos adebs zogierT Cvens qcevas,
amuxruWebs Cvens reaqciebs, filtrSi atarebs Cvens
saqmianobas, aregulirebs Cvens gamoTqmebs da a. S.
nasvam kacs, rac TavSi aqvs, igive aqvs enaze.
fxizeli ki yvelafers rodi ambobs. fariseveli
ki erTs fiqrobs, sxvas ambobs (gavixsenoT taleirani:
èna imisaTvis gvaqvs, rom davfaroT Cveni azrebi!~).
CvenSi warmoSobili azrebi sruliadac ar saWiroebs
dauyovnebliv gadavidnen moqmedebaSi.
cnobiereba ara marto ubralod amuxruWebs
90
garegan moqmedebas, aramed marTavs kidec mas. amasTan,
igi marTavs mas yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo momentebSi,
rodesac Cveni moqmedeba unda iyos absoluturad
zusti.
situaciis analizisa da refleqtoruli moqmede-
bis regulaciis garda, cnobierebas sxva funqciebic
gaaCnia. upirveles yovlisa, es gaxlavT sakuTari
moqmedebis, sakuTari qcevisa da sakuTari saqmianobis
obieqtivacia, da ara mxolod realuri saqmianobis,
aramed grZnobebis, emociebis da sxva Sinagani fsiqi-
kuri procesebisac. adamians ZaluZs Tavis sakuTar
gancdebs, moqmedebas `sxvisi TvaliT~ Sexedos, gamo-
itanos Tavisi Sinagani me-dan da ise daakvirdes mas.
gvWirdeba ki Cven es obieqtivacia? _ Zalian!
sakmarisia gavacnobieroT: `dRes me cud xasiaTze
var, gaRizianebuli var, vfiqrob, dRes Cemi msjeloba
ufro subieqturi iqneba, vidre obieqturi~, rom
momentalurad gamiCndeba damatebiTi SesaZleblobebi,
regulireba gavukeTo Cems qcevas.
samwuxarod, rogor ar gvyofnis es Cven, rogor
ar gvyofnis obieqtivaciis es saswauli unari! sazo-
gadod, adamianebi ramdenime SesaZleblobidan ukeTess
irCeven da Zalian xSirad arc ufiqrdebian, ras ake-
Teben, magram, Tu adamiani daufiqrda, maSin konsta-
tirebasac gaakeTebs, rom man moaxdina arCevis pro-
cesi. rogor? cxadia, Tavisuflad, sxvisi zewolis
gareSe. vinaidan adamians unari Seswevs Tavisufali
arCevani gaakeTos, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli yofila
`nebis Tavisufleba~, swored arCevis procesis
obieqtivaciam migviyvana `nebis Tavisuflebis~ ilu-
ziis warmoSobamde. adamiani ara mxolod calkeuli
fsiqikuri procesebis obieqtivirebas axdens, aramed
obieqtivirebas ukeTebs maT kompleqssac sakuTari
pirovnebis, sakuTari `me-s~ formiT, e. i. Cven sis-
temis SigniTve vqmniT misive models. am modelis
wyalobiT adamiani ar ìTqvifeba~ garemoSi, igi
advilad gamoyofs Tavis Tavs samyarodan, garkveul-
wilad kidec upirispirdeba mas.
adamiani ara mxolod Tavisi qcevebis, moqmedebis,
aramed maTi Sedegebis obieqtivaciasac axdens. Cven
91
gamovimuSavebT garkveul urTierTobebs, Sefasebas
vaZlevT Cvens qcevebs, moqmedebis saqmian aqtebs. swo-
red arasasurvel moqmedebaTa obieqtivacia udevs
safuZvlad monaniebasa da sindisis qejnas, romlis
wyalobiTac damatebiTi SesaZleblobani warmoiSo-
bian qcevis Semdgomi regulirebisaTvis. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom obieqtivaciis fenomens TviTkritikisa da
TviTanalizis ukukavSiris meqanizmi udevs safuZvlad.
obieqtivacia drois garkveuli monakveTiT (wamiT,
wuTiT, an ufro metiT) aCerebs, wyvets fsiqikuri
cxovrebis ganuwyvetel mdinarebas, daskvnebs ukeTebs,
Sefasebas aZlevs Cvens moqmedebas, survilebs, imedebs,
naazrevs, Cvens gegmebs da a. S. unda SevaCeroT gaelve-
ba, rom gavigoT, ra aris igi... es uaRresad sapasu-
xismgeblo momentia. TviTkritika da TviTanalizi am
gaelvebis SeCerebis xerxi, saSualebaa.
TviTSegneba ki is urTulesi fsiqologiuri
meqanizmia, romlis wyalobiTac sakuTari Secdomebis
umtkivneulod gamosworeba xerxdeba.
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axasiaTebs, romlebic cxovelisaTvis miuwvdomelia da
misgan ganmasxvavebel ZiriTad Tvisebebs warmoadgens.
aqtiurobis erT-erT aseT formas, pirvel rigSi,
nebismieri moqmedeba anu nebisyofa warmoadgens.
nebismieri moqmedebis unari _ nebisyofa, adamia-
nis erT-erTi gansakuTrebiT damaxasiTebeli niSan-
Tvisebaa. nebismieri moqmedeba gacnobierebuli,
obieqtivaciaqmnili da ganzraxuli moqmedebaa.
subieqti winaswar isaxavs moqmedebis mizans _ awon-
dawonis SesaZlo moqmedebebs, Seafasebs maT Rire-
bulebas Tavisi miznebisaTvis, am Sefasebis safuZ-
velze gadawyvets garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebas
da gamotanili gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad imoqmedebs.
amgvarad, nebismieri moqmedeba gaSualebulia
subieqtis msjelobiT, SefasebiT, gadawyvetilebis
gamotaniT, igi obieqtivaciis planSi mimdinare
moqmedebaa. nebisyofis aqtis Sesasruleblad adamianma
unda gamoyos Tavisi Tavi gare samyarodan, bunebidan
da garkveuli azriT daupirispiros igi Tavis Tavs
92
_ moaxdinos misi obieqtivacia da uSualod mocemu-
li situaciis mimarT garkveul Tavisuflebas miaRwi-
os, e. i. daeuflos Tavis moqmedebas, ganaxor cie
cie--
ganaxorcie
los moqmedeba, romelic am situaciiT ar aris
nakar naxevi, miaRwios unars
nakarnaxevi, unars,, Secvalos es situacia,
Secva los garemo, buneba. aseTi moqmedeba pirovnebis
Secvalos
cnobierebis procesiT aris gaSualebuli. nebisyofis
aqti subieqtis mier regulirebuli procesia. am
moqmedebiT adamiani, rogorc pirovneba, avlens Tavis
Tavs.
cnobilia, rom receptorebis gaRizianebis dros,
cxovrebis nebismier SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis mkacrad
gamokveTili refleqtoruli moqmedeba viTardeba.
bunebam TiTqos iwinaswarmetyvela, moamzada da CaaSena
CvenSi mizanSewonili reaqciebis krebuli xSirad
arsebul, xSirad Semxvedr gamaRizianeblebze, riTac
adamiani gaaTavisufla Segnebuli da gaazrebuli
moqmedebisagan gansakuTrebul, avariul, eqstremalur
situaciebSi, romlebic swrafi, dauyoneblivi gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebas moiTxoven. Tu adamians xeli
daewva, igi manam gaswevs mTeli siswrafiT xels, sanam
igi amas gaiazrebdes. magram adamians etkina kbili,
tkivilma cnobierebaSic SeaRwia, tkivili Tavis dane-
bebas ar apirebs, igi kategoriulad moiTxovs gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebas. jer-jerobiT obieqtivaciis
procesi mimdinareobs: `me mtkiva kbili~. aucilebeli
xdeba qcevis marTva cnobierebis doneze gadairTos,
waxvide stomatologiur kabinetSi da momTmeni
pacientis roli iTamaSo, e. i. Seikavo Seni refleq-
toruli reaqciebi, ipovno SenSi vaJkacoba, madlobac
ki gamoxato saTanado RimiliT. swored nebisyofis
wyalobiT xdeba aseTi moqmedebis Sesruleba.
organizmi ar aris ujredebis ubralo grova,
romelic gafantulia sxeulis sivrceSi, igi ar aris
misi Semadgeneli nawilebisa da elementebis ubralo
jami. ujredebs Soris sxvadasxvagvari urTierTzemoq-
medi kavSirebi arsebobs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebul funqciebs asruleben da uaRresad or-
ganizebul saxes atareben. TiToeul ujreds sas-
waulad Seswevs unari daTmos Tavisi `damoukideblo-
93
ba~ mTliani organizmisaTvis. amave dros, TviT mTli-
ani organizmi mzrunvelobas da mfarvelobas ar
aklebs TiToeul ujreds: awvdis maT Jangbads,
sakveb nivTierebebs da sxva. ar SeiZleba arse bo
bo--
arsebo
bdes ufleba movaleobis gareSe, ujredi Tavis
Tavze iRebs SeZlebisdagvar (magram aqtiur) mona-
wileobas im qvesistemis funqcionirebaSi, romelsac
igi miekuTvneba.
organizmi, rogorc sistema, zemoqmedebas axdens
ujredze _ zogjer waaxalisebs, zogjer SezRudavs
mas. ujredebis saqmianoba, iseve rogorc mTlianad
organizmisa da funqcionaluri qvesistemebisa, rom-
lebsac isini qmnian (sasunTqi, sakvebis gadamamuSavebe-
li, gamomyofi da a. S.), avtomaturad regulirdeba
Cveni Carevis gareSe. maT `yvelaferi ician~, Cvenma
Carevam ki SeiZleba raime daazianos kidec. kuWis mier
gamoyofili wvenis raodenoba, sisxlis wneva da Saq-
ris done sisxlSi, Tvalis gugis gafarTovebis sidi-
de, gulis kunTebis SekumSvis sixSire CvenTvis SeiZ-
leba ucnobic iyos, Cven maTze ar vzrunavT, magram
isini umaRlesi organizebulobiT akeTeben TavianT
saqmes. mTeli rigi funqciebi da procesebi imTa-
viTve, dabadebidanvea `CaSenebuli~ Cvens organizmSi.
Tqven gadaudebel saqmeze migeCqarebaT _ mou-
lodnelad suli SegexuTaT, gulma Zlier giCxvlitaT
_ Tqven mainc miiCqariT _ sityvis gatexvas ar kad-
rulobT, ar daemorCileT `raRac~ qvesistemas, nebis-
yofa gamoiCineT. Tqven gtkiodaT stomatologiur
skamze, magram moiTmineT; Tqven Zalze gcxelaT, nayini
suls mogaTqmevinebT, magram patara bavSvi an gaci-
ebuli megobari gaxlavT da Tqven stoicizms avlenT.
ufro maRali da Soreuli miznebisaTvis Tqven
msxverplad swiravT uaxloes `cxovelurs~. Tqven Tavs
ikavebT uZlieresi emociuri gantvirTvisagan, Tumca
sityva yelSi gebjinebaT, lamis daixrCoT; Tqven Tavs
ikavebT uZlieresi vnebebisagan, Tundac SeewiroT maT
da a. S.
rodesac udabnoSi mZime gadasvlis dros daqan-
cul da mwyurvale aleqsandre makedonels muzaradiT
miarTves wyali, man maRla aswia muzaradi da jaris
94
Tvalwin, esoden Znelad naSovni wyali, miwaze gadaaq-
cia. es nebismieri qcevaa.
cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi aleqsandre makedonels
wyalis dalevis Zlieri survili eqneboda, magram
igi am moTxovnilebis safuZvelze impulsurad ki ar
moiqca, aramed jer awon-dawona situacia da gada-
wyvita, rom daRlil-daqanculi jaris gamxnevebisaT-
vis ufro mizanSewonilia ise moiqces, rogorc moiq-
ca: daanaxos jars, rom maTi imperatori Tavis privi-
legiaze uars ambobs da jarTan erTad itans laSq-
robis yvela siZneles. wyurvilis dakmayofilebas man
jarisaTvis erTgulebis Cveneba arCia.
qcevis, moqmedebis arCevis dros gansakuTre-
bul (eqstremalur) situaciaSi, Cven xSirad maRal
(zogjer umaRles-socialur) da Soreul miznebs
vaniWebT upiratesobas. swored es gaxlavT nebis-
yofis gamovlena, rodesac Cveni cnobiereba mar-
Tvis funqciebis qvemdebare doneebis _ refleq-
torulisa da afeqtorulis droebiT uzurpirebas
axdens, amasTan, Tavis Tavze iRebs mTels pasuxis-
mgeblobas SesaZlo Sedegebze.
adamiani yovelTvis rodi cxovrobs ise, rogorc
mas surs. igi xSirad upiratesobas sruliad sxva
rames aniWebs _ maRals, idealurs, sxvebisaTvis
sasargeblos. maSasadame, adamianisaTvis swored is
aris damaxasiaTebeli, rom mas aqtualurad moqmedi
momentis moTxovnilebaTa garda gaaCnia e. w. `maRali~,
pirovnebis `me-s~ zogadi moTxovnilebebi _ moralu-
ri, inteleqtualuri, esTetikuri moTxovnilebebi,
romlebic kacobriobis sazogadoebriv-istoriuli
ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibdnen da Tanamedrove
adamianis cxovrebaSi did rols TamaSoben.
nebismier moqmedebas, impulsurisagan gansxvavebiT,
swored es, pirovnebis zogadi moTxovnilebebi udevs
safuZvlad, da ara mocemul momentSi moqmedi aqtua-
luri moTxovnilebebi. adamianebi Sromoben, qmnian
materialur da sulier Rirebulebebs ara mxolod
maSin, rodesac es Rirebulebebi aqtualur moTxovni-
lebebad gvevlinebian, aramed maSinac, Tuki is Sem-
dgomSi aucilebelia adamianTa arsebobisaTvis.
95
nebismier moqmedebaSi udidesi roli miekuTvneba
subieqtis temperaments da, kerZod, survilis siZlie-
ris faqtors. eWvs ar iwvevs, rom gulcivi adamiani,
romelic ar ìwvis~ dasaxuli miznebis miRwevisaTvis,
ver ganaviTarebs iseT energias, ver gadalaxavs iseT
siZneleebs miznis misaRwevad, rogorsac adamiani,
romelic vnebiT aenTeba am Segnebulad dasaxuli
miznebis mimarT da savsebiT aqtualurad moqmedi
moTxovnileba aRmouCndeba am miznis miRwevisa.
magaliTad, Tavisuflebisa da samarTlianobisaT-
vis brZolis ideiT aRtyinebuli pirovneba, romel-
Tanac am maRalma moralurma moTxovnilebam vnebis
intensivobas miaRwia, Tavis qcevaSi nebisyofis gaci-
lebiT met siZlieresa da simtkices gamoiCenda, vidre
is pirovneba, romelsac mxolod Segnebuli hqonda
aseTi brZolis saWiroeba _ masSi monawileobis
miRebas movaleobad Tvlida da mZafrad ar ganicdi-
da am brZolis maRal moralur moTxovnilebas.
obieqturad, udavod ufro Zlieri nebisyofis mqonea
is adamiani, romelmac ar icis yoymani da mTeli
Tavis arsebiT aenTeba miswrafebiT, Segnebulad dasa-
xuli miznis mimarT ise, rom mas arc sWirdeba yove-
li moqmedebis Sesasruleblad gadawvetilebis gamo-
tana da sxva motivebTan SebrZoleba, vidre is, vinc
mudam yoymanobs, mudam axSobs moqmedebis sxva moti-
vebs (motivi aris is realuri fsiqologiuri
safuZveli, romlis niadagze adamiani nebismier
ganzraxul saqciels Caidens) da moqmedebs yovelTvis
sagangebod gamotanili gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze,
miznis miRwevis qmediTi moTxovnilebis gareSe.
nebismieri qceva ar warmoadgens raRac wamier
moqmedebas, mas Tavisi periodebi gaaCnia. cnobilia
sami aseTi perodi: 1. subieqti Sesasrulebel moqme-
debas msjelobis sagnad aqcevs _ msjelobs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor moiqces _ ra moqmedebaa ufro
mizanSewonili, ufro Rirseuli misTvis, iTvaliswi-
nebs mocemul situacias, SesaZlo moqmedebaTa upira-
tesobebs da naklovanebebs, e. i. sanam adamiani
ganizraxavdes garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebas,
xdeba SesaZlo moqmedebaTa obieqtivacia da maTi
96
awon-dawona, maTi Sefaseba. subieqti msjelobs TiTo-
eulis SesaZleblobaze _ iTvaliswinebs yvela sabuTs
TiToeuli maTganis sasargeblod da sawinaaRmdegod.
magaliTad, Seiqmna fasiani umaRlesi saswavleblebi,
ra qnas, rogor moiqces _ im TanxiT, romelic unda
Seitanos fasiani swavlebis dros, xom ar moemzados
karg specialistebTan da Semdeg universitetSi
Caabaros sasurvel fakultetze? magram rom ver
gaimarjvos konkurSi? _ aq ki SedarebiT advilad
xdeba miReba da a. S. es pirveli periodi mxolod
momzadebaa meore periodisaTvis. igi inteleqtualur
process (Sefasebas) warmoadgens, romelsac ar
SeuZlia aamoqmedos subieqti. 2. imisaTvis rom adami-
anma imoqmedos, gadawyvetilebis gamotanaa saWiro, anu
rogor moiqces. es meore momenti _ gadaw yve
gadawyveti
yvetile
le--
tile
bis gamotana _ nebismieri moqmedebis meore peri-
ods warmoadgens. Tavisi gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad
moqmedeba, Tavisi qcevis dauflebas niSnavs, igi
ganzraxuli, nebisyofiT moqmedebis ZiriTad arss
Seadgens. marTalia, am meore etaps _ gadawyvetilebis
miRebas _ safuZvlad udevs pirveli etapi, magram
iseTi SemTxvevebic aris, rodesac adamians meore
etapze gadasvla uWirs, an saerTod ar SeuZlia.
arseboben susti nebisyofis adamianebi, romelTac
meryeoba da yoymani axasiaTebT, ris gamoc isini
umoqmedod rCebian. SeiZleba adamiani Wkviani iyos,
gonivrulad afasebdes SesaZlo moqmedebaTa Rirebu-
lebas, magram, amave dros, umoqmedo, unebisyofo iyos,
ver axerxebdes gadawyvetilebis miRebas.
gadawyvetilebis gamotana specifikuri fsiqolo-
giuri aqtia, romelic Sefasebis msjelobaze ver
daiyvaneba. cnobilia nebisyofis daavadeba _ abulia,
romlis drosac adamiani moklebulia gadawyve-
tilebis gamotanis unars. magaliTad, verafriT ver
gadawyvita, iswavlos fasian umaRles saswavlebelSi
Tu moemzados da Caabaros gamocdebi universitetSi.
am yoymanSi misi umoqmedoba xSirad misive saziano
Sedegs iZleva. 3. nebisyofis, nebismieri moqmedebis
mesame periods gadawyvetilebis Sesruleba, e. i. TviT
moqmedebis ganxorcieleba warmoadgens.
97
gadawyvetilebis gamotaniT nebisyofiT moqmedeba
ar mTavrdeba. gadawyvetilebas Sesruleba unda. ada-
miani bevr rames gadawyvets, magram am gadawyvetilebas
zogjer ver asrulebs. nebisyofis sisuste ara mxo-
lod gadawyvetilebis gamotanis siZneleSi, aramed
gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebis unarmoklebulobaSic
vlindeba. susti nebis adamiani, Cveulebriv, gadawyve-
tilebas ver axorcielebs. SeiZleba man kargad ico-
des, saTanado Sefasebac misces raime moqmedebas,
gadawyvetilebac gamoitanos, magram Tavisi unebisyo-
fobis gamo igi ver Seasrulos. arsebobs nebisyofis
umZimesi daavadeba apraqsiis (umoqmedobis) saxelwo-
debiT cnobili, rodesac adamians unari ar Seswevs
gamohyos Tavisi Tavi gare samyarodan, e. i. ganaxor-
cielos iseTi moqmedeba, romelic am situaciiT ar
aris nakarnaxevi, gamoiCinos unari, Secvalos es
situacia. aseTi adamianebi ZiriTadad moqmedeben
impulsurad, im wamSi arsebuli moTxovnilebebisa da
gamRizianeblis safuZvelze. nebismieri moqmedebis
unaris dakargvis gamo subieqti amJamad mocemuli
situaciis monad iqceva.
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom nebisyofa varji-
Sobadia da paTologiuri situaciis garda, adamians
Zala Seswevs moawesrigos Tavisi nebisyofa. amave
dros, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom
cnobierebis (nebisyofa xom gacnobierebuli moqmede-
baa!) SesaZleblobani usazRvro ar aris. gasaTvalis-
winebelia isic, rom qvemdebare doneebsac gaaCniaT
Tavisi ìnteresebi~: organizmis mTlianobis uzrun-
velyofa, SenarCuneba, misi calkeuli qvesistemebis
funqcionirebis sinqronuloba da harmoniuloba.
cnobiereba yovlisSemZle rodia. ar SeiZleba regu-
lirebis SedarebiT avtonomiur doneebSi SeWris
borotad gamoyeneba, romelic bunebam Seqmna. ar SeiZ-
leba vaiZuloT cnobiereba òr frontze~ “_ Sina-
gansa da gareganze erTdroulad ibrZolos. mis
SesaZleblobebs Tavisi sazRvrebi gaaCnia, maTi gamo-
yeneba saWiroa ekonomiurad da mizanSewonilad. maga-
liTad, specialistTa dakvirvebam daadastura, rom im
adamianTa fsiqikuri saxe, romlebic gatacebulni
98
arian `xatxa-iogiT~, TandaTan icvleba, maT ekargebaT
interesi saerTo-sakacobrio cxovrebiseuli proble-
mebis mimarT, sixarulis mimarT, maTSi warmoiSoba
ganurCevloba sxvaTa mwuxarebis mimarT, isini kargaven
miswrafebas adamianebTan urTierTobebisadmi, uqre-
baT aqtiuroba. erTi nabijiRa rCeba ukidures
intravertamde _ es ki ukve fsiqolgiuri paTo-
logiaa!
maSasadame, nebisyofis varjiSis dros adamianma
unda gaiTvalswinos, rom cnobierebas Tavisi, bunebi-
sagan naboZebi sazRvrebi da SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia.
erTi ram cxadia, nebisyofis simtkicis mowyveta
pirovnebis zogad fsiqologiur bunebisagan da
zogad pirovnul moTxovnilebaTa Taviseburebisagan,
pirovnebis xasiaTisagan, misi interesebis mimarTu-
lebebisgan da emociuri cxovrebisagan, dauSvebelia.
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qvecnobiereba
qvecnobiereba
123456789012345aris, fsiqika da cnobiereba sinonimur
cnebebs ar warmoadgenen. yvela im procesebze,
romelTac fsiqikur moqmedebasTan aqvT uSualo
kavSiri, adamians ar Seswevs unari Segnebuli kontro-
li awarmoos, adamianisaTvis yovelTvis ar aris
cnobili, Tu ratom Rebulobs swored am gadawyve-
tilebas da ara sxvas, ratom moswons mas Savgremani
da ara qera, an piriqiT. zogierTi cnobebi,
romlebic Cvens fsiqikaSia Semonaxuli, CvenTvis sru-
liad moulodnelia. sizmari, hipnozuri mdgomare-
oba, intuicia Cveni cnobierebisaTvis jer kidev
amoucnob amocanad rCeba. aq saqme saxel gan
saxelgan
ganTTqmul
qvecnobierebasTan gvaqvs, romelic cnobi ere
cnobiere bas
erebas Tan
basTan
SerwymiT adamianis fsiqikis safuZvlad gvev lineba.
gvevlineba.
qvecnobiereba moqmedebis marTvis garkveul safexurs,
dones warmoadgens. rig SemTxvevebSi igi, TiTqosda,
cnobierebis dublirebas axdens. magram, yvelaze
saintereso is gaxlavT, rom is, rac winaT cnobieri
iyo, ganmeorebebis Sedegad avtomatur xasiaTs
atarebs da qvecnobierebaSi gadainacvlebs. cnobi-
ereba TiTqos cdilobs ganmeorebadi funqciebis
garkveuli nawili qvecnobierebas gadasces.
magaliTad, saukeTeso pianisti asrulebs ra nacnob
99
pasaJs, erTdroulad SeuZlia isaubros an gamoiyva-
nos amocana, maSin rodesac damwyebi ver SeZlebs
paralelurad raime sxva saqmianobis Sesrulebas.
sxvadasxva moqmedebaTa srulyofa avtomatizirebis
wyalobiT, cnobierebis vels taqtikuri problemebis
gadasawyvetad aTavisuflebs. magram cnobiereba mTli-
anad ar Tavisufldeba, igi moqmedebis optimalurad
ganxorcielebisaTvis minimalur kontrols gamud-
mebiT awarmoebs.
mTeli Cveni avtomatizirebuli moZraobebi da
moqmedebani _ siaruliTa da mimikebiT dawyebuli,
SromiTi saqmianobiTa da sportuli teqnikiT damTav-
rebuli, odesRac araavtomaturi iyo, igi marTvis
umaRlesi donis _ cnobierebis meSveobiT imarTebo-
da. mxolod maT xSir ganmeorebas, varjiSs mivyavarT
maT avtomatizirebamde, e. i. qvecnobierebisaTvis maTi
regulirebis funqciebis gadacemamde.
rogorc cnobilia, mosalodneli prognozisaTvis
arsebobs qvecnobieri meqanizmebi. aseTi prognozis
Sedegad moqmedebaSi modian individualuri ganviTa-
rebisa da swavla-aRzrdis Sedegad SeZenili esa Tu
is Cveuli moZraobiTi avtomatizmebi. Tu miRweuli
Sedegebi ar emTxvevian prognozirebuls, es ki aRmoCn-
deba ukukavSiris gziT, maSin, an moZraobiTi avtoma-
tizmebi, e. i. qvecnobieri meqanizmebi agrZeleben
muSaobas, an rodesac situacia sakmaod axalia da
igi Tavs ver arTmevs mas, marTva maRal konturs _
cnobierebas gadaecema.
gavixsenoT cnobili fexburTeli pele, romelic
arc ki ucqeris, ise iWers gafrenil burTs, pianisti,
romelic virtuozulad asrulebs urTules pasaJs...,
rogor saocrad swrafad gadaamuSaveben informacias
da Rebuloben gadawyvetilebas urTulesi obieqtebis
marTvis Sesaxeb! rogor axerxebs adamiani amas? _
sruliad martivad. es procesebi maTTan avtomatizi-
rebulia, qvecnobierebis doneze mimdinareoben, xolo
marTvis es konturi swrafmoqmedebiT gamoirCeva _
araviTar eWvis Separvas da `tanjvas~ ara aqvs adgili
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, vinaidan yovelive es maTi
cnobierebis miRma mimdinareobs. amasTan, ar SeiZleba
100
ar aRiniSnos, rom esoden maRali efeqtis miRweva
SesaZlebelia mxolod da mxolod metad xangrZlivi
da Sromatevadi swavlis procesis Sedegad. raimes
Rrmad, safuZvlianad da kargad Seswavla mis avtoma-
tizirebas niSnavs, rac adamianis Cvevad iqceva. Cvevebi
ki, garkveulwilad, fiqris gareSe gadaimaleba xolme
qvecnobierebaSi, ris Sedegadac miRweulia swrafmoq-
medeba. momentaluri, swrafi moqmedeba mxolod qvec-
nobierebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, gacnobiere-
bul azrs ki kus siCqare gaaCnia. rom ara Cveni qvec-
nobiereba, romelic sistematurad `gvkarnaxobs~
swrafi gadawyvetilebebis gamotanis garduvalobas,
adamiani Rrma fiqrebSi myofi epileftikis
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCneboda.
magram mxolod qvecnobierebis imediT xom ar
cxovrobs adamiani, gansakuTrebiT Cvens informaci-
ulad datvirTul saukunesa da dinamiur situa-
ciebSi? rogorRa axerxebs adamiani am zRva da urTi-
erTsawinaaRmdego informaciasTan gamklavebas
qronikuli caitnotis pirobebSi? vaxerxebT ki? xSir
SemTxvevaSi verc vaxerxebT. adamianis mier gamotanil
bevr gadawyvetilebas moufiqreblobis, an srulyo-
fili analizis uqonlobis, aCqarebis beWedi azis.
adamiani miiswrafvis drois mogebiT miaRwios
Sedegs, mas uamravi problemis gadaWra da amocanis
gadawyveta uwevs misi xarisxis sazianod da a. S.
problemebi, romelTa gadawyveta maqsimaluri rao-
denobis informaciis mopovebasa da gadamuSavebas
saWiroebs cnobierebis mTeli inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobis gamoyenebis gziT, `gadamisamarTebu-
lia~ dabla mdgomi marTvis doneze _ qvecnobie-
rebaze, romelic pasuxismgebelia yoveldRiurobis
efeqtebze. es garemoeba, garkveulwilad, xels uSlis
problemebis gamovlenasa da Sesabamisi amocanebis
dasaxvas.
adamiani, iyenebs ra momavlis eqstrapolirebis
ganuzomel unars, Tavisi qcevis ramdenime SesaZlo
variants azrobivad upirispirebs erTmaneTs da qmnis
misTvis sasurveli momavlis ramdenime models da
SeCerdeba SedarebiT ufro misaReb (misi Tvalsazri-
101
siT optimalur) modelze. maSasadame, romelime gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebisaTvis gankuTvnili dro optimalu-
ri unda iyos, amasTan, aseTi optimaluroba SesaZlo
Secdomebisagan Tavis dazRvevis garantias ar iZleva.
marTlac, Seucdomeli gadawyvetilebis miReba, rome-
lic did dros, dafiqrebas, Rrma, yovelmxriv ana-
lizs moiTxovs, mas araoptimalur xasiaTs aniWebs.
aqedan gamomdinare, uaRresad mniSvnelovani da
moulodneli daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba
mogveca: optimaluri gadawyvetilebebi, Cveulebriv,
ufro miaxloebiT xasiaTs atareben da cdomilebis
albaTobac SedarebiT didia, magram igi _ es
optimaluri gadawyvetileba, mainc yvelaze misaRebia,
gansakuTrebiT drois TvalsazrisiT (ra vqnaT,
adamianis sicocxle Zalze xanmoklea da yovelTvis
gviWirs dro, `dro ar iTmens~).
es Sedegi metad paradoqsulad JRers. marTlac,
gana optimaluri gadawyvetileba SeiZleba mcdari
iyos? Secdoma xom ar aris TviT es daskvna? _ ara,
ar aris Secdoma. Secdomisagan aravin ar aris daz-
Rveuli, magram adamianebi unda cdilobdnen miRebul
iqnes gadawyvetilebis miRebis maqsimaluri efeqti-
anoba, Secdomebis gasworebis gziT minimumamde unda
iqnes dayvanili gadawyvetilebis gamotanis procesSi
uneblied daSvebuli Secdomebi. xalxuri sibrZne
metyvelebs: ìs ar cdeba, vinc arafers ar akeTebs~.
rogorc vxedavT, uaRresad moswrebulad aris erT-
maneTTan dakavSirebuli Sroma da Secdomebi. gadaw-
yvetilebis gamotanis dros did rols TamaSobs
riskis elementebic, romlebic eqstremalur situaci-
ebSi aucilebelic ki xdeba.
urTulesi socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis
marTvis dros aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswine-
buli adamianis, rogorc marTvis procesis centra-
luri figuris, fsiqikuri SesaZleblobebi, misi
fsiqologiuri Taviseburebani da rezervebi.
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1. ras niSnavs socialur-fsiqologiuri
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TvalsazrisiT marTva?
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2. romelia marTvis sistemis
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funqcionirebis aucilebeli
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komponentebi?
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3. rogori TanmimdevrobiT mimdinareobs
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samarTavi obieqtis marTvis procesi?
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4. ras iwvevs araswori, yalbi informaciis
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miwodeba marTvis subieqtisaTvis?
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5. ra iwvevs marTvis procesis Sewyvetas,
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sistemis moSlas?
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6. rodesac adamians garedan eZleva
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mizani, anu garedan marTaven mas, ra
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pirobebSi SeiZleba miiRos da
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Seudges am miznis miRwevas?
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(CamoayalibeT pirveli oTxi kanoni).
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7. rodesac adamiani TviTon marTavs
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sakuTar Tavs an situacias, ra
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moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes
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miznis warmoqmna? (CamoayalibeT
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saWiro oTxi kanoni).
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8. vin an ra unda axorcielebdes marTvis
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unikalur process?
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9. rogor mimdinareobs cocxali
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organizmis marTva?
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103
leqcia VII
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leqcia marketingis arsi da
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misi funqcionirebis
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fsiqologiuri
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aspeqtebi
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gegma:
1. marketingis arsi, misi sxvadasxvagvari
in te
inte
terrpre tacia
tacia;;
pretacia
2. mwarmoeblis marketinguli qcevis
moTxovnebi
moTxovnebi;;
3. marketingis srulyofili definicia
definicia;;
4. nebismieri problemebis gadawyvetis
ZiriTadi etapebi
etapebi;;
5. ``saqmiani
saqmiani TamaSis~ roli marketingul saq
saq--
mi
miaanobaSi
nobaSi;;
marketingi warmoadgens bazarTmcodneobis safuZ

safuZ--
vel ze bazarTmkeTebeli warmoebisa da gasaRebis pro
velze pro--
cesTa sistemis erTiani marTvisaTvis saWiro azrov
azrov--
nebisa da moqmedebis wess. saTanado SexedulebaTa
sistemis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, misi cxovrebaSi gata-
reba xdeba arsebuli situaciis Sesabamisad miRebuli
koncefciis Sesatyvisad, romelic ZiriTadi miznis
dasaxvas emsaxureba da xorcieldeba mravalferovani
saqmianobis kompleqsis realizaciiT. yuradsaRebia,
rom marketingis sferoSi saqmianobis universaluri
organizacia ar arsebobs _ rom mxolod da mxolod
ase unda imoqmedo da ara sxvagvarad. aseve ar arse-
bobs marketingis sistemis agebis raRac erTiani
sqema, TviT sazogadod miRebuli cnebac ki ar arse-
bobs marketingisaTvis.
amerikis marketingis asociacia Semdeg ganmartebas
iZleva: `marketingi warmoadgens gansxvavebuli
sameurneo saqmianobis sferos, romelic warmarTavs
saqonelsa da momsaxurebis nakads mwarmoeblidan
104
saboloo an Sualedur momxmareblamde~. rogorc
vxedavT, es ganmarteba deklaraciul xasiaTs atarebs.
aq ar aris miTiTebuli is sakiTxebi, romlebic auci-
lebelia marketingis, rogorc urTulesi ekonomiku-
ri procesis, normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.
marketingis procesi sruliadac ar iwyeba iq,
sadac mTavrdeba warmoeba, piriqiT, mis amocanebSi
Sedis warmoebis xasiaTisa da masStabebis gansazRvra,
sawarmoo simZlavreebis rentabelurad gamoyenebis
gzebisa da sainJinro-teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis
gansazRvra gasaRebis perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT.
ufro metic, raime gadawyvetilebis miReba marketin-
gis dargSi, e. i. garkveuli koncefciis SemuSaveba win
unda uZRodes warmoebisa da kapitaldabandebebis
dargSi gadawyvetilebis miRebas.
britaneTis marTvis institutis ganmartebiT,
marketingi aris SemoqmedebiTi mmarTvelobiTi saqmi-
anobis umniSvnelovanesi forma, romelic axorcielebs
warmoebisa da gasaRebis gafarTovebasa da adamianTa
dasaqmebas momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis gamovlenis,
am moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis gamokvleve-
bisa da damuSavebebis organizaciis srulyofis
gziT.
marketingi warmoebis SesaZleblobebs saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis realizaciis SesaZleblobebTan
akavSirebs, asabuTebs mTeli saqmianobis xasiaTs,
mimarTulebebsa da masStabebs, romelic aucilebelia
mogebis misaRebad produqciis maqsimaluri raodeno-
biT (winaswar Seswavlili moTxovnilebebis maqsima-
lurad dakmayofilebis mizniT) gasaRebis gziT.
es ganmarteba gacilebiT srulyofilia, vidre
amerikelTa ganmarteba. am ganmartebis Tanaxmad, marke-
tingi arsebiTad mTeli sameurneo saqmianobis warm-
marTvelia. igi mimarTulia im produqciis warmoebi-
saken, romelic didi moTxovnilebiT sargeblobs.
maSasadame, mwarmoebeli iZulebelia uari ganacxados
tradiciul praqtikaze. sabazro urTierTobebis
dros man unda awarmoos ara is, risi gakeTebac mas
surs, aramed is, risi yidvac surT momxmareblebs.
bazris yovelmxrivi Seswavlis dros mewarmem
105
SeiZleba momxmareblidan ver miiRos im nawarmis
sruli gansazRvra, romelTa SeZenac mas surs. praqti-
kulad momxarebels ar ZaluZs srulyofilad daaxa-
siaTos is produqcia, romelic mas jer ar unaxavs,
magram romelic esaWiroeba. mas SeuZlia Zalze zo-
gadi daxasiaTeba misces aseT saqonels, nawarmis kon-
struqcias. gadawyvetilebebs mewarme iRebs
momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis safuZvliani
Seswavlis Sedegad, Tavisi niWis, unarisa da codnis
safuZvelze, romelTa wyalobiTac mas SeuZlia teqno-
logiurad ganasaxieros specifikuri moTxovnileba
rentabelur saqonelSi, momsaxurebis garkveul saxeo-
baSi, im mizniT, rom momxmarebelTaTvis sasurvelma
produqciam mogebis donec uzrunvelyos. cxadia, es
mwarmoeblis dainteresebasac iwvevs mis warmoebasa da
realizaciaSi.
amgvarad, mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli gadawyveti-
leba da masze dafuZnebuli politika sabazro faqto-
rebis (moTxovnileba, warmoeba, miwodeba, dakmayofi-
leba da sxva) srulyofili codnidan gamomdinareobs
da imis winaswar ganWvretidan, gaazrebidan, Tu ro-
gor zemoqmedebas moaxdens es gadawyvetileba da
politika bazarze.
teqnologiuri SesaZleblobani da sainJinro-
teqnikuri codna, romelic mewarmes gaaCnia, SesaZleb-
lobas aZlevs mas, daamzados realuri saqoneli.
magram iseTi produqciis Seqmna an momsaxurebis
gaweva, romelic moTxovnilebiT sargeblobs, mxolod
da mxolod marketingis sferos specifikuri codnis
wyalobiT miiRweva. amasTan, warmoebis gegmebi, kap-
dabandebani, nedleulis Sesyidva da samuSao Zalis
daqiraveba aucileblad unda efuZnebodes imis
garantias, rom produqcia gasaRdeba.
erT-erTi firmis ìuveliris,~ vaWrobis eqsper-
tis, jon xeil bekis ganmartebiT, marketingi aris
momxmarebelze optimaluri zemoqmedebis moxdenis
mizniT, produqciasTan da momsaxurebasTan dakavSi-
rebuli mravalferovani saqmianobis ganxorcieleba,
maqsimaluri moxmarebis uzrunvelsayofad optimalu-
ri fasebis dawesebis pirobebSi da amis safuZvelze
maqsimaluri grZelvadiani mogebis miReba.
106
am ganmartebaSi sakvanZo sakiTxebia `maqsimaluri
moxmareba~ òptimaluri fasebis pirobebSi~, romel-
mac `maqsimaluri grZelvadiani mogeba unda uzrun-
velyos~.
mewarmem, upirveles yovlisa, unda daadginos: ra
upiratesobis micema SeuZlia mis produqcias momava-
li myidvelisaTvis da Seafasos is upiratesoba Tan-
xebSi, romelic ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sakmarisi iqneba
im xarjebis dasafaravad, romelic miiRo mewarmem
saWiro damuSavebebze, produqciis gamoSvebaze, mom-
xmareblamde mis mitanamde da sxva.
produqciaSi gansaxierebuli upiratesobebis
kompleqsi potenciurma myidvelma RirebulebiTi
ekvivalentis saxiT unda aRiaros (e. i. saqonlis
Rirebuleba misi sargeblianobis TvalsazrisiT) im
fulad raodenobaSi, romlis gadaxdasac mas
sTavazoben.
am etapze marketingis mizania nawarmSi uzrunvel-
yos iseTi Tvisebebis SeTavseba, misi fasisa da rek-
lamis organizaciis Serwyma, romlebic saqonels
maqsimalur mimzidvelobas mianiWeben momxmareblis
TvalSi, mewarmis mier dagegmili mogebis dacvis
farglebSi.
aRniSnul ganmartebaSi centraluri adgili
mogebis sakiTxs ukavia, rac sruliad logikuri da
gamarTlebulia, vinaidan miRebuli mogebisa da kapi-
talis dabandebis Tanafardoba ZiriTad kriteriumad
gvevlineba mewarmis nebismieri saqmianobis Sefa-
sebisas.
marketingis irgvliv cnebaTa simravle SesaZleb-
lobas iZleva Camoyalibdes iseTi ganzogadebuli
cneba, romelic misaRebi iqneba yvelasaTvis, nebismie-
ri sameurneo sistemisaTvis. maS, ase, marketingi
gvevlineba sameurneo marTvis wamyvan procesad,
gvevlineba
rom lis funqciaSic Sedis mravalferovani saqmi
romlis saqmi--
ano bis organizacia da xelmZRvaneloba, sagnebsa da
anobis
mom saxurebis saxeebze momxmarebelTa myidvelobiTi
momsaxurebis
una ris efeqtur moTxovnilebad gadaqceva, misi
unaris
miyvana saboloo an Sualedur myidvelamde, dageg
miyvana dageg--
mili mogebis miRebis uzrunvelyofa da sxva.
107
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom marketingis fun-
qciebis Sesruleba yovel konkretul SemTxvevavaSi
savsebiT aris ganpirobebuli im pirTa unariTa da
TaviseburebiT, romlebic am funqciebs axorcieleben.
marketingis nebismieri problema gaurkveveli
situaciis arsebobis da, Sesabamisad, arCevanis gakeTe-
bis aucileblobas varaudobs _ rogor imoqmedo
ama Tu im situaciaSi. gaurkvevlobis ZiriTad mizeze-
bad gvevlineba: mosalodneli movlenebis msvlelobis
prognozirebisa da maTze zemoqmedebis moxdenis
SesaZleblobis siZneleebi; mizezisa da Sedegis urTi-
erTobis garkveva; moqmedebis mravalferovan saxeebs
Soris arCevanis gakeTeba; zusti da sando informaci-
is miReba da sxva. gaurkvevlobasTan erTad, marketin-
gis nebismieri problemisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
riskze wasvlis aucilebloba _ fasebis SecvlasTan,
axali produqciis Seqmnasa da SemotanasTan, reklamis
formebTan dakavSirebiT da sxva.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, marketingis proble-
mis gadawyveta iseTi poziciis SemuSavebas moiTxovs,
romelic minimumamde daiyvans gaurkvevlobisa da
riskis SesaZleblobas, raSic gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
adamianis unars eniWeba. nebismieri problemis gadaw-
yvetisadmi mecnieruli midgoma ramdenime etaps
varaudobs (ix. sqema 1).
specifikuri problemis Camoyalibebisa da
formulirebis unari (1 etapi) damokidebulia imaze,
Tu ra moculobis, ra sizustis, rogori
orientirebisaa igi, gvaqvs Tu ara drouli,
srulyofili da obieqturi informacia mis Sesaxeb,
aris Tu ara es informacia kvalificiurad momzade-
buli (2 etapi). me-3 etapi varaudobs moqmedebis mizne-
bisa da amocanebis dasaxvas da garkveuli mimarTule-
biT moqmedebis arCevas (me-4 etapi), rac, erTi mxriv,
damokidebulia xelmZRvanelis unarze _ ganWvritos
movlenaTa msvleloba da masze zemoqmedebis moxdenis
SesaZlebloba, agreTve am moqmedebiT gamowveuli
SesaZlo Sedegebi, meore mxriv, am problemis gadawyve-
ta damokidebulia xelmZRvanelis unarze _
108
sqema #1
nebismieri problemis gadawyvetis

ZiriTadi etapebi
I etapi. problemis formulireba

im arsebiTis, mTavaris Camoyalibeba, romelic gadaw-
yvetas moiTxovs, im sferoebis gansazRvra, sadac
unda gadawydes problema
problema..
wi n uZRvi
uZRviss me-2 etaps
II etapi. informaciis Sefaseba.

problemasTan dakavSirebuli srulyofili informa-
ciis akrefa, damuSaveba, analizi da daskvnis mom-
zadeba
(marketingul
(marketingul
ingulii saqmianoba) win
wi uZRvis
uZRvis II
IIII etaps
III etapi. miznebisa da amocanebis dasaxva

dasaxva..
saerTo miznebisa da specifikuri amocanebis gamijvna,
gami
gamoxatuli raodenobriv maCveneblebSi
gamoxatuli maCveneblebSi..
wi n uZRvi
uZRviss IIV
V etaps
(marketinguli
(marketinguli saqmianoba)
IV etapi. moqmedebis konkretuli mimarTulebis SerCeva
SerCeva..
riskis elementebs, samuSaos moculobas, drois
faqtorsa da mosalodnel Sedegebs Soris optimaluri
balansis povna.
(marketinguli
(marketinguli saqmianoba
saqmianoba)) win
wi uZRvis
uZRvis me-
me-55 etaps
V etapi.Sesasrulebeli samuSaos dagegmva da kontroli

davalebis ganawileba _ vin, ras, rodis, rogor da
visTvis akeTebs.
wi n uZRvi
uZRviss me-
me-66 etap
etapss
VI etapi. miRebuli Sedegebis Sefaseba.

moqmedebis efeqtianobis gansazRvra problemis
gadawyvetidan gamomdinare: problema gadawyda
mTlianad, nawilobriv Tu sruliad ver gadawyda.
faqtiurad miRebuli Sedegebis Sedareba winaswar
dagegmilTan.
109
mosalodnel viTarebaSi ganWvritos da gamonaxos
pirveli SexedviT SeumCneveli potenciuri SesaZleb-
lobani da is Sedegebi, romlebic SeiZleba miRebul
iqnes mizanswrafuli moqmedebis Sedegad. kontroli
da dagegmva (me-5 etapi) Seicavs, SesaZlo alternatiu-
li variantebidan arCevis gziT, gansazRvruli Sro-
miTi resursebis mobilizaciasa da ganawilebas moqme-
debis garkveuli gegmis farglebSi. me-6 etapze xdeba
miRebuli Sedegebis Sefaseba dagegmil maCveneblebTan
SedarebiT.
marketingTan dakavSirebuli problemebis farTo
wre aucileblad moiTxovs gamoTvliTi manqanebis
daxmarebas, mravalferovani informaciis manqanur
damuSavebas, kompiuterizacias.
marketingis problemebis gadawyvetis analitikur
meTodebs Soris erT-erTi `saqmiani TamaSobebis~
meTodia. is fsiqologiur meTodTa klass miekuT-
vneba.
realuri sameurneo situaciebi, romlebic konku-
renciis arsebobis pirobebSi warmoiSobian da rom-
lebic gadaudebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebas moiTxo-
ven, aucileblad saWiroeben swavlebasa da varjiSs.
Seqmnilia garkveuli `modelebi~, romlebic safuZ-
vlad edeba aseT TamaSobebs.
konkurenciaSi monawile `mmarTvelebma da jgufeb-
ma~ unda miiRon gadawyvetileba (TiToeul maTgans
garkveuli funqciebi akisria: warmoeba, gasaReba,
finansebi, pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis mowes-
rigeba da sxva), romelic iqiTken aris mimarTuli,
rom gacilebiT ukeTesi da xelsayreli Sedegebi
miiRos, vidre misma konkurentma. aseTi TamaSobebi
SeiZleba Catardes saukeTeso strategiis an momgebia-
ni svlebis miRwevis mizniT. miRebuli Sedegebi gamo-
TvliT manqanebze damuSavebisa da analizis Semdeg
gadaecemaT TamaSSi monawileebs gadawyvetilebis
miRebisa da saboloo SefasebisaTvis.
marketingis utyuari warmatebebis sawindaria is,
rodesac adamianis unari, codna da gamocdileba
Seesabameba warmoebis moTxovnilebebTan misi Semgueb-
lobis unars.
110
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1. ras warmoadgens marketingi? rogori
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ganmarteba misca marketings
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britaneTis marTvis institutma?
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2. risi codnaa aucilebeli, raTa
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mewarmem Seqmnas produqcia an
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momsaxurebis iseTi saxe, romelic
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didi moTxovnilebiT sargeblobs?
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3. rogor ganmartavs marketings vaWrobis
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eqsperti jon xeil beki?
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4. marketingis irgvliv, cnebaTa
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simravlidan gamomdinare, marketingis
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romeli ganzogadebuli cneba
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Camoyalibda?
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5. ra faqtorebi gvevlineba marketingul
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saqmianobaSi gaurkvevlobis ZiriTad
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mizezebad?
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6. ramden etaps varaudobs mecnieruli
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socialur-fsiqologiuri midgoma
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marketinguli saqmianobis nebismieri
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problemis gadawyvetaSi?
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(CamoayalibeT TiToeuli maTgani
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srulyofilad).
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111
leqcia VIII
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leqcia
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mewarmeobis ganviTarebis
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fsiqologiuri safuZveli.
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mewarmis fsiqologiuri
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portreti.
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gegma:
1. ekonomikuri krizisebis warmoSobis
umniSvnelovanesi mizezi;
2. ekonomikuri fsiqologiis roli
arsebuli ekonomikuri situaciis
analizsa da gaSuqebaSi;
3. mewarme, rogorc wamyvani figura sabaz-
ro urTierTobebis pirobebSi;
4. mewarmisa da mewarmeobis ganviTarebis
fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi;
5. samewarmeo saqmianobis fsiqologiuri
kvlevis Teoriebi;
6. mewarmis fsiqologiuri portreti.
meoce saukunis mijnaze msoflios mravali qveyana

radikalurad Semobrunda sabazro urTierTobis
sistemisaken. sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali xalxebi samo-
cdaaT welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi araswor ekono-
mikur politikas eweodnen, rac umZafresi ekonomi-
kuri krizisebis mizezi gaxda. am krizisebma mravali
negatiuri procesis Seqmnas da ganviTarebas Seuwyo
xeli, Crdilovanma ekonomikam arnaxul masStabebs
miaRwia. planetis TiTqmis yvela qveynis mecnierTa
yuradRebis centrSi aRmoCnda siRatakemde misuli
adamianebis bedi, romlebmac, udidesi bunebrivi
simdidris miuxedavad, Tavi ver gaarTves Seqmnil
mdgomareobas.
ekonomikuri krizisis gamomwvev mizezTa Soris
centraluri adgili ukavia ekonomikuri procesebisa
da movlenebis, ekonomikuri urTierTobebisadmi
adamianTa damokidebulebebis srul ignorirebas,
112
adamianTa fsiqologiis gauTvaliswineblobas.
mecnier-mkvlevarTa Soris wamyvani adgili ekono-
mikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebma daikaves,
romlebmac Rrma analizi gaukeTes arsebul mdgomare-
obas. amis naTeli magaliTia msoflios ekonomikuri
fsiqologiis warmomadgenelTa sesia-kolokviumebis
muSaoba. erT-erTi maTgani 1998 wels gaimarTa ingli-
sis q. ekseterSi li stivensis iniciativiT. masSi
monawileobdnen sxvadasxva qveynis wamyvani specialis-
tebi: inglisidan _ li stivensi, b. iangi, m. kassoni,
k. grei, j. xei, v. dikinsi; aSS-dan _ r. tarpi,
v. etcioni; niderlandebidan _ msoflioSi pirveli,
tilburgis universitetis ekonomikuri fsiqologiis
fakultetis dekani g. van valxoveni, m. stoki; safran-
geTidan _ p. albo; daniidan _ g. grunerti,
f. olanderi; avstriidan _ e. kirxleri; Sveciidan
_ k. e. varneridi; CexeTidan _ z. bureSi, k. riveli;
poloneTidan _ t. tiSki, p. gasparaki da sxvebi.
ganxilvis sagans warmoadgenda, ZiriTadad, ori
umniSvnelovanesi problema: aRmosavleT evropaSi
ekonomikuri krizisebis mizezebi da fsiqologiuri
faqtorebis roli mcire biznesis ganviTarebaSi.
sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis dros ZiriTa-
di wamyvani figura mewarmea. am dros mTeli sisruliT
vlindeba mravali ekonomikur-fsiqologiuri
meqanizmi, stereotipi, ganwyoba, romelic dafaruli
iyo socialisturi ekonomikis funqcionirebis dros,
mewarme xom saerTod daviwyebuli iyo.
ra aiZulebT adamianebs mcire biznesSi aqtiuro-
bisaken, sadac mraval ganviTarebul qveyanaSi adamian-
Ta didi armiaa dakavebuli? _ socialur-fsiqolo-
giuri saxis motivacia, miswrafeba da unari, miaR-
wios dasaxul mizans, TviTaqtiurobas, iyos Tavisi
bedis baton-patroni.
inglisSi 1990 wels, 1980 welTan SedarebiT,
orjer gaizarda da 3 milion adamians gadaaWarba
mcire biznesSi dakavebulTa ricxvma, 1995 wlisaTvis
igi gaizarda 500 aTasi adamianiT. aSS-s mrewvelobaSi
350 aTasze meti mcire zomis firma funqcionirebs,
romlebic mrewvelobis produqciis saerTo
113
raodenobis 40 procents uSvebs, germaniis federaci-
ul respublikaSi 1988 wlis monacemebiT mcire fir-
mebis xvedriTma wilma mrewvelobis produqciis
saerTo moculobaSi Seadgina 54, safrangeTSi _ 45,
iaponiaSi _ 50 procenti. dReisaTvis mkveTrad
gaizarda mcire biznesis wili eqsportSi. aq misi
produqcia ukiduresad ìndividualizebulia~ da
eris damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs gadascems. aSS-Si
eqsportis 20 procenti modis mcire firmebis mier
gamoSvebul produqciaze, inglisSi _ 17, iaponiaSi
_ 35 procenti.
dasavleTis qveynebSi mcire biznesma momsaxurebis
sferos okupirebac moaxdina, swored mas Seswevs
unari, fsiqologiurad komfortuli gaxados igi
momxmareblisaTvis.
aSS-s federaciuli mTavrobis mier Catarebuli
gamokvlevebis monacemebiT mcire firmebSi Seqmnil
inovaciaze erT mecniersa da inJinerze gaangariSebiT
danaxarjebi 4-jer naklebia saSualo zomis korpora-
ciis da 24-jer naklebi msxvili zomis korporaciis
analogiur maCvenebelze. mcire zomis inovaciur
firmebSi axali nakeTobebis xvedriTi wili realize-
buli produqciis saerTo moculobaSi 3-jer metia
saSualo da msxvili zomis firmebTan SedarebiT da
4-jer meti gamogoneba da inovacia modis kvleviTi
samsaxuris erT muSakze, vidre msxvil da saSualo
zomis firmebSi.
yuradsaRebia isic, rom amJamad msoflios msxvi-
li bankebi, biznesis am saxeobasTan dakavSirebiT,
stereotipebs Zleven, xolo saxelmwifo mTel rig
umniSvnelovanes programebs axorcielebs misi inten-
sifikaciisTvis.
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgeneli
ingliseli k. grei moswrebulad aRniSnavs, rom dar-
vinizmis socialuri paradigma, `didi STanTqavs
pataras~, ubadruki da Seuferebelia mcire biznesis
analizis dros ekonomikuri fsiqologiis pozicie-
bidan. amasTan, fuli am SemTxvevaSi ar gvevlineba
warmatebebis miRwevis ZiriTad da erTaderT sazomad.
mcire biznesis ekonomikur-fsiqologiuri anali-
114
zis dros wina planze mewarmis pirovnebaa wamoweuli,
romelic ekonomikur bazarze didi socialuri jgu-
febis moTxovnilebebs aRmoaCens, eZebs maTi dakmayo-
filebis efeqtur saSualebebs da principulad axali
moTxovnilebebis konstruirebas axdens.
mewarme-inovatori _ ai is figura, romliskenac
aris mimarTuli yuradReba axal ekonomikur urTi-
erTobebSi. mewarme aris adamiani gansakuTrebuli
socialur-fsiqologiuri profiliT. mewarmeoba
profesia ki ara _ niWia. mewarmis misiaa, gaaaqtiuros
mTvlemare ekonomikuri SesaZleblobani, CarTos isini
brunvaSi da adamianTa sakeTildReod warmarTos, da
ara is, rom CrdilSi imalebodes da akrZaluli meTo-
debiTa da saSualebebiT iRebdes zemogebas _ es ar
aris mewarme, igi Crdilovani ekonomikis saqmosania.
ra aris mewarmeoba da vin aris mewarme?
bevrma industriulad ganviTarebulma qveyanam
dReisTvis `Seanela~ Tavisi winsvla. amis erT-erTi
mTavari mizezTagania mewarmeobiTi aqtiurobis donis
daqveiTeba, impulsebis dakargva. amave dros, masiuri
informaciis saSualebebi situacias amwvaveben, vnebebs
aRviveben inovaciur mewarmeobaSi axali naxtomis
aucileblobaze, sazogadoebas Seaxseneben, rom swo-
red man Seqmna iaponia ayvavebul da mowinave qveynad.
man miaRwia udides warmatebebs umaRlesi teqnologi-
isadmi sagangebo yuradRebis miqcevis wyalobiT,
sadac amoqmedebulni arian ara marto teqnikuri
axalSemoRebuli wesebi, aramed mewarmeobiTi saqmia-
nobis mowinave ideebic.
iaponiam Tvalxiluli magaliTi uCvena ara mxo-
lod ganviTarebad qveynebs, sadac saqmiani iniciativa
da mewarmeobiTi midgoma TviT safuZvelSia daxSuli
da SezRuduli, aramed aSS-sac. igi gaxda samagaliTo
dasavleT evropis qveynebisaTvis da im qveynebisTvi-
sac, romlebic winaT TavianTi SromiTi aqtiurobiT
iyvnen aRiarebulni.
ras warmoadgens mewarmeoba da misi romeli aspeq-
tebi iZenen dReisaTvis did mniSvnelobas? mTlia-
nobaSi laparakia sawarmoTa Sesaqmnelad resursebis
gamoZebnisa da gadanawilebis saqmianobaze; `saq-
115
misaTvis~ inovaciur mewarmoebaSi adamianis kom-
ponentebis xvedriTi wili TandaTan maRldeba, wina
planze iwevs urTierTobebi adamianTa Soris da sxv.
mewarmis socialur-fsiqologiuri profili,
romelic dafiqsirebulia empiriuli gamokvlevebis
SedegebSi, inovaciuri mewarmeobis arsebiT mxareebs
exeba.
mewarme _ vebsteris leqsikonSi warmodgenili
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, aris adamiani, romelic maqsima-
luri mogebis miRebisaTvis organizebas ukeTebs,
aregulirebs warmoebas, riskze midis biznesSi _ ara
mxolod ekonomikur, aramed socialur da fsiqo-
logiur sferoebSic.
Tanamedrove ekonomikur Teoriebs dasaSvebad
miaCniaT pirveli ori funqciis gadanawileba iseT
jgufebs Soris, rogorebicaa direqtorTa sabWoebi,
aqciebis mflobelebi, magram riskis unari damaxasia-
Tebelia mxolod mewarmisaTvis. igi dakavSirebulia
unarTan, pasuxismgebloba da kontroli aiRos Tavis
Tavze, umtkivneulod gamovides bazris gaurkveveli
situaciebidan da sxv.
avstrielma ekonomistma i. Sumpeterma jer kidev
1931 wels dawera, rom mewarme-inovatori, romelic
Camoyalibebul ekonomikur wonasworobas angrevs,
astimulirebs ganviTarebas. maRali teqnologiis
pirobebSi es uaRresad samarTliani qmedebaa. Sumpe-
teri riskis Tvisebas ufro metad im pirT miawerda,
romlebic TavianT kapitals abandeben saqmeSi. sakuT-
riv mewarme ki, romelic azrebis, qcevebis, moqmedebe-
bis Zvel nimuSebs amsxvrevs, Zalze xSirad adamianis
iseT SemoqmedebiT bunebas gamoavlens, romelic eko-
nomistTa mxedvelobis areSi ar Semodis. bihevioris-
tebi mewarmis figuris daxasiaTebisas amtkicebdnen,
rom igi arsebobs nebismier profesiaSi _ ganaTle-
baSi, medicinaSi, mecnierebaSi, samarTalmcodneobaSi,
arqiteqturaSi, sainJinro saqmianobaSi da a. S. mewar-
meTa saqmianobis amosavali arafriT ar daiyvaneba
mxolod fulze, jildoze, aramed misi arsebiTi
niSania Sinagani swrafva garkveuli saqmianobisaken,
riTac igi iRebs dakmayofilebas. aqedan, mewarmeobis,
116
rogorc saqmianobis (procesis), rolis gansazRvra
socialuri kavSirebis an socialuri struqturebis
(firmebis, sawarmoebis, kompaniebis) SeqmnaSi uaRresad
didia. maSasadame, mewarme, rogorc damaarsebeli
pirovneba _ aucilebeli ar aris iyos mesakuTre _
sruliad damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da
warmatebis miRebac aqvs garantirebuli. mewarmed
SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, vinc samewarmeo aqtiurobas
axorcielebs da demonstrirebas ukeTebs mewarmeobis
saqmianobas. magram, yuradsaRebia, rom mewarmis gamoc-
noba SesaZlebelia manam, sanam igi Seudgeba saqmiano-
bas. mewarmis fsiqologiuri Tvisebebi SeiZleba
viwinaswarmetyveloT Cveulebriv adamianSic. aseTma
adamianma SeiZleba Seiswavlos mewarmeobisaTvis auci-
lebeli Tvisebebi. es amocana udidesi socialuri
mniSvnelobisaa, gansakuTrebiT `mcire biznesTan~
dakavSirebiT.
praqtikaSi cnobilia `mewarme-rutiniori~, `me-
warme-inovatori~, `mewarme~ da ìnvestori~, romelTa
Sorisac gansxvaveba mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli. pir-
velni dauprogramebeli inovaciebis ganxorcielebas
awarmoeben, ukve arsebuli resursebis rekombinirebas
axdenen, meoreni ki principulad axal produqcias
qmnian. inovatori axali nivTebis Semqmnelia, xolo
mewarme _ saqmianobis axali saxeebis avtoria, rac
SesaZleblobas iZleva ufro xelsayrelad gaiyidos
axali produqcia. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos inovatori
emsaxureba mewarmes, igi zrunavs im ideebisa da siax-
leebis sabazro `gamoyenebaze~, romlebic inovatoris
mier aris SemoTavazebuli. mewarme da inovatori
mWidrod TanamSromloben organizacia-inkubatorSi,
sadac ìzrdebian~ da sadac xdeba Semowmeba teqniku-
ri inovaciebisa (mewarmes, romelic Tavs aridebs aseT
TanamSromlobas, `martoxela mgels~ uwodeben, rome-
lic saqmeSi warmatebebs mxolod SemTxveviT aRwevs).
stokholmis ekonomikuri skolis swavlulebma
inovaciuri procesis modeli SemogvTavazes, romel-
Siac asaxulia procesi ideis warmoSobidan bazarze
mis realizaciamde. eyrdnobian ra mocemul models,
isini Semdeg ganmartebas iZlevian: `mewarmeni arian
117
adamianebi, romlebic iyeneben sxva adamianebis ideebs,
rodesac xedaven maTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas~.
mewarmeTa mxardaWeris gareSe inovatorebs (gamom-
goneblebs) warmatebis araviTari Sansi ar gaaCniaT.
aris iSviaTi gamonaklisic, rodesac inovatorebi
TviTonve qmnian axal kompaniebs, iyeneben ra TavianT
mniSvnelovan gamogonebebs, rac maT didi mogebis
miRebis Sanss aZlevs, da xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmate-
bebsac aRweeven, gansakuTrebiT, umaRlesi teqnologi-
is arsebobis pirobebSi. am dros inovatori Tavis
TavSi iTavsebs mewarmis funqciebs. mewarmis figura
TandaTan uTmobs adgils menejeris figuras, rome-
lic marTavs stabilurad funqcionirebad kompanias.
magram fsiqologebis mtkicebiT, warmatebebisa da
riskis didi moTxovnileba, individis pirovnuli
wyobis Taviseburebani, aiZulebs mas xeli mohkidos
samewarmeo saqmianobas, e. i. gverdi auaros moZ-
velebuli ekonomikuri aqtiurobis moZvelebul
formebs.
mecnierebi, specialistebi didi xania swavloben
mewarmis figuras, ris drosac mTavari yuradReba
eTmoba iseT faqtorebs, rogorebicaa: warmatebis
miRwevis Zlieri moTxovnileba da midrekileba ris-
kisaken, romelTa dafarul zambarasac adamianis moti-
vacia da pirovnuli Tvisebebi warmoadgens.
motivaciebis kvlevis adreuli Teoriebi samewar-
meo saqmianobas adamianuri instinqtebis Tval-
sazrisiT aRwerdnen. uiliam jeimsi (1890) metoqeobisa
da pativmoyvareobisaken miswrafebas mewarmis ZiriTad
instinqtebad miiCnevda. saqmian mewarmeobaSi am ori
Tvisebis wyalobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli warmatebis
udidesi nawilis miRweva. mak-daugoli (1908) mewarmis
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad miiCnevda instinqtebis `kon-
struirebas~. aq instinqti gamodis, rogorc aqtiuri
moqmedebis emociuri impulsi.
garkveuli drois gavlis Semdeg samewarmeo saqmi-
anobis emociuri safuZvlis gasazomad fsiqologebma
gansxvavebuli testebis gamoyeneba daiwyes da im das-
kvnamde mividnen, rom mewarmes ara mxolod imis unari
Seswevs, rom Tavi aaridos damarcxebas, aramed arc ki
118
eSinodes misi da saqmiani aqtiurobis donis amaRle-
bis wyalobiT yovelTvis hqondes warmatebebis miR-
wevis imedi.
maS ase, instinqti gvevlineba sakvanZo cnebad,
romelic mewarmis fsiqologiur profils axasiaTebs.
arsebiTad gvevlineba ama Tu im sarisko saqmianobis
saxisadmi Sinagani midrekileba, moqmedebis garkveuli
wesebis gamoyenebis unari gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi,
Sesabamisi emociuri ganwyoba. erTi sityviT, saqmiani
adamiani mkafiod gamoirCeva, xolo cneba ìnstinqti~
imisaTvis iqna gamoyenebuli, rom aRweril iqna misi
gansxvavebuloba sxva fenebisgan, magaliTad, rantiebisa
da daqiravebuli momsaxureebisagan. mocemuli cneba
miuTiTebs mewarmis saqmian unarze, romelic mis
TvalnaTliv da cxadad dasanax Taviseburebas war-
moadgens.
a. masloum (1954) ufro Rrmad gaaanaliza mewar-
meobisaken midrekileba. man Camoayaliba moTxovnileba-
Ta ierarqia, romelic Semdegnairad iyo dalagebuli:
ierarqiis qveda safexuri fiziologiurma moTxovni-
lebebma daikava, Sua safexuri _ socialurma da,
bolos, ierarqiis safexurebs agvirgvineben Semoqme-
debis, aqtiurobis moTxovnilebebi. moTxovnilebaTa
romel ierarqiul safexurebs ganekuTneba mewarmeobi-
saken swrafva? Tavdapirvelad Tvlidnen, rom igi
orientirebulia ufro metad maRal doneebze. Semd-
gom mas mohyva sxva Sexedulebebic. a. maslou rezonu-
lad miuTiTebs, rom fiziologiuri, vitaluri
moTxovnilebebic, magaliTad _ SimSili, sicive da
sxva, SeiZleba gaxdnen samewarmeo aqtiurobis warmo-
Sobis mizezebi.
mTlianobaSi, adreuli Teoriebi srulyofilad
ver xsnidnen samewarmeo saqmianobis fsiqologiur
mxareebs, Tumca garkveul warmodgenas mainc gviqmnid-
nen mewarmis figuraze.
60-ian wlebSi ukve SeimCneva samewarmeo aqtiuro-
bis gazomvis mcdeloba, rasac xeli Seuwyo samecnie-
ro-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebma, gansakuTrebiT ki
kompiuterebis danergvam.
rigi mecnierebis azriT, mewarme iseTi adamiania,
romelic umaRles pasuxismgeblobas iRebs Tavis
119
Tavze. guldasmiTi gamokvlevebis safuZvelze d. mak-
lelandma warmatebis miRwevis motivis warmoSobis
sami piroba gamohyo: 1. individebi mzad unda iyvnen
mTeli pasuxismgebloba Tavis Tavze aiRon saqmis
saboloo dasrulebamde; 2. individs unda hqondes
sruli da naTeli warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ro-
gor damTavrdeba saqme _ warmatebiT Tu warumateb-
lad, 3. warmateba unda iyos SesamCnevi, xolo misi
Ziebis gza _ zomierad sarisko.
ekonomikaSi udides warmatebebs aRweven maSin,
rodesac naTelia da aSkarad Cans miRwevebisadmi
miswrafebis motivebis maRali done.
magram maklelandis koncefcia dazustebas saWiro-
ebda. igi srulyofilad ver asaxavda mewarmis
figuras. misTvis arsebiTi iyo mewarmis saxiT war-
moedgina adamiani, romelic operirebas ukeTebs samu-
Sao dros, kadrebsa da kapdabandebebs Sromis nayofi-
erebis amaRlebis mizniT, magram samewarmeo Zieba sxva
formebSic vlindeba. kerZod, inteleqtualuri pro-
duqciis (inovaciebis) SeqmnaSi.
Semdegi nabiji mewarmeobis motivaciuri sferos
SeswavlaSi 1964 w. gadaidga j. atkinsonis mier,
romelmac kvlevebis safuZvelze metad saintereso
faqti gamoavlina: studentebi, romlebic gamoirCeo-
dnen warmatebis miRwevis moTxovnilebis maRali
doniT, rogorc wesi, amayobdnen TavianTi warmatebe-
biT, xolo aseTi moTxovnilebis dabali donis arse-
bobis SemTxvevaSi individs kmayofilebis grZnoba
eufleboda maSin, Tu igi SeZlebda Tavidan aecile-
bina warumatebloba.
j. atkinsonis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, advili
amocanis gadawyvetis gamo miRebuli warumatebloba,
rac warmatebis miRwevis albaTobis maRal dones
varaudobs, gacilebiT ufro nakleb gulsatkeni da
misaRebia individisaTvis, vidre rTuli amocanis
gadawyvetis gamo gancdili damarcxebiT gamowveuli
gulistkena. aRniSnuli hipoTeza savsebiT eTanxmeba
jansaR azrs, romliTac, rogorc Cans, adamianebi
xelmZRvaneloben yoveldRiur saqmianobasa da moqme-
debaSi.
120
mewarme miiswrafvis miaRwios warmatebebs. mas
surs iamayos Tavisi gamarjvebebiT, es ki SesaZlebe-
lia urTulesi da seriozuli amocanis gadawyvetis
SemTxvevaSi, msubuqi warmatebebi ki ufasurdebian
saboloo SedegebiT.
ra aris saintereso atkinsonis formulaSi? igi,
upirveles yovlisa, `lodinis TamaSis~ urTules kvanZs
avlens. Tu amocanebi sakmaod rTulia, maSin maTi
gadawyveta SeuZlebelia garkveuli iRblianobis, bedis
Rimilis gareSe. mewarmis erTguli Tanamgzavria
SemTxveva, es ki imisi xvedria, visac ar aSinebs riski.
motivaciis Teoria mewarmes arCevis Tavisuf-
lebis farTo diapazons gadauSlis.
motivaciis sferoSi eqsperimentuli monacemebis
ganzogadebis Sedegad b. veinerma (1972) Semdegi daskvna
gaakeTa: 1. individebTan, romlebTanac mkveTradaa
gamoxatuli warmatebisaken miswrafeba, motivacia
Zlierdeba warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi; 2. im indivi-
debTan, romelTac warmatebebisaken miswrafebis daba-
li done gaaCniaT, warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi
motivacia iTrguneba; 3. warmatebis miRwevis SemTxve-
vaSi pirvelebSi motivacia qveiTdeba. 4. motivacia
Zlierdeba, Tu warmateba elodeba meoreebs.
Tu aseTi saxis abstraqtul formulebs CavrTavT
socialur konteqstSi, maSin SesaZlebeli iqneba
gamovlindes sarisko biznesTan damokidebulebis
tipiuri Tvisebebi ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi. xeli-
suflebas, d. maklelandisa da d. vinteris Tanaxmad,
unari Seswevs konkretuli RonisZiebebis daxmarebiT
zemoqmedeba moaxdinos biznesSi warmatebebis miRwevis
albaTobis gadidebaze.
mewarmis fenomenis kvlevaSi Tavisi wvlili Seita-
na atribuciis Teoriam (f. xeideri).
individi, romelic warmatebisken miiswrafvis da
damarcxebis ar eSinia, Tavis gamarjvebas ufro metad
Tavis Sinagan, kontrolis qveS myof faqtorebs
miawers, e. i. Tavis unarsa da Tavis Zalas, xolo
warumateblobas igi ukavSirebs isev Tavis Tavs _
Tavisi Sinagani rezervebis arasakmaris mobilizacias.
individi, damarcxebis hipertrofiuli SiSiT, Tavis
121
warumateblobas da Tavis ZalebSi daurwmuneblobas
raRac gareSe Zalebs ukavSirebs. es ki yovelgvar
survilsa da miswrafebas ukargavs kvlav aiRos re-
vanSi.
mewarme-inovatoris gamovlenis idealur saSuale-
bad SeiZleba CaiTvalos siaxlis Zieba, `saqme saqmi-
saTvis~. j. roteris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mewarme
`msaxiobsa~ da `menejers~ Soris imyofeba. problemis
sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom menejeri dRes
mravalmxriv codnas flobs, romelic yovelTvis ar
aris xelmisawvdomi mewarmisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT
mcire mewarmisaTvis. menejerebi aqtiurad euflebian
fsiqologiur meTodebs. supermenejer li iakokas
cnobiT, igi TviTon sainJinro da ekonomikuri dis-
ciplinebis garda, oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi lixeis
universitetSi umaRles doneze swavlobda fsiqolo-
gias, ekonomikur fsiqologiasa da paTofsiqologias.
universitetis disciplinebs Soris igi maT yvelaze
Rirebul disciplinebad Tvlida. swored maT mimar-
Tavda igi yvelaze xSirad maSin, rodesac mas saqmian
wreebTn uxdeboda Sexvedrebi. specialuri swavlis
safuZvelze igi mieCvia swrafad da utyuarad gamoecno
adamianTa xasiaTebi. dRemde _ ixsenebda li iakoka _
me SemiZlia Zalian bevri ram giTxraT adamianis Sesaxeb
masTan pirvelsave Sexvedrisa da saubris Semdeg.
mewarmisaTvis iseTive aucilebelia ekonomikuri
fsiqologiis codna, rogorc menejerisaTvis. cnobi-
lia, rom pirovnebis mTavar maxasiaTeblad misi
urTierTobebis sistema iTvleba, upirveles yovlisa,
urTierToba adamianebTan, romlebic yalibdeba soci-
alur-ekonomikur, cxovrebisiul pirobebSi. urTier-
Tobebis aucilebel komponentad, rogorc adamianis
saqmianobis specifikuri formisa, gvevlineba adami-
anebis mier erTmaneTis Secnoba erToblivi saqmia-
nobis procesSi. urTierToba moiTxovs adamianebSi
aucilebel, sxva adamianebTan warmatebiT urTier-
Tqmedebis specialuri fsiqologiuri codnis, una-
ris, Cvevebis ganviTarebas, romlebic mas sxva
adamianebis karg Semcnobad xdian.
adamianebTan urTierTobebis damyarebis unars
Semdegi momentebi axasiaTebs: jer erTi _ gaerkve
122
sxva adamianebSi da sworad Seafaso maTi fsiqologia;
meorec _ adekvaturad emociurad gamoexmauro maT
qmedebasa da mdgomareobas, da mesame _ SearCio Ti-
Toeuli maTganis mimarT urTierTobebis iseTi wesi,
romelic zneobrvi normebis moTxovnilebebs ar
ewinaaRmdegeba da maT individualur Taviseburebebs
pasuxobs.
adamianebTan urTierTobebis srulyofaSi did
rols TamaSobs deil karnegis saucxoo naSromebi:
«Êàê çàâîåâûâàòü äðóçåé è îêàçûâàòü âëèÿíèå íà ëþäåé!», «Êàê
âûðàáàòûâàòü óâåðåííîñòü â ñåáå è âëèÿòü íà ëþäåé, âûñòóïàÿ
ïóáëè÷íî», «Êàê ïåðåñòàòü áåñïîêîèòüñÿ è íà÷àòü æèòü».
rogorc harvardis universitetis profesori
uiliam jeimsi amtkicebs, adamiani Tavisi dafaruli
gonebrivi unarebidan saSualod mxolod aT procents
avlens. deil karnegi exmareba ra saqmiani wreebis
warmomadgenelT ganaviTaron TavianTi dafaruli
SesaZleblobani, udides Semoqmedad gvevlineba adamian-
Ta urTierTobebis Seswavlisa da marTvis sferoSi.
mewarmis fsiqologiuri unari da alRo mas
SesaZleblobas aZlevs umtkivneulod daamyaros kon-
taqti momxmareblebTan. misTvis, rogorc biznesmeni-
saTvis, uaRresad saWiroa imis codna, Tu konkretu-
lad vin yidulobs, sad yidulobs, rogor yidu-
lobs, rodis yidulobs da ratom yidulobs. mis-
Tvis cnobili unda iyos, Tu rogori damokidebule-
ba aqvs momxmarebels marketinguli saqmianobis sxva-
dasxva strategiisadmi.
konkurentebTan brZolaSi didi upiratesobiT
sargeblobs swored is mewarme, romelic SeZlebs
sworad gansazRvros momxmareblis reaqcia saqonlis
fasebze, mis reklamaze.
yuradsaRebia, rom momxmareblis mier gadawyveti-
lebis miRebaze iseTi faqtorebi axdenen zegavlenas,
romlebic kontrols ar eqvemdebarebian bazris moR-
vaweTa mxridan, magram romelTa gaTvaliswinebac
aucilebelia. esenia: kulturis, socialuri, pira-
duli da fsiqologiuri xasiaTis faqtorebi.
individis msyidvelobiT arCevanze did gavlenas
axdenen fsiqologiuri faqtorebi. rogorc cnobi-
lia, biogenuri bunebis saWiroebani, e. i. Sinagani
123
fiziologiuri daZabulobis amsaxveli mdgomareoba
_ SimSili, wyurvili, diskomforti, arsebiTad
adamianis vitaluri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-
lebisaken arian mimarTulni, xolo fsiqologiuri
saWiroebani warmoadgenen iseT Sinagan fsiqologiur
mdgomareobas, rogorebicaa aRiarebis, pativiscemis,
sulieri siaxlovis SegrZnebebis saWiroeba. adamians
yvelafris mimarT garkveuli damokidebuleba gaaCnia,
romelic masSi nebismieri obieqtis mimarT mowonebis
an armowonebis mzadyofnas iwvevs.
mewarmes didi ekonomikuri da fsiqologiuri
warmatebis miRweva SeuZlia iseTi damokidebulebis
kvlevis meSveobiT, romelic, garkveulwilad, misi
saqonlis gasaRebaze axdens zegavlenas.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mewarmis fsiqolo-
giur unarTa Soris sagangebo adgili ukavia momxma-
reblis qcevis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebis Secnobis
unars, rom individis arCevani kulturuli, soci-
aluri, piraduli da fsiqologiuri xasiaTis faq-
torTa urTierTmoqmedebis Sedegs warmoadgens.
mewarmis xasiaTis Tvisebebs Soris uaRresad
RirSesaniSnav da metad saWiro Tvisebebs moralur-
zneobrivi xasiaTis Tvisebebi warmoadgenen. morali
im wesebis, normebis erTobliobaa, romlebic gansaz-
Rvraven adamianTa urTierTdamokidebulebasa da
yofaqcevas ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi.
zneoba pirovnebis, adamianis ZiriTadi maxasiaTe-
beli da, amave dros, mTeli misi cnobierebis ar-
sebiTi Sinaarsia.
zneobrivi qcevisaTvis, upirveles yovlisa, auci-
lebelia, rom subieqtma icodes ras moiTxoven misgan,
ra unda gaakeTos, rogor unda imoqmedos. zneobrivi
motivi konkretul obieqtur qmedebaSi unda gamov-
lindes an ganxorcieldes, xolo konkretuli obieq-
turi qmedeba SeuZlebelia am qmedebis saxeobis cod-
nis gareSe.
biznesSi warmateba aris profesionalizmi plus
patiosneba.
124
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1. ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos ekonomikuri
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krizisebis umniSvnelovanes mizezad?
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2. sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis
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dros vin iTvleba ZiriTad, wamyvan
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figurad?
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3. ra aiZulebs adamianebs mcire biznesSi
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aqtiurobisaken?
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4. vin aris mewarme? ramdeni saxis mewarme
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aris cnobili? (daaxasiaTeT Ti-
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Toeuli maTgani).
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5. CamoayalibeT `motivaciebis kvlevis~
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da àtribuciis~ Teoriebi.
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6. rogori kvlevis Sedegebi miiRes
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j. atkinsonma da b. veinerma amocanis
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gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT?
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7. ra sistemiT daalaga a. masloum
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moTxovnilebaTa ierarqia?
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8. mewarmis xasiaTis TvisebaTa Soris
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romeli iTvleba uaRresad
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RirsSesaniSnav Tvisebad?
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125
leqcia IX
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leqcia
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saqmiani saubrisa da
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molaparakebebisaTvis
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momzadeba
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gegma:
1. Sexvedris miznebi da momzadebis etapebi;
2. Sinaarsobrivi da organizaciuli mom momzaza
za--
deba
deba;;
stadiebi;;
3. molaparakebis procesis stadiebi
4. delegacii
delegaciiss momzadeba
momzadeba.. programis Sedgena;
5. molaparakebis droisa da adgilis SeTan SeTan--
xmeba
xmeba;;
6. saqmiani saubari da misi warmarTvis 10 wesi wesi;;
7. Tana mosaubris darwmunebis 13 wesi
Tanamosaubris wesi..
Sexvedrebis miznebi da momzadebis etapebi

ucxo saxelmwifoTa da firmaTa warmomadgenlebis
sagareo vizitis mizani SeiZleba iyos:
_ kontaqtebis damyarebis SesaZleblobebis gar-
kveva;
_ molaparakebebis Catareba;
_ xelSekrulebebis (SeTanxmebebis) xelmowera;
_ seminarebis, gamofenebis, bazrobebisa da sxvaTa
organizeba.
rogorc wesi, saubrebi da molaparakebebi winas-
war igegmeba. maTi momzadebis dros ukiduresi (Zal-
ze kategoriuli) moTxovnebi unda gamoiricxos.
mizanSeuwonelia winaswari moumzadeblobac da am
procesSi mxolod improvizaciaze dayrdnoba. aseT
situaciaSi iniciativa partniorze gadava da mas
Tqvenze arakompetenturobis STabeWdileba Seeqmneba.
amitom sasurvelia momavali saubrisa da molapara-
kebis Taobaze mxolod ZiriTadi, sakvanZo momentebis
126
gansazRvra da SesaZleblobis farglebSi momzadeba.
saubris ZiriTadi mizania informaciaTa gacvla.
amitom gansaxilvel Temaze mxareebi winaswar Tanxmde-
bian. saubris momzadebis procesSi aucilebelia:
_ sasaubro Tematikis SeTanxmeba;
_ saubris procesSi saWiro dokumentebis
momzadeba.
_ partniorTan gasarkvevi sakiTxebis moniSvna da sxv.
molaparakebis momzadeba
momzadeba. igi ramdenime etaps
moicavs:
_ urTiersaintereso sferoebis gamovlena;
_ partniorTan normaluri samuSao atmosferos
damyareba;
_ organizaciuli sakiTxebis gadawyveta (Sexvedris
dRis wesrigis, adgilisa da drois gansazRvra);
_ urTierTxelsayreli poziciis mofiqreba da
gansaxilvel sakiTxze gadawyvetilebaTa mravali
variantis formulireba.
mosamzadebeli samuSao or ZiriTad mimarTulebad
iyofa:
_ molaparakebis Sinaarsobrivi nawilis
formireba;
_ organizaciuli sakiTxebis gadawyveta.
amerikeli mecnieris j. sperberis azriT, molapa-
rakebis procesis mimdinareobaze garkveul gavlenas
garemomcveli atmosferos ferTa gamac axdens. mag.
ofisis TeTri feri molaparakebis monawileTa gaRi-
zianebas iwvevs, amitom saWiroa mas odnav Calisferi
gadakravdes, kedlebis lurji feri maspinZelTa upi-
ratesobis garemos qmnis da stumrebs Tavisuflad
yofnis saSualebas ar aZlevs. Calisferi da Ria yavis-
feri ufro neitraluri ferebia, xolo muqi yavisfe-
ri da nacrisferi depresias iwvevs; wiTel fers
adamianis aRgznebis tendencia aqvs da muqaris gamom-
xatvelad aRiqmeba da sxv.
ferTa gamaze upiratesobis miniWeba, garkveulad,
adamianTa kulturul tradiciebzea damokidebuli.
mag. iaponelebi upiratesobas aniWeben pastelis, xolo
Cinelebi _ mkveTr ferebs da a. S.
127
molaparakebis Sedegi mraval garemoebaze da, maT
Soris, monawileTa pirad Tvisebebze (qcevis
kulturaze, urTierTsimpaTiaze da a. S.), misi Catare-
bis organizaciasa da sxva faqtorebzea
damokidebuli.
molaparakebis dawyebamde sasurvelia potenciuri
partnioris Sesaxeb maqsimalurad SesaZlebeli infor-
maciis miReba, romelic diplomatiur urTierTobeb-
Si `sasaubros~ saxiT, xolo saqmiani Sexvedrebisas _
`marketingul gamokvlevad~ aris cnobili. am mizniT
dasavleTis mowinave kompaniebi Tanxebsa da Zalisx-
mevas ar iSureben. moZiebuli informacia sasurvelia
Seicavdes partniorTa piradi interesebis sferosac,
kerZod, maTi kompetenciis dones, gemovnebas, gatace-
bas, politikur da religiur mrwamss da sxv. kompani-
is Sesaxeb informaciis miRebis wyarod gamoiyeneba
sacnobaro xasiaTis masalebi, presis publikaciebi,
savaWro palatis informaciebi, sxva firmebTan
partniori kompaniis urTierTobebis amsaxveli masa-
lebi, saxelmwifo sagareo-savaWro struqturebis
monacemebi da sxv.
saqmiani molaparakebebis dawyebamde aucilebelia
xelT gqondeT iseTi sacnobaro informacia,
rogoricaa:
_ savaluto kursis uaxlesi done;
_ sabaJo da satransporto tarifebi, safraxto
ganakveTebi;
_ partnioris qveyanaSi moqmedi zoma-wonis sazomi
erTeulebi.
aseve sasurvelia gaecnoT gaeros konvenciis (venis
konvencia, 1990) _ `saqonlis saerTaSoriso yidva-
gayidvis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb~ _ ZiriTad prin-
cipebs. igi umTavresad gulisxmobs:
_ Tqveni firmisa da garigebis sagnis (saqonlis,
momsaxurebis) Sesaxeb partniorisaTvis
srulyofili da sarwmuno informaciis gadacemas;
_ garigebis sagnis Tavisufal miwodebas;
_ saqmiani eTikis dacvas;
_ saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis Sesrulebas da sxv.
molaparakebis dawyebamde mizanSewonilia ucxoe-
128
Tis delegacias dokumenturad (da ara sityvierad)
gaacnoT sakuTari firmis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalebi.
saxeldobr, wesdeba, misi registracia, sakuTrebis
forma, audituri daskvna, delegaciis xelmZRvanelis
rwmuneba xelSekrulebis xelmoweris uflebis Sesaxeb
da sxv. es saSualebas mogcemT analogiuri dokumente-
bi mosTxovoT partniors, rac momavalSi mraval
gaugebrobas agacilebT.
ZiriTadi sakiTxiT molaparakebis dawyeba sasur-
veli ar aris. upirvelesad aucilebelia keTilsasur-
veli, Zaldautaneli atmosferos Seqmna. amitom reko-
mendebulia, miT ufro Tu partniorTan pirveli
Sexvedraa, gansaxilveli sagnis (saqonlis) sabazro
situaciis Sesaxeb informaciebis gacvla, molapara-
kebis programis gacnoba, partniorTa survilebisa da
STabeWdilebebis mosmena da sxv. Tu partniorebi
erTmaneTs pirvelad ar xvdebian, mizanSewonilia
bolo Sexvedris Semdeg firmaSi momxdari cvlile-
bebis zogadi ganxilva, agreTve saubari mimdinare
politikuri, sportuli da kulturuli cxovrebis
Sesaxebac.
molaparakebis sagnis ganxilva sasurvelia partni-
oris dainteresebis xarisxis garkveviT daiwyos. igi
molaparakebis taqtikis SesarCevad gamoiyeneba. yoveli
molaparakeba monawileTa rTuli fsiqologiuri
urTierTobebiT yalibdeba. amitom molaparakeba ise
unda warmarToT, rom partniorma Tqveni survilebi
gaigos.
Sinaarsobrivi da organizaciuli momzadeba
molaparakebis Sinaarsobrivi momzadeba Semdegi
sakvanZo sakiTxebis gadawyvetas moiTxovs:
_ problemis analizi da situaciis gansazRvra;
_ saerTo mdgomareobis, ZiriTadi miznebisa da
amocanebis formireba;
_ molaparakebis dros partniorisaTvis misaRebi
poziciis SerCeva, problemis gadawyvetis SesaZlo
variantebis gansazRvra da interesebis SeTanxmeba;
_ winadadebis formireba da misi argumentacia;
am sakiTxTa Soris umTavresia problemis analizi
da situaciis gansazRvra, aseve metad mniSvnelovania
129
ara marto sakuTari, aramed partnioris interesebis
gaTvaliswineba.
molaparakebis organizaciuli momzadeba gulisx-
mobs:
_ delegaciis formirebas;
_ molaparakebaze qcevis strategiuli meTodebis
SerCevas.
delegaciis raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
Semadgenlobis gansazRvraze gavlenas mravali faqto-
ri axdens. saxeldobr, gansaxilveli sakiTxebis mra-
valgvaroba, eqspertTa monawileobis aucilebloba,
partniorTa warmomadgenloba, finansuri SesaZleblo-
ba da sxv. is mxare, romelsac delegaciaSi meti war-
momadgeneli hyavs, garkveul informaciul upira-
tesobas iRebs, rac xSirad partnioris samarTlian
ukmayofilebas iwvevs. amitom, sasurvelia molaparake
mxareebi monawileTa Tanabari odenobiT dakom
mxareebi dakom--
pleqtdes. zogjer molaparakebas erTi-erTze awar-
moeben (amerikuli midgoma), rac subieqtur faqtors
ar gamoricxavs. mizanSewonilia delegaciis ricxov-
noba 4-5 wevrs ar aRematebodes. amasTan, delegaciis
formirebisas aucilebelia misi yoveli wevris mTava-
ri funqcia ganisazRvros.
fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs Sexvedris
adgilis SerCevas (sakuTar qveyanaSi Tu stumrad),
adgilis
radgan maspinZeli mxare Semdeg upiratesobas iRebs:
_ srulad akontrolebs situacias da
molaparakebis msvlelobaze zemoqmedebis mraval
saSualebas flobs (mag. molaparakebis oTaxis
SerCeva, kulturuli programis miznobrivad
Sedgena da sxv.);
_ Tavs ufro damajereblad da damoukideblad
grZnobs;
_ molaparakeba ZiriTadad erovnuli pro-
tokolisa da etiketis TaviseburebaTa gaTvalis-
winebiT mimdinareobs. amasTan, rac ufro metia
mxareebs Soris am TaviseburebaTa gansxvaveba, es
faqtori miT ufro mniSvnelovania.
erovnul qveyanaSi molaparakebis Catarebas upi-
ratesobaTa garda mTeli rigi garTulebebic aqvs:
130
_ maspinZel mxares informaciis uqonlobis
motiviT gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis gadadeba
naklebad SeuZlia;
_ stumar-maspinZlobis eTikidan gamomdinare,
maspinZeli mxare garkveul daTmobaze unda
wavides.
_ Sexvedris organizaciulma mxarem ZiriTad
sakiTxze maspinZelTa yuradReba SeiZleba moadu-
nos da a. S.
molaparakeba SesaZloa neitralur adgilzec
Catardes. diplomatiur praqtikaSi igi sakmaod gav-
rcelebuli formaa, miT umetes, Tu mxareebs Soris
konfliqturi situacia arsebobs.
saqmiani urTierTobis drosac SeiZleba neitra-
luri adgilis gamoyeneba. aseTi arCevani SesaZloa
ara marto konfliqturi situaciis, aramed romelime
qveyanaSi mxareebis erTdroulad CasvliTac iyos
ganpirobebuli.
molaparakebis momzadebis procesSi xSirad tar-
deba TaTbirebi, sadac detalurad ganisazRvreba
monawileTa raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi Semadgen-
loba, dgindeba molaparakebis amocana, mizani da
Catarebis taqtika. am mizniT SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnes saqmiani an imitaciuri TamaSebi da kom-
piuteruli teqnika.
ucxoeTis delegaciis miRebis organizaciuli
mxare amasTanave gulisxmobs: mosawvevebis dagzavnas,
stumarTa daxvedras, sastumroSi dabinavebis, miRebis
saxis gansazRvras, menius SerCevas, oficialuri sit-
yvis momzadebas, stumrebisaTvis suvenirebis SerCeva-
SeZenas, kulturuli programis SemuSavebas, stumrebis
gacilebis organizacias, yvela am saqmisaTvis xarj-
TaRricxvis gaangariSebas, saTanado Tanxebis gamo-
yofas da sxv.
TiToeuli zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta
garkveuli garemoebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebas moiTxovs.
mag. miRebis drois SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
is saxelmwifo da religiuri dResaswaulis,
dasvenebisa da erovnuli glovis dReebSi ar Sedges.
131
molaparakebis procesis stadiebi
molaparakebis Catarebis mizania partniorebma
erToblivad ganixilon problemebi da urTierTxel-
sayreli gadawyvetilebebi miiRon. am procesSi arse-
bobs mTeli rigi sakiTxebi, romlebic mniSvnelovnad
ganapirobeben molaparakebis sasurveli SedegebiT
Catarebas.
molaparakebis procesi ZiriTadad sami
stadiisagan Sedgeba:
_ molaparakebis momzadeba;
_ molaparakebis Catarebis procesi;
_ molaparakebis Sedegebis analizi da miRweuli
SeTanxmebebis Sesruleba.
diplomatiuri protokolis moTxovnebi ZiriTa-
dad pirvel etapze anu molaparakebis momzadebis
procesSi warmoiSoba, roca delegaciis formireba,
molaparakebis droisa da adgilis SerCeva da sxva
sakiTxebis momzadeba xdeba.
delegaciis formireba
delegaciis formireba misi raodenobrivi da
profesionaluri Semadgenlobis gansazRvras, aseve
delegaciis meTauris daniSvnas gulisxmobs. ormxrivi
molaparakebis dros, rogorc wesi, monawileTa ric-
xobrivi Tanasworobis princips iTvaliswineben.
mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT, molaparakebis
Catarebis sasaubro ena winaswar ganisazRvreba, is
SeiZleba iyos, rogorc erT-erTi mxaris, ise neit-
raluri _ mesame qveynis.
programis Sedgena
ucxoeTis delegaciis Camosvlamde mimRebi mxare
or programas adgens:
_ saerTo programas stumrebisaTvis;
_ detalur programas maspinZlisaTvis.
saerTo programaSi Sedis:
_ delegaciis daxvedra;
_ programis saqmiani nawili (molaparakebebi,
Sexvedrebi, saubrebi);
_ ucxoelTa gamaspinZleba (sauzme, sadili, vaxSami
da a. S.);
_ kulturuli RonisZiebebi;
132
_ delegaciis gacileba.
detalur programaSi aucilebelia aisaxos
ucxoeTis delegaciis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli
yvela organizaciuli sakiTxi, raTa gamoiricxos
mosalodneli gaugebrobebi da xarvezebi, mag.
delegaciis daxvedra maspinZlebisagan moiTxovs iseTi
sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebas, rogoricaa:
_ damxvedrTa personaluri Semadgenlobis
gansazRvra;
_ masmediis warmomadgenelTa monawileoba
(aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi);
_ stumar qalTaTvis yvavilebis mirTmeva;
_ misasalmebeli sityvis momzadeba;
_ stumrebis transportireba, sastumroSi
dabinaveba da a. S.
am programis yoveli punqti detalur damu-
Savebasa da TiToeul maTganze pasuxismgebeli Sem-
sruleblis aucilebel gansazRvras moiTxovs.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu delegaciis meTauri meuRli-
TurT Camodis, maspinZlebma specialuri programa
unda Seadginon an saerTo programaSi stumris meuR-
lisa da misi gamcilebeli pirebisaTvis calke Ronis-
Ziebebi gaiTvaliswinon.
vizitis saqmiani xasiaTis miuxedavad, programaSi
gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes araoficialuri,
araformaluri Sexvedrebic. maT, rogorc wesi, pirve-
lad maspinZeli mxare atarebs. analogiuri RonisZi-
ebis mosawyobad saerTo programaSi ucxoelebisaTvis
erTi Tavisufali saRamo unda daigegmos.
yoveli dRis programaSi sasurvelia, me-2 sauz-
misa da piradi saqmeebis mosagvareblad, Tavisufali
dro ganisazRvros.
moklevadiani vizitiT (2-3 dRiT) ucxouri dele-
gaciis miReba mizanSewonilia kviris samuSao dReebSi
SeirCes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, dasvenebis dReebSi
datvirTva programaSi unda aisaxos.
amasTan erTad, programis Sedgenisas maspinZeli
mxaris yuradReba gadatanili unda iqnes delegaciis
vizitis ZiriTad mizanze (saubrebze, molaparakebebze
da a. S.). yvelaze mTavaria problemis oficialuri da
133
araoficialuri RonisZiebebis dabalanseba. erTi
mxriv, igi unda akmayofilebdes delegaciis wevrebis
profesiul interesebs, xolo, meore mxriv, zogad-
saganmanaTleblo xasiaTs atarebdes.
molaparakebis droisa da adgilis SeTanxmeba
molaparakebis Catarebis dro da adgili monawi-
leTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT SeirCeva, amasTan, erT-
erTma mxarem meores Tavs ar unda moaxvios Tavisi
winadadeba. molaparakebisaTvis drois Secvlis
SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia yvela monawilisaTvis
winaswar Setyobineba.
Sexvedris adgili SeiZleba iyos erT-erTi mona-
wilis samsaxureobrivi Senoba an neitraluri teri-
toria.
mxareebi winaswar unda SeTanxmdnen Sexvedris
saganzec, rom molaparakebis monawileebi moemzadon,
moagrovon da Seiswavlon saWiro dokumentebi.
Sexvedrebi, gansakuTrebiT oficialuri war-
momadgenlobisa, sasurvelia specialurad momzade-
bul SenobaSi Catardes.
molaparakebis magidaze ar unda iyos araviTari
zedmeti nivTi, dokumenti. aucilebelia bloknotebi,
fanqrebi, mineraluri wyali da bokalebi. es ukanas-
kneli TefSze an sadgamze Tavdayira idgmeba, riTac
maTi gamouyenebloba miiniSneba, magidaze SeiZleba
iyos yvavilebi dabal larnakebSi.
saqmiani saubari da misi warmarTvis 10 wesi
saqmiani saubari ramdenime etaps moicavs: proble-
mis gacnobasa da mis gadmocemas, gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze moqmedi faqtorebis dazustebas; gadawyve-
tilebis SerCevas, gadawyvetilebis miRebasa da mosa-
ubremde mis dayvanas.
saqmiani saubari warmatebiT warimarTeba, roca
mxareebi iCenen kompetenturobas, taqtianobas, keTil-
mosurneobas, problemis operatiulad da urTierT-
misaRebad gadawyvetis mcdelobas.
saqmiani saubris monawileebi SeiZleba iyvnen
sxvadasxva asakis, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa da
fsiqikis adamianebi. saubris dasawyisSi sasurvelia
134
Sefasdes mosaubris fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba,
Camoyalibdes naTeli warmodgena problemis Ziri-
Tadi arsis Sesaxeb, SeirCes saubris forma da toni.
unda SegeZloT micemul SekiTxvaze mosaubris
pasuxis mosmena. kiTxvebi saubris Sinaarsisa da
mimarTulebis ganmsazRvrelia. Tu aucilebelia ufro
dawvrilebiT gaigoT problemis arsi, misi detalebi,
mizanSewonilia Ria tipis aseTi SekiTxvebis micema:
ra? sad? rodis? vin? ratom? am kiTxvebze
SeuZlebelia erTmniSvnelovani pasuxis (`diax~, ara~)
gacema.
Tu mosaubre enawylianobiT gamoirCeva da mTavar
Temas gverds uvlis, kiTxvebi SeiZleba iyos daxuru-
li tipis: SesaZlebelia ki? iyo ki? gnebavT ki? da
sxv. aseTi kiTxvebi erTmniSvnelovan pasuxs moiTxovs.
praqtikidan cnobilia, rom rac ufro grZelia kiT-
xva, miT ufro moklea pasuxi da, piriqiT.
saubris toni unda iyos mSvidi, neitraluri. ar
SeiZleba uariT an problemis gadawyvetis SeuZleb-
lobiT saubris dawyeba. Cveulebriv, es iwvevs uku-
reaqcias da konfliqtur situacias warmoSobs.
Tanamosaubre unda darwmundes, rom meore mxarem
SesaZlebelia yvelaferi gaakeTa, magram mocemul
SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi dadebiTad mainc ver gadawyvita.
partniors saubari ar unda SeawyvetinoT, am
dros sxva problemiT ar unda dasaqmdeT. telefoniT
saubari mxolod im SemTxvevaSia sasurveli, roca
mcireodeni pauza mosaubres daamSvidebs da azrs
moakrebinebs.
unda gaxsovdeT, rom kamaTi aZlierebs sirTu-
leebs, Tumca Sesaferis situaciaSi Tanamosaubres
unda agrZnobinoT, rom is usamarTlod da
arakoreqtulad moiqca.
arasasurvelia gamoviyenoT Zalze mSrali for-
mulirebebi, maRalfardovani frazebi, monagoni,
yurmokruli ambebi, saidumlo monacemebi.
argumentacia unda iyos ara marto arsebiTad
marTali, aramed SeZlebisdagvarad zusti, ar unda
miviRoT iseTi saxe, TiTqos Tqven iciT meti, vidre
SegiZliaT TqvaT. ubraloeba saqmian saubarSi war-
matebis sawindaria.
135
Tanamosaubris mier azris gadmocemisas yurad-
RebiT unda iyoT, rom Semdeg ar mogiwioT naTqvamis
gameorebiT dazusteba. SeiZleba mxolod saubris
procesSi wamaxalisebeli SeniSvnebis micema, saxel-
dobr, `mesmis. es sainteresoa~ da a. S.
saxe, poza, Jestebi da xmis toni unda gamoxatav-
des Tavazianobas _ Sexvedrisas, interess _ mosmeni-
sas, yuradRebas _ azrTa gacvlisas, TanagrZnobasa da
taqts _ kritikisa da SeniSvnebis micemisas.
saqmiani saubris efeqturad warmarTvis dros
mizanSewonilia Semdegi wesebis gaTvaliswineba:
pirveli: konkretuli miznis Camoyalibeba;
meore: saubris gegmis Sedgena;
mesame: saubris drois, adgilisa da xangrZlivobis
gansazRvra;
meoTxe: saubrisTvis misaRebi adgilis SerCeva;
mexuTe: saubris amocanis dadgena;
_ yuradRebis gamaxvileba;
_ urTierTndobis atmosferos miRweva;
meeqvse: miznis misaRwevad taqtikis SerCeva;
meSvide: umetesad partniorisaTvis saubris
saSualebis micema;
merve: saubris warmarTvis miRebuli etiketis
SenarCuneba;
mecxre: miRebuli informaciis dafiqsireba;
meaTe: dasaxuli miznis miRwevisas saubris Sewyveta.
Tanamosaubris darwmunebis 13 wesi
wesi pirveli (homerosis wesi): moyvanili
argumentebis rigiToba gavlenas axdens mosaubris
damajereblobaze. ufro efeqturia argumentebis
aseTi rigi: Zlieri, saSualo, erTi yvelaze Zlieri.
am wesidan Cans, rom susti argumentebis
gamoyeneba sasurveli ar aris. maT zianis motana
ufro SeuZliaT, vidre sargeblobis.
wesi meore (sokrates wesi): TqvenTvis mniSvne-
lovan sakiTxze dadebiTi gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
mosaubres iseTi kiTxva mieciT, romelzec gagcemT
dadebiT pasuxs. amis Semdeg dasviT mTavari kiTxva.
2400 welia, rac es wesi arsebobs. is imitom
cocxlobs, rom sworia. dadgenilia, rom rodesac
136
adamiani laparakobs an ismens sityvas àra~, mis
sisxlSi adrenalinis hormonebi gamoiyofa da igi
sabrZolvelad ganewyoba. sityva `diax~ `siamovnebis
hormonebis~ (endorfinebis) gamoyofas iwvevs _ ori
ùlufa~ amgvari hormonebis miRebis Semdeg
Tanamosaubre dundeba, keTilad ganewyoba da misTvis
Tanxmobis Tqma fsiqologiurad ufro advili xdeba.
wesi mesame (paskalis wesi): nu miimwyvdevT Tana-
mosaubres kuTxeSi. mieciT saSualeba `SeinarCunos
sakuTari saxe~.
zogjer Tanamosaubres surs dagexmaroT, magram
amis saSualebas sakuTari Rirseba ar aZlevs. amitom
miawodeT gadawyvetilebis iseTi varianti, romelic
mas rTuli mdgomareobidan gamosvlis saSualebas
miscems.
wesi meoTxe: argumentebis damarwmunebloba
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli damarwmuneblis imijsa
da statusze.
erTia, roca damarwmunebuli avtoritetuli
piria, xolo sul sxvaa, roca igive rolSi rigiTi
moqalaqe, Cveulebrivi pirovneba gamodis.
wesi mexuTe: nu miimwyvdevT sakuTar Tavs
kuTxeSi, nu daamcirebT Tqvens statuss.
saubarSi xSiri bodiSis moxdiT sakuTar Tavs
imcirebT.
wesi meeqvse: nu daamcirebT Tanamosaubris
statuss.
Tanamosaubris mimarT nebismieri upativcemloba
mis statuss amcirebs da, rogorc wesi, misi mxridan
uaryofiT reaqcias iwvevs.
wesi meSvide: Tanamosaubris mier wamoyenebul,
CvenTvis sasiamovno argumentebs Semwynareblurad
vudgebiT, xolo arasasiamovnos _ aTvalwunebiT.
amitom saWiroa Tanamosaubres Tqvens Sesaxeb
Camouyalibdes sasiamovno warmodgena. kerZod,
yuradRebiani mosmeniT, kargi metyvelebiT, daxvewili
manerebiT, garegnuli saxiT da sxv.
wesi merve: Tu gsurT Tanamosaubris darwmuneba,
daiwyeT iseTi momentebiT, romlebSic Tqveni
oponentis azrs iziarebT.
137
es wesic Tanamosaubris keTilganwyobis mizniTaa
miRebuli. Tu aseTi argumentebi ar moiZiebneba (rac
iSviaTia), madloba gadauxadeT mas imisaTvis, rom
Tavisi pozicia mkafiod da naTlad Camoayaliba, rom
TqvenTvis metad saintereso iyo am problemis mimarT
misi poziciis gacnoba da a. S. Semdeg ki gadmoeciT
Tqveni argumentebi.
wesi mecxre: gamoiCineT empaTia.
empaTia aris sxva adamianis emociuri
mdgomareobis gaTvaliswineba.
wesi meaTe: iyaviT kargi msmeneli.
amiT Tanamosaubris yuradRebas daimsaxurebT da
mas Tqvens mimarT keTilad ganawyobT.
wesi meTerTmete: SeamowmeT, sworad gaigeT
Tanamosaubris azri?
xSirad ama Tu im sityvas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba
aqvs, amitom aucilebelia Tanamosaubris azris
dazusteba.
wesi meTormete: moerideT konfliqtogenebs.
konfliqtogenebs miekuTvnebian iseTi sityvebi,
qmedebebi an zogjer umoqmedoba, romlebic
konfliqts iwveven.
wesi mecamete: yuradReba miaqcieT Tqveni da
Tanamosaubris Jestebsa da pozas.
metyvelebisa da mimikisgan gansxvavebiT, Cven ver
vakontrolebT sakuTar Jestikulaciasa da miRebul
pozas, amitom saWiroa maTze yuradRebis gamaxvileba.
138
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1. ra miznebs isaxavs saqmiani saubrisa da
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molaparakebebis momzadeba?
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2. ramden etaps moicavs molaparakebis
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momzadeba? (CamoayalibeT da ganmarteT
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TiToeuli maTgani).
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3. molaparakebis dawyebamde ra unda
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vicodeT partnioris Sesaxeb?
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4. romeli sakvanZo sakiTxebis gadawyvetas
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moiTxovs molaparakebis Sinaarsobrivi
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momzadeba?
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5. ra fsiqologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs
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Sexvedris adgilis SerCevas?
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6. romelia molaparakebis procesis
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stadiebi?
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7. ramdeni programa dgeba partniorebis
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Camosvlamde? (daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli
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maTgani).
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8. saqmiani saubris warmarTvis ramdeni wesi
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aris cnobili? (CamoayalibeT da
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9. Tanamosaubris darwmunebis ramdeni wesia
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cnobili? (CamoayalibeT TiToeuli
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maTgani).
literatura:
1. leqcia momzadebulia g. jolias wignidan
diplomatiuri da saqmiani etiketi. Tb., 1999.
2. ×åñòàðà Äæîí. Äåëîâîé ýòèêåò. Ì., 1997.
139
leqcia X
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leqcia
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saqmiani urTierTobebis
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teqnologia. saqmiani
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saubris warmarTvis
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fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi.
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gegma:
1. saubris warmarTvis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebi;;
aspeqtebi
2. molaparakebaze gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva
taqtika
taqtika;;
strategia;;
3. eqsportioris strategia
4. importioris strategia
strategia;;
5. SeniRbuli qceva
qceva;;
6. urTierTobis sxvadasxva pirobebi
pirobebi;;
7. konfliqturi situacia da Suamavali
Suamavali..
urTierTobebis dawyebamde aucilebelia Tqveni

mzadyofna Tanamosaubrisadmi RimiliT, Setrialebu-
li sxeuliTa da TaviT gamoxatoT. qcevis modelis
amorCevamde aucileblad unda daakvirdeT Tanamo-
saubres: mis saxes, xelebsa da moZraobebs. Tqven Tavs
dausviT aseTi kiTxvebi: ras warmoadgens Tanamosau-
bre? ra mdgomareobaSi imyofeba igi? romeli mxare
(racionaluri Tu emociuri) ufro metad aris masSi
warmodgenili? rogoria misi cxovrebiseuli gamoc-
dileba da sulieri Rirebulebebi? rogor mivida
igi im poziciamde, romelsac warmoaCens? aseve sasur-
velia icodeT Tqveni Tanamosaubris saxeli, gvari,
mamis saxeli da Tanamdeboba.
saubris dawyebamde fsiqologebi gvirCeven davic-
vaT Semdegi principebi:
racionaluroba. aucilebelia gamoiCinoT TavSeka-
veba im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca Tanamosaubre uaryofiT
emociebs amJRavnebs. amgvari emociebi dadebiTi
gadawyvetilebis miRebas aferxebs.
140
urTierTgageba. SeecadeT gaugoT Tanamosaubres.
misi Sexedulebebis mimarT uyuradRebobis gamoxatva
urTierTxelsayreli gadawyvetilebis miRebas
zRudavs;
urTierToba. saubris gaadvilebis mizniT im
SemTxvevaSic ki, roca Tanamosaubre ar gismenT, Seeca-
deT misi yuradRebis mipyrobas;
damrigebluri tonis uaryofa. nu ecdebiT Wkua
daarigoT partniors. iyaviT gaxsnili misi argumen-
tebis mimarT da SeecadeT mis darwmunebas;
ueWveloba. nu moiSveliebT mcdar informacias
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu am informacias Tqveni Tanamo-
saubre gawodebT. aseTi qceva asustebs argumentis
Zalas da arTulebs momaval urTierTobas;
interesebis da ara poziciebis prioriteti. saub-
ris mizania ara gamoTqmuli poziciebis dacva (gata-
na), aramed realuri interesebis dakmayofileba. Tana-
mosaubris mier miRebul poziciaSi misi survili
xSirad farulia, rac saubris miznis miRwevas xels
uSlis da sxva.
saubris msvlelobisas gaiTvaliswineT:
_ TiToeul mxares aqvs orgvari interesi: sakuTa-
ri damokidebuleba saqmis arsisa da partnioris
Sesaxeb;
_ yuradRebiT mousmineT da gamoavlineT, rom
usmenT da gaigeT partnioris naTqvami (mag. `swo-
rad gavige Tu ara, rodesac Tqven brZaneT...~),
gamoTqviT sakuTari azri, gamoxateT gageba
imisa, rasac gulisxmobda Tqveni partniori (mag.
`Tqveni azri me gavige Semdegnairad...~);
_ isaubreT sakuTar Tavze da ara partniorze.
ukeTesia TqvaT: `me motyuebulad vgrZnob Tavs~,
vidre _ `Tqven daarRvieT Tqveni sityva,
piroba~;
_ isaubreT interesebze. Tanamosaubrem SeiZleba
arc ki icodes, rogoria Tqveni interesebi, Tqven
ki ver mixvdeT mis interesebs;
_ iyureT win da ara ukan. isaubreT imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra gsurT momavalSi da ara, ras flobdiT
warsulSi da sxv;
141
saubris procesSi ecadeT ar dauSvaT aseTi
Sec
Secdodo mebi:
domebi:
_ winaswari msjeloba. araferia ufro Semafer-
xebeli, vidre kritikuli ganwyoba, romlis
drosac mzad xarT moeWidoT nebismieri ideis
raime nakls;
_ darwmunebuloba partniorisTvis kompromisze
wasvlis SeuZleblobaSi;
_ azri imis Sesaxeb, rom Tanamosaubris sirTule-
ebi misi problemaa;
_ mobodiSebiT saubris dawyeba, mag. `me ara var
oratori~, ‚`me ara var specialisti~ da a. S.;
_ saubari ise unda warvmarToT, rom Tanamosaub-
rem is azri gamoTqvas, romlis mosmenac Tqven
gsurT. amisaTvis SeecadeT problema `misi Tvale-
biT~ dainaxoT. adamianis yuradRebis miqcevis
yvelaze ufro saimedo xerxia saubari im sakiTxze,
romelic mas aRelvebs.
saubris msvlelobisas sirTules warmoadgens
sakuTari mosazrebis gatana. am mizniT yovlad dau-
Svebelia cxare kamaTi. Tqvens mizans mxolod taqtisa
da sxvisi Sexedulebebis gagebis realuri swrafviT
SeiZleba miaRwioT. Secdomisagan dazRveuli aravinaa.
aseT SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT is, rom adami-
anis dadanaSaulebiT ufro aferxebT saqmes. jobia
Tanamosaubres Tavis Secdomebze taqtianad mianiSnoT
da mimarToT, vTqvaT, ase: `me vfiqrob sxvanairad.
rasakvirvelia, SesaZloa me vcdebode. mec momsvlia
ase... imedi maqvs, Tu rameSi ar viqnebi marTali, Tqven
SemisworebT~, vidre frazebiT: `Tqven cdebiT da amas
axlave dagimtkicebT~ an `me Tqvenze ufro Wkviani
var~ da a.S. uSvebT ra Secdomis arsebobas Tqveni
mxridan, Tavidan icilebT situaciis garTulebis
SesaZleblobas.
kamaTis Tavidan asacileblad fsiqologebi
miiCneven:
_ mosaubres kategoriulad nu ganucxadebT, rom
is cdeba;
_ Tu Tqven cdebiT, amis Sesaxeb aucileblad
aRiareT;
142
_ saubari megobrul tonSi warmarTeT (`yoveli
adamiani smenaSi iyos mardi, sityvaSi neli da
risxvaSi neli~ _ iakob 1. 19).
_ ise aawyveT frazebi, rom ZiriTadad dadebiTi
pasuxebi miiRoT;
_ visac arwmunebT, moiwonos Tqveni idea,
miawodeT iseTi formiT, TiTqos es idea mas
ekuTvnis (deil karnegi);
_ situaciis gagebas Tqveni oponentis poziciidan
SeecadeT;
_ mowinaaRmdege mxaris TiToeuli argumentis mimarT
gamoamJRavneT maqsimaluri yuradReba da sxv.
roca kamaTi gardauvalia, fsiqologebi Tvlian:
_ isaubreT mxolod uTanxmoebis gamomwvev
faqtebze da nu SeexebiT oponentis pirovnebas;
_ nu gamoiyenebT Seuracxmyofel sityvebs;
_ SeniSvnis micemamde SeaqeT partniori;
_ sxvis gakritikebamde jer sakuTar Secdomebze
mianiSneT;
_ aRiareT Tqveni nakli, amiT ganaiaraRebT
mowinaaRmdeges da sxv.
_ saubari ufro damajerebeli rom iyos,
mniSvnelovan sityvebs dauqvemdebareT
meorexarisxovani sityvebi;
_ saWiroebisamebr cvaleT saubris xmis toni da
metyvelebis tempi;
_ mniSvnelovani azrebis gamoTqmamde gaakeTeT
pauzebi da sxv.
saubris msvlelobisas Tanamosaubrem SeiZleba
Tqvens manipulirebas mimarTos. amis Tavidan
asacileblad saWiroa:
_ partnioris taqtikis amocnoba;
_ amis Sesaxeb sakiTxis Riad (aSkarad) dasma;
_ aseTi taqtikis kanonierebisa da sasurvelobis
eWvis qveS dayeneba.
ganvixiloT amgvari, arasamarTliani situaciebi
da maTi Tavidan acilebis saSualebebi:
Segnebuli tyuili. partniori gimtkicebT aSkara
sicrues, araWeSmaritebas, Tumca rodesac Tqven amaze
mianiSnebT, gpasuxobT wyeniTa da Seuracxmyofeli
Tavmoyvareobis demonstrirebiT.
143
gamosavali situaciidan: saubris dawyebisTanave
xazgasmiT aRniSneT, rom erTmaneTisagan mijnavT ada-
mianur da saqmian problemebs. acnobeT, rom apirebT
SeamowmoT partniorisagan mowodebuli yvela infor-
macia;
TamaSi uflebamosilebebze
uflebamosilebebze. vTqvaT, im momentSi,
roca ukve SemuSavebulia erTiani gadawyvetileba,
partniori gicxadebT, rom mas saboloo gadawyveti-
lebis miRebis uflebamosileba ar gaaCnia da misTvis
aucilebelia ufrosis Tanxmoba.
gamosavali situaciidan: upirveles yovlisa, unda
dausvaT kiTxva _ `ra uflebebi gagaCniaT Tqven
konkretul situaciaSi?~ Tu miiRebT
Tavisamaridebel pasuxs, daitoveT SeTanxmebis
nebismieri punqtis gadaTvalierebis ufleba da
moiTxoveT im pirTan Sexvedra, romelsac realuri
uflebebi gaaCnia. Tu msgavsi situacia warmoiSva
urTierTobis damasrulebel stadiaze, maSin
SegiZliaT TqvaT: `Tu Tqveni xelmZRvaneloba xval
daeTanxmeba am gadawyvetilebas, CavTvaloT, rom
SeTanxmeba Sedga. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi TiToeul
Cvengans SeuZlia gadawyvetilebaSi saTanado
cvlilebebis Setana~.
ganzraxvaTa eWvqveS dayeneba
dayeneba.. vTqvaT, partniori
iseT rames gTavazobT, ris Sesrulebasac igi, Tqveni
aziT, arc apirebs.
gamosavali situaciidan: gadawyvetilebaSi Sei-
taneT mkacri punqti valdebulebebis Seusruleblo-
bis SemTxvevaSi.
saqmiani saubris dros zogjer adamianebi zepir,
e. w. jentlmenur dapirebebs uxvad iZlevian, romelic
SeTanxmebul werilobiT teqstSi ar fiqsirdeba. amis
gamo, mis Sesrulebas xSirad iviwyeben an adre
Tqmuls sxva interpretacias aZleven da a. S. rogor
unda moiqceT aseT SemTxvevaSi (roca partniors
raimes zepirad pirdebiT?). pasuxi mxolod erTader-
Tia: yoveli danapirebi aucileblad unda Seasru-
loT. amasTan, mudam unda gaxsovdeT religiuri
Segonebac: ìyaviT sityvis Semsrulebelni da ara
mxolod momsmenni Tavis mosatyueblad~ (iakob 1. 22).
144
molaparakebaze gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva taqtika
molaparakebebi saqmiani kontaqtebis ganuyofeli
nawilia. amerikeli specialistebi molaparakebebs `mwvave
ekonomikur urTierTobebs~ uwodeben. ganxilvis sagnis
codnasTan erTad, molaparakebebis Catarebis taqtikis
dauflebas aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. aucilebelia
viswavloT molaparakebis Catarebis xelovneba.
molaparakebaTa msvlelobisas praqtikaSi cnobilia
partniorTa qcevis sxvadasxva taqtika. saxeldobr:
pirveli _ `vin-vis~ anu `Tokis gadaZalva~. am
taqtikis momxreebi maqsimalurad cdiloben maTTvis
sasurveli situaciis gamoyenebas, partnioris mxridan
daTmobaTa miRebas da sxva. am dros molaparakebis
monawileebma Tavi SeiZleba uxerxulad igrZnon, rad-
gan molaparakebis erT sakiTxze `gamarjveba~, partnio-
ris mxridan, metwilad, meore sakiTxze `revanSis~
aRebis survils iwvevs:
meore _ igi pirvelis sawinaaRmdegoa da mxare-
ebs megobruli poziciebi ukaviaT. SedarebiT susti
mxare molaparakebas ufro pirferulad warmarTavs
da partniorisgan `megobrul~ urTierTobas elis.
praqtikaSi es taqtika iSviaTad gvxvdeba;
mesame _ partnioruli. igi mxareTa mier urTi-
erTmisaReb gadawyvetilebaTa ZiebaSi mdgomareobs.
molaparakebis monawileebi erToblivad aanalizeben
situacias da gadawyvetilebebsac erTad iReben. amgva-
ri midgoma produqtiulia (nayofieria), magram par-
tniorTa mxridan did ndobas moiTxovs. aRniSnuli ar
niSnavs, rom partniorebi altruizmis (uangaro zrunva
sxvisi keTildReobisaTvis) midrekilebebs amJRavneben.
saqmisadmi maTi amgvari midgoma ufro metad saerTo
interesebis gaTvaliswinebas ganapirobebs.
praqtikaSi arsebobs partniorTa qcevis sxva saxis
taqtikac. maT Soris SeniRbulic, romlebic qvemoT
aris ganxiluli.
praqtikaSi iSviaTia zemoxsenebul taqtikaTa
calsaxad gamoyeneba. ufro gvxvdeba orientacia mo-
laparakebis erT-erTi taqtikisadmi da mainc, saqmiani
samyaro ufro met interess partnioruli urTier-
Tobis mimarT iCens.
145
eqsportioris strategia
saqmian urTierTobaTa umravlesoba produqciis
yidva-gayidvas exeba. am SemTxvevaSi erTi mxare eqspor-
tioria (gamyidveli), xolo meore _ importiori
(myidveli).
sabazro urTierTobis pirobebSi upiratesoba
importiors aqvs, radgan bazari TiTqmis gajerebulia
(yovel SemTxvevaSi ganviTarebul qveynebSi), konkurencia
mZafria da produqciis realizacia sakmaod rTuli.
produqciis gayidvisaTvis aucilebelia mas hqon-
des maRali samomxmareblo Tvisebebi anu iyos piradi
da sazogadoebrivi moxmarebisaTvis sasargeblo da
konkurentunariani.
eqsportiorma molaparakebis procesSi importiori
garigebis gaformebis sargeblianobaSi rom daarwmunos,
amisaTvis mocemuli saqonlis teqnikuri, samomxmareblo,
RirebulebiTi, organizaciuli da sxva Rirsebebi da
upiratesobani wina planze unda wamoswios.
saWiroa winaswari momzadeba da konkurentis saqon-
lis Sesaxeb bazarze arsebuli informaciis (ZiriTadad
koniunqturis) aqtiuri gamoyeneba. miuRebelia
konkurentis saqonlis Zageba. aucilebelia sakuTari
saqonlis upiratesobis dabejiTebiT Cveneba konkre-
tuli cifrebiTa da magaliTebiT. fasis Sesamcireblad
produqciis kritikas importiori mimarTavs.
garigebis gaformebisaTvis rekomendebulia ram de
de--
ramde
nime meTodi, saxeldobr:
pirdapiri da arapirdapiri rCeva _ myidvelze
SeTavazebuli garigebis xelsayrelobis Sesaxeb
mosazrebis miwodeba;
alternatiuli meTodi _ myidvelze ramdenime
winadadebis SeTavazeba, romelTa Soris ufro xel-
sayrelis arCeva misi gadasawyvetia;
importioris winadadebis miReba _ importioris
zogierT SemoTavazebul winadadebaze daTanxmeba;
gamafrTxilebeli meTodi _ eqsportioris sau-
bari miwodebis vadebze, gadaxdisa da garigebis sxva
pirobebze. igi Segnebulad ar iyenebs sityvebs _
`gayidva~, an `Sesyidva~, TiTqos ar epareba eWvi
importioris mier saqonlis SeZenaSi;
146
sapirispiro meTodi _ importioris sawinaaRmde-
go azris SemTxvevaSi, iseTi kiTxvebis micema, romel-
Ta meSveobiT partniorma sakuTari mosazrebebi unda
uaryos da sxv.
Tu importiors garigebis pirobebze sxva mosaz-
reba aqvs, nerviuloba ar SeiZleba. maSasadame, is
dainteresebulia garigebiT da Tavisi interesebis
dacvas cdilobs. damajerebeli mosazrebis povna
eqsportioris amocanaa, molaparakebaSi saWiroa moT-
mineba da gamZleoba.
saqonlis eqsportirebis dros mTavaria misi
sarealizacio fasis sakiTxi. am mizniT rekomendebu-
lia sxva bazarze garigebis fasis gamoyeneba, konku-
rentebis produqciis fasis dasaxeleba, bazris moT-
xovnebis gaZlierebuli tendenciebis moxsenieba, pro-
duqciis xarisxisa da upiratesobis, ekonomikurobis,
SefuTvis saimedoobis, ekologiurobisa da sxva
teqnikur-ekonomikuri parametrebis gamoyeneba. gari-
geba mxareebisaTvis urTierTsasargeblo unda iyos.
importioris fsiqologia ki iseTia, rom is yovelT-
vis yoymanobs, fiqrobs, xelsayrel fasSi iZens Tu
ara saqonels? Zalze mniSvnelovania amgvari eWvebis
gafantva, rom mas ar darCes iseTi STabeWdileba,
TiTqos SeTavazebuli garigeba mxolod erTi mxa-
risaTvis aris sasargeblo. calmxrivad momgebiani
garigeba xSirad ukanaskneli xdeba. ar unda dagaviwy-
deT, rom bazarze mTavari kanonmdebeli, rogorc
wesi, importioria.
importioris strategia
upirvelesad saWiroa sasurveli eqsportioris
SerCeva. molaparakebis msvlelobisas yuradReba unda
gamaxvildes SesaZeni saqonlis xarisxze (gansakuTre-
biT rTuli teqnikis SemTxvevaSi), mis teqnikur
siaxleze, eqspluataciis dros ekologiur moTxov-
naTa uzrunvelyofaze, garantiis sakiTxebze, teqmomsa-
xurebaze da a. S. aucilebelia mxareTa SeTanxeba
produqiis xarisxis Semowmebis meTodebze, pretenziis
wardgenis wesebsa da sxva pirobebze.
molaparakebis dros metad mniSvnelovania SeTanx-
meba produqciis miwodebis fasis Sesaxeb. pirveli,
147
rasac saqmian Sexvedraze importiorma unda miaRwios,
produqciis miwodebis fasis daklebaa. aucilebelia
gaxsovdeT, rom fasdaklebis sidide mravali faqto-
riT ganisazRvreba. saxeldobr, bazris koniunqturiT,
misi tevadobiT, sawarmoo simZlavreebis datvirTviT,
mxareTa Soris Camoyalibebuli urTierTobiT, firmis
tradiciebiT da sxva, romelTa codna sasargebloa
molaparakebis warmatebiT CatarebisaTvis.
miwodebis fasdaklebis SeTanxmebis Semdeg
saWiroa sxva fasdaklebaze molaparakebis gagrZeleba,
kerZod, Sesyidvis raodenobis, miwodebis vadebis,
gadaxdis pirobebis, sezonurobisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.
roca eqsportiorisa da importioris fasebi
maqsimalurad uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, kontraqtSi
saboloo fasis dasadgenad saerTaSoriso
urTierTobis praqtikaSi miRebuli savaWro
winadadebis _ `fifti-fiftis~, e. i. fasTasxvaobis
Tanabrad gayofis piroba warmoiSoba.
importioris poziciidan molaparakebis msvle-
lobis warmarTvis dros unda gaxsovdeT, rom
Sesyidvis dakavSireba sasargebloa sakuTari saqon-
lis gayidvasTan (Tu misi realizacia rTulia), ro-
melsac Semxvedr vaWrobas uwodeben. saerTaSoriso
saqonelbrunvis 40%-mde Semxvedri vaWrobiT
sruldeba. umetes SemTxvevaSi importioris zewoliT
eqsportiori Tavis Tavze iRebs Semxvedr val-
debulebas, romlis raodenoba Sesyiduli saqonlis
Rirebulebis 50%-dan 100%-mde meryeobs.
SeniRbuli qceva. molaparakebebze partniorTa
qceva xSirad ar gamoricxavs sxvadasxva saxis `faruli
xrikebis~ gamoyenebas. aucilebelia maTi codna da
ganeitralebis unaris aTviseba. aseTi faruli xerxebia:
sawyisi donis maqsimaluri amaRleba
amaRleba.. molaparake-
bis procesSi erT-erTi mxare am ukiduresi poziciis
SenarCunebas xangrZlivad cdilobs. swored es xerxi
iTvaliswinebs iseTi punqtebis xelovnurad CarTvas,
romelTa ganxilvidan amoReba umtkivneulod xdeba da
partniorisadmi Segnebul daTmobad miiCneva.
analogiur daTmobas iTxovs damTmobi mxare partni-
orisagan (misi mizanic es aris). es meTodi xSirad
148
uaryofiT Sedegs iZleva, radgan partnioris amgvari
qceva meore mxaris undoblobas iwvevs;
sakuTar poziciasTan cru aqcentebis miniSneba
da partniorisaTvis aSkarad miuRebeli winada winada--
debis SeTavazeba. am taqtikis arsi mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom SedarebiT meorexarisxovani sakiTxis
rTulad dasmiT, partniori gamouval mdgomareobaSi
Caayenos, Semdeg TviTon demonstraciulad dauTmos
da amiT, molaparakebis ufro arsebiT sakiTxze,
partnioris dayoliebas miaRwios;
gamoZalva anu partnioris gamouval mdgomareo-
baSi Cayeneba. es meTodi arsebiTad zemoaRwerili
meTodebis msgavsia. gansxvaveba maT Soris mxolod
imaSia, rom Tu pirveli da meore molaparakebis dasaw-
yisSi gamoiyeneba, gamoZalva praqtikulad mis dasas-
ruls gvxvdeba. zogjer am meTods ùkanasknel wuTs
axal moTxovnaTa wamoyenebasac~ uwodeben, radgan igi
molaparakebis damamTavrebel etapzea gamiznuli.
am meTodis gamomyenebeli varaudobs, rom partnio-
ri miRweuli SeTanxmebis xelmoweriT dainteresebulia
da daTmobaze ufro iolad wava. amgvari qcevis Sedegi
naTelia: SeiZleba SeTanxmeba marTlac moxdes, magram
axali moTxovnis iniciatoris reputacia Seilaxeba.
moTxovnebis ultimaturoba (kategoriuloba)
anu sakiTxis mxolod erTwaxnagovnad dayeneba: àn am
moTxovnas SeasrulebT, an vwyvetT molaparakebas~.
urTierTobis es meTodi molaparakeba ar aris. igi
erTis sasargeblod sakiTxis gadawyvetis mcdelobaa
da praqtikulad partniorisadmi muqaraa;
zrdadi moTxovnebis wamoyeneba. roca erTi
mxare grZnobs, rom partniori mis moTxovnebs Tanx-
mdeba, igi axal-axal moTxovnebs ayenebs da xSirad
amas garkveuli ulufebiT akeTebs. mag. aseTi fraziT:
`Cven Tanaxma varT, magram aris kidev erTi patara
problema...~;
sakuTari Sefasebebisa da interesebis Tanda
TandaTaTa
Ta--
no bi
nobi Ti miwodeba. am meTodis arsi imaSi mdgomare-
biTi
obs, rom partniori aiZulos Tavisi azrebi pirve-
lad gamoamJRavnos, xolo TviTon amis mixedviT imoq-
medos. es meTodi molaparakebis xangrZlivobas xelov-
nurad adidebs;
149
mcdari informaciis miwodeba ganviTarebul
qveynebs Soris iSviaTad gvxvdeba, radgan informa-
ciis moZiebis Tanamedrove pirobebSi misi dadgena
didi siZnele ar aris;
sakuTar winadadebaze uaris Tqma,
Tqma roca part-
niori ukve mzadaa mis misaRebad da axali winadadebis
wamoyeneba. am meTodis mizani SeiZleba iyos orgvari:
molaparakebis gaxangrZliveba (drois mogeba) an axali,
misTvis ufro sasargeblo gadawyvetilebis miReba;
orgvarovani ganmarteba
ganmarteba. zogjer partniori
xelSekrulebaSi Caweril teqsts Segnebulad sxvagvar
ganmartebas aZlevs da amas misTvis sasargeblod da
xelsayrel situaciaSi iyenebs, garegnulad ki xel-
Sekrulebas ar arRvevs da sxv.
SeniRbuli meTodebis gamoyenebis Tavidan asaci-
leblad da urTierTmisaRebi partnioruli kav-
Sirebis dasamyareblad, mizanSewonilia gansaxilveli
problemis erToblivi analizi. amisaTvis ki saWiroa
molaparakebis sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli srulyo-
fili informacia Sexvedris yvela monawilisaTvis
xelmisawvdomi iyos.
sxva pirobebi
umravles SemTxvevaSi xelsayrelia urTierToba
saerTo interesebisa da momentebis analiziT daiwyos
da maTi meSveobiT SeTanxmebis zonaTa SesaZleblobebis
gansazRvraze gadavideT. zogjer molaparakeba Sede-
gianad mTavrdeba, Tu sakiTxebi TandaTanobiTi gar-
TulebiT ganixileba. amgvari taqtika Tavdapirvelad
ufro martivi sakiTxebis ganxilvas gulisxmobs, ro-
melTa gadawyveta molaparakebis monawileebze dadebiT
fsiqologiur zemoqmedebas axdens da mxareTa mier
SeTanxmebis realurad miRwevis SesaZleblobas avlens.
xSiria SemTxveva, roca mxareebi Tavdapirvelad
principuli sakiTxebis `gadawyvetis saerTo formu-
laze~ Tanxmdebian da Semdeg calkeul detalebs
erToblivad azusteben. molaparakebis warmarTvis
amgvari, orsafexuriani forma drois mniSvnelovan
ekonomias ganapirobebs.
molaparakebis dros zogjer sasargebloa `prob-
lemis calkeul Semadgenel nawilebad dayofa~ da
150
misi etapobrivad gadawyveta. aseT dros molaparake-
bis monawileebi naTlad xedaven calkeul sakiTxze
mxareTa SeTanxmebis SesaZleblobasa da saerTo prob-
lemisadmi maT damokidebulebas.
zogjer mxareebi erTmaneTs urTierTdakavSirebu-
li ramdenime winadadebis ganxilvas sTavazoben, rome-
lic saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi `paketuri meTodis~
saxeliTaa cnobili. molaparakebis procesSi ori
saxis `paketi~ gamoiyeneba. pirveli _ vaWrobis kon-
cefcias (midgomas), xolo meore _ partniorTan
erTad problemis analizs gulisxmobs.
arsebobs molaparakebis `blokuri taqtikac~,
romelic am procesze mravali mxaris monawileobis
dros gamoiyeneba.
rogor unda moiqceT, roca partniori TqvenTvis
miuRebel meTods mimarTavs? es sakiTxi Zalze rTu-
lia. misi gadawyvetis mza recepti ar arsebobs. erT-
erTi wesi, romelsac amgvar situaciaSi unda mimar-
ToT, isaa, rom analogiuri meTodiT ar upasuxoT.
meore, unda gaanalizoT is mizezebi, romlebmac par-
tnioris aseTi qceva gamoiwvia da, misgan gamomdinare,
SemdgomSi Tqveni qcevac gansazRvroT.
SesaZlebelia sxva variantic, saxeldobr, alterna-
tiuli winadadebis moSvelieba da problemis cal-
mxrivad gadawyveta, an sxva partniorTan erTad sakiT-
xis erToblivad ganxilva. amgvar situaciaSi `karebis
mijaxunebis~ politika saukeTeso gamosavali ar aris.
igi dialogis Semdgom gagrZelebas arTulebs.
konfrontaciuli (dapirispirebuli) midgomis
pirobebSi mizanSewonilia `TamaSis wesebi~ SecvaloT
da meore mxares problemis gadawyvetis erToblivi
gzebis Zieba SesTavazoT. amasTan, yovelive es zedmeti
demonstraciis gareSe, racionalurad da argumenti-
rebulad unda gaakeToT.
molaparakebis procesSi aucilebelia partniors
yuradRebiT mousminoT, Tu raime gaugebari darCa,
sjobs pirdapir SeekiTxoT: `ra gaqvT mxedvelobaSi?~,
an partnioris mier Tqmuli sxva formulirebiT
warmoTqvaT da daazustoT: `me Tqveni azri sworad
gavige?~ mxedvelobis gareSe ar unda datovoT detale-
151
bic, Tu isini specialurad ar ganxilula, es ar niSnavs,
rom Tqveni Sexedulebisamebr unda gaigoT. sasurvelia
sxvadasxvagvari gagebis Tavidan acileba da ara aRebuli
valdebulebebis dros maTTan dabruneba. Tumca, aqac
zomierebaa saWiro, poziciebis dazusteba TviTmiznad ar
unda gadaaqcioT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, molaparakebis
msvleloba temps dakargavs da partniorebs Soris
undoblobis atmosferos gaaZlierebs.
molaparakebis Catareba mxareebis aqtiurobas
moiTxovs. pasiuroba sakuTari poziciis uqonlobas,
sisustes, moumzadeblobas an molaparakebaSi iZule-
biT monawileobas niSnavs. arc Zalze aqtiurobaa
mizanSewonili, saxeldobr, partniori aiZuloT
mxolod Tqveni ideebi da poziciebi ganixilos.
saWiroa gaxsovdeT, rom molaparakeba, upirveles
yovlisa, Tanabaruflebiani monawileebis dialogia.
molaparakeba mxareTa saqmiani urTierTobis dasawyi-
sia. pirovnebaTaSorisi simpaTiebi da antipaTiebi mis
msvlelobaze garkveul gavlenas axdens. Tu
molaparakeba didxans grZeldeba da urTierTxelsay-
reli gadawyvetilebis miReba ver xerxdeba, Sesvenebis
gamocxadeba SeiZleba sasargeblo aRmoCndes. igi
saSualebas iZleva delegaciis wevrebma konsultaci-
ebi gamarTon. meore gamosavalia mocemuli sakiTxis
ganxilvis mogvianebiT gadatana, roca sxva problemebi
gadawyvetili iqneba.
molaparakebis msvlelobisas partnioris mxridan
garkveuli daTmoba ar SeiZleba mis sisusted miiCni-
oT. piriqiT, sasurvelia aCvenoT, rom partnioris
aseTi qceva momavalSi SesaZlo garTulebebs gamoric-
xavs da problemebis gadawyvetas mniSvnelovnad
Seuwyobs xels.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa SedarebiT Zlier
partniorTan molaparakebis Catareba. xSirad amgvar
partniorTan mosalodneli Sexvedra gangaSs iwvevs da
daurwmuneblobis grZnobas badebs. aseT situaciebSi
mravali kiTxva ibadeba: Rirs ki saerTod mola-
parakebaSi monawileoba? da Tu Rirs, romeli princi-
pebi da meTodebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli da a. S.
unda aRiniSnos, rom arc saxelmwifos Zliereba
152
da arc firmis finansuri mdgomareoba ar SeiZleba am
situaciaSi gadamwyveti aRmoCndes. TviT Zlieri
partnioris molaparakebaSi monawileobis faqtic ki
imaze miuTiTebs, rom igi raRaciT dainteresebulia.
maSasadame, partniorebi molaparakebis magidasTan
yovelTvis Tanabarni arian da aseT dros kiTxva
amgvarad unda daisvas: rogor moviqceT, Tu partni-
ori Tavisi Zalis demonstrirebas moaxdens da amiT
misTvis ukeTesi gadawyvetilebis miRebas Seecdeba?
aseT situaciaSi specialistebs sasargeblod
miaCniaT:
pirveli _ Zlieri mxarisaTvis saerTaSoriso
samarTlis normebis, samarTlianobis principebis,
aseve analogiuri situaciebis gadawyvetis istoriu-
li faqtebis Sexseneba;
meore _ am mxaresTan xangrZlivi istoriuli
urTierTobis gaxseneba da misi samomavlod gaTvalis-
wineba. mag. ganviTarebadi qveynebi Tavis yofil met-
ropoliebTan molaparakebis dros xSirad usvamen
xazs saerTo enas, kulturis elementebs, Zvel
tradiciul kavSirebsa da a. S.;
mesame _ Zlier poziciasTan susti poziciis
mibma. xSirad erT sakiTxSi molaparakebis susti mxare
meore sakiTxSi Zlier pozicias flobs. amitom igi
saerTo problemis gadawyvetas iTxovs da amiT
mxareTa Zalebis `dabalansebas~ cdilobs;
meoTxe _ TavianTi poziciebis gasaZliereblad
molaparakebis susti mxareebis (ra Tqma unda, Tu
isini mravalia) gaerTianeba da koaliciis Seqmna.
saqmiani urTierTobis teqnologiisa da fsiqo-
logiis damatebiTi masalebi molaparakebis
monawileTa instruqciaSia mocemuli.
konfliqturi situacia da Suamavali

partniorebs Soris miRweuli SeTanxmeba da aRe-
buli valdebulebebi xSirad ar sruldeba, rac
konfliqturi situaciis warmoSobis sababi xdeba. am
SemTxvevaSi saqme SeiZleba sasamarTloSi aRiZras. da
mainc, dasavleTis qveynebis praqtika gviCvenebs, rom
samoqalaqo samarTalTan dakavSirebuli mravali
153
konfliqturi situacia molaparakebisa da Suamavle-
bis meSveobiT ufro swrafad da advilad wydeba,
xolo im SemTxvevaSi, roca molaparakebis SesaZleb-
lobebi mTlianad amoiwureba, mxareebi sasamarTlos
mimarTaven.
sasamarTloSi saqmis aRZvra sasurveli ar aris
ori mizezis gamo: pirveli, aucilebelia sasamarT-
los xarjebis gadaxda, da meore, SesaZlebelia sa-
samarTlos calsaxa (kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli)
gadawyvetileba arc erTi mxarisaTvis misaRebi ar
aRmoCndes. urTierTSeTanxmebiT ki mxareebs meti
SesaZlebloba eZlevaT gadawyvetilebis mravali vari-
antidan maTTvis misaRebi SearCion. sxva sityvebiT,
uSualo molaparakebebi da Suamavlebis monawileoba
sadavo sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros ufro moqnili
meqanizmia.
Cveulebriv, Suamavlobis mniSvnelobis qveS igu-
lisxmeba mesame, neitraluri mxaris monawileoba. misi
mizania molaparakebis procesis optimizacia da mo-
dave mxareTa moTxovnis damakmayofilebeli gadawyve-
tilebis moZieba.
mesame mxareSi igulisxmeba Suamavali, damkvirvebe-
li an nebismieri sxva piri, romelic modave mxareebs
Soris konfliqturi situaciis mowesrigebiT aris
dakavebuli. am procesSi mesame mxaris monawileobis
xarisxi SesaZloa gansxvavebuli iyos. man SeiZleba
konfliqtur mxareebs Sexvedrisa da molaparakebis
normaluri pirobebi Seuqmnas an uSualod TviTonac
monawileobdes am procesSi. SuamavalTan SedarebiT,
damkvirvebeli ufro naklebadaa dainteresebuli
konfliqtis mowesrigebiT. Tumca, TviT mesame piris
monawileobis faqti mxareebs akavebs adre miRebuli
SeTanxmebis darRvevisagan an erTmaneTs Soris mtru-
li moqmedebis gagrZelebisagan. maSasadame, mesame mxare
garkveul pirobebs, Tundac minimalurs, qmnis sadavo
sakiTxebis molaparakebis gziT gadasawyvetad.
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba Suamavlisa da arbi-
traJis roli. pirvelis monawileoba gulisxmobs
konfliqtSi mxareebisadmi rekomendaciebis micemas,
xolo meores _ daskvna gamoaqvs, romelic Sesasru-
154
leblad savaldebuloa, Tumca SeiZleba igi arc erTi
mxarisaTvis ar iyos misaRebi. praqtikaSi SesaZlebe-
lia pirvelad saSuamavlo, da Tu man Sedegi ar
gamoiRo, Semdeg saarbitraJo procedurebis gamoye-
neba. msoflios mraval qveyanaSi funqcionirebs
saSuamavlo momsaxurebis saxelmwifo da kerZo struq-
turebi. orive mxaris TanxmobiT Suamavlad SeiZleba
avtoritetuli piri, organizacia an saxelmwifo
iqnes SerCeuli.
Suamavali unda iyos kompetenturi, neitraluri
da konfliqturi mxareebis mier ndobiT aRWurvili
piri. amasTan, kompetenturobis mniSvnelobis qveS
igulisxmeba, rogorc saSuamavlo problemebis, ise
molaparakebebis warmarTvisa da saSuamavlo procesu-
aluri aspeqtebis codna. neitraluroba gulisxmobs,
rom Suamavali konfliqtis monawile arcerT mxares
mikerZoebulad ar unda uWerdes mxars. Tu Suamavali
eWvmitanilia molaparakebis erT-erTi monawilesadmi
simpaTiaSi, misi momsaxurebiT ar isargebleben.
Suamavali mxareebs unda daexmaros wamoWrili
winaaRmdegobebis daZlevaSi. man urTierTxelsayreli
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad molaparakebis procesi
unda Seamsubuqos. misi erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa
efeqturi komunikaciuri arxebis Seqmna, riTac kon-
fliqtis monawileebs SesaZlebloba miecemaT TavianTi
mosazreba mowinaaRmdege mxares gadascen. xSirad
mxareebi problemis ganxilvaze uars acxadeben da
mxolod erTmaneTis gamtyunebasa da muqaras undebian.
swored amgvar situaciaSia saWiro da aucilebeli
Sumavlis gamoyeneba.
rom ar dairRves molaparakebis procesis struq-
tura, Suamavalma Tavdapirvelad mxareebs erTmaneTis
Sexedulebebisa da azrebis gacnobis SesaZlebloba
unda misces. urTierTobis damyareba SeiZleba sxva-
dasxva meTodiT ganxorcieldes. mag. calkeul mxares-
Tan Suamavlis Sexvedra, Suamavlis meSveobiT
pirdapiri sakontaqto Sexvedrebi da sxv.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom aseT situaciaSi
aucilebelia yvelanairi kontaqti, mxareTa mosazrebe-
bisa da Sexedulebebis pirdapiri gacvla mxolod
155
maSin iqneba nayofieri, roca maT Soris winaaRmdego-
ba maRal fazaSi ar aris gadasuli. mxareTa mkveTri
polarizaciis SemTxvevaSi molaparakebis dauyovnebel-
ma Catarebam SeiZleba urTierTgamtyunebis, dadanaSau-
lebis saxe miiRos da konfliqturi situacia kidev
ufro gaamwvavos. aseT SemTxvevaSi, viTarebis
ganmuxtvis mizniT, Suamavalma calkeul mxaresTan indi-
vidualurad, TviTon unda Caataros konsultaciebi.
Suamavali kargi fsiqologi unda iyos! konfliq-
tur situaciaSi myofi mxareebi xSirad iCenen
urTierTmtrobas, gamoxataven negatiur emociebs,
muqaras da a. S. yovelive es xels uSlis sakiTxis
gadawyvetis konstruqciuli gzebis Ziebas. amitom
Suamavlis umTavresi amocanaa molaparakebaze saqmiani
da mSvidi atmosferos Seqmna.
amerikeli specialistebi (r. fiSeri da s. brauni)
aRweren molaparakebis monawileTa Soris SesaZlo
urTierTobis sam variants: mtrul
mtrulss , megobrul
megobrulsasa da
partniorul
partnioruls s. swored es ukanaskneli unda iqnes
konstruqciul SesaZleblobad miCneuli. Tavis mxriv,
maTgan konstruqciulia iseTi urTierToba, romelic
problemis gadawyvetas ormxrivad uwyobs xels. am
mizniT gamoyofen eqvs ZiriTad elements, romelTa
safuZvelze mxareTa Soris partnioruli urTier-
Toba myardeba. es elementebia: racionaluroba,
urTi erTgageba, damrigebluri tonis arar
urTierTgageba, se
ararseboba,
seboba,
utyuaroba, urTierToba da gansxvavebuli Sexe Sexe--
dulebis miRebisadmi mzadyofna.
Suamavlis meore funqcia mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
daexmaros mxareebs problema partnioris TvaliT
dainaxos. am mizniT igi maT im sakiTxebze mianiSnebs,
romlebic SesaZloa mxedvelobidan gamorCaT (an Seg-
nebulad gamotoves) da amiT xels uwyobs ZalTa
gaTanabrebas, Tumca, es sakmarisi ar aris. Suamavlis
mniSvnelovani funqciaa isic, rom problema ga-
analizos da misi gadawyvetis SesaZlo variantebi
SeimuSaos. am mizniT mravalgvari midgomaa praqtikaSi
gamoyenebuli. zogjer problemas etapobrivad, nawil-
nawil ganixilaven an sakiTxs droebiT akonserveben
da sxva. mTlianobaSi, orive mxarisaTvis misaRebi,
156
axali ideebis mofiqreba sakmaod rTulia, magram
Suamavlis produqtiulobis mimaniSnebelia. xSirad
principulad axleburi gadawyvetis gzis moZebna
savaldebulo ar aris. fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT
zogjer konkretul winadadebas meore mxare imitom
ar iRebs, rom igi misma mowinaaRmdegem SesTavaza.
igive winadadeba ki, neitraluri mxridan
miwodebuli, SeiZleba misaRebi aRmoCndes. zogjer
erTi mxaris winadadebaSi meore mxare racionalur
marcvals ver xedavs. am SemTxvevaSi Suamavlis amocanaa
winadadebis sxvagvari formulireba, rom igi meore
mxarisaTvis gasagebi da misaRebi gaxdes.
garda amisa, Suamavali xSirad SeTanxmebis Sesru-
lebis kontrolsac axorcielebs. Tumca es funqcia
Suamavals yovelTvis ar eZleva. SeTanxmebis miRwevis
Semdeg mxareebs damoukideblad SeuZliaT am sakiTxe-
bis mowesrigeba.
Suamavlis funqciebi wminda teqnikuri Tvalsaz-
risiTac mniSvnelovania. mag., mxareebisaTvis mosafiq-
rebeli drois gansazRvra, CixSi moqceuli molapara-
kebis droebiT gadadeba, mxareebis TanxmobiT am
procesSi aqtiurad CarTva da sxv.
da kidev erTi arsebiTi momenti. Suamavlis amo-
canaSi ar Sedis konfliqtis warmoSobaSi mtyuan-
marTalis garCeva. aseTi Zieba konfliqtur situacias
kidev ufro amwvavebs. amitom yuradReba ZiriTadad
gadatanili unda iqnes imaze, Tu rogor mogvardes
problema orive mxridan umciresi danakargebiT.
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1. raSi gamoixateba Tqveni mzadyofna
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urTierTobebis dawyebamde?
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2. ra principebis dacvas gvirCeven
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fsiqologebi saubris dawyebamde?
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3. ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT saubris
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msvlelobisas?
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4. saubris msvlelobisas raSi mdgomareobs
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sirTule?
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5. ras gvirCeven fsiqologebi kamaTis
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Tavidan asacileblad?
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6. ra unda gaakeToT imisaTvis, rom
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partniorma ver SesZlos Tqveni
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manipulireba?
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7. ras niSnavs `Segnebuli tyuili~, `TamaSi
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uflebamosilebaze~, `ganzraxvaTa
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eWvqveS dayeneba~?
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8. taqtikis romeli saxeebi gamoiyeneba
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molaparakebaze?
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9. ras niSnavs èqsportiorisa da
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importioris strategia~?
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10. raSi gamoixateba `SeniRbuli qceva~anu
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`faruli xrikebi~ partniorTan
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urTierTobis procesSi?
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11. ra aris imisaTvis saWiro, rom
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molaparakeba Sedegianad damTavrdes?
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12. partniorebs Soris konfliqturi
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situaciis SemTxvevaSi vis SeiZleba
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mieniWos upiratesoba _ sasamarTlos Tu
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Suamavals? ratom?
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literatura:
1. leqcia momzadebulia g. jolias wignidan
diplomatiuri da saqmiani etiketi. Tb., 1999.
2. ×åñòàðà Äæîí. Äåëîâîé ýòèêåò. Ì., 1997.
158
leqcia XI
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leqcia
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pirovnebis biologiuri
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foni-temperamenti da
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misi zegavlena qcevasa
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da moqmedebaze.
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gegma:
1. temperamentis cneba, misi warmoSobis
istoria;
2. temperamentis klavdio galenisa da hipok-
rateseuli klasifikacia;
3. temperamentis klasifikaciis safuZvelis
`konstituciuri~ da èndokrinuli~ (`wve-
Teoriebi;;
nebis~) Teoriebi
4. pavlovis `nervuli sistemis tipebis~ Teo-
ria
ria;;
5. temperamentis zegavlena qcevasa da moq-
medebaze.
mecnierebis kvlevis erT-erT aqtualur obieqtad

temperamenti gvevlineba. es termini laTinuri sityva
“Temperamentum”-idan warmoiSva, rac Tanazomierebas
niSnavs. temperamenti aris fsiqo-dinamikuri Tvise bebis
bebis
Tvisebe
(intensivoba, siCqare, tempi, fsiqikuri pro
(intensiv ce
proce sebis
cesebis
rit mi) mdgradi mdgomareoba, igi univer
ritmi) sa
universalu ria, rac
luria,
salu
adamianis saqmianobasa da qcevaSi, mTel mis cxovel
cxovel--
moqmedebaSi vlindeba da mis bio lo
biolo giur safuZvels
logiur
warmoadgens.
adamianis Sinagani pirobebis umniSvnelovanesi
komponentia nervuli sistema, nervuli sistemis tipi,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, temperaments ganapirobebs.
temperamenti Tavisi elferiT mosavs adamianis yovel-
gvar qcevasa da moqmedebas. magram aqve unda aRiniS-
nos, rom socialuri garemo, socialuri kavSirebisa
da kontaqtebis Taviseburi kompozicia mniSvnelovan
159
zegavlenas axdens rogorc temperamentis ganviTarebis
siCqareze, ise pirovnebis mier misi gamovlenis
xerxebze. magaliTad, bolo aTwleulSi adamianis
biologiuri da fiziologiuri momwifeba daCqarda,
aqseleraciam misi temperamentis adreuli
Camoyalibebac gamoiwvia im dros, rodesac misi
socialuri formireba ramdenadme Senelda swavlebis
vadis gazrdasTan dakavSirebiT, ramac Seaferxa misi
CarTva mniSvnelovan socialur kontaqtebSi. adamiani
samyaroSi Sedis rogorc individi, dajildovebuli
garkveuli bunebrivi TvisebebiTa da monacemebiT,
romlebic Semdgom viTardebian garkveuli unarebisa
da SesaZleblobebis saxiT.
temperamenti _ biologiuri fundamentia,
romelzedac adamiani yalibdeba, rogorc socialuri
arseba. igi ZiriTadad asaxavs qcevis dinamikur
aspeqtebs, romlebic arsebiTad Tandayolil xasiaTs
atareben.
adamianis temperamentis Taviseburebani mniSvnelo-
vani pirobaa, romelTac angariSi unda gaewios
aRzrdis, swavlebis, misi SesaZleblobebis, niWisa da
unaris ganviTarebis individualuri midgomis pro-
cesSi.
sanam temperamentis gansxvavebuli Taviseburebebis
ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom
ar arsebobs ukeTesi da uaresi temperamenti _ yovel
maTgans Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi
gaaCnia, ris gamoc mTavari Zalisxmeva mimarTuli unda
iyos ara mis gamosworebaze (rac yovlad SeuZlebelia
misi Tandayolilobis gamo), aramed konkretul saq-
mianobaSi misi Rirsebebis gonivrul gamoyenebasa da
uaryofiTi mxareebis nivelirebaze.
adamiani uxsovari droidan cdilobda gamoekveTa
da gaeazrebina sxvadasxva individTa fsiqikuri wyo-
bis Taviseburebani da cdilobda mTeli maTi mraval-
ferovneba garkveul ganzogadebul portretebamde
daeyvana. marTlac, Tu davukvirdebiT, Cvens garSemo
myof adamianebs, SevamCnevT, rom raRac msgavseba
arsebobs maTi qcevis stilSi, grZnobebis gamoxatvis
160
saSualebebSi, azrovnebis moqnilobasa da siswrafeSi
da sxv. ama Tu im safuZvelze agebul ganzogadebul
portretebs Soreul warsulSi temperamentis tipebs
uwodebdnen, rac maT exmareboda ewinaswarmetyvelaT
konkretul cxovrebiseul situaciaSi garkveuli
temperamentis adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb.
interess iwvevs temperamentis tipologiis Camoya-
libebis istoria. jer kidev Cv.w.aR.Vs. hipokrates,
xolo Semdgom Cv.w.aR.IIs. eqim klavdio galenis mier
SemoTavazebuli temperamentis tipebisagan dResac
inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas da ganixileba, rogorc
ZiriTadi temperamentis saxeebi, oTxi: sangviniki,
qoleriki, flegmatiki da melanqoliki.
sangvinikis ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSnad gvev-
lineba grZnobebis naklebi xangrZlivoba, msubuq
agznebadobasTan SeerTebuli tkbobisaken miswrafeba.
mas SeuZlia yvelafriT gataceba, rac ki mas moswons.
misi midrekilebebi ar aris mudmivi da maTze dayrd-
noba maincdamainc ar Rirs. mas uyvars proeqtebis
ageba, magram male anebebs maT Tavs.
qoleriki imyofeba vnebebis gavlenis qveS da
SesaSur Zalas, did energiasa da sibejiTes amJRavnebs
Tavis saqmianobaSi, axasiaTebs swrafi agznebadoba,
misi grZnobebis siZlieres, mis siamayesa da
pativmoyvareobas sazRvari ara aqvs maSin, rodesac
mis suls vnebebi daeufleba. igi naklebad azrovnebs
da swrafad moqmedebs, aseTia misi neba.
flegmatiks grZnobebi nela ipyrobs. mas didi
Zalisxmeva ar sWirdeba, rom wonasworoba SeinarCu-
nos. misTvis gacilebiT advilia, vidre sxvisaTvis,
Tavi Seikavos swrafi gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan.
igi jer kargad moifiqrebs da mere miiRebs gadawyve-
tilebas. Znelad gamodis mwyobridan, iSviaTad Civis
Tavis gasaWirze, moTminebiT itans satkivarsa da
tanjvas, naklebad aRaSfoTebs sxvisi problemebi.
melanqoliks gabatonebuli midrekilebis saxiT
aqvs midrekileba sevdisaken, usaqmuroba mas amcirebs
da eCveneba, rom mas ugulebelyofen. misi survilebi
da grZnobebi sevdian elfers atareben. tanjva, sevda,
161
tkivili mas autanlad eCveneba da ukiduresad Znelia
misi damSvideba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi temperamentis aRniSnul
tipebze monacemebi TandaTan mdidrdeboda realurad
arsebuli faqtebiT, magram gaurkveveli rCeboda
amgvari klasifikaciis safuZveli. maTi gamovlenis
pirveli mcdeloba eyrdnoboda TvalTnaTliv dana-
xul Tvisebebs, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian ada-
mianis tanis aRnagobasTan. amiT aixsneba, albaT, tem pe
pe--
tempe
ra men
ramen tis konstituciuri Teoriebi
mentis Teoriebi, romlebmac
anTropologebisa da fsiqiatrebis mier dagrovili
informacia ganazogades. am koncefciis Tanaxmad,
adamianis konstituciasa da misi temperamentis Tvise-
bebs Soris pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobs. galenis
kvaldakval kreCmerma oTxi konstituciuri tipi
gamohyo da misca maT Semdegi daxasiaTeba: as Teniki
asT
_ susti aRnagobis maRali adamiani, Semcirebuli
ganivi zomebiT, brtyeli gulmkerdis areTi, mogrZo
saxiTa da grZeli, viwro cxviriT. mas viwro mxrebi
da grZeli, gamxdari fexebi aqvs.
pikniki _ dabali an saSualo simaRlisaa, sagr-
Znobi cximovani safariT. igi msuqania, rbili saxis
nakvTebiT, gamoweuli gulmkerdiT, didi mucliT,
mrgvali TaviT mokle kiserze.
aTletiki _ maRali an saSualo, proporciuli,
magari aRnagobis, kargi muskulaturiT, farTo mxre-
biT, viwro TeZoebiT da gamoweuli saxis ZvlebiT.
displastiki _ cudad, ulamazod formirebuli
adamiani, araswori aRnagobis.
aRniSnuli tanis aRnagobis tipebi kreCmerma
Seusabama temperamentis nairsaxeobebs da SemogvTavaza
Tavisi dasaxelebebi _ Sizotomiki, oqsotomiki da
ciklotomiki.
asTenikuri aRnagoba aqvs Sizotomiks. igi
Caketilia, emociebis meryeobisaken aqvs midrekileba
_ Zlieri agznebidan srul gulcivobamde. jiutia,
naklebad yveba Sexedulebebisa da ganwyobebis
cvlilebebs, midrekileba aqvs abstraqciisaken, Znelad
egueba garemos.
162
Sizotomikebs Soris kreCmerma gamohyo `Zalze
mgrZobiare jentlmenebi, idealisti meocnebeebi, civi,
mbrZanebluri naturebi da egoistebi, gulcivi,
unebisyofo adamianebi~.
aTleturi aRnagoba aqvs oqsotomiks. igi mSvidia,
naklebad xvdeba STabeWdilebebis qveS, TavSekavebulia
mimikebsa da JestebSi, gamoirCeva azrovnebis naklebi
moqnilobiT, Znelad eCveva garemos cvlilebebs,
mewvrilmanea.
piknikuri aRnagoba aqvs ciklotomiks, misi emoci-
ebi meryeoben sixarulsa da sevdas Soris. advilad
amyarebs kontaqts adamianebTan, realistia Tavis
SexedulebebSi. ciklotomikebs Soris kreCmerma ga-
mohyo `mxiaruli, ybedi, mSvidi, iumoris moyvaruli.
sentimentaluri, wynari adamianebi, cxovrebis moyva-
ruli, aqtiuri praqtikosebi~.
Tumca konstituciur midgomaSi adamianis gareg-
nobis, ierisa da misi fsiqikuri Taviseburebebis
realurad arsebuli kavSirebi iyo asaxuli, man mainc
ver mogvca temperamentis tipebis warmoSobis
safuZvlis mecnieruli axsna.
aRniSnuli problemis gadasawyvetad arsebobda
sxva Sexedulebebic. maT Soris gamoirCeva endokrinu-
li Teoria. am Teoriis pirveli varianti TviT
galens ekuTvnis. mis mier SemoTavazebuli tipebi
organizmSi oTxi ZiriTadi siTxis `wvenis~ _ sis-
xlis, flegmis, yviTeli da Savi naRvlis Tanafardo-
biT ganisazRvrebodnen, saxelwodebebic aqedan aris
aRebuli: sangviniki _ laTinuri `sisxlidan~, fleg-
matiki _ berZnuli `lorwodan~, qoleriki _
berZnuli `naRvelidan~ da melanqoliki _ berZnuli
`Savi naRvelidan~.
Tu galeni temperamentis gansxvavebul tipebs
organizmSi sxvadasxva saxis wvenis TanafardobasTan,
xolo kreCmeri am gansxvavebas konstituciur aRna-
gobasTan akavSirebdnen, i. p. pavlovma yuradReba
miaqcia temperamentis damokidebulebas nervuli sis-
temis tipTan. igi gamohyofs nervuli sistemis Semdeg
oTx tips: Zlieri, gawonasworebuli, moZravi; Zli Zli--
eri gauwonasworebeli; Zlieri gawonasworebuli,
163
iner tuli; susti, gauwonasworebeli. TiToeuli
inertuli;
tipi Seicavs komponentebs, romlebsac pavlovi Semdeg
daxasiaTebas aZlevda:
1. `Zlieri~ _ adamiani Sromisunarianobis maRal
dones inarCunebs didi xnis daZabuli Sromis
drosac. maSinac ki, rodesac droebiT kargavs Zils,
igi swrafad aRadgens mas. rTul da moulodnel
situaciaSi igi saukeTesod flobs Tavis Tavs, ar
kargavs mxneobas, emociur tons. ar reagirebs
wvrilman gamRizianeblebze. `gawonasworebuli~ _
adamiani mSvidad da mowesrigebulad iqceva yvelaze
agznebad situaciaSic ki, advilad axSobs arasaWiro
da araadekvatur survilebs, muSaobs Tanabarzomi-
erad. `moZrav~ _ adamians unari Seswevs swrafi da
adekvaturi reagireba moaxdinos situaciis cvale-
badobaze. iolad ambobs uars amJamad gamousadegar
stereotipebze da swrafad iZens axal Cvevebs.
advilad egueba axal pirobebsa da ucnob adamianebs,
iolad gadadis mSvidi mdgomareobidan saqmeze, erTi
saqmianobidan meoreze. mas swrafad warmoeSoba
emociebi da mkafiod avlens maT. gaaCnia momentaluri
mexsierebis, swrafi moqmedebis tempi da kargi metyve-
lebis unari.
nervuli sistemis pirveli tipis (Zlieri, gawo-
nasworebuli, moZravi) adamians gaaCnia yvela CamoT-
vlili Tviseba. es aris dabalansebuli nebisyofis,
komunikabeluri adamiani.
2. meore tipis SemTxvevaSi (Zlieri, gauwonaswore-
buli) adamiani Sromisunariania, mzad aris swrafi
reaqciebisaTvis, magram mas `cieb-cxeleba~ sWirs da
uWirs Tavis TavTan brZola. gauwonasworebeli ada-
mianebi feTqebadni arian. ar ician moTmineba,
sakuTari survilebis Sekaveba, uWirT lodini, isini
advilad Riziandebian da agresiulni xdebian.
3. mesame tipis adamianebs (Zlieri, gawonasworebu-
li, inertuli) maRali Sromisunarianoba axasiaTebT,
Sinaganad stabilurni arian, magram Zalze uWirT,
SeiZleba iTqvas, unari ar SeswevT gamomuSavebul
Cvevebsa da stereotipebze uari Tqvan. maTTvis Znelia
axal situaciaSi CarTva, Senelebulad da sustad
164
avlenen TavianT emociebs. inertuli tipis pirebs ar
uyvarT Cvevebis, cxovrebis ganrigis, garemos, samsaxu-
ris, megobrebis Secvla. ukiduresad Znelad eguebian
ucxo garemos, axal pirobebs, sxva adamianebs.
4. meoTxe _ susti, gauwonasworebeli tipis
nervuli sistemis adamianebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
Sromisunarianobis swrafi dacema, ufro didi xniT
dasvenebis moTxovnileba, Zlieri reagireba wvrilma-
nebze, ara arsebiT zemoqmedebaze, siZneleebis mimarT
zedmiwevniT emociurni da gaRizianebadni arian.
aseTi adamianebi ver itanen mkveTr an didi xniT
daZabulobas, ibnevian ucxo situaciaSi, axali saqmis
wamowyebisas, gamocdebis dros advilad frTxebian,
Sindebian, advilad tirian, gamoirCevian mometebuli
STagonebis unariT. nervuli sistemis gadametebuli
mgrZnobiarobis miuxedavad, maT xSirad aqvT
gamoxatuli mxatvruli niWi.
gamohyo da aRwera ra nervuli sistemis oTxi tipi,
i. pavlovma isini Seapirispira temperamentis klasikur
tipebTan da amiT aCvena maRali korelacia maT Soris.
i. pavlovma daamtkica, rom swored nervuli
sistemis Tvisebebi gansazRvraven da ganapirobeben
didi xnis winaT aRweril temperamentis tipebs.
sangviniki (nervuli sistemis pirveli tipi) es
aris swrafi adamiani, romelic advilad egueba cxov-
rebis cvalebad pirobebs. mas axasiaTebs siZneleebi-
sadmi maRali gamZleobis unari. igi uaRresad moZra-
via, urTierTobebSi Tavisufalia, iolad amyarebs
kontaqts adamianebTan da amitomac mas nacnobebis
farTo wre hyavs, Tumca igi ar gamoirCeva simyariT
mudmivobiT urTierTobebSi da sakmaod xSirad ic-
vlis kavSirebs. aseTi adamiani metad produqtiulia
saqmianobaSi, magram mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas
bevri saintereso saqme aqvs, e. i. mudmivi agznebis
mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, igi
mowyenili da moTenTilia.
qoleriki (nervuli sistemis meore tipi) _ es
aris adamiani, romelTanac agznebadoba sWarbobs
Sekavebas. igi gamoirCeva didi cxovrebiseuli ener-
giiT, magram mas ar hyofnis TavSekaveba, igi ZiriTa-
165
dad TavSeukavebuli da ficxia. aseTi adamiani saqmes
mTeli mondomebiT, mTeli SemarTebiT iwyebs, gatace-
biT ekideba mas, magram didxans ar hyofnis moTmineba
da Semdeg `mZime~ xasiaTi eufleba. gauwonasworebeli
nervuli sistema ganapirobebs misi aqtiurobis
ciklur xasiaTsa da mxneobis cvlilebebs. raime
saqmiT gatacebuli, igi ganuzomlad xarjavs Tavis
Zalebs, ris gamoc gacilebiT adre `dacarieldeba~,
vidre saWiroa da Semdgom ukve aRaraferi SeuZlia.
qoleriks uZneldeba saqmianoba, romelic moiTxovs
mwyobr moqmedebas, nel temps, igi gardauvlad
gamoavlens mouTmenlobas, mkveTr moZraobebs da a. S.
urTierTobaSi ficxia, mouTmeneli da
TavSeukavebeli.
flegmatiki (nervuli sistemis mesame tipi) _ es
aris adamiani, romelic mSvidad da nela reagirebs
gamRizianeblebze, ara aqvs garemocvis Secvlisaken
midrekileba, unari Seswevs winaaRmdegoba gauwios
Zlier da xangrZliv gamRizianeblebs. masTan gawonas-
worebulia gaRizianebisa da damuxruWebis procesebi.
flegmatiki mSvidi, yovelTvis zomieri, mizanswra-
fuli, mSromeli adamiania, romelic gamoirCeva
moTminebiT, TavSekavebiT, sibejiTiT. igi erTferova-
ni da metad `Zunwia~ mimikebsa da intonaciaSi. Tavis
grZnobebze igi iSviaTad laparakobs, aqac uaRresad
TavSekavebulia, rac arTulebs masTan urTierTobas.
flegmatiki Znelad eCveva ucxo adamianebs, gvian
iwyebs mimarTvas, kiTxvebis dasmiT saubrobs. misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia Senelebuli reaqciebi, misi
nacnobebis wre metad viwroa. igi gamoirCeva erTi da
igive adamianebTan urTierTobaSi stabilurobiT.
flegmatiki seriozuli usiamovnebis drosac gareg-
nulad mSvidi rCeba, magram aramcdaaramc ar SeiZleba
vifiqroT, rom igi yovlismpatiebelia, urTier-
TobebSi usafrTxo adamiania. igi kondensatoris
msgavsad, sakuTar TavSi STanTqavs da agrovebs usia-
movnebaTa energias, magram rodesac garkveul kri-
tikul zRvars aRwevs, Zlieri ganmuxtva gardauvalia
da, arc Tu iSviaTad, TanamousabrisaTvis moulod-
neli xdeba misi esodeni ganrisxeba, radgan igi
TiTqos umniSvnelo sababs mosdevs.
166
melanqoliki (nervuli sistemis meoTxe tipi) _
es aris adamiani, romelic Zlieri stimulebis zemoq-
medebas ewinaaRmdegeba, ris gamoc igi xSirad pasiuri
da damuxruWebulia. masze Zlieri stimulebis zemoq-
medebam qcevebis darRvevac ki SeiZleba gamoiwvios.
mas xSirad aReniSneba SiSi, mousvenroba qcevaSi,
SfoTva, susti gamZleoba. umniSvnelo sababma masSi
SeiZleba gamoiwvios wyena, cremlebi. mas midrekileba
aqvs uaryofiTi gancdebisaken, Tavis TavSi ar aris
dajerebuli, morcxvia, mcireodeni siZneleebic ki
sakmarisia misi mwyobridan gamosayvanad, igi ar aris
energiuli adamiani, mas aSinebs axali garemo, axali
xalxi. igi amitom ikargeba, gaurbis ucxo adamianeb-
Tan kontaqtis damyarebas, Tavis TavSi iketeba, mar-
tovdeba, mudmivad cdilobs lokokinasaviT Tavis
niJaraSi daimalos.
pavlovs kargad esmoda, rom mis mier aRwerili
nervuli sistemis tipebi iSviaTad Seesabameba sru-
lad realur portretebs, radgan TiTqmis gamonaklis
SemTxvevaSi aqvs adamians ama Tu im tipis yvela niSani.
cxovrebaSi, arsebiTad, Cven vxvdebiT temperamentis
Sereul tipebs, sadac ZiriTadi da wamyvani erTi-
erTi tipi gaxlavT. temperamentis tipebisa da nervu-
li sistemis tipebis kavSiris pavloviseuli koncef-
cia seriozuli nabijia temperamentis klasifikaciis
safuZvlebis kvlevis gzaze. mecnierebam daadastura,
rom adamianis temperamentis tipebi Tandayolilia.
amave dros, socialur garemos, aRzrdas udidesi
mniSvneloba eniWeba temperamentis mkveTr gamoxatvaSi,
SeniRbvaSi, dafarvaSi da, sazogadod, mis marTvaSi,
magram nervuli sistemis ZiriTadi tipi yovelTvis
asrulebs gadamwyvet rols nebismieri adamianis
qcevaSi.
temperamentis zegavlena qcevasa
da moqmedebaze
temperamentisa da qcevis urTierTkavSiri umniS-
vnelovanes problemas warmoadgens. konkretuli adami-
anis temperamentis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswineba
SesaZleblobas iZleva garkveuli albaTobiT viwinas-
warmetyveloT misi (garkveuli temperamentis mqone
167
adamianis) reagirebis Taviseburebebze mocemul situ-
aciaSi. temperamenti Tavis kvals aCens urTierTobaTa
wesebs, gansazRvravs adamianis aqtiurobas kontaqte-
bis damyarebis procesSi.
sangviniki swrafad amyarebs socialur kontaq-
tebs. igi TiTqmis yovelTvis iniciatoria urTier-
TobebSi, siamovnebiT pasuxobs sxva adamianis mxridan
urTierTobis damyarebis survilze, magram misi
damokidebuleba adamianTa mimarT SeiZleba cvalebadi
da arastabiluri iyos. igi ucxo adamianTa wreSi
Tavs ise grZnobs, rogorc Tevzi wyalSi; uCveulo
garemoc mas ufro dadebiTad aRelvebs. sangvinikis
winaSe sasurvelia axal-axali amocanebis dayeneba,
romlebic misgan daZabvasa da dakvirvebas moiTxoven.
igi sistematurad unda iyos CarTuli aqtiur
saqmianobaSi. mas Zalze axalisebs Seqeba da waqezeba.
flegmatiki socialur kontaqtebs amyarebs nela,
Tavis grZnobebs naklebad avlens da didxans ver
amCnevs imaT, visac survili aqvs mas dauaxlovdes.
samagierod, flegmatiki ar aris cvalebadi. igi myari
da stabiluria adamainebTan damokidebulebaSi. mas
urTierTobisaTvis nacnobTa viwro wrec akmayo-
filebs. igi ufro megobrobiT iwyebs Tavis sasiyva-
rulo urTierTobebis damyarebasac ki, da bolos,
siyvarulic myari aqvs. misi skeptikuri natura
grZnobebis mtkicebas moiTxovs.
flegmatiki aqtiuri saqmianobisken unda mivizi-
doT dainteresebiT. amave dros, ar unda daviviwyoT,
rom am tipis temperamentis adamianebi sistematur
yuradRebas saWiroeben.
flegmatikis Sromis nayofiereba ecema, Tu igi
iZulebelia xSirad gamoicvalos Tavisi saqmianoba,
gadainacvlos erTi amocanidan meoreze.
Sromisa da swavlis optimizaciisaTvis sasargeb-
loa qolerikis saqmianobis kontrolireba, magram es
procesi didi sifrTxiliT unda Catardes. am dros
dauSvebelia TavSeukavebloba da simkacre, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneba uaryofiT sapasuxo reaq-
cias. qolerikTan damokidebulebis dros uaryofiTi
168
Sefasebebi awon-dawonili da samarTliani unda iyos.
melanqolikis mimarT dauSvebelia ukmexoba da
uxeSoba, TviT aweuli toni da ironiac ki ukargavs
mas Sromisunarianobas. misi dasja Tavisebur midgo-
mas moiTxovs. am tipis adamianebis sajarod gakicxva
ar aris sasurveli, SeniSvnebis micema mxolod erTi-
erTze SeiZleba, raTa igi ar gamovides mwyobridan,
rogorc muSaki da rogorc adamiani. mis mimarT
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamoCenaa saWiro, rom
SeumCneveli ar darCes mis mier miRweuli warmateba,
kargad gakeTebuli saqme. nervuli sistemis am tipis
adamianisaTvis raime problemaze gamocdis Catareba
misTvis ubedurebisa da stresis mizezi SeiZleba
gaxdes. ase magaliTad, flegmatiki gamocdebze pasuxis
dros SekiTxvebze Senelebulad reagirebs da iseTi
STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos ar icis saWiro masala.
mas didi daZabuloba esaWiroeba, rom ar gamovides
wonasworobidan da SeZlos sasurveli miznis miRweva.
gamomcdeli valdebulia kargad icodes, rom tem-
peramentis sxvadasxva tipebTan sruliad sxvadasxvagva-
ri damokidebulebaa saWiro. es exeba ar mxolod
melanqoliks, aramed temperamentis sxva tipebsac.
magaliTad, sangvinikis zedmetma siCqarem an qolerikis
gaumarTlebelma swrafvam, isini SeiZleba miiyvanos
arasakmarisad mofiqrebul pasuxebamde. aq sasurvelia
dazustdes, Tu risi Tqmis survili hqondaT maT.
amgvarad, temperamentze didad aris damokidebu-
li is, Tu ra wesiTa da saSualebebiT gaukeTebs
realizebas adamiani Tavis moqmedebas. adamianis dis-
pozicionaluri xasiaTis Tvisebebs (xasiaTi, interese-
bi, ganwyobebi) Soris wamyvani adgili swored tempe-
raments ukavia. igi pirovnebis interindividualur
da tipologiur Taviseburebas warmoadgens. d. uznaZe
temperaments emociebis dispoziciad Tvlida.
gulcivia, auRelvebelia adamiani, Tu piriqiT,
advilad inTeba emociurad; susti, mkrTali grZnobe-
bi axasiaTebs mas, Tu piriqiT, advilad agznebadi
grZnobebi da Zlieri vnebebi; afeqturia adamiani, Tu
piriqiT, mSvidi, auRelvebeli da a. S. _ es, pirvel
rigSi, temperamentzea damokidebuli, e. i. temperamen-
169
ti igulisxmeba pirovnebis im Taviseburebad, rome-
lic ama Tu im xasiaTis emociuri gancdebisadmi
midrekilebis safuZvels warmoadgens. r. naTaZe sru-
liad samarTlianad miuTiTebs: rogorc ama Tu im
tipis an donis inteleqtis adamianisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebelia garkveuli xasiaTis, garkveuli tipis
azrovnebis procesebi, radganac inteleqti azrov-
nebis procesebis dispozicionalur safuZvels war-
moadgens, ise sxvadasxva tipis temperamentis
adamianebisaTvis sxvadasxva tipis sxvadasxva xasiaTis
emociebia damaxasiaTebeli. maS ase: sangvinikis
temperamentisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, grZnobebis didi agznebadoba, e. i. advili
gamowveva, magram swrafi warmavloba. am tipis ada-
mianebis grZnobebSi Warbobs dadebiTi grZnobebi. mas
axasiaTebs sasiamovno emociuri gancdebisadmi
midrekileba, igi optimistia, misTvis damaxasiaTebe-
lia moqmedebisa da moZraobis swrafi tempi, cocxali
mimika, grZnobebis Zlieri, TavSeukavebeli, impulsuri
gamoxatva da, sazogadod, fsiqikur procesTa swrafi
mimdinareoba, igi cocxali, moZravi adamiania.
qolerikuli temperamentisaTvisac damaxasiaTebe-
lia grZnobebis didi agznebadoba. grZnobebi advi-
lad aRmocendebian. es tipi advilad inTeba, xSirad
afeqturic aris. misTvis, sangvinikTan SedarebiT,
damaxasiaTebelia mtkice da xangrZlivi grZnobebi.
sangvinikisagan gansxvavebiT, mas uaryofiTi grZnobe-
bisadmi aqvs miswrafeba. misTvis gansakuTrebiT dama-
xasiTebelia ukmayofileba, gajavreba, cxovrebaSi
usiamovno mxareebs amCnevs, rasac sificxis emociiT
pasuxobs.
flegmatikuri temperamentis adamians axasiaTebs
grZnobebis susti agznebadoba (sangvinikisa da
qolerikisagan gansxvavebiT), masSi Znelia grZnobebis
gamowveva. es aris mSvidi, gulubryvilo adamiani.
misTvis ucxoa afeqtebi. grZnobebi aRmocendebian
nela, gvian da arc aRweven afeqtis intensivobas.
samagierod, es grZnobebi mtkice xasiaTs atareben _
170
didxans ar qrebian, masTan sWarbobs dadebiTi grZno-
bebisaken midrekileba. nervuli sistemis am tips
axasiaTebs moqmedebaTa da moZraobaTa sidinje, auCqa-
rebloba. misi grZnobebi gareT ar vlindebian.
melanqolikuri temperamentisaTvis uaryofiTi
emociebisaken midrekileba aris damaxasiaTebeli. mis
grZnobebs Soris pirveli adgili uaryofiT
emociebs ukavia. igi pesimisturadaa ganwyobili _
TavisTvis cuds moelis da cxovrebaSi ufro usi-
amovno mxareebs xedavs. mas Znelad agznebadi da sus-
ti, modunebuli grZnobebi axasiaTebs.
udavoa, rom temperamenti Tandayolil Tvisebas
warmoadgens, magram rogorc i. pavlovi aRniSnavda,
adamianis qcevis tipebi ganisazRvreba ara mxolod
nervuli sistemis Tandayolili TvisebebiT, aramed im
gavleniTac, romlebsac ganicdis adamiani Tavisi
individualuri cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. igi didad
aris damokidebuli aRzrdasa da swavlebaze.
171
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1. ra warmoadgens adamianis biologiur
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safuZvels, mis biologiur fons?
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2. vis mier da rodis iyo SemoTavazebuli
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temperamentis tipebi?
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3. CamoayalibeT temperamentis cneba,
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temperamentis ramdeni tipia
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cnobili? (daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli
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maTgani).
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4. rogor xsnidnen temperamentis arss
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konstituciuri da endokrinuli
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Teoriebi?
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5. ras gvTavazobs i. pavlovis `nervuli
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sistemis tipebis Teoria?~
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6. daaxasiaTeT temperamentis tipebi
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i. pavlovis poziciidan.
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7. rogor zemoqmedebas axdens
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temperamenti adamianis qcevasa da
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moqmedebaze?
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172
leqcia XII
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leqcia
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grZnobebi
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da emociebi
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gegma:
1. grZnobisa da emociis cneba, misi Sinaarsi;
2. emociaTa Tvisebebi;
3. emociuri mdgomareobani;
4. grZnobebis Tvisebebi;
5. grZnobis saxeebi;
6. mokle daskvna.
fsiqikis, rogorc maRalganviTarebuli materiis

_ tvinis funqciis ZiriTad Sinaarss Seadgens gan-
cdaTa 3 gansxvavebuli klasi:
1. adamiani obieqtur sinamdviles ganicdis, e.i.
Seimecnebs mas; 2. adamiani Tavis subieqtur mdgomare-
obas ganicdis (damokidebulebas amyarebs gare samya-
rosTan da sakuTar TavTan) emociebisa da grZnobebis
meSveobiT; 3. adamiani Tavis aqtivobas ganicdis nebe-
lobiTi procesis meSveobiT. maSasadame, rodesac
vmsjelobT adamianis gancdebze, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs
Semecnebis, grZnoba-emociebisa da nebelobis pro-
cesebi.
grZnobebi da emociebi ewodeba adamianis iseT
fsi qikur mdgomareobas, romelic gamoxatavs mis damo
fsiqikur damo--
kidebulebas sxva adamianebTan, sakuTar TavTan da gare
samyaros movlenebTan.
grZnoba-emociebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWebaT
fsiqikuri da somaturi procesebis regulirebaSi.
termini èmocia~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa (am ter-
mins frangebic isakuTreben) da niSnavs mRelvarebas.
emociebi da grZnobebi fsiqikuri procesebis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilia.
173
Cveni grZnobebi da emociebi qcevis faqizi indi-
katori da motivatoria, romelic Tavisi elferiT
mosavs adamianis moqmedebas, maT gareSe SeuZlebelia
umaRlesi nervuli moqmedeba.
grZnobebi da emociebi Tavis daRs asvamen adamia-
nis fsiqikur qcevas, mis yvela mxares _ SegrZnebebs,
aRqmas, azrovnebas, warmosaxvas, qcevis nebismier
formas.
dadebiTi emociebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
organizmis sasicocxlo tonusis momatebasTan, Sro-
misunarianobis amaRlebasa da saerTo mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebasTan.
uaryofiTi emociebi ki iwveven adamianis fsiqikuri
aqtivobisa da Sromisunarianobis mkveTr daqveiTebas.
cnobilia, rom individi ara mxolod aqtiurad
imecnebs garesamyaros sagnebsa da movlenebs, aramed
ganicdis kidec garkveul damokidebulebas maT
mimarT. zogierTi movlena, sagani, adamiani mas aRel-
vebs, moswons, misken miiltvis, zogierTis mimarT ki
gulgrili da indiferentulia an ar moswons, eza-
reba, gaurbis. garesamyaros sagnebi da movlenebi
adamianSi warmoSoben siamovnebisa da usiamovnebis,
sixarulisa Tu mwuxarebis gancdebs.
grZnoba, gansakuTrebiT ki grZnobis is saxe,
romelsac emocias uwodeben, fsiqikur movlenaTa
Soris yvelaze naklebad aris gamoyofili adamianis
fsiqikuri cxovrebis mTlianobidan. igi fsiqikur
procesTa Soris yvelaze intimuria pirovnebisaTvis,
yvelaze ufro pirovnulia. emocia TviT adamianis,
subieqtis fsiqikuri mdgomareobaa.
grZnobaTa da emociaTa ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelia
gancdil movlenaTa damokidebuleba subieqtis moTxov-
nilebebTan, miswrafebebTan, zraxvebTan, nebisyofasa da
xasiaTTan
xasiaTTan.. rogorc garemos gamovlinebebi, ise saku-
Tari moqmedebebi
moqmedebebi,, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi grZnobis
saxiT ganicdeba imis mixedviT, xels uwyoben, Tu pi-
riqiT, aferxeben subieqtis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayo-
filebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom motivebis SecvlasTan erTad
icvleba adamianis damokidebuleba moTxovnilebis
174
sagnebis mimarT, raSic vlindeba swored misi pirov-
nuli damokidebuleba sinamdvilisadmi.
grZnobis aRmoceneba, ZiriTadSi, subieqtis moT
moT--
xov nilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. rac ufro Zlieri
xovnilebasTan
moTxovnileba, survili eufleba adamians sagnis
mimarT, miT ufro Zlier siamovnebas ganicdis igi
misi dauflebiT, da piriqiT, Tu ara aqvs moTxov-
nileba individs, maSin mas saganTan urTierTobiT
ukmayofileba, gaRizianeba eufleba.
grZnoba da emocia erTi da igive ar aris. emocia
romelime moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba-daukmayofileb-
lobasTan dakavSirebuli momentis uSualo gancdaa.
emociasTan SedarebiT, grZnoba ufro rTuli
bunebis gancdaa. igi asaxvis ufro rTuli formaa da
damaxasiaTebelia mxolod adamianTaTvis. grnobebi
socialuradaa ganpirobebuli. isini emociebis saxiT
gamoixateba. emocia aris grZnobis mimdinareobis
konkretuli forma.
grZnoba xasiaTdeba SedarebiTi gamZleobiTa da
simyariT. grZnoba adamians mimarTavs im sagnebisa da
movlenebisaken, romlebsac subieqtisaTvis pirovnuli
Rirebuleba gaaCnia.
qcevis motivebis codna ar kmara imisaTvis, rom
adamianma amiT ixelmZRvanelos, saWiroa maTi myar
grZnobad gadaqceva, raTa Seasrulos individis qcevis
rea luri aRmZvrelisa da maregulireblis funqcia.
realuri
grZnobaTa maregulirebeli funqcia imaSi mdgo ma
ma--
mdgoma
re obs, rom igi myari gancdebis meSveobiT warmarTavs
reobs,
Cvens qcevas da xels uwyobs adamians winaaRmdegobaTa
levasa da gadalaxvaSi.
daZlevasa
daZ
ontogenezSi grZnobebi ufro gvian Cndebian,
vidre situaciuri emociebi. grZnobebi yalibdebian
individualuri cnobierebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze.
grZnobebisa da emociebis Sinaarsi, upirveles
yovlisa, aris is sagnebi da movlenebi, romlebzedac
aris damokidebuli pirovnebis Rirebuli, seriozu-
li da mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli movlenebis ganvi-
Tareba. swored amis gamo aRiqmebian isini emociu-
rad. grZnobebi yalibdeba emociuri gamocdilebis
ganzogadebis safuZvelze.
175
emociaTa Tvisebebi
1. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi emociebi.
emociebi aris sinamdvilis mimarT adamianis uSua-
lo damokidebulebis gancda. es damokidebuleba ki
SeiZleba iyos rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi
uaryofiTi.
Tu romelime sagani, movlena an faqti Seesatyviseba
adamianis moTxovnilebebs
moTxovnilebebs, igi iwvevs dadebiT emoci-
ebs, rac gamoixateba kmayofilebaSi, sixarulSi, bed-
nierebaSi, siyvarulSi, mxiarulebaSi. uaryofiT
emociebs ki axasiaTebs ukmayofilebis, dardisa da
sevdis, naRvelis, SiSis, siZulvilis, risxvis gamoxa-
tuleba, rac pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens adamianis
cxovelmoqmedebaze, mis warmatebebsa Tu waruma-
teblobaze.
emociebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli asakobriv
krizebTan. mozardis emociebi metad aramdgradia,
rac imiT aixsneba, rom am periodSi arsebobs dro-
ebiTi disharmonia qerqsa da qerqqveSa ares, pirvelsa
da meore sasignalo sistemebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT
sqesobrivi momwifebis periodSi.
mozardi adamianis cxovrebis manZilze misi emo-
ciuri tipi cvalebadobas ganicdis. janmrTel adami-
ans unari Seswevs areguliros Tavisi moZraobebi,
qcevebi da moqmedebebi, magram gacilebiT Znelia
sakuTari emociebis marTva mozardobis periodSi,
mowifulobis asakSi ki adamiani amas aRwevs.
mkveTrad icvleba emociuri moqmedeba moxucebu-
lobis win da moxucebulobis asakSi. am asakobriv
periodSi emociebi ufro labiluri xdeba. ganwyobi-
leba xSirad daTrgunulia da Tan sdevs SeSfoTebis
elementebi.
dadebiTi emociebi amSvenebs pirovnebas, mas mimzi-
dvelsa da gamokveTils xdis. igi xels uwyobs Semoq-
medebiT aRmavlobas, intensiurs xdis inteleqtua-
lur-mnemur procesebs, xels uwyobs yuradRebis
simtkices.
aRsaniSnavia uaRresad mniSvnelovani faqtic _
calkeuli daavadebebis dros dadebiTi emociebi
keTilsasurvelad moqmedebs avadmyofobis
mimdinareobaze, uaryofiTi emociebi ki amZimebs mas.
176
2. sTenikuri da asTenikuri emociebi
emociebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT imis mixedviT,
iwveven Tu ara isini aqtiur an pasiur mdgomareobas,
amaRleben Tu adableben adamianis cxovelmyofelobas.
amis mixedviT emociebi aris sTenikuri (`sTenos~ _
Zala) da asTenikuri (àsTenos~ _ sisuste).
sTenikuri emociebi amaRleben adamianis energias,
aqtivobasa da cxovelmyofelobas, iwveven simxneves. am
dros matulobs guliscemis sixSire, arteriuli
wneva, izrdeba sunTqvis tempi da siRrme. es xdeba
didi sixarulis, risxvis da a.S. dros.
asTenikuri emociebis SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba ada-
mianis aqtivoba, energia, dundeba cxovelmyofeloba,
iSviaTdeba sunTqva, klebulobs da sustdeba gulisce-
ma. es xdeba didi dardis, naRvlianobis, daRvremilo-
bis, ugunebobis dros, xolo iseTi emociebi, ro-
gorebicaa SiSi da mwuxareba, SeiZleba gamovlindes
rogorc sTenikuri, ise asTenikuri formiT. es
mdgomareoba damokidebulia adamianis individualur
da nebelobiT Taviseburebebze, nervuli sistemis
tipze. erTi adamiani SeiZleba SiSma daTrgunos da
daasustos, xolo meoreSi fizikuri da
inteleqtualuri Zalebis mobilizacia gamoiwvios.
emociuri mdgomareobani
emociur mdgomareobebs pirovnebis cxovrebaSi
umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukavia. isini Tavisi elfe-
riT mosaven adamianis mTel fsiqikur moqmedebas.
magaliTad, kargi guneba-ganwyobileba aaqtiurebs
adamianis SemecnebiT da nebelobiT moqmedebas.
emociur mdgomareobaSi vlindeba adamianis qcevis
rogorc tipiuri, ise SemTxveviTi-aradamaxasiaTebeli
Tvisebebi.
adamianis tipiur emociur mdgomareobaSi
vlindeba pirovnebis individualuri Taviseburebebi.
melanqolikebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xangrZlivi
minoruli ganwyobileba, xolo sangvinikebisaTvis _
mxne emociuri mdgomareoba. SemTxveviTi emociuri
mdgomareobani ar gamoxataven pirovnebis arsebiT
Tvisebebs. isini ganpirobebulni arian situaciis
TaviseburebiT. gansakuTrebul pirobebSi, magaliTad,
177
afeqturi mdgomareoba SeiZleba gamoavlinos Zalze
gawonasworebulma da mSvidma adamianmac ki.
yovelgvari emociuri mdgomareoba determinire-
bulia, Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom adamiani
yovelTvis ver acnobierebs romelime emociuri
mdgomareobis mizezebs.
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia iseTi emociu-
ri mdgomareobani, rogorebic aris:
1. guneba-ganwyobileba
guneba-ganwyobileba.. rodesac SedarebiT
sustad aris gamoxatuli zogadi emociuri mdgomare-
oba, igi ramdenime xniT moicavs mTel pirovnebas da
gavlenas axdens mis qcevaze. ganwyobilebis mizezebi
mravalgvaria, zogi maTgani arc ki cnobierdeba.
mxne, mxiaruli ganwyobileba adamianisaTvis mas-
timulirebelia. am dros misi yovelnairi moqmedeba
Seferilia dadebiTi emociuri elferiT.
cudi ganwyobilebis dros adamiani samyaros sevdian
tonebSi aRiqvams. karg ganwyobilebaze myofi adamiani-
saTvis urTulesi cxovrebiseuli siZneleebic ki
advilad gadasalaxavi xdeba, saqmianoba saintereso da
mimzidveli, sxva adamianebi keTili da lmobieri.
gabrazebuli adamiani ki yvelaferze Riziandeba,
SeniSvnebze uaryofiTad reagirebs, ar midis daTmobaze.
guneba-ganwyobileba uzrunvelyofs cxovelmoqme-
debis Sesabamis dones.
emociur qmedebaSi SedarebiTi stabiluri
guneba-ganwyobilebis uzrunvelmyofeli gamawonaswo-
rebeli regulatori rom ar arsebobdes, adamiani
mudmivi emociebisa da grZnobebis uwyvet tyveobaSi
iqneboda da ver SeZlebda produqtiul moRvaweobas.
daTrgunul-daqveiTebul ganwyobilebas, romel-
sac Tan sdevs warsulisa da awmyos uaryofiTad
Sefaseba da momavlisadmi pesimisturi Sexedulebebi,
dep resia ewodeba. depresiis dros, arcTu iSviaTad,
depresia
adamians eufleba sikvdilisa da TviTmkvlelobis
azrebi. tipiuri depresiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
simptomebis triada. daTrgunul-daqveiTebul ganwyo-
bilebasTan erTad vlindeba ideatoruli (azrobrivi,
asociaciuri) damuxruWeba, rodesac depresiiT Sep-
yrobili avadmyofis xatovani gamoTqmiT `Tavi carie-
178
lia, xolo azrebi metad nela modis, WiayelasaviT
moizlazneba~. am mdgomareobas Tan sdevs, agreTve,
moZraobis damuxruWeba, adamiani naklebmoZravia,
umZims saubari.
Zalze aweuli, mxiaruli ganwyobileba eiforiad
iwodeba. adamiani yvelafers naTel, mxiarul tonebSi
aRiqvams, yvela mimzidvelad da keTilad eCveneba. am
dros individs eufleba ideatoruli agzneba. azrebi
advilad da swrafad miedineba, erTi asocoacia
maSinve iwvevs ramdenime asociacias, mexsiereba mdidar
informacias iZleva, magram yuradReba mdgradi ar
aris, ukiduresad gafantulia, ris Sedegadac
produqtiuli Semoqmedebis unari SezRudulia.
2. swrafva (vneba) xangrZlivi da intensiuri emo-
ciaa, romelsac adamianisaTvis didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba. Zlieri da xangrZlivi swrafva SeiZleba Se-
exos individis rogorc maRal, iseve dabal moTxov-
nilebebs. mas SeuZlia adamianis saqmianobis orga-
nizeba da stimulireba. Zlier swrafvas adamiani
warmatebebisaken mihyavs da yovelgvari
dabrkolebebis gadalaxvaSi exmareba.
3. afeqti mkveTrad gamoxatuli, magram wamieri,
xanmokle emociaa, ucbad warmoqmnili Zlieri su-
lieri mdgomareoba _ mRelvarebaa. afeqti iseTi
mdgomareobaa, rodesac warmoqmnili emocia (grZnoba)
wamierad gausxlteba gonebis zegavlenas. cnobilia
eWvianobis, mZvinvarebis, mrisxanebis, udidesi
sixarulisa da sxva afeqti. afeqts, Cveulebriv, Tan
sdevs mZafri moZraobiTi reaqciebi.
gonebiT gakontrolebul afeqts fiziologiur
afeqts uwodeben. misgan gansxvavebiT zogierTi avad-
myofuri mdgomareobis dros paTologiuri afeqti
vlindeba. aq adamiani kargavs Tavisi saqcielis
xelmZRvanelobis unars, angariSs ver uwevs Tavis
moqmedebas, ar axsovs ras akeTebda afeqtis periodSi
(amnezia). mas SeuZlia danaSaulis Cadena, im adamianis
mokvla, vinc am mdgomareobamde miiyvana. mas Tavis
mokvlac ki ZaluZs.
paTologiuri afeqti ZiriTadad axasiaTebs fsi-
qopaTebs, epilefsiiT SepyrobilT, Tavis tvinis
179
organuli dazianebis mqone adamianebs.
maSasadame, afeqti aris erTbaSad wamoWrili,
swrafad warmavali da ukiduresad intensiuri emo-
cia. afeqtis dros adamiani obieqturad ver afasebs
Seqmnil mdgomareobas da avlens mizanSeuwonel reaq-
ciebs. afeqti feTqebadi emociaa, romlis drosac
cnobiereba viwrovdeba, adamians ar esmis rCevisa da
damSvidebis sityvebi. aRniSnul emocias Tan axlavs
Zlieri sxeulebrivi gamoxatulebani guliscemis,
sunTqvis, sisxlis mimoqcevis, mimikisa da sxva mkveTri
cvlilebebi.
afeqti SeiZleba dasruldes agresiiTac da keTi-
ladac. pirovnebis nebelobiTi TviTaRzrdis Sedegad
SesaZlebelia afeqturi mdgomareobis marTva da
regulireba.
ganasxvaveben sTenikur (Zlier) da asTenikur (sust)
afeqtur mdgomareobas. sTenikuri afeqtisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia Tanmxlebi sxeulebrivi procesebis
gaZliereba _ Zlierdeba sunTqva da guliscema, sisx-
lis milebi farTovdeba, matulobs kunTuri Zala.
tipiur sTenikur afeqtad iTvleba risxva, aRtaceba,
aRfrTovaneba.
asTenikuri afeqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia yvela
zemoaRniSnuli Tvisebebis SenelebiTi gamovlena _
sustdeba da dundeba guliscema, sisxlis milebi
viwrovdeba, adamiani fiTrdeba, SeSdeba. am mdgoma-
reobaSi adamians ZiriTadad agdebs SiSi, gancvif-
reba, Zlieri dardi.
paTologiuri afeqti aris Cadenili danaSaulis
pasuxismgeblobis Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba.
4. stresi (inglisurad _ daZabuloba). stresi
aRmocendeba rTul situaciaSi da ganicdeba, rogorc
didi Sinagani daZabuloba. esaa saSiSroebis molodi-
nis, didi fizikuri da gonebrivi gadatvirTvis piro-
bebSi warmoSobili emocia, mokle droSi, riskis
situaciaSi swrafi da sapasuxismgeblo gadawyvetile-
bebis miRebisas aRmocenebuli gancdebi.
stresis dros xdeba zogierTi cnobieri moqme-
debis Sekaveba, adgili aqvs aRqmisa da mexsierebis
Secdomebs, moulodnel gaRizianebebze araadekvatur
180
reaqciebs, yuradRebis Seviwroebas, drois inter-
valis uzusto aRqmas.
stresis gavleniT xdeba pirovnebis nervul-fsiqi-
kuri sferos mkveTri cvlilebebic. icvleba sisxlis
bioqimiuri Semadgenloba da sxva vegetatiuri maCve-
neblebic. Zlieri stresis dros icvleba adamianis
qcevac _ aRmocendeba agznebis zogadi reaqcia, rac
iwvevs qcevis met-nakleb dezorganizacias _ usiste-
mo, arakoordinirebul moZraobebsa da Jestebs.
stresis dros Znelad xorcieldeba mizanSewonili
qceva, yuradRebis gadanacvleba da ganawileba.
adamianis qceva stresul situaciaSi mniSvnelov-
nad aris damokidebuli idnividis pirovnul Tvise-
bebze _ nervuli sistemisa da temperamentis tipze,
nebisyofaze da sxv.
5. frustracia. frustracia aris emociuri
mdgomareoba, romelic aRmocendeba miznis miRwevis
gzaze xelisSemSleli realuri an warmosaxuli
pirobebis (marcxis) safuZvelze. es aris daukmayofi-
lebeli moTxovnilebebiT gamowveuli ukiduresi
ukmayofilebis mdgomareoba, romelic vlindeba
uaryofiTi gancdebis saxiT. frustracias iwvevs
pirovnebis mimarTulebasa da obieqtur SesaZ-
leblobas Soris konfliqti, romelsac pirovneba ar
eTanxmeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom yovelgvari ukmayofileba
ar iwvevs frustracias. igi vlindeba iq, sadac ukma-
yofilebis xarisxi imaze maRalia, risi atanac pirov-
nebas SeuZlia. frustraciis dros adamiani Zlier
nervul-fsiqikur Seryevas ganicdis.
frustracias umetesad ganicdian emociuri, aweu-
li agznebadobis susti nebisyofis adamianebi, magram
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri adamianisaTvis
misi cxovrebis gzaze garduvalia frustracia, magram
misi gamovlenis forma didad aris damokidebuli
individis fsiqologiur tipze, mis temperamentze.
6. udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs emociebis dayofas
sazogadoebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebasTan dakavSire-
biT. cnobilia inteleqtualuri, moraluri, esTetikuri
da praqtikuli (praqsiuli) grZnoba-emociebi, romlebic
did rols TamaSoben sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
181
grZnobebis Tvisebebi
1. grZnobis subieqturoba
subieqturoba. grZnobis ZiriTadi
Tviseba gaxlavT misi subieqturoba, riTac igi mkveT-
rad gansxvavdeba yvela sxva gancdisagan. igi obieqtis
Tvisebas ki ar asaxavs, aramed subieqtis Sinagan mdgo-
mareobas.
aRsaniSnavia grZnobebis didi interindividualuri
sxvaobebi: erTi da igive obieqti an erTi da igive
obieqturi viTareba, erTi da igive moqmedeba sxvadasxva
adamianSi, garkveul farglebSi, gansxvavebul grZnobas
iwvevs. es mdgomareoba kargad aris gadmocemuli xalxur
gamonaTqvamSi _ `gemovnebaze ar daoben~. SesaZloa zogi
ram sasiamovno iyos erTi adamianisaTvis, xolo meorisa-
Tvis arafers ar warmoadgendes.
grZnobaTa subieqturoba Tavs iCens erT da imave
adamianSic erTi da imave obieqtis mimarT grZnobebis
cvalebadobis saxiT, rac gansakuTrebiT naTlad
pirovnebis zrda-ganviTarebis procesSi iCens Tavs:
zogi ram, rac moswonda da siamovnebda adamians
bavSvobaSi, aRar siamovnebs WabukobaSi, anda Zlier
negatiuri emociuri toniT ganicdeba moxucebulo-
baSi. raimes an vinmes mimarT siyvaruli droTa
ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba kidev ufro gaZlierdes an
SeiZleba gulgrilobad an siZulvilad gadaiqces;
raime gataceba droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
Zlierdebodes da mere gaqres, an piriqiT, ubralo
gataceba mkveTrad gaZlierdes da a.S. maSasadame,
yoveli grZnoba subieqturia, subieqtis mdgomare-
obas warmoadgens. magram aseTi mdgomareoba Tavis-
Tavad da umizezod ki ara, mxolod sinamdvilesTan
urTierTobis procesSi Cndeba da am urTierTobis
mixedviT icvleba.
sinamdvilesTan adamianis urTierTobis mimdi-
nareoba SeiZleba mxolod ori TvalsazrisiT iqnes
ganxiluli: a) ras aZlevs igi subieqts mizanSewo-
nilebis TvalsazrisiT da b) TviT am urTierTobis
procesi rogoria dinamikis TvalsazrisiT.
maSasadame, grZnobas ori ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
gaaCnia: mizanSewonilebis TvalsazrisiT _ siamovne-
ba-usiamovnebis mimarTuleba da dinamikis Tvalsazri-
182
siT _ agzneba-damSvidebis mimarTuleba. grZnoba
aris mTliani, erTiani subieqtis erTiani Sinagani
fsiqikuri mdgomareoba!
2. polaroba. grZnobis ZiriTad romelobaTa
gansakuTrebiT specifikur Taviseburebas is garemo-
eba Seadgens, rom TiToeuli maTgani or, polarulad
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebas Seicavs: siamovneba da
usiamovneba, agzneba da damSvideba. orive polarulad
dapirispirebuli wevrebisagan Sedgeba. es imiT aixs-
neba, rom is, rac safuZvlad udevs TiToeul maTgans,
TviTon aris polaruli bunebis. adamianis aqtivobas
yovelTvis miznad aqvs raime moTxovnilebis dakmayo-
fileba. magram es aqtivoba yovelTvis warmatebiT ver
sruldeba: igi an aRwevs dasaxuli mizans an ver
aRwevs. maSasadame, mas namdvili polaruli xasiaTi
aqvs. amitom sakvirveli ar aris, rom subieqtis mdgo-
mareobac orgvaria: rodesac aqtivoba mizans aRwevs,
maSin misi moTxovnileba kmayofildeba da es gare-
moeba Tavis anarekls kmayofilebis an siamovnebis
grZnobaSi poulobs. xolo rodesac aqtivoba mar-
cxiT mTavrdeba, moTxovnileba daukmayofilebeli
rCeba da subieqti ukmayofilebas an usiamovnebas
ganicdis.
amrigad, siamovneba-usiamovnebis polaruli xa-
siaTi gasagebi xdeba. principulad igive iTqmis
agzneba-damSvidebis Sesaxebac. maTi polaruli
mimarTulebac maTi safuZvlidanve gamomdinareobs.
yoveli cocxali organizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-
lia aqtivoba, magram mTeli sicocxlis Sinaarss
marto aqtivoba rodi Seadgens. cocxali arseba ara
marto xarjavs Tavis energias, e.i. aqtiurobs, aramed
mas iseTi periodebic gaaCnia, rodesac am energias
agrovebs. pirveli, e.i. aqtivoba, agznebulobis saxiT
iCens Tavs cnobierebaSi, meore _ mosvenebis anu
energiis dagrovebis periodi _ damSvidebis saxiT.
Tu grZnobis pirveli mimarTulebis, e.i. sia-
movneba-usiamovnebis mimarTulebis polusebs
moqmedebis miznis miRwevasTan dadebiTi an uaryofi-
Ti damokidebuleba gansazRvravs, meore mimarTule-
bas, e.i. agzneba-damSvidebis polusebs miznisaken
183
swrafvis procesis dausrulebloba Tu dasruleba
ganapirobebs. es garemoeba gansakuTrebiT imiT aris
sagulisxmo, rom miznis sruli miRwevis SemTxvevaSi
siamovnebis grZnoba sustdeba da kargavs Tavis masti-
mulirebel mniSvnelobas subieqtisaTvis. rac ufro
Cveulebad gadaiqceva subieqtisaTvis miRweuli
mizani, miT ufro Clungdeba siamovnebis gancda da,
piriqiT, rac ufro eswrafvis adamiani raime mizans,
miT ufro agznebuli da Zlieri xdeba siamovneba
miznisaken miaxloebisas.
grZnobebis am TaviseburebaSi mocemulia adamia-
nis mier sul axal-axali, ufro maRali da Znelad
misaRwevi miznebis dasaxvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovane-
si fsiqologiuri safuZveli: miRweuli mizani aRar
akmayofilebs adamians, miRweuli ukve Cveul da Tavis-
Tavad nagulisxmev doned gadaiqceva misTvis; aRmo-
cendeba ufro maRali miznis miRwevis moTxovnileba.
3. ambivalentoba. grZnobad-emociuri mdgomare-
obis erTianobis TvisebasTan arsebiTad aris dakav-
Sirebuli polaruli xasiaTis grZnobebis erTdrou-
li aRmoceneba, romelic erTi mTliani emociuri
saxis mdgomareobad ganicdeba. aseT grZnobebs àmbiva-
lenturs~ (orpolusians) uwodeben. erT gancdaSi
Serwymuli siamovneba da usiamovneba erTmaneTis
neitralizacias an kompensacias ki ar axdenen, aramed
Tvisobrivad axal grZnobas warmoqmnian. maSasadame,
ambivalenturi grZnoba sruliad axali grZnobaa!
didi siswrafiT mimaval manqanaSi yofna, simaRlidan
gadaxtoma, bakurianis maRali mTebidan Camosrialeba
da sxv. specifikuri ambivalenturi grZnobis saxiT
ganicdeba. am mZafri siamovnebis gancdaSi Tavis rols
SiSis usiamovno emociac TamaSobs.
ambivalenturi xasiaTisaa grandiozulobis,
sidiadis gancda, romelsac adamiani, magaliTad,
bunebis sidiadis winaSe ganicdis. am intensiuri,
esTetikuri xasiaTis siamovnebis gancdaSi sakuTari
Tavis uZlurebis usiamovno grZnobebic monawileobs.
tipiuri ambivalenturi grZnobebia eWvianobis
grZnoba, molodinis gancda da sxva mravali emociuri
gancda. aseTi ambivalenturi grZnobebi kidev bevria,
184
mag. natvra, erTguleba, morCileba da sxva.
ambivalenturi grZnobebis SemTxvevebi imdenad
xSiria, rom SesaZlebelia àmbivalentoba~ grZnobis
erT-erT ZiriTad Taviseburebad CavTvaloT. saqme
isaa, rom àdamianTa miznebis sistemis Sinagani mra-
valmxrivobis gamo, advili SesaZlebelia, erTi ro-
melime miznis TvalsazrisiT, es Tu is grZnoba
azriani iyos, xolo meore miznis TvalsazrisiT _
sruliad uazro, da amis gamo, emociuri gancda
siamovnebis momentsac Seicavs da usiamovnebisasac~.
(d. uznaZe)
maSasadame, polaruli grZnobebis erT specifikur
grZnobad Serwyma qmnis Tvisobrivad axal grZnobas,
romelSiac siamovneba-usiamovneba an sxva grZnoba
cal-calke ki ar aris mocemuli, aramed axal, da-
moukidebel gancdas warmoadgens. es gaxlavT
grZnobis ambivalentoba.
4. grZnobis dinamiuroba
dinamiuroba. sazogadod, grZnoba
da gansakuTrebiT emocia, mxolod gancdas ki ar war-
moadgens, aramed garkveul farglebSi Seicavs Tavis
Sesatyvisi mimarTulebiT swrafvis, ltolvis moments,
moqmedebaSi gadasvlis tendencias, e. i. garkveuli
azriT, grZnobebSi moqmedebisadmi swrafvis momentia
mocemuli. magaliTad, SiSis gancdaSi mocemulia
garkveuli situaciidan, obieqtidan moSorebis swraf-
va, risxvaSi, piriqiT, Tavdasxmis swrafva da a.S.
sxvadasxva saxis grZnobebsa da emociebSi swrafvis
dinamiuri momenti arsebiTad gansxvavebuli xasia-
Tisaa, magram metad Tu naklebad, igi sazogadod
damaxasiaTebelia grZnobebisaTvis. am moments
grZnobis dinamiur moments anu mxares uwodeben.
grZnobis am momentTan dakavSirebiT, emocias
xSirad ixilaven rogorc adamianis qcevis mamoZrave-
bel Zalas, rogorc qcevis `Zravs~.
cnobilia rigi Teoriebisa (emocionaluri Teo-
ria), romlebic nebisyofis `Zravs~, mis fsiqologiur
meqanizms emociur procesSi xedaven. zog avtors
miaCnia, rom grZnobebi asruleben adamianis qcevis
maregulirebel rols. siamovneba-usiamovnebis gan-
cdis gaZliereba-Sesusteba adamianis qcevis procesSi
185
mimarTulebis maregulirebeli xdeba, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, rodesac qcevis mimdinareoba met-naklebad
moklebulia gacnobierebul xasiaTs.
Zlieri grZnobis, gansakuTrebiT emociuri afeq-
tis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani kargavs Segnebuli,
nebismieri moqmedebis unars, mis qcevas mTlianad
Zlieri emocia _ afeqti warmarTavs. Zlieri
emociuri agzneba uneblied gadadis moqmedebaSi.
motivirebuli, nebismieri moqmedebis SemTxvevaSic
grZnobebisa da emociebis roli metad didia: TviT
moqmedebis motivaciaSi grZnobebi da emociebi, su-
bieqtis uneburad, Zalian did rols TamaSoben.
Zlieri grZnoba, emocia, romlis mimarTulebac
Segnebulad dasaxul miznebs emTxveva, xels uwyobs
nebisyofis moqmedebas, igi moqmedebis energiis aRmZv-
relis Zlier wyaros warmoadgens, xolo im SemTxve-
vaSi, rodesac emociis mimarTuleba ewinaaRmdegeba
moqmedebis Segnebulad dasaxul miznebs, cxadia, igi
aferxebs nebisyofis moqmedebas, xels uSlis nebis-
mieri moqmedebis Sesrulebas.
5. grZnobebis intensivoba
intensivoba. grZnobas yovelTvis
intensivobis raime xarisxi gaaCnia _ sixaruli,
siZulvili da a. S. SeiZleba iyos susti da Zlieri
Zlieri.
grZnobas gaaCnia Tavisi `zRurbli~. grZnobis
qveda zRurbli SegrZnebis intensivobis is donea,
romelic grZnobis gamosawvevadaa sakmarisi. SegrZnebis
Semdgomi gaZliereba, cxadia, grZnobis intensivobas
aZlierebs, magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom SegrZnebasa
da grZnobas Soris yovelTvis ar arsebobs uSualo
kavSiri _ es damokidebulia individualur Tavisebu-
rebebze, im saerTo mdgomareobaze, romelSiac
mocemul momentSi imyofeba subieqti da a. S.
grZnoba Tavisi ganviTarebis procesSi or zRur-
bls gaivlis: pirveli zRurbli win uswrebs cnobie-
rebis ganawevrebuli, gamokveTili Sinaarsis aRmoce-
nebas. igi gaurkvevel, difuzur grZnobas warmoSobs,
romelic TandaTanobiT Zlierdeba da cnobierebis
gabatonebul Sinaarsad iqceva, sanam ar aiZulebs
subieqts situaciis gasaSuqeblad da amocanis gada-
186
saWrelad zomebi miiRos. rodesac es mdgomareoba
miRweulia, grZnoba sustdeba da meore zRurbls
aRwevs, romlis iqiTac is sruliad aRar Cans.
aRsaniSnavia grZnobebi, romlebic garkveul moq-
medebasTan iyvnen dakavSirebulebi. am moqmedebis
avtomatizaciis (xSiri ganmeorebis) Sedegad, Cveuleb-
riv, isini sustdebian an sruliad qrebian.
arsebobs Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac grZno-
bis maqsimalur zRurblad iTvleba grZnobis inten-
sivobis is maqsimaluri done, romlis zeviT grZno-
bebis intensivoba veRar matulobs, an sxva grZnobaSi
gadadis.
zogi avtori (d. uznaZe) Tvlis, rom aseTi maqsi-
maluri zRurbli mxolod pozitiuri (siamovnebis)
mimarTulebis grZnobebs gaaCniaT.
6. grZnobebis siRrme
siRrme.. grZnobebi, sazogadod,
pirovnebis Rrma, intimur, subieqtisagan gamouyofel
gancdas warmoadgens. magram TviT grZnobebic erTma-
neTisagan gansxvavdebian siRrmiT, e. i. pirovnebaSi
maTi `Canergilobis~ siRrmis mixedviT.
rac ufro Rrma aris grZnoba, miT ufro Rrmad
pirovnuli xasiaTisaa igi. Rrma grZnobis gamocnoba
im kvalis mixedviT SeiZleba, romelsac igi pirovne-
baze tovebs. zerele grZnoba ise gaivlis, rom
pirovnebaze kvals ar datovebs.
rac ufro Rrma iyo gancdili grZnoba, miT
ufro Rrma kvali datova man pirovnebaze, igi cvlis
pirovnebas. Zalian Rrma grZnobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios
pirovnebis xasiaTis, misi bunebis Secvla.
grZnobebis siRrme didad aris damokidebuli
adamianis fsiqologiur Taviseburebebze. arseboben
iseTi individebi, romlebsac Rrma emociuri gan-
cdebisaken aqvT midrekileba da Rrma grZnobebi
gaaCniaT; arseboben am adamianTa sruliad sapiris-
pironic, romelTac grZnobebis zereloba axasiaTebT.
aseTi adamianebi advilad itanen sevdas, wuxils da
a.S.
grZnobaTa zerelobac, garkveulwilad, ganpirobe-
bulia pirovnebis fsiqologiuri tipiT, temperamen-
tiT da sxv.
187
7. grZnobebis seriozuloba-araseriozuloba.
ganasxvaveben realuri movlenebiT gamowveul, warmo-
saxul da ararealuri movlenebiT gamowveul grZno-
bebs. warmosaxuli sagnebi da movlenebi, zogjer
realur da intensiur grZnobebsac ki iwveven. adami-
ani, romelic films, speqtakls, an raime sainteresos
uyurebs, an saintereso wigns kiTxulobs, zogjer
tiris, icinis, SfoTavs da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom
man kargad icis am grZnobaTa gamomwvevi ambebisa da
pirebis ararealoba. aseT grZnobebs araseriozul
grZnobebs uwodeben. maT ar axasiaTebT dinamiuroba,
moqmedebaSi gadasvlis tendencia..
grZnobebis saxeebi
grZnobebi dakavSirebulia adamianis moTxovnile-
bebis dakmayofileba-daukmayofileblobasTan. moTxov-
nilebaTa bunebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben dabal da
maRal grZnobebs. dabal grZnobebs miekuTvneba fi-
maRal
ziologiuri, organul moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofi-
leba-daukmayofileblobaze aRmocenebuli grZnobebi
(SimSilis, wyurvilis, sqesobrivi da sxv.). dabal
grZnobebs didi biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvT. maT
tvinis qerqSi miaqvT signalebi organizmis fizio-
logiuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
maRali grZnobebi vlindebian socialuri moTxov-
nilebebis dakmayofileba-daukmayofileblobis nia-
dagze. maT aSkarad gamoxatuli socialuri Sinaarsi
aqvT. SiSis, risxvis, mZvinvarebis emociebs ganicdian
cxovelebic, magram zneobrivi xasiaTis gancdebi,
mSvenierebis aRqmiT gamowveuli sixaruli an Semoqme-
debiTi Sromis procesSi gancdili STagonebis gan-
cda SeuZlia mxolod adamians. maRali grZnobebi
specifikuri adamianuri grZnobebia!
Sinaarsis mixedviT grZnobebi oTx jgufad iyofa.
esenia: moraluri, esTetikuri, inteleqtualuri,
praqsiuli grZnobebi.
1. moraluri grZnobebi
grZnobebi. moralur grZnobas
miekuTvneba yvela is grZnoba, romelsac ganic-
dis adamiani moraluri anu zneobrivi katego-
iis movlenebis aRqmisas. aseTi grZnobebi war-
188
moiqmnebian mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTi-
erTobebis safuZvelze. moraluri grZnobebi
warmoadgenen zneobrivi normebis Sesrulebis
an darRvevis gancdas. moraluri grZnobebia:
movaleobis grZnoba, TanagrZnoba, sibralulis,
sircxvilis, patriotizmis, siamayis, sinanulis,
sindisis qenjnis grZnoba da sxv.
2. esTetikuri grZnobebi. esTetikuri grZnoba
aris mSvenierebis, silamazis gancda. esaa
sidiadis, komikurisa da tragikulis grZnoba.
esTetikuri grZnobis safuZvelia sxvadasxva
Janris xelovnebis qmnilebis aRqma.
3. inteleqtualuri grZnobebi. inteleqtualuri
grZnobebi warmoadgens Semecnebis procesTan
dakavSirebul grZnobebs. esaa gakvirvebis,
cnobismoyvareobis, codnismoyvareobis inte-
resis, darwmuneba-daurwmuneblobis da Semoq-
medebiTi Ziebis grZnobebi.
4. praqsiuli grZnobebi
grZnobebi. praqsiul grZnobas
miekuTvneba adamianis praqtikul saqmianobasTan
dakavSirebuli (Sroma, TamaSi, sporti, swavla
da sxv.) dadebiTi da uaryofiTi gancdebi. igi
asaxavs adamianis praqtikul moqmedebas da
dakavSirebulia nebelobasTan, siZneleebisa da
winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxvasTan. es gancdebi
vlindeba iseT grZnobebsa da emociebSi, rogo-
ricaa: daZabuloba, Zalisxmeva, kmayofileba-
ukmayofileba.
grZnobebi da emociebi fsiqikur procesTa Soris
yvelaze intimuri da yvelaze subieqturia. igi ada-
mianis yvela fsiqikur gancdas Tavisi elferiT
mosavs. grZnobaTa da emociaTa ZiriTadi ganmsazR-
vrelia gancdil movlenaTa damokidebuleba subieq-
tis moTxovnilebebTan. faqtiurad, grZnobebis
aRmoceneba uSualod moTxovnilebebTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli. ama Tu im adamianis moTxovnilebaTa sistemis
codnis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT am
adamianis grZnoba-emociebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
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1. risi meSveobiT amyarebs adamiani
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damokidebulebas gare samyarosTan da
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sakuTar TavTan?
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2. grZnobebi da emociebi erTi da igive
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fsiqikuri movlenebia Tu
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gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan?
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3. ramdeni Tviseba gaaCnia emocias?
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romelia es Tvisebebi? (daaxasiaTeT
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TiToeuli maTgani).
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4. romelia adamianis emociuri
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mdgomareobani? (daaxasiaTeT
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TiToeuli maTgani).
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5. ra Tvisebebi axasiaTebs adamianis
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grZnobebs? (CamoayalibeT da
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6. grZnobis romeli saxeebia cnobili?
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7. ra warmoadgens grZnobaTa da emociaTa
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ZiriTad ganmsazRvrel faqtors?
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190
leqcia XIII
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leqcia
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nebisyofa
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gegma:
1. nebisyofis arsis Sesaxeb;
2. nebisyofa, rogorc adamianisaTvis speci
speci--
fi ku
fiku ri funqcia;
kuri
3. impulsuri qceva;
4. nebismieri qceva;
5. nebismieri moqmedebis struqtura;
6. nebisyofa, rogorc adamianis Rirsebis
safuZ ve
safuZve li.
veli.
nebisyofis arsis Sesaxeb

ra aris nebisyofa? raSi mdgomareobs misi arsi?
am SekiTxvaze Tanamedrove fsiqologiur mecnierebaSi
sayovelTaod miRebuli pasuxi ar arsebobs, magram
erTi garemoeba mainc yvelas mier udaod aris
miRebuli: nebisyofa gar kveuli qcevis aqtebTan aris
garkveuli
dakavSirebuli, ro go
rogo rc misi warmmarTveli Zala da
gorc
qcevas, romelic nebis yofis safuZvelze xorcieldeba
nebisyofis xorcieldeba,,
cnobieri xa si
xasiaTi aqvs: igi winaswar gaazrebuli,
sia
winaswar dageg mi
dagegmi li gziT mim
mili di
mimdina
dinare
nareobs. gansakuTrebiT
reobs.
am ukanaskneli niSniT ganasxvaveben nebismier qcevas
qcevis sxva formebisagan.
magram miznis Segnebuloba da misi miRwevisaTvis
saWiro saSualebaTa gaTvaliswineba inteleqtis
saqmea. inteleqti (aRqma, warmosaxva, azrovneba) garemo
sinamdvilis analizs axdens, misi daxmarebiT vaRwevT
miznisa da saSualebis gacnobierebas
miznisa gacnobierebas. maSasadame,
Semecneba gonebis saqmea da igi ar SeiZleba iyos
nebisyofis ZiriTadi funqcia. nebisyofa da inte-
leqti fsiqikis sxvadasxva Sinaarss warmoadgens. am
191
garemoebas Cven yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic vxvdebiT:
zogjer adamians didi inteleqtualuri niWi, Semecne-
bis didi unari gaaCnia, magram SesamCnevad susti
nebisyofa aqvs. aseT adamians miznis gacnobiereba da
misi miRwevisaTvis saWiro saSualebaTa gaTvaliswine-
ba ar gauWirdeba, magram nebisyofis sisuste Tavs
imaSi iCens, rom igi ver isaxavs iseT miznebs, romel-
Ta miRwevac nebisyofis aqtTan aris dakavSirebuli,
an kidev, advilad iRebs xels iseTi miznis ganxorcie-
lebaze, sadac dabrkolebebs waawydeba. meore mxriv,
marTlac SeuZlebelia nebismieri qcevis Sesaxeb vila-
parakoT iq, sadac qcevis mizani da misi miRwevis
saSualebebi ar aris winaswar gaTvaliswinebuli.
nebismieri qcevis dros pirovnebam icis ara marto
miznisa da saSualebis Sesaxeb, aramed am qcevis Se de
de--
Sede
gis Rirebulebis Sesaxebac. magram es garemoeba
mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom inteleqti nebisyofis
winapirobas Seadgens
winapirobas Seadgens, rom SeuZlebelia nebisyofis
Sesaxeb laparaki iq, sadac azrovneba jer kidev ar
momwifebula, rom mis niadagze garemos iseTi ana-
lizi iqnes warmoebuli, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis
miznisa da saSualebis gacnobierebas.
pirovnebis sulieri SesaZleblobebi da maT
niadagze aRmocenebuli fsiqikuri movlenebi mraval-
mxriv arian erTmaneTTan gadajaWvulni, zogjer isini
ise mWidrod arian Cawnulni urTierTSi, rom Zneli
xdeba Semecnebis mizniT, maTgan erTi romelimes gamo-
calkeveba da sakuTriv misi specifikuri Tavi-
seburebebis gansazRvra.
roca adamiani nebisyofis aqtebs awarmoebs, am
ukanasknels mis cnobierebaSi Semecnebis gancdebTan
erTad, metad Tu naklebad gamokveTili grZnobiTi
Sinaarsic erTvis. amitom wminda nebisyofa, romelic
ganxiluli iqneba adamianis sxva sulieri Sinaarsebi-
dan gamocalkevebiT, abstraqciaa, magram azriani
abstraqcia! aseTi abstraqcia saSualebas mogvcems
gamovikvlioT ra aris TviTon nebisyofa da ra Tavi-
sebureba Seaqvs mas adamianis sulieri cxovrebis
mTlian dinebaSi.
192
nebisyofa, rogorc adamianisaTvis
specifikuri funqcia
mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT, nebisyofa aris
Zala, energia, romelsac adamiani iyenebs maSin, roca
cxovrebis gzaze raime dabrkoleba gadaeRobeba,
roca mis win gadawyvetilebis miRebis momentSi an
misi Sesrulebis procesSi raime iseTi siZnele wamoi-
Wreba, romlis gadalaxva, metad Tu naklebad, intensi-
ur Sinagan daZabulobas moiTxovs. maTi azriT, Tvi-
Ton es Zala, es energia indiferentul damokidebule-
baSia qcevis mizanTan. ra xasiaTis mizanic ar unda
daisaxos kacma, ra moTxovnilebisa da miswrafebis
safuZvelzec ar unda iyos es ukanaskneli miRebuli,
sulerTia, nebisyofa yvelgan erTnairad iqneba gamo-
yenebuli, Tu miznis miRebisa da misi ganxorcielebis
gzaze raime siZnelem iCina Tavi.
am mkvlevarTa azriT, nebeloba, rogorc gancda,
rogorc cnobierebis specifikuri Sinaarsi, aRmocen-
deba winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvisaTvis saWiro ener ener--
giis koncentraciis procesSi
procesSi. energiis koncentra-
cias pirovneba axdens romelime moTxovnilebis, rome-
lime ndomis dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro qcevis
aqtebis gansaxorcieleblad da amitom am momentSi
igi gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT ganicdis, erTi mxriv
_ Tavis ndomas, meore mxriv _ misi dakmayofilebi-
saTvis saWiro Zalisa da energiis mocemulobas.
cnobierebis es mdgomareoba ase gamoiTqmis: `me minda
namdvilad da SemiZlia kidec, rac minda sisruleSi
moviyvano~. nebisyofa, amgvari gagebiT, formaluri
xasiaTis funqciad iqceva. mas specifikuri Sinaarsi
ekargeba. igi erTnairad udgeba yovelgvari qcevis
aqts, yovelgvar mizanswrafvas. ise gamodis, rom
nebisyofa, TiTqos energiis maragia, romelic gaWir-
vebis dros moixmareba pirovnebis sagangebo Zalisxme-
vis gziT. am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc vxedavT, nebisyofis
aqts ar gaaCnia Tavisi sakuTari specifikuri sagani.
nebismier qcevas ara aqvs damaxasiaTebeli motivebi da
mizani: erTi da igive motivi, erTi da igive mizani
SeiZleba, erT SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri qcevis motivi
da mizani iyos, xolo meoreSi _ impulsurisa.
193
amgvarad gagebuli nebisyofa kargavs socialur
xasiaTs. igi arafers ar gveubneba adamianis
gansakuTrebuli bunebis Sesaxeb, maSin rodesac araara--
fe ri ar SeiZleba iyos iseTi specifikuri ada
feri mia
mia--
adamia
nisaT
nisaT vis, rogorc nebisyofa. inteleqti, rogorc
saTvis,
cnobilia, elementaruli saxiT cxovelebsac gaaCniaT.
nebis yofa ki specifikuri, adamianuri movlenaa. igi
nebisyofa
soci aluria ara marto Tavisi SinaarsiT, aramed
socialuria
war moSobis xasiaTiTac.
warmoSobis
mravalgzis mecnierulma gamokvlevebma daadastu-
ra, rom nebisyofis aqts Tavisi specifikuri
sagani aqvs. nebismier qcevas moepoveba
gansakuTrebuli moti ve
motivebi. erTic da meorec _
vebi.
socialuri, adamianuri bunebisaa da amitom isini
biologiuri kanonzomierebis sazRvrebSi ver
moTavsdeba. nebismieri qcevis mo tivi da sagani
motivi
arasodes ar SeiZleba impulsuri qce vis motivad
qcevis
da sagnad iqces. ra Seadgens nebisyofis sagans? razea
mimarTuli nebisyofis aqti? ra xasiaTis motivebiT
SeiZleba iyos Sepirobebuli nebismieri qceva? am
sakiTxis garkvevisaTvis saWiroa nebismieri qcevis
SedarebiTi analizi movaxdinoT.
nebismieri qcevis ZiriTadi momentebi
qcevaSi Semdegi momentebi unda ganvasxvavoT: mo
mo--
ti vi, mizani, sagani, moZraobebi da mizezi. qcevis
tivi,
mo tivi aris is, ris safuZvelzec mizani isaxeba.
motivi
motivi aZlevs romelime saqmis viTarebas miznis
xasiaTs. xolo qcevis mizans Seadgens is, rac unda
ganxorcieldes, risTvisac qcevis aqtebi warmoebs.
qcevis aqtebi uSualod qcevis sagnisadmia
mimarTuli. am saganze operaciis gziT qceva aRwevs
Tavis mizans. moZraobebi qcevis operaciul mxares
Seadgens. garkveuli moZraobebis formaSi mimdinare-
obs qceva. am moZraobebis saSualebiT xerxdeba miznis
ganxorcieleba.
qcevis mizezi ki is aris, rac uSualod im moZ-
raobebs iwvevs, romliTac qceva xorcieldeba. mizezi
yvelgan arsebobs, sadac ki saerTod qcevasTan, mizan-
Sewonil moqmedebasTan gvaqvs saqme. Tu qceva mimdina-
194
reobs, mas ueWvelad Tavisi mizezi aqvs, magram motivi
mas SeiZleba yovelTvis ar gaaCndes.
qcevis uSualo mizezis Taviseburi xasiaTi safuZ-
vlianad aris Seswavlili akad. d. uznaZis mier, ro-
melmac daamtkica, rom qcevis mimdinareobas safuZ-
vlad edeba ganwyoba. ganwyoba garkveuli aqtualuri
moTxovnilebis matarebeli arsebis is mTliani mdgo-
mareobaa, romelic mas am moTxovnilebis dakmayofi-
lebis situaciasTan urTierTobaSi eqmneba. cocxali
arsebis am mTlian mdgomareobaSi gansazRvrulia
yvela is moZraoba, romelic mocemul situaciaSi
garkveuli qcevis aqtebis saxiT unda gaiSalos. gan-
wyoba gvixsnis ara marto im moZraobaTa Tavisebur
xasiaTs, romlebiTac qceva xorcieldeba, aramed mis
niadagze gasagebi xdeba qcevis mTeli kanonzomiereba-
ni (ix. d. uznaZe, `zogadi fsiqologia~, 1998, kari
mexuTe).
qcevis bunebis garkvevisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs qcevis motivisa da miznis
mniSvneloba
dadgenas. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi gvecodineba,Tu ra
xasiaTis qcevasTan gvaqvs saqme. ra amoZravebs pirov-
nebas da saiTken iswrafvis igi. rogorc genialuri
fsiqologi dimitri uznaZe ambobda, zogi adamiani-
saTvis umaRles moTxovnilebebs meti mniSvneloba da
meti Zala aqvs, xolo zogisaTvis vitaluri moTxov-
nilebaa cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli da stilis mimcemi.
zogisaTvis esTetikuri moTxovnileba dauSreteli
energiis wyaroa, zogisaTvis kidev _ moraluri da
inteleqtualuri moTxovnileba. erTi sityviT, ada ada--
mianTa Soris sakmaod mravalmxrivi gansxvaveba
mia
arse
arsebbobs imis mixedviT, Tu ra moTxovnilebebia
ufro damaxasiaTebeli maTi `me~-saTvis.
rasakvirvelia, aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba TiToe-
ulis warsuls aqvs _ im situacias, romelSic misi
cxovreba mimdinareobda da romelSic igi aRizarda,
im STabeWdilebebsa da gancdebs, romelTac gansa gansa--
kuT re
kuTre buli wona hqoniaT misTvis. ueWvelia,
rebuli
yovelive amis gamo, TiToeuls Tavisi gansxvavebuli
fiqsirebuli ganwyobebi aqvs Seqmnili, romelic ase
Tu ise, metad Tu naklebad TvalsaCinod, yovelTvis
195
iCens xolme Tavs da Sesaferis pirobebSi gansazRvru-
li mimarTulebiT moqmedebis mzaobas edeba safuZve-
lad. adamianis pirovnebas, sxvTa Soris, gansakuTre-
biT es ganwyobebi qmnian: isini arian mizezi, rom
zogisaTvis moTxovnilebaTa erTi sistemaa energiis
mTavari wyaro da zogisaTvis _ meore. zemoTqmu-
lidan sruliad naTelia, rom yvelafers yvelasaTvis
erTi da igive Rirebuleba rodi aqvs. TiToeuli
sagani, Tu movlena, imis mixedviT fasdeba, Tu ra
moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba SeuZlia _ moTxovmoTxov--
nilebebi adamianebs xom sxvadasxvagvari aqvs! ro-
desac adamianis winaSe dgeba sakiTxi, Tu rogor
moiqces, Semdegi garemoeba iCens Tavs: im SesaZlo
moqmedebaTagan, romelTac misi goneba scnobs mizan-
Sewonilad, mxolod zogi izidavs mas, mxolod
zogierTis mimarT grZnobs igi mzaobas, mxolod
zogierTs iwynarebs, rogorc Sesaferiss, rogorc
WeSmaritad mizanSewonils. aq wina planze gamodis
adamianis motivaciuri sfero.
motivacia gvevlineba pirovnebis Sinagani sulie-
ri samyaros organizebis (wesrigis) fsiqologiur
pirobad, romelic misi qcevisa da moqmedebis arCe-
vans ganapirobebs. motivaciis azri swored amaSi
mdgo mareobs: igi iseT moqmedebas eZebs da pou
mdgomareobs: pou--
lobs, rome lic pirovnebis ZiriTad, cxovrebaSi
romelic
ganmtkicebul ganwyobas Seefereba. rodesac subieq-
ganmtkicebul
ti qcevis aseT saxeobas miagnebs, igi gansakuTrebu-
lad ganicdis mas: igi erTgvar mizidulobas grZnobs
mis mimarT, misi SesrulebisaTvis mzaobas ganicdis.
es swored is gancdaa, romelic gadawyvetilebis
aqtis dros iCens Tavs da romelic im specifikuri
gancdis saxiT gvevlineba, romelic `me namdvilad
minda~-s saxelwodebiT iyo zemoT daxasiaTebuli. es
gancda TvalsaCinod miuTiTebs, rom subieqts
garkveuli qcevis ganwyoba Seeqmna, gadawyvetilebis
aqti ganxorcielda da exla sakiTxi gadawyvetilebis
sisruleSi moyvanas exeba.
nebisyofiT Cadenili qcevis naTelsayofad unda
SeviswavloT qceva sazogadod.
196
impulsuri da nebismieri qceva.
impulsuri qceva
qcevis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom igi ori katego-
riisaa: uneblie-impulsuri da nebismieri. uneblie
(impulsuri) moqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia misi
uSualo da uneblie xasiaTi. aseTi moqmedebebi xor-
cieldeba gaucnobierebuli an arasakmarisad gacno-
bierebuli aRmZvrelis, mizezis safuZvelze. esaa
impulsuri, moufiqrebeli moqmedebebi, romelTac ar
gaaCniaT moqmedebis winaswar dasaxuli gegma. am m
dros adamianis moqmedeba ganzraxvis, gadaw yve
gadawyve ti
ti--
yveti
le bis da miznis dasaxvis safuZvelze ki ar xor
lebis xor--
cieldeba, aramed igi warmoadgens moqmedemoqmedebb is
impulsis uSualo ganxorcielebas.
impulsuri qceva SeiZleba grZnobiTac iyos
motivirebuli. mainc raSi mdgomareobs impulsuri qcevis
Tavisebureba? ra xasiaTs aZlevs am qcevas is garemoeba,
rom igi grZnobiT iyo motivirebuli? pirvel rigSi,
unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri qceva, romel kate-
goriasac ar unda miekuTvnebodes igi, dadebiTi an uar-
yofiTi obieqturi Rirebulebis matarebelia.
impulsur qcevas arasodes ara aqvs es Rire Rirebubu
bu--
le ba mxedvelobaSi, igi arasodes ar isaxavs miznad
leba
am Rirebulebis Sesabamisad imoqmedos. aseTi ram
SeiZleba mxolod misi obieqturi Sedegi iyos. mizani
TviTon qcevis procesSia mocemuli. impulsuri
qcevis subieqti mTlianad aris Sepyrobili uSaulod
qcevasTan dakavSirebuli gancdebiT.
cxovrebaSi iSviaTad, magram mainc, aris iseTi
SemTxvevebic, rodesac qceva SeiZleba winaswar gaT gaT--
valis winebuli gegmis mixedviT midiodes, magram
valiswinebuli
igi ma inc impulsur xasiaTs atarebdes da
mainc
grZnobiT iyos motivirebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi
inteleqti qcevis dagegmvas aqtualuri impulsis
zegavleniT axdens. SeiZleba adamians impulsuri qce-
vis uaryofiTi Sedegebi naTlad hqondes gaTvaliswi-
nebuli, magram impulsuri qcevis aqtebis Sekaveba
mainc ver SeZlos (uaRresad mniSvnelovania axal-
gazrdebis sqesobriv cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli
magaliTebi...). yvelgan, sadac moqmedeba mxolod
197
grZnobebiT aris motivirebuli, saqme gvaqvs impul-
sur qcevasTan. impulsuri qceva mimdinareobs gaaz-
rebisa da winaswari mofiqrebis gareSe.
nebismieri qceva
nebismieri moqmedeba winaswar dasaxuli miznis
mixedviT warimarTeba. winaswar xdeba qcevis
gacnobiereba, Tu ratom unda Sesruldes es qceva da ra
Sedegi mohyveba mas. am dros moTxovnileba pirdapir ki
ar gadadis moqmedebaSi, aramed pirovnebis speqtrSi
gaivlis: jer xdeba moqmedebis gaazreba, misi miznisa da
Sedegebis gaTvaliswineba. nebismieri qmedebisaTvis
mosa lod
mosalod neli Sedegebis obieqturi Rirebulebaa
lodneli
gansazRvruli da ara awmyoSi arsebuli subieqturi
Rire bulebebi anu moTxovnilebebi. nebismieri qmedebis
Rirebulebebi
mizani da motivi yovelTvis obieqturi
Rirebulebebidan iRebs saTaves.
nebismieri moqmedebis arss warmoadgens is,
rom masSi gaTvaliswinebulia ara mxolod piradi
Rire
Rirebubu lebebi
lebebi, aramed cxovrebisa da sazogadoebis
bulebebi
moT xov
moTxov nilebebic. am dros miznis dasaxva xdeba mova
xovnilebebic. ova
ova--
le
leoobi sa da valdebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT. swored
bisa
aseTi funqciis gamo warmoadgens nebisyofa pirov-
nebis specifikur da ZiriTad Tvisebas. Tu cnobiere-
biT da azrovnebiT sinamdvilis wvdoma da Semecneba
xdeba, nebisyofis safuZvelze Signidan, pirov ne
pirovne bi
bi--
nebi
dan mom dinare aqtivoba xdeba SesaZlebeli
momdinare SesaZlebeli. nebismie-
ri moqmedebisaTvis mTavaria aqtualuri moT xov
moTxov ni
ni--
xovni
le be bi
bebi
lebe sagan ganTavisufleba da wuTieri kma
bisagan yo
kmayofi
fi--
yofi
le bidan amorTva. axla pirovnebas TviTon mihyavs
lebidan
aqtivoba da aRar eqvemdebareba uSualod arsebul
moTxovnilebebs an garegan iZulebas. sakuTari Tavisa
da moqmedebis flobasTan erTad, nebisyofisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia aqtivobis mimarTva momavalze, imis
keTeba, rac momavalSia saWiro.
nebisyofa aris pirovnebis is ZiriTadi da
speci
speci
cififi kuri Tviseba, romlis gamoc igi adamianur
fikuri
simaR leze dgeba da nebismieri qcevis wamyvan da
simaRleze
maorganizebel faqtorad gvevlineba.
nebismieri qceva mihyavs TviTon pirovnebas, ro-
gorc nebisyofis mqone arsebas, romelic flobs saku-
Tar Tavs da mas imas akeTebinebs, rasac misgan yvela
198
kerZo SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba da piradi cxovrebis
perspeqtiva moiTxovs. nebisyofa gulisxmobs realursa
da aucilebels, risTvisac saWiroa Zlieri Zalisxmeva,
magram es yvelaferi azriani da Rirebulia. misTvis
miuRebelia siZneleebTan Serkineba uazrod da
upirobod. nebisyofa SiSis daZlevaSia da ara mis
arqonasa da damalvaSi, rac aseve aranormaluria. visac
Wama-smisa Tu seqsisadmi Zlieri moTxovnileba gaaCnia
da Sesabamis situaciaSi axerxebs TavSekavebas, imas
Zlieri da namdvili nebisyofa aqvs, xolo Tu es moT-
xovnilebebi sustia, an sulac ar arsebobs mocemul
pirobebSi, raRa nebisyofazea laparaki?
cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom roca nebisyofa imor imor--
Cilebs moTxovnilebebsa da impulsebs, aseTi adami-
ani gonieric aris, zneobrivic, prin cipulic,
principulic,
TavdaWerilic da morCilic (morCilebasac xom iseve
sWirdeba nebisyofa, rogorc Seupovrobas).
yvelaferi adamianuri, didic da patarac
patarac,, nebisyo-
fis safuZvelze iqmneba. unebisyofo kaci arafris
Semqmneli ar aris, piriqiT, igi advilad midis
codvazec, borotebazec da danaSaulzec da Tanac Tavs
imarTlebs da sxvebs an garemoebebs abralebs Tavis
danaSauls.
nebisyofa organulad aris dakavSirebuli
yvela SemecnebiT fsiqikur procesTan da pirvel
rig Si azrovnebasTan. nebismieri moqmedebisaTvis
rigSi
arsebuli situaciis gaazreba da gagebaa aucilebeli.
igi obieqturad arsebuli kavSirebisa da damoki-
debulebebis asaxvis gareSe ver ganxorcieldeba, magram
arc maTi gaigiveba SeiZleba. azrovneba da nebisyofa,
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sruliad sxvadasxvagvari
procesia. xSirad adamiani Zlier aqtivobas da
SesaSur miswrafebas avlens miznisaken, magram es mizani
SeiZleba dabali Rirebulebis iyos. gamodis, rom
Zlieri Zalisxmeva sul tyuilubralod ikargeba. aq
azrovnebis dabal donesTan gvaqvs saqme da ara
nebisyofis naklovanebebTan. xdeba piriqiTac _
adamians xSirad uWirs sworad da kargad gaazrebuli
da awondawonili moqmedebis gadawyveta da Sesruleba.
nebismieri qcevis ganxorcielebaSi udides rols
asrulebs grZnoba-emociebi. magram aq mTavaria nebis-
199
yofa akontrolebdes grZnobebs, flobdes maT. zog-
jer nebisyofa swored xelisSemSleli grZnobebis
daZlevaSi gamovlindeba. nebisyofa
nebisyofa,, azrovnebasa da
emo ciebTan ganuyreli kavSiris safuZvelze
emociebTan safuZvelze,, ganagebs
Cvens moqmedebebs. igi ganagebs rogorc moqmedebis
daw yebas an SeCerebas, ise mis mimdinareob
dawyebas mimdinareobaas, riTac
qce vis maregulirebel funqcias axorcielebs. nebis
qcevis nebis--
yofa adamianis aqtivobis mudmivi mastimulirebelia.
nebismieri moqmedebis struqtura
nebelobiTi qceva aris martivi da rTuli. mar-
tivi nebelobiTi qcevebis dros adamiani Seuferxeb-
lad da daubrkoleblad aRwevs dasaxul mizans.
misTvis naTeli da garkveulia, ra gaakeTos da ra
gzebiTa da saSualebebiT miaRwios mizans. martivi
nebelobiTi qcevis ganxorcielebis dros mizani
miiRweva Seuferxeblad, daubrkoleblad. am dros
miznis dasaxva, gadawyvetilebis miReba da misi Sesru-
leba xdeba motivTa brZolis gareSe.
dasrulebuli rTuli nebelobiTi moqmedeba
Sei
Seicavs eqvs etaps: 1. miznis gacnobiereba da misi
cavs
miR wevis mcdeloba; 2. miznis miRwevis SesaZ
miRwevis leb
SesaZleblo
leblo be
lobe bis
bebis
gacnobiereba; 3. am SesaZleblobebis damadasture-
beli, an uarmyofeli motivebis aRmoceneba; 4. mo mo--
tiv Ta brZola da arCevani; 5. miz
tivTa nis miRwevis erT-
miznis
erTi SesaZlebeli variantis mi Reba (gadawyvetilebis
miReba
tana); 6. miRebuli gadaw
gamotana);
gamo yve
gadawyvetilebis Sesruleba.
yvetilebis
1. nebelobiTi qcevis pirvel etapze yovelTvis ar
xdeba motivTa brZola. Tu mizani mocemulia garedan
da misi miRweva aucilebeli da savaldebuloa pirov-
nebisaTvis, man mizani unda gaacnobieros da warmoi-
dginos moqmedebis momavali Sedegi.
motivTa brZola aRmocendeba mxolod im SemTxve-
vaSi, roca adamians aqvs arCevis saSualeba. yvela
motivi, romelic miznad iqceva, dasawyisSi gvevlineba
survilis saxiT (miznis damoukidebelad arCevis
dros). survili aris idealurad (adamianis TavSi)
arsebuli moTxovnilebis Sinaarsi. yoveli survili,
sanam igi nebelobiTi moqmedebis miznad gadaiqceva,
eqvemdebareba Sinagan gansjas, SesaZlebel dasturs an
xelSemSleli pirobebis Sefasebas da analizs. adamiani
200
warmosaxvaSi warmoidgens Tavisi moqmedebis Sedegebs.
adamians yovel momentSi aqvs mravali mniSvnelovani
survili, romelTa erTdrouli dakmayofileba
SeuZlebelia. am dros xdeba Sejaxeba im aRmZvrelebisa,
romelTa Sorisac unda moxdes arCevani. aseT
situacias ewodeba motivTa brZola. moqmedebis miznis
gacnobierebis etapze motivTa brZola mTavrdeba
miznis arCeviT, ris Sedegadac motivTa brZoliT
gamowveuli daZabuloba klebulobs.
2. miznis miRwevis SesaZleblobaTa gacnobierebis
etapi aris saazrovno moqmedeba, romlis Sedegadac
xdeba mocemul pirovnebaSi mizez-Sedegobrivi
damokidebulebebis damyareba nebelobiTi moqmedebis
Sesrulebis pirobebsa da mosalodnel Sedegebs Soris.
3. Semdgom etapze xdeba miznis miRwevis SesaZlo
gzebisa da saSualebebis Sefardeba adamianis Rirebu-
lebaTa sistemasTan, romelic moicavs mis mrwamss,
msoflmxedvelobas, qcevis normebs, wamyvan moTxovni-
lebebs. yoveli SesaZlo gzis arCeva xdeba gansjis
gziT. am etapis Sedegia SesaZlo gzebis arCevis dasa-
buTebuli dasturi an uaryofa. gansaxorcielebeli
SesaZleblobebis damadasturebeli an uarmyofeli
motivebis formirebis kvalobaze matulobs daZabu-
loba, radgan adamiani kvlav dgeba arCevanis winaSe.
4. motivTa brZolisa da arCevis periodi nebelo-
biTi aqtis centraluri etapia, romlis drosac
SesaZlebelia konfliqturi situaciis aRmocenebac. es
xdeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom adamiani acnobierebs
miznis miRwevis iol da uzneo gzebsac, magram misi
moraluri principebis gamo masze uars ambobs. sxva
gzebi naklebad ekonomiuria, magram isini ufro
Seesatyviseba adamianis RirebulebaTa sistemas.
5. am situaciis gadalaxva xdeba nebelobiTi aqtis
Semdgom etapze, romelsac ewodeba miznis miRwevis
erT-erTi SesaZleblobis arCevani, anu gadawyvetile-
bis miReba. es momenti xasiaTdeba daZabulobis Semci-
rebiT, radganac konfliqturi situacia ixsneba. am
dros zustdeba miznis miRwevis saSualebebi, xerxebi
da maTi gamoyenebis rigiToba. esaa qcevis SesaZ-
leblobis zusti dagegmva.
arseboben susti nebisyofis, gaubedavi adamianebi,
201
romlebsac saerTod uWirT gadawyvetilebis miReba.
aseTi adamianebi meryeoben xolme gadawyvetilebis
gamotanisas, gaurbian pasuxismgeblobas da a.S. gadaw-
yvetilebis miRebis aqtis specifikuroba naTlad Cans
am unaris paTologiuri darRvevis SemTxvevaSi, rasac
abulia ewodeba. abuliiT daavadebul adamians uWirs
gadawyvetilebis miReba, sul ubralo da martiv
situaciaSic ki.
6. nebelobiTi qcevis saboloo etapia miRebuli
gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi moyvanis, Sesrulebis
etapi. gadawyvetilebis gamotana ar aris sakmarisi
piroba misi SesrulebisaTvis. nebisyofa mJRavndeba
gadaw yvetilebis realizaciaSi, mis ganxor
gadawyvetilebis cie
ganxorcie le
ciele ba
leba Si,
baSi,
rom lis drosac naTlad vlindeba misi siZ
romlis lie
siZliere da
liere
sisus
sisuste.te.
dasaxuli miznis praqtikuli Sesruleba isev
moiTxovs daZabvasa da winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxvas. am
winaaRmdegobebs qmnis sagani, adamianebi, dro, sivrce,
bunebrivi pirobebi da, amasTan SesaZloa pirovnuli
xasiaTis mdgomareobis arsebobac (daRla, avadmyo-
foba, codnisa da Cvevebis ukmaroba da a.S.). susti
nebisyofis adamiani ver asrulebs miRebul gadawyve-
tilebebs odnavi dabrkolebis SemTxvevaSic ki, xolo
Zlieri nebisyofis adamiani miznis misaRwevad did
dabrkolebebsac gadalaxavs. yvela nebelobiTi moq moqmeme
me--
de bis saboloo Sedegia dasaxuli miznis miRweva
debis miRweva..
siZ neleebis gadalaxviT da miznis miRweviT ada
siZneleebis mia
adamia
mianini
mora
moralurlur kmayofilebas ganicdis
ganicdis.
nebelobiTi aqtis Sedegs adamianisTvis aqvs orma-
gi mniSvneloba: pirveli, dasaxuli konkretuli miznis
miRwevaa, xolo meore dakavSirebulia adamianis mier
sakuTari moqmedebisa da SesaZleblobebis SefasebasTan
da amis safuZvelze samomavlod gansaxorcielebeli
nebelobiTi qcevis Sesaxeb daskvnebis gamotanasTan.
unda aRiniSnos, rom nebisyofis sisusted iTvle-
ba jiutobac. jiutia adamiani, romelsac ganzraxva
ueWvelad mohyavs sisruleSi. igi gadawyvetilebas
maSinac ki asrulebs, roca xedavs, rom mis Sesrule-
bas azri aRara aqvs. jiuturi gadawyvetileba ar
warmoadgens nebisyofis aqts, igi ufro aqtualuri
moTxovnilebis impulsiT aris gansazRvruli.
202
adamianuri Rirsebis safuZveli _ nebisyofa!
fizikuri Rirseba-naklovanebebi SeiZleba gaiyos:
biologiur-fiziologiur da esTetikur Rirseba-
naklovanebebad, xolo sulieri Rirseba-naklovanebebi,
cnobierebis Semadgeneli unarebis mixedviT, SeiZleba
daiyos _ inteleqtualur, grZnobad da nebelobiT
Rirseba-naklovanebebad.
nebelobiT Rirseba-naklovanebebs, inteleqtu-
aluri da grZnobadi Rirseba-naklovanebebisagan
gansxvavebiT, saTnoeba-mankierebani ewodebaT.
adamianis arseboba es aris Semecneba _ Semoqme-
deba _ gardaqmna. Sesabamisad, misi umaRlesi Ri-
rebulebebia: WeSmariteba, mSveniereba, sikeTe. pirveli
oris gareSe mesames azri ara aqvs, iseve rogorc roca nebisyofa
mesamis gareSe azri ekargeba pirvel ors. Rirebu- imorCilebs
lebaTa es triada universaluri, absoluturi da moTxovnilebebsa da
ganuyofeli Rirebulebebis erTianobaa. maSasadame,
adamianuri cnobierebis struqtura ase warmogvidge- impulsebs, aseTi
ba: 1. cnobierebis unarebi _ azrovneba, grZnobadoba, adamiani gonieric
nebeloba; 2. cnobierebis funqciebi _ Semecneba, aris, zneobrivic,
Semoqmedeba, gardaqmna; 3. cnobierebis produqtebi _
principulic, Tav-
WeSmariteba, mSveniereba, sikeTe.
Tu adamianis cnobierebis iseTi mxareebi, rogo- daWerilic da
ricaa azrovneba da grZnobadoba, arian misi Rir- morCilic.
sebis Semadgeneli elementebi, mis mesame Semadgenel
mxareze, nebisyofaze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi cno bie
bie--
cnobie
rebis mxolod erT-erTi Semadgeneli mxare ki ar aris,
aramed mTeli cnobierebis is sub stan
substanci
stanciuri fenomenia,
ciu
romelic pirovnulobis safuZvels Sea dgens.
Sead
marTalia, TviTon cnobiereba am sami fenomenis
erTianobaa, magram am erTianobaSi substancia aris
nebe
nebeloba. igi azrovnebasa da grZnobelobasTan er-
beloba.
Tad qmnis pirovnulobas, pirovnebas, socialur ar-
sebas. am arsebis cnobierebis Semadgeneli fenomenebia,
rogorc TviTon nebelobis, ise azrovnebisa da
grZnobadobis unarebi. arc azrovneba da arc grZno-
badoba ar aris cal-calke pirovnulobis sakmao
safuZveli. aseT safuZvels nebisyofa warmoadgens.
cxadia, pirovneba ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT
raime donisa da intensivobis azrovnebisa da grZno-
203
badobis gareSe, magram es azrovneba da grZnobadoba
pirovnebis kuTvnilebaa, misi Tvisebebi, unarebi da
parametrebia. nebeloba iqmneba azrovnebis da grZno-
badobis organuli sinTezis safuZvelze. cnobierebis
am sam elementSi substanciad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
nebeloba, neba, nebisyofa. Tu es ukanaskneli pirovne-
bis, misi cnobierebis substanciaa, maSin igi, buneb-
rivia, mTlianad unda moicavdes adamianuri Rirsebis
cnebas, anu es cnebebi _ pirovneba, neba, Rirseba
erTmaneTs unda faravdnen.
adamianis neba, rogorc vTqviT, struqturulad
sxva araferia, Tu ara azrovnebisa da grZnobadobis
organuli erTianoba, maTi sinTezi. am sinTezis, anu
gaazrebuli, gacnobierebuli grZnobadobis yoveli
Semadgeneli elementi an gonebiseuli unda iyos, an
grZnobiseuli, sxva realuri substancia masSi ar
monawileobs.
adamianis nebis urTules fenomenSi, misi struq-
turuli wyaroebis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba gamoiyos
sami elementi: 1. moTxovnilebebi da interesebi _
grZnobiseuli elementebi; 2. maTi gacnobiereba, Segne-
ba, gaazreba _ gonebiseuli elementebi; 3. amis safuZ-
velze maTi Sefaseba: mowoneba an dawuneba, gamarTleba
an gamtyuneba, TavSekaveba, an dadastureba _ grZnoba-
gonebiseuli anu nebelobiTi elementi.
adamianis qcevisaTvis pasuxismgebelia misi nebisyo-
fa da ara azrovnebis an grZnobadobis unarebi. am
unarebs SeuZliaT xeli Seuwyon an SeuSalon, Seacdinon
nebisyofa, magram danaSauls TviTon ver ganapirobeben.
pirovnebis nebisyofa maSin vlindeba, maSin gvaqvs saqme
sakuTriv nebasTan, e.i. pirovnebasTan, roca mas aqvs
unari, SesaZlebloba _ moaxdinos arCevani moqmedebasa
da TavSekavebas, an sxvadasxva moqmedebebs Soris, roca
mas SeuZlia TviTon gadawyvitos moqmedebis varianti.
e.i. roca Tavisufalia arCevanSi, gadawyvetilebis
gamotana-SesrulebaSi.
nebisyofis udidesi mniSvnelobis gamo adamianis
cxovrebaSi mis aRzrdas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
eniWeba!
204
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1. ra aris nebisyofa?
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2. aris Tu ara inteleqti (Semecneba)
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nebisyofis ZiriTadi funqcia?
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CamoayalibeT ratom `ki~ an ratom àra~?
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3. rogori xasiaTi aqvs qcevas, romelic
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nebisyofis safuZvelze xorcieldeba?
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4. aris Tu ara nebisyofa adamianisaTvis
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specifikuri funqcia? ratom?
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5. aqvs Tu ara nebisyofis aqts Tavisi
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specifikuri sagani da gansakuTrebuli
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motivi? CamoayalibeT nebismieri qcevis
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ZiriTadi momentebi.
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6. raSi mdgomareobs impulsuri qceva?
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7. raSi mdgomareobs nebismieri qceva?
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8. aris Tu ara nebisyofa organulad
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dakavSirebuli SemecnebiT fsiqikur
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procesebTan, Tu igi damoukideblad
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arsebobs? daasabuTeT.
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9. ramden etaps Seicavs dasrulebuli
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rTuli nebelobiTi moqmedeba?
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ganmarteT TiToeuli maTgani.
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10. adamianis nebisyofis urTules fenomenSi
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ramdeni elementis gamoyofaa
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SesaZlebeli (misi struqturuli
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wyaroebis Sesabamisad)?
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205
leqcia XIV
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leqcia
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motivacia
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gegma:
1. Sesaswavli sakiTxis zogadi mimoxilva;
2. mo tivaciis cneba
motivaciis cneba,, motivaciis Sina
na--
Sina
arsobrivi mxare;
3. motivis warmoSobisa da Camoyalibebis
meqanizmi;
meqanizmi;
4. SromiTi motivaciis analizi;
5. moqmedebis motivaciuri regulireba.
potenciuri motivaciis ori zona;
6. motivaciuri regulirebis situaciuri
done;
7. adamianis funqcionaluri SesaZleblobebis
`sinamdvilis zo mieri da srulfasovani gamoyeneba _
zomieri
konteqstSi adamiani
mo tivaciuri regulirebis rezervi;
motivaciuri
8. ganwyoba da motivacia;
ganwyoba
CarTulia motivaciis 9. qcevis motivebis urTierTkavSiri pirovne-
meSveobiT~. bis socialur tendenciebTan, RirebulebiT
s. rubinSteini orientaciebTan da adamianis xasiaTTan.
adamians uaRresad rTuli, mravalferovani da

mravalwaxnagovani pirovnuli Taviseburebebi gaaCnia:
bunebrivi da socialuri; Tandayolili da SeZenili;
genotipuri (genetikurad ganpirobebuli) da fenoti-
puri (genotipisa da garemos produqti); individua-
luri (mxolod mocemuli adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli) da saerTo (damaxasiaTebeli yvela adamianisaT-
vis); anatomiur-fiziologiuri _ organizmis fizio-
logiisa da anatomiis Taviseburebani; fsiqofizio-
logiuri _ nervuli procesebis mimdinareobis
Taviseburebani, mgrZnobiaroba, reaqciebis siCqare;
206
sakuTriv fsiqologiuri (niWiereba, unarebi, monace-
mebi, moTxovnilebebi, aRqmis, azrovnebis, qcevis
stereotipebi); socialur-fsiqologiuri _ cxovre-
biseuli Rirebulebebi, miznebi, msoflmxedvelobis
Taviseburebani da sxva.
fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, adamianis SesaZ-
leblobebis gamovlenis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
saSualebaa socialurad mniSvnelovani amocanebis
gadawyvetaSi misi dainteresebis amaRleba, im mo ti
moti ve
ve--
tive
bis Seswavla, romlebic pirovnebis nebismier moqme-
debas ganapirobeben, gansazRvraven misi moTxovnile-
bebis mTel sistemas _ miznebs, interesebs, idealebs.
am TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelovania adamianis
motivaciuri meqanizmis kvleva. fsiqologTa azriT,
swored adamianis motivaciuri SesaZleblobebis
amaRlebaSi aris nebismieri saqmianobis efeqtianobisa
da misi xarisxis srulyofis yvelaze didi rezervi.
ratom aris adamianTa qceva esoden gansxvavebuli?
am SekiTxvaze pasuxi im motivebSi unda veZeboT, rom-
liTac adamianebi TavianTi qcevis, moqmedebis proces-
Si xelmZRvaneloben. moqmedebas aqvs azri, garkveuli
mizani da igi ganpirobebulia raime motiviT. metic,
fsiqika da misi umaRlesi forma _ cnobiereba moqme-
debis procesSi yalibdeba da moqmedebis procesSive
vlindeba.
adamianis moqmedebis bunebis gageba gare samya-
rosTan, sxva adamianebTan misi damokidebulebis
wvdomiT SeiZleba, romlis gamovlenasac mocemuli
moqmedeba warmoadgens. moqmedeba gareganisa da Sina-
ganis erTianobis safuZvelze vlindeba da misi gageba
SeuZlebelia, Tu ar viciT misi gamomwvevi motivebi.
yurad saRebia, rom obieqturad Rirebuli
yuradsaRebia,
amocanebis gan xorcieleba ar moxdeba manam, sanam
ganxorcieleba
igi ar gaxdeba su bieq
subieqturad mniSvnelovani _
bieqturad
sasurvelobis, auci leb
aucileb lobis, saWiroebis saxiT.
leblobis,
cnobilia, rom adamiani xSirad Cerdeba ara iq, sadac
mas àr SeuZlia~, aramed iq, sadac mas àr surs~, ar
aris dainteresebuli, ver xedavs dadebiTi efeqtis
aucileblobas. TviT urTules cxovrebiseul
situaciebSic ki adamianis saqmianobis, misi
207
moqmedebis efeqtianoba qveiTdeba ara imitom, rom mas
unari aRar Seswevs raimes miaRwios, aramed imitom,
rom garkveul garemoebaTa gamo misi Zalebis
demobilizacia xdeba _ adgili aqvs siZneleebis
gadalaxvis survilis, motivaciuri mzadyofnis
dakargvas.
gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis, rac azrovnebis
urTules process warmoadgens, saTanado motivi unda
arsebobdes. gadawyvetilebis miRebas motivi gansaz gansaz--
Rvravs. adamianis aqtivobis mizezs an safuZvels
qcevis motivi warmodgens. rodesac adamianis
aqtivobis mimarT dgeba sakiTxi, Tu ratom iqceva
individi amgvarad, unda gairkves misi qcevis motivi.
qcevis motivis ganxilva qcevis safuZvelis an mizezis
garkvevas niSnavs. fsiqofizikur movlenaTa is erTob-
lioba, romliTac ganpirobebulia adamianis konkre-
tuli qceva, motivs warmoadgens. mravali SesaZlo
moqmedebidan erT garkveul moqmedebaze SeCereba ama
Tu im motiviT xdeba.
motivi aris is realuri fsiqologiuri safuZ ve
ve--
safuZve
li, romlis niadagzec adamiani nebismier, gansaz Rvrul
gansazRvrul
saqciels Caidens
Caidens.. maSasadame, motivi aris moqmedebis,
qcevis gamomwvevi wamqezebeli mizezi, romelic
dakavSirebulia moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebasTan.
igi ganpirobebulia Sinagani da garegani pirobebis
erTianobiT da iwvevs subieqtis aqtivobas,
gansazRvravs mis mimarTulebas. sanam subieqti raimes
gadawyvets, mas saTanado motivi unda hqondes. gadaw-
yvetis aqts motivaciis procesi uswrebs win. motivi
aris is, ramac subieqts iseTi qceva Caadenina, ro-
melic moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisaTvis mizanSe-
wonilad iqna cnobili.
motivacia, dimitri uznaZis mixedviT, iseT moqme-
debas eZebs da poulobs, romelic pirovnebis Ziri-
Tad, cxovrebaSi ganmtkicebul ganwyobas Seefereba,
xolo motivaciis funqcia isaa, rom igi qcevas
pirovnebis ZiriTad moTxovnilebaTa sistemaSi rTavs
da subieqts misi Sesrulebis ganwyobas uCens.
genialur moazrovnes miaCnia, rom: òbieqtur Rire-
bulebas aqtualur Rirebulebad subieqtisaTvis
208
motivi aqcevs: igi im moqmedebas, romelic subieqti-
saTvis amJamad arafers mimzidvels ar Seicavs, fsiqo-
logiurad iseT moqmedebad gardaqmnis, romelic
misTvis aqtualuri Rirebulebis matareblad iqceva.
mokled, moTxovnilebas, romelic nebismieri qcevis
safuZvelze mdebare ganwyobis aRmosacenebladaa saWi-
ro, motivi iZleva~. maSasamade, obieqtur Rirebule-
bas aqtualur Rirebulebad subieqtisaTvis motivi
aqcevs.
motivi SeiZleba iyos materialuri an sulieri
sagnebi da movlenebi, romlebic moqmedebis mimarTu-
lebis arCevas ganapirobeben. motivis warmoSobis
saerTo meqanizmad moTxovnilebebis realizacia gvev-
lineba saZiebo aqtiurobis mimdinareobis procesSi,
romlis drosac xdeba obieqtebis gadaqceva motive-
bad, `moTxovnilebebis sagnebad~. aqedan gamomdinare-
obs ZiriTadi kanonzomiereba: motivis Camoyalibeba
da ganviTareba mimdinareobs saqmianobis, moqmedebis
sferos gafarToebisa da Secvlis meSveobiT, rome-
lic gardaqmnis sagnobriv sinamdviles.
adamianis saqmianoba ganisazRvreba ara romelime
erTi, aramed mravali motiviT. Cven saqme gvaqvs mTel
motivaciur kompleqsTan, romelic SeiZleba
Seicvlos, rogorc erTi adamianis meore adamianTan
mimarTebis, ise erTi situaciis sxva situaciiT
Secvlis meSveobiT. udavoa, adamians gaaCnia Tavisi
ganwyobebis sistemac, romelic kvals aCens mTel mis
saqmianobas da moqmedebas. aqedan gamomdinare, zogi
orientirebulia fulze, misTvis mTavaria didi
Semosavali, sxvebi xelmZRvaneloben movaleobis
grZnobiT, zogisaTvis mTavaria prestiJi da a.S.
magram am zogadi, arsebiTi motivaciis gverdiT
TiToeuli adamianis qcevaSi mJRavndeba motivebis
simravle, romlebic cvlilebebs ganicdian
konkretuli viTarebis mixedviT.
sainteresoa SromiTi motivaciis analizi. Sromis
motivebs Soris pirobiTad ikveTeba Sinagani da
garegani motivebi. SromiTi moRvaweobis procesSi
warmoSobili Sinagani motivebi aRmocendebian misi
sargeblianobidan, kmayofilebidan gamomdinare, rome-
209
lic moaqvs Sromas SemoqmedebiTi procesis, gamom-
goneblobis wyalobiT, ierarqiis maRal safexurze
asvlas da a.S. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is, rac
adamians ubiZgebs Sromisaken, mocemulia TviT Sroma-
Si, iqneba es saboloo Sedegi Tu Sromis procesi,
romelSic xdeba adamianis unaris realizacia.
Sinagani motivaciis am or momentSi aisaxeba pi-
rovnebis ori fundamentaluri maxasiaTebeli: erTis
mxriv, adamians, rogorc socialur arsebas, Sromis
moTxovnileba arsebiTad im SemTxvevaSi warmoeSveba,
Tu igi darwmunebulia Tavisi Sromis sargeblianoba-
Si, meore mxriv, mas esa Tu is unari gaaCnia, romlis
realizaciac fsiqologiur moTxovnilebad gvevline-
ba. kmayofileba, romelic miiReba urTulesi proble-
mis gadawyvetiT, mxolod adamianisaTvis aris damaxa-
siaTebeli, es misi specifikuri Taviseburebaa. amis
saukeTeso magaliTebia warmatebebi mecnierebaSi,
sportSi, biznesSi, xelovnebaSi da sxva. Sinagani
motivaciis Tavisebureba is gaxlavT, rom igi war-
moiSoba adamianis Sinagani moTxovnilebebidan da mis
safuZvelze Sesrulebuli samuSao garegani zewolis
gareSe sruldeba.
garegani motivebi Sromis miRma da TviT adamia-
nis miRmaa. magaliTad, gakicxvis SiSi, prestiJi, aRi-
areba, didi Semosavali da sxva.
cnobilia dadebiTi da uaryofiTi motivebi.
dadebiTi motivebia: Sromis maRali anazRaureba,
didi mogeba, prestiJis mopoveba, win waweva ierarqi-
ul safexurze, Seqeba da a.S., anu yvela is stimuli,
romelTa gamoc adamians saWirod miaCnia Zal-Rone ar
dazogos da iSromos keTilsindisierad.
uaryofiT motivebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos _
dasjis esa Tu is sistema, jarimis sxvadasxva forma,
kritika, gakicxva da a.S.
sxvadasxva garemoebaTa gamo motivacia ganicdis
cvlilebebs da xdeba misi modifikacia. zogjer
adamians unari Seswevs garkveul farglebSi Camoaya-
libos Tavisi motivaciuri kompleqsi an zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos Tavis motivebze. cxadia, aq udidesi mniS-
vneloba eniWeba im socialur garemos, romelSiac
210
cxovrobs da Sromobs adamiani. udidesi mniSvneloba
eniWeba, agreTve, adamianis fsiqologiur tips, mis
temperaments.
fsiqologiuri da sociologiuri gamokvlevebi
adastureben, rom adamianTa didi umravlesoba Sroma-
Si, swavlaSi da nebismier saqmianobaSi Tavisi SesaZ-
leblobebis ufro dabal dones avlens, vidre mas
realurad gaaCnia, imis gamo, rom igi an srulyofi-
lad ar aris Camoyalibebuli rogorc pirovneba, an
sxva raime mniSvnelovani mizezi aqvs, rac Semdegnai-
rad SeiZleba aixsnas: jer erTi, miznobrivi motiva-
ciuri ganwyobebi SeiZleba iyos gacilebiT ufro
Raribi da susti, vidre adamianis SesaZleblobebi,
niWiereba, unari da sxva; meorec, misi SesaZleblo-
bebis realizacia xSirad SezRudulia TviT misive
arCeuli funqcionaluri datvirTvis zRvariT,
daZabulobis garkveuli `komfortis zoniT~.
komfortul pirobebSi cxovrebaze orientirebas
cnobierad an aracnobierad mivyavarT funqcionalu-
ri daZabulobis mdgomareobamde profesiul, sazo-
gadoebriv, ojaxur da sxva situaciebSi. iTrguneba,
ixSoba adamianis SesaZleblobebi, misi bevri unari.
aseT mdgomareobaSi adamians ayenebs ara mxolod
individualuri normebi, aramed mocemuli,
socialur jgufSi gabatonebuli qcevebis normebic,
rac adamianis moqmedebis stilad, àraformalur
kanonad~ iqceva.
siZneleebis, axali Ziebis, riskis winaSe SiSi
ayalibebs fsiqologias, romelic orientirebulia
Zvel, nacad, Tumca ki metad `mokrZalebul~, uperspeq-
tivo warmodgenebze.
sakmaod Zlieria Zvelis, miRweulis SenarCunebis,
myari garantiebis Seqmnis tendencia. swored amis
Sedegia is, rom adamiani zogjer uars ambobs Znel,
magram perspeqtiul miRwevebze; mas SiSis zars scems
ukve Camoyalibebulis Secvla, romelic misTvis
cxovrebis wess warmoadgens.
mZlavr fsiqologiur cdunebad gvevlineba
xelsayreli mdgomareoba, proceduruli simartive,
simsubuqe, Sefasebis sxvadasxva kriteriumebis _
211
Seqebis, waxalisebisa da dajildoebis, gakicxvis da
sxva, simartive. aseT pirobebSi adamians saWirod ar
miaCnia cvalebadi situaciebis Rrma analizis gakeTe-
ba. Cndeba mxolod imis survili, rom gamomuSavebul
iqnes xelsayreli da praqtikuli Stampi, ubralo da
advilad aRsaqmel maCvenebelTa sistema, romelTa
kontroli da Semowmeba advilia.
aseTi meqanizmi mZlavr fsiqologiur barierad
gvevlineba. mas safuZvlad udevs sagamocdo `testebis~
gamartivebuli procedurebi, rac imiT gamoixateba,
rom sxvadasxva danaxarjebi miuTiTeben ara saboloo
Sedegebze, aramed daxarjul droze, `samuSao adgil-
ze yofnis droze~, resursebis danaxarjebze,
`resursebis aTvisebaze~. magaliTad, eqimis muSaoba
fasdeba miRebuli avadmyofebis raodenobiT, mSene-
belTa _ Sroma-masalisa da Tanxebis danaxarjebiT,
pedagogisa _ wakiTxuli saaTebis raodenobiT,
mecnierisa _ naSromebis raodenobiT da a.S. aseTi
procedura, garkveuli maCveneblis gamoyenebis Tval-
sazrisiT, Zalze advili da mosaxerxebelia, magram
amgvari midgoma sakiTxisadmi sicialurad sasargeb-
lo saqmianobas ukiduresad aferxebs, uaresic, mas
paradoqsamde mivyavarT. erTi mxriv, adamianis SesaZ-
leblobebi da unari (Wkua-goneba) mTlianad
(umeteswilad, naxevradac ki) ar gamoiyeneba, xolo
meore mxriv, igi sakmarisi ar aris, ar akmayofilebs
cxovrebis mier wamoyenebul moTxovnebs. xSirad ada-
mianisaTvis misaRebia mis winaSe dayenebuli amocanebi,
mis mimarT wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi, magram ara
mTlianad, aramed nawilobriv. amis mizezia, arse-
biTad, arasrulyofili profesiuli kompetencia,
upasuxismgebloba da sxva. am mizezis gamo pirovnebis
saqmianoba formalur xasiaTs atarebs, rac naTlad
aisaxeba misi saqmianobis Sedegebze. magaliTad, upasu-
xismgeblo, arakeTilsindisieri msajuli udanaSaulo
adamians sjis imis gamo, rom aucilebelia `saqmis
saswrafod damTavreba~, upasuxismgeblo studenti ar
eufleba im specialur sagnebsac ki, romelTa gareSec
ar SeiZleba iyos profesionali da a.S.
nebismieri mniSvnelovani socialuri cvlilebebi
212
sazo gadoebis da calkeul pirovneb
sazogadoebis aTa moqmedebis
pirovnebaTa
dau yo
dauyo
yovv nebliv koreqcias moiTxovs, vinaidan drouli
koreq ciis xelovnebaSia sazogadoebis TiToeuli
koreqciis
wevris Sromis efeqtianobis amaRlebis udidesi
wevris
rezervi.
umniSvnelovanes motivaciur rezervad gvevlineba
adamianis mzadyofna _ umtkivneulod gamovides
formaluri interesebis farglebidan, gamoavlinos
sakuTari iniciativa. pirovnebis Sefasebis dros
gasaTvaliswinebelia ara mxolod obieqturi mxare
moqmedebisa (romelic yovelTvis rodia misi damsaxu-
reba, an danaSauli), aramed mis mier daxarjuli
Zalebi, energia da, rac mTavaria, gacnobierebuli
gadawyvetileba, Sinagani mizanswrafva.
moqmedebis motivaciuri regulireba SerCeviT
xasiaTs atarebs, vinaidan SeuZlebelia adamianis yvela
moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba erTdroulad. fsiqo-
logiuri kanonzomiereba, romelic aqtualuri gan-
zraxvebis dakmayofilebis wess gansazRvravs, uaRre-
sad rTulia, rasac praqtikaSi uCveulo mdgomareo-
bamde mivyavarT. rodesac adamiani Tavis moqmedebas
gegmavs, igi ara mxolod mis mniSvnelobas, aramed
misi realizaciis SesaZleblobebsac (mis sirTules)
iTvaliswinebs. aRniSnuli viTarebis gamo sabolood
Znelad, rTulad gadasawyveti maRalRirebuli,
CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovani amocanebi xSirad
gadavadebas eqvemdebarebian, zogjer ki mTlianad
amoiSlebian subieqturad Rirebuli samyarodan.
aseTi amocanebi, rogorc `sasurveli~, ise Sefasde-
bian pirovnebis mier da maTi ganxorcieleba misTvis
ukve aRar warmoadgens aucileblobas. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu pirov nebis mier sakuTari problemebis aqtua
pirovnebis aqtua--
lo bis Sefa
lobis seba araade
Sefaseba araadekk vaturad xdeba da ar Seesa
Seesa--
bameba mis inte
bameba resebs, metad mniSvnelovani amo
interesebs, ca
amoca ne
ne--
cane
bi gada
gadau uwyve te
wyveteli da gadavadebuli rCeba da `gada
teli `gada--
ula xa
laxa obis~ sfe
xaobis~ roSi aRmoCndeba.
sferoSi
rodesac adamiani zedmetad amaxvilebs yuradRebas
gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan amocanebze, xolo
yvela danarCeni amocanebi da problemebi CrdilSi
rCeba, saxezea ganzraxvaTa aqtualuri zonis Seviwro-
213
veba. daukmayofilebeli ganzraxvebi ki did simZimed
awevs adamians, aqveiTebs amocanebis aqtualobas da
ZiriTadi saqmis efeqtianobas. empiriuli gamokvleve-
bis Sedegebi adastureben, rom mniSvnelovani ganzrax-
vebis ukiduresi gazviadebis SemTxvevaSi yoveldRiu-
ri cxovrebiseuli ganzraxvebi, TviT SromiTi saqmia-
nobac ki, damaxinjebul saxes iRebs _ icvleba misi
arsi, misi saboloo Sedegebi.
sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia is garemoeba, rom
TviT uaRresad mniSvnelovani amocanebisa da proble-
mebis gamoc ki, ar aris misaRebi sasicocxlod auci-
lebel _ biologiur, socialur, emociur da sxva
_ moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqma, maTi
ignorireba, adamianur urTierTobebze, garTobaze
Tavis arideba, ris gareSec SeuZlebelia sasicocxlo
tonusisa da Sromisunarianobis SenarCuneba.
adamianTa saqmianobis blokirebas axdens misTvis
zemniSvnelobis mqone ganzraxvebic _ vnebebi, swrafva,
Jini da sxva. pirovnebas eufleba simdidris dagrove-
bis, uZrav-moZravi qonebis mflobelobis, fufunebis,
dawinaurebis, Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis survili,
romlebic Trgunaven sxva adamianur survilebs da
amiT aRaribeben adamianuri moqmedebisa da saqmiano-
bis bevr ubans, isini motivaciurad ar arian uzrun-
velyofilni. es mdgomareoba iwvevs Sromis efeqtia-
nobis daqveiTebas, mis arasrulfasovnebas. fer-
mkrTaldeba pirovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebi, maxinj
saxes iRebs adamianTa mTeli rigi zneobrivi normebi.
ganzraxvebis, survilebis mniSvnelovani doneebis
blokirebis pirobiTi formula aseTia: `me SemiZlia,
magram ar minda (ar aris CemTvis saintereso, sasurve-
li, aucilebeli da a.S.)~ da ès me minda, magram ar
SemiZlia (Znelia, ar var mobilizebuli, ver avewyve am
saqmisaTvis da a.S.)~. potenciuri motivaciis am or
zonaSi adamianis cxovrebis, Sromis da nebismieri
moqmedebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis uzarmazari
rezervebi imaleba, magram saqme isaa, rom adamiani
Zalian xSirad am zonebis sazRvrebs araadekvaturad
ayalibebs, eqmneba araswori warmodgenebi
funqcionaluri zonebis datvirTvis komfortze
214
profesiul an sxva saqmianobaSi. igi uars ambobs
idealebze, miznebze, amocanebze, romlebic misTvis
savsebiT misaRwevi da xelmisawvdomia.
adamiani udides zians ayenebs Tavis Tavs da sazo-
gadoebas im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac igi gadaWarbebiT,
araadekvaturad azviadebs Tavisi uflebebis, moTxov-
nilebebis dones, Tavisi Tavis winaSe ayenebs `presti-
Jul~, pativmoyvare, magram misTvis dauZlevel, Znel
da rTul amocanebs, romlebic aSkarad sWarboben mis
SesaZleblobebs.
adamianis cxovrebaze, mis saqmianobaze uaryofiT
zemoqmedebas axdens misi ganzraxvebis, survilebis
zedmiwevniT daSoriSoreba, daqucmaceba _ strategia,
akeTo yvelaferi cot-cota, ar gamoyo mTavari, Ziri-
Tadi. funqcionaluri da sxva resursebis ukmari-
sobis, drois deficitis gamo aRniSnuli strategiis
ganxorcieleba saR azrs aris moklebuli. adamiani,
bolos da bolos, iZulebulia mTeli Tavisi energia
daxarjos mis winaSe dasaxuli amocanebis nawil-nawil
gadawyvetaze maSin, rodesac SesaZloa gadasawyveti
darCes gacilebiT mniSvnelovani problemebi. amitom
ganzraxvebis aqtualuri zo ne
zone bis zomisa da misi
nebis
ganxo rcielebis SesaZleblobebis ade
ganxo adekk vaturi Tanafar
Tanafar--
dobis dadgena cxovrebis gar kveul periodSi an yovel
garkveul
mocemul momentSi
momentSi,, uaR re
uaRre sad mniSvnelovania da ada
resad ada--
mianis nebismieri saq mia
saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRlebis
mianobis
umniS vnelovanes rezervs warmoadgens.
umniSvnelovanes
Zlier fsiqologiur barierad gvevlineba moti-
vaciuri regulirebis situaciuri done, romelic
adamianisaTvis Rirebuli, gadaudebeli amocanebis
praqtikuli gadawyvetis blokirebas axdens. igi
adamians aucileblobis winaSe ayenebs, raTa man gada-
udeblad gamoiyenos Tavisi SesaZleblobebi, resur-
sebi, sxvadasxva saSualebebi im amocanebis
gadasawyvetad, romelic mis winaSe daayena situaciam,
amasTan, gadados is ganzraxvebi, survilebi, rom-
lebsac misTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs da romelTa
praqtikuli realizaciisaTvis mas ukve Zal-Rone ar
Seswevs.
adamianis SesaZleblobebis uzarmazari rezervi im
215
SemTxvevaSi SeiZ leba iqnes gamoyenebuli, Tu ide
SeiZleba alu
idea ri
luri
ganwyobebi da cxovrebiseuli miznebi yovel dRi
yoveldRi uri
dRiuri
saqmianobis konkretul da savsebiT misaRwev algo algo--
riTmad Camoyalibdeba da swori gadaw yve
gadawyveti
yveti le
tile be
lebe bi
bebi
yoveldRiuri organizebuli saqmianobiT iqneba
uzrun velyofili.
uzrunvelyofili.
adamianis saqmianobis motivaciuri regulirebis
erT-erT umniSvnelovanes rezervs warmoadgens misi
fun qcionaluri SesaZleblobebis zomieri da srul
funqcionaluri srulfafa
fa--
sovani gamoyeneba. es, Tavis mxriv, iTvaliswinebs ada-
mianis moqmedebaSi, mis saqmianobaSi misi mravalfero-
vani moTxovnilebebis (fizikuris, inteleqtualuris,
emociuris, komunikabeluris, receptorulis da sxv.)
dakmayofilebas, deprivaciis moxsnas da aRkveTas.
yuradsaRebia, rom sistematuri funqcionaluri
gadaZabva, romelsac organizmis gacveTamde mivyavarT,
adamianisaTvis Rirebuli ganzraxvebis, survilebis
blokirebas axdens.
pirovnebis mzadyofnis uSreti rezervebi imaleba
misi gambedaobis, amtanianobis, simtkicis, mdgrado-
bis formirebaSi, rac mas SesaZleblobas miscems
Tavidan aicilos rogorc droebiTi situaciuri
deprivaciebi, ise funqcionaluri gadatvirTvebi,
daZabulobani, Tu isini gamowveuli iqneba profesi-
uli moTxovnilebebiT an gansakuTrebuli cxovrebi-
seuli situaciebiT. pirovnebis moqmedebis motivebi,
misi inteleqtualuri moRvaweoba da misi cxovrebis
mTeli Sinaarsi, arsebiTad, adamianis interesebTan
aris dakavSirebuli.
pirovnebis TaviseburebaTa daxasiaTeba gulis-
xmobs am pirovnebis interesebis da midrekilebebis
gaTvaliswinebas. interesebTan dakavSirebuli midre-
kilebebi adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTad mimarTulebas
gansazRvraven. midrekilebebi, romlebic arsebiTad
individis moTxovnilebaTa sistemas eyrdnobian, mis
swrafvaSi gadadian da subieqtis qcevis `Zravs~
warmoadgenen.
Tanamedrove fsiqologia adamianis qcevis mamo-
Zravebeli Zalebisa da qcevis motivebis safuZvels
moTxovnilebaSi, midrekilebaSi, miswra miswrafefeba
feba Si da
baSi
interesebSi eZebs.
216
interesebi, fsiqologiuri mniSvnelobiT, gulis-
xmobs pirovnebis specifikur warmmarTvelobas garkve-
uli obieqtis Tu obieqtTa kategoriis mimarT.
saboloo jamSi, interesis aRmoceneba da Camoya-
libeba moTxovnilebaTa safuZvelze xdeba. interesi
gamoixateba obieqtis mimarT yuradRebis, azrovnebis,
mexsierebis mobilizebaSi, rac, arsebiTad, specifi-
kur inteleqtTan da emociasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
interesis specifikuroba misi sagnis ufro axlos
gacnobis, masze zemoqmedebis moxdenis, yuradRebis
gamaxvilebis miswrafebaSi gamoixateba. interesi
ufro SemecnebiTi xasiaTis swrafvas warmoadgens. igi
gulisxmobs interesis obieqtis gacnobis, misi Semec-
nebis, Wvretis, gagebis, masze fiqris survils. inte-
resi dakavSirebulia interesis obieqtisadmi pirov-
nebis mimarTebasTan. pirovneba mTlianad aris koncen-
trirebuli interesis obieqtze. interesi adamians
warmarTavs garkveuli moqmedebisaken da, amdenad, igi
arsebiTadaa dakavSirebuli tendenciasTan ama Tu im
moqmedebisadmi, rasac, Cveulebriv, adamianis midre-
kilebas uwodeben. magaliTad, adamians SeiZleba hqon-
des midrekileba mewarmeobisadmi, biznesisadmi,
vaWrobisadmi, mecnierebisadmi da a.S.
interesi da midrekileba arsebiTad arian dakav-
Sirebulni erTmaneTTan da ise gadadian erTmaneTSi,
rom xSirad zusti sazRvris aRqma SeuZlebelia.
magram aris situaciebi, romelSic midrekileba,
rogorc moqmedebisaken swrafva, aSkarad gansxvavdeba
interesisagan. adamianis interesis gansxvaveba midreki-
lebisagan Tavs iCens, upirveles yovlisa, interesTa
mimarTulebaSi, maT SinaarsSi. adamianebi erTmane-
Tisgan gansxvavdebian agreTve interesis moculobiT.
arseboben farTo da viwro interesebis adamianebi.
ukiduresad viwro interesebis adamianis miswrafeba-
ni SeiZleba amoiwurebodes, magaliTad, mxolod
Tavisi ojaxis keTildReobasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebiT, Tavisi specialobis, Tavisi janmrTelo-
bis da sxva sakiTxebiT. da, piriqiT, farTo interese-
bis mqone adamians ainteresebs mTeli samyaro, mas
cocxali interesi gaaCnia uricxv movlenaTa mimarT
217
_ ainteresebs axali movlenebi, axali miRwevebi,
sazogadoebaSi mimdinare axali procesebi da sxva.
unda iTqvas, rom, erTi mxriv, metad viwro interese-
bi àviwroeben~, zRudaven pirovnebas, ris Sedegadac
saqme gvaqvs metad SezRudul, calmxriv adamianTan,
magram, meore mxriv, interesTa zedmiwevniTi daqsaqsu-
loba diletantizmSi gadadis da, garkveulwilad,
xels uSlis miRwevebs romelime konkretul dargSi.
erTi mimarTulebiT interesTa warmarTvas adamiani
did miRwevebamde mihyavs. gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia,
rodesac subieqtis interesTa mravalferovneba imgva-
rad aris ganlagebuli, rom es mimarTulebebi xels
ki ar uSlian erTmaneTs, piriqiT, sxvadasxva mimarTu-
lebiT moqmedeba erTgvar korelaciaSi imyofeba da
xels uwyobs erTmaneTs. aseT process maSin aqvs adgi-
li, rodesac es interesebi Tavs iyrian erT centrSi,
erT `fokusSi~, romelic Tavis garSemo aerTianebs
interesTa mraval ganStoebas. uaRresad mniSvnelova-
nia pirovnebis mier interesebis ganawileba, rasac
safuZvlad udevs adamianisaTvis maTi araTanabari
mniSvneloba. aris ZiriTadi, wamyvani interesebi,
romlebic mTlianad ipyroben individs, arsebobs
meore, mesame da a.S. xarisxovani interesebi.
adamianebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian interesTa
intesivobiT, maTi siZlieriT, rac, pirvel rigSi,
pirovnebis temperamentzea damokidebuli. zog adami-
ans imdenad Zlieri interesebi gaaCnia, rom eWvgareSe
dgeba misi nebisyofis siZlierec. am interesTa dasak-
mayofileblad adamians unari Seswevs seriozuli
dabrkolebebi gadalaxos. magaliTad, mecnierebis ama
Tu im dargiT Zlier dainteresebuli nebisyofiani
pirovneba, romlis ZiriTad, wamyvan motivs axlis
Zieba warmoadgens, umtkivneulod gadalaxavs uZneles
dabrkolebebs, raTa daikmayofilos Tavisi interesi.
susti interesebi, piriqiT, ver gadaiqcevian nebis-
mieri moqmedebis motivebad. sakmarisia am interess
sul mciredi dabrkoleba gadaeRobos, rom adamianma
uari ganacxados mis dakmayofilebaze.
interesis simtkice, Cveulebriv, dakavSirebulia
interesis intesivobasTan, magram zog adamians SeiZle-
218
ba intensiuri interesebi axasiTebdes da amave dros,
es interesebi ar iyos mtkice, xangrZlivi da, piri-
qiT, zogjer interesi, romelic ar aris intensiuri,
SeiZleba sakmaod mtkice aRmoCndes. interesTa simtki-
ce individualurad metad gansxvavebulia. arseboben
adamianebi, romelTac mtkice, myari interesebi axasia-
TebT, mTeli cxovrebis manZilze SenarCunebuli aqvT
interesTa ZiriTadi mimarTuleba da, piriqiT, arse-
boben iseTnic, romelTac axasiaTebT interesTa didi
cvalebadoba _ erTi interesi male ikargeba da mis
adgils meore ikavebs, romelic male dauTmobs
adgils mesames da a. S. aRniSnuli fsiqologiuri
procesi didad aris damokidebuli adamianis bio-
logiur fonze _ temperamentze.
interesi cxovrebis pirobebis zegavleniT yalib-
deba, igi ar aris Tandayolili Tviseba. uaRresad
didi roli eniWeba mis aRzrdas. interesis Sinaarsi
ganpirobebulia im socialuri situaciiT, romelSic
cxovrobs da izrdeba adamiani, im socialur-poli-
tikuri garemoTi, sadac igi yalibdeba, rogorc
pirovneba. interesTa Camoyalibebaze did zegavlenas
axdens ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. magaliTad, soci-
alur-politikurma da ekonomikurma garemom sruli-
ad axali, qarTveli kacisaTvis uCveeulo interesebi
gauCina mas _ mewarmeobis, biznesisaken swrafvis,
vaWrobis da sxva.
rogorc aRiniSna, pirovnebis interesebTan aris
dakavSirebuli misi moqmedebis motivebi, amitom
adamianis motivaciuri sferos sakiTxi sagangebo
mniSvnelobas iZens. rodesac fsiqologiaSi qcevis
motivs ganixilaven, adamianis aqtivobis mizezs an
safuZvels gulisxmoben. motivis kvlevis dros adamia-
nis aqtivobis mimarT dgeba kiTxvebi: ratom iqceva
individi amgvarad? ris gamo Caidina adamianma am
saxis saqcieli? es kiTxvebi adamianis qcevis safuZ-
vlis anu mizezis garkvevisaken aris mimarTuli.
cnobilma qarTvelma mecnierma SoTa nadiraSvilma,
eyrdnoboda ra ganwyobis Teorias, SesaniSnavad Camo-
ayaliba motivaciis problemebi. mravalgzis mecnie-
rulma gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom im mTliani da
219
erTiani fsiqikuri mdgomareobis srulfasovani
gamoxatva, romelic safuZvlad edeba garkveul fsiqi-
kur qcevas, ganwyobis cnebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
ganwyoba, rogorc adamianis mTliani fsiqofizi-
kuri mdgomareoba, qcevaze zemoqmedebas axdens. igi
energetikuli momentiT xasiaTdeba da, amave dros,
masSi asaxulia momavali qcevisaTvis saWiro winapi-
robebi, is qcevis fsiqikur safuZvels warmoadgens
da, amave dros, CarTulia adamianis realuri aqtivo-
bis mTlian mizez-Sedegobriv jaWvSi. ganwyoba realu-
radac da logikuradac win uswrebs da ganapirobebs
fsiqikur qcevas. igi iseT realur da dinamikur
fsiqofizikur mdgomareobas warmoadgens, romelic
TavisTavSi asaxavs adamianis moTxovnilebebs, garemos
Sesatyvis zemoqmedebas da warsul gamocdilebas. igi
am faqtorTa erTianobis Sedegia da, Tavis mxriv,
safuZvlad edeba fsiqikur aqtivobas, romelic sinam-
dvilisadmi adamianis Seguebis amocanas emsaxureba.
amitomaa, rom ganwyobis kanonzomierebaTa Seswavla
mWidrod ukavSirdeba qcevis motivebs.
ganwyobis Teoriis mixedviT, Sinaganad qceuli
motivaciis procesi, romlis drosac qcevis motivis
Camoyalibeba xdeba, principulad iseTive saxis
fsiqikuri aqtiurobaa, rogorc obieqturad gamov-
lenili fsiqikuri qceva, magaliTad, socialuri
qceva. motivaciis procesis Sedegad adamiani Sinagani
fsiqologiuri garemos reorganizacias axdens iseve,
rogorc adamianis mier sakuTar garemoSi Setanili
obieqturi cvlilebebi gansazRvraven sinamdvilis
mizez-Sedegobriv mimdinareobas. amave dros, mis mier
motivaciis procesTa safuZvelze Tavis Sinagan samya-
roSi Setanili cvlilebebi safuZvlad edeba misi
Semdgomi fsiqikuri aqtivobis mimarTulebas. motiva-
ciis procesebi am gziT axdenen realur zemoqmedebas
adamianis qcevaze.
individis praqtikuli saqmianoba da pirovnebis
mier sayoymano viTarebaSi romelime qcevis SerCeva,
fsiqologiurad sruliad sxvadasxva bunebisaa.
motivaciis problema meore saxis qcevis Seswavlis
dros gvxvdeba. marTalia, zogjer motivaciis pirobe-
220
bis rigSia Setanili iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa
individis qcevis mizanSewonilobis safuZveli da
garkveuli qcevis ganmticeba-fiqsireba, magram amgvari
ganzogadebis drosac saWiro xdeba im specifikur
kanonzomierebebze miTiTeba, romliTac xasiaTdeba
individis ganwyobiseuli mizanSewonili qceva. amitom
savsebiT misaRebia is azri, romelic pirovnebis mier
garkveuli qcevis SerCevis, miRebis da ganxorciele-
bis sakiTxebs individis aqtivobisagan gamoyofilad
ganixilavs. swored am konteqstSi dgeba motivaciis
sakiTxebi. motivaciis sakiTxTa ganxilvisas pirovne-
bis mier garkveuli mimarTulebis qcevis SerCevisa da
misi ganxorcielebis kanonzomierebebi unda vigulis-
xmoT. maSasadame, motivaciis aucileblobis winaSe
adamiani maSin dgeba, rodesac sxvadasxva qcevis SesaZ-
lebloba arsebobs.
adamianis qcevis motivTa Sesaxeb ara mxolod
obieqturi TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba msjeloba. qcevis
motivis ganxilvisas gverds ver avuvliT im fsiqi-
kuri mdgomareobis bunebis Seswavlas, romelsac
pirovneba Tavisi qcevis aRmZvrel sulier movlenad
ganicdis.
mravali qcevis safuZvlad da mizezad adamiani
xSirad iseT gancdebs asaxelebs, rogorebicaa: sur-
vili, interesi, mizani, ndoma, simpaTia, saWiroebis
gancda, SiSi, siZulvili, zizRi, miuRebloba da sxva.
rogorc vxedavT, arsebobs garkveuli saxis fsiqiku-
ri Sinaarsi, romelsac adamiani Tavisi qcevis mizezad
aRiqvams. aseT gancdaTa analizis safuZvelze irkveva,
rom isini mxolod emociur gancdebs ar miekuTvne-
bian. pirovnebas ar ZaluZs yovelTvis ganaxorcielos
iseTi qceva, romelic dadebiT emociebTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli da uari ganacxados iseT qcevebze, rom-
lebic uaryofiT emociebs iwveven masSi. arsebobs
gancdebis mTeli gama, romlebic adamians Tavisi
qcevis ganmsazRvrelad miaCnia da maTi CaTvla wminda
emociur gancdad miuRebelia.
miznebi, romelTa miRwevasac lamobs adamiani,
sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT dadebiTad an uaryo-
fiTad fasdeba. miznis amgvari Sefaseba im socialuri
221
moTxovnilebebis fonze xdeba, romelSic isini unda
ganxorcieldnen da im unaris mixedviT, romliTac
xasiaTdeba mocemuli pirovneba. mizanTa formirebi-
sas, socialuri moTxovnilebebisa da sakuTari SesaZ-
leblobebis regulirebas individi socialuri
rolebis miRebiTa da SesrulebiT axerxebs. igi im
moTxovnebs asrulebs, romlebsac moelian am rolis
Semsruleblisagan misi unarisa da miswrafebis, misi
piradi moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad. ra miznebs dai-
saxavs adamiani, es mniSvnelovnad aris ganpirobebuli
misi zogadi miswrafeba-moTxovnilebebiT.
miznebi, interesebi, miswrafebebi, moTxovnilebebi
qcevis Sinagan faqtorebs warmoadgenen. saTanado
obieqtur situaciasTan maTi Sexvedris SemTxvevaSi
adamians garkveuli qcevis ganwyoba eufleba.
qcevis motivi, romlis safuZvelzec adamiani
moq medebs, mis socialur tendenciebs da Ri
moqmedebs, re
Rirebu
bu--
rebu
le biT orientaciebs gamoxatavs.
lebiT
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yoveli etapi misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli regulirebis taqtikiT gamoirCeva.
socialur sferoSi da ekonomikaSi xdeba mTeli rigi
ganzraxvebis, survilebis gaaqtiureba, xolo sxvaTa
daTrgunva, ignorireba, gadavadeba da a.S.
socialurad mniSvnelovani qcevebis realizeba
sxvadasxva formiT xdeba: erTni _ moTxovnilebebis,
piradi daintersebis, idealebis, RirebulebiTi
orientaciis meSveobiT realizdebian, meoreni _
Secnobili aucileblobiT, movaleobis grZnobiT.
ufro efeqtiani, myari da srulfasovania adamianTa
qcevis, moqmedebis regulireba, Tu igi uzrunvelyo-
filia, rogorc pirveli, ise meore tipis optimalu-
ri SexamebiT konkretuli istoriuli pirobebi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli mdgomareobis Sesabamisad.
sazogadoebriv progresTan erTad icvleba auci-
leblobis, yoveldRiuri sazrunavis, perspeqtiuli
miznebisa da idealebis Sinaarsobrivi mxare.
ganviTarebis dialeqtika miznebisa da idealebis
nawilobrivi an sruli realizebiT vlindeba. Cndeba
maTi aqtualobis da cxovrebis wesis Cveuli,
yoveldRiuri, garantirebuli yofis gardaqmnis,
222
Secvlis aucilebloba. realuri miznebi axalma
miznebma unda Secvalos.
ganviTarebis am procesis ignorirebis SemTxvevaSi
materialuri keTildReobis amaRleba adamianis pi-
rovnebis ideur, zneobriv gaRaribebas, misi ganzrax-
vebis, survilebis, miswrafebebis, interesebis, idea-
lebis SezRudvas iwvevs, rac misi fsiqologiuri da
socialuri Rirebulebebis daqveiTebas uwyobs xels.
amas Sedegad mohyveba: socialuri pasiuroba, meSCa-
noba, momxveWeloba, gamomZalveloba, karierizmi, moq-
medebis amoraluri formebi, damnaSaveoba da a.S.
pirovnebis, socialuri jgufebis motivaciuri
sistemis sijansaRe, mravalferovneba, pozitiuroba an
ubadrukoba, siRatake asaxvas poulobs Sinagani mis-
wrafebebis, ganzraxvebis SinaarsSi.
moqmedebis motivi safuZvelad udevs iseT pirov-
nul fsiqikur Tvisebas, rogoricaa xasiaTi, romelic
gansazRvravs adamianis damokidebulebas sxva adamiane-
bisa da mTeli sinamdvilisadmi. imis mixedviT, Tu ra
bunebis qmedebaa adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, ra
miznebiTa da moTxovnilebebiT xelmZRvanelobs igi
umetesad, ganasxvaveben xasiaTis sam tips: egoists,
rodesac adamiani nebismier moqmedebas Tavisi inte-
resebis sasargeblod arCevs, yvelgan Tavis pirad
siamovnebas da sargeblobas eZebs, Tavisi interesebi
yovelTvis wina planze aqvs wamoweuli; altruists
_ adamianis qmedeba sxvebis sakeTildReod aris
mimarTuli, igi pirad intersebs sxvebis sasargeblod
Tmobs, yovelTvis mzad aris daexmaros axlobels da
gasaWirSi Cavardnils; sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis
tips
tips, romelic Tavisi Tavis da Tavisi axloblebis
interesebze win ayenebs Tavisi qveynis, sazogadoebis
interesebs da SeuZlia Tavic ki Seswiros am inte-
resebs.
adamianis motivaciuri sistemis kvleva, misi mec-
nieruli regulireba da marTva, uaRresad mniSvnelo-
vani problemaa sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis nebismie-
ri etapisaTvis.
223
reziume
motivi, Tavisi warmoSobiT, subieqturi movlenaa,
romlis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba urTierTkavSiri
moqmedebis stimulsa da mis aqtebs Soris.
motivi pasuxobs mocemuli moqmedebis
gacnobierebul da Rrmad pirovnul `ratoms~. igi
gvixsnis Sinaganisa da gareganis urTierTkavSirs,
moTxovnilebasa da mis obieqts Soris Tanafardobas.
motivacia moqmedebis subieqtur determinantad gvev-
lineba.
rogorc idealuri wamqezebeli Zalebi, motivebi
yalibdebian moTxovnilebaTa safuZvelze, magram Tu
moTxovnilebebi moqmedebis saerTo mimarTulebas
xsnian, motivebi uSualod aregulireben moqmedebas,
akonkreteben miznebs da mosalodnel Sedegebs, rom-
lis Sesrulebiskenac miiswrafvis adamiani aRmo-
cenebuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis procesSi.
pirovnebis motivaciuri sfero _ es urTulesi
warmonaqmnia, romelic Seicavs rogorc uSualod
momqmed motivebs, ise gacnobierebul gadawyvetile-
bebsac, romlebic gansazRvruli moraluri nor-
mebidan, principebidan, idealebidan gamomdinareoben.
motivaciur sferoSi Semavali motivebi erTmane-
Tisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, misi
gacnobierebis doniT, ise Tavisi adgiliTa da mniS-
vnelovnebiT ierarqiul struqturaSi. zogierT
motivs SemTxveviTi, situaciuri xasiaTi aqvs, xolo
sxvebi ufro myarni, mdgradni arian, mudmivad moqme-
deben da arsebiTad gansazRvraven qcevis ZiriTad
mimarTulebebs. isini motivaciuri struqturis
ierarqiis saTaveSi imyofebian da dominireben Sem-
TxveviT situaciur motivebze. es wamyvani, ZiriTadi
qcevis motivebi TandaTanobiT yalibdebian da sru-
lad moicaven adamianis pirovnul da sazogadoebriv
interesebs. swored es wamyvani motivebi qmnian pirov-
nebis avtonomias da misi damoukideblobis, princi-
pulobis safuZveli xdebian.
motivaciuri sfero, pirovnuli struqturis
centri, misi yvela fsiqikuri procesis, funqciis da
Tvisebis safuZvelia. masSi wamyvani adgili ukavia
224
myar, gamZle motivebs, romlebic arsebiTad gansaz-
Rvraven am sferos ierarqiul agebulebas.
sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia zneobrivi motivebi,
romlebic ara mxolod Tanaarseboben sxva motivebis
gverdiT, aramed Tavisi elferiT mosaven sxva moti-
vebs, gancdebs, mrwamss, ganapirobeben fsiqikuri pro-
cesebis mimarTulebas. zneobrivi motivebis for-
mireba urTulesi da uZnelesi procesia, romelic
socialuri garemos zegavleniTa da organizebuli
aRzrdis procesis wyalobiT xorcieldeba. sakuTari
zneobrivi zrdis, srulyofis SegrZneba qmnis kmayo-
filebisa da sixarulis grZnobebs.
sazogadod, motivebis formirebis procesi war-
moadgens gare zemoqmedebis gardaqmnas Sinagan zemoq-
medebad. moqmedebis motivi gviCvenebs, Tu ra saxiT
xdeba gare zemoqmedebis akumulireba, SeTviseba, misi
gaSinaganeba.
myari, principuli, Zlieri pirovneba yalibdeba
ara misi gonierebis, unaris, aqtiurobis Sedegad,
aramed misi motivaciuri sistemis safuZvelze. es
aris TviTorganizebis Sedegi. adamians unari Seswevs
regulireba gaukeTos Tavis moqmedebas mis mier
miRebuli da Sinagan moTxovnilebad gamxdari zneo-
brivi normebisa da principebis wyalobiT.
rodesac cnobilia motivaciuri sferos
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba adamianis moqmedebaze, mis
nebismier qcevaze, cxadia, misi motivaciuri sferos
Seswavlis, formirebis, srulyofis problemam SeiZ-
leba centraluri adgili daikavos sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis procesSi, rogorc misi gajansaRebis
aucilebelma komponentma.
225
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1. romeli fsiqologiuri fenomeni
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ganapirobebs adamianis nebismier qcevas,
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gansazRvravs misi moTxovnilebebis mTel
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sistemas _ miznebs, interesebs, idealebs?
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2. riTi aris ganpirobebuli adamianTa
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qcevebis ukiduresi gansxvavebuloba?
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3. ra gansazRvravs pirovnebis mier
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gadawyvetilebis miRebas?
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4. ra aris motivi? ra gvevlineba misi
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warmoSobis saerTo meqanizmad?
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5. adamianis saqmianoba ganisazRvreba erTi
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romelime motiviT Tu motivaciuri
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kompleqsiT?
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6. raSi gamoixateba SromiTi motivacia?
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(daaxasiaTeT detalurad).
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7. raSi mdgomareobs moqmedebis motivaciuri
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regulireba, potenciuri motivaciis ori
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zona?
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8. ras niSnavs motivaciuri regulirebis
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situaciuri done?
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9. ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos motivaciuri
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regulirebis rezervad?
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10. ra urTierTkavSiri arsebobs ganwyobasa da
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motivacias Soris? qcevis motivebsa da
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pirovnebis RirebulebiT orientaciebs,
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adamianis xasiaTs Soris?
226
leqcia XV
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l e q c i a normasa da paTologias
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Soris myof adamianTa
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qaraqterologiur-tipolo-
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giuri Taviseburebani.
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mosazRvre mdgomareobebi.
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gegma:
1. cikloidebis jgufi;
2. asT enikebis jgufi;
asT
3. Sizoidebis jgufi;
4. paranoikebis jgufi;
5. epileptoidebis jgufi;
6. isteriulTa jgufi;
7. meryevi-aramdgradi fsiqopaTebis jgufi;
8. socialur-fsiqopaTTa jgufi;
9. konstitucionalur-SezRudulTa jgufi.
adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis aRwera ukidu-

resad rTulia. pirovneba sruliad gansxvavebulia
sakuTar TavTan, ojaxis wevrebTan, nacnob-megobreb-
Tan, ufrosTan da umcrosTan da vin moTvlis kidev
ramdennairi niuansi arsebobs mis gare samyarosTan da
sakuTar me-sTan damokidebulebaSi. magram erTi faq-
tia: ,,rogor Tavisufladac, SeuboWavad, SeumCnevlad
ar unda iqceodes adamiani, mainc yvelgan gamosWvivis
misi manerebi, romlebic daufaravad gvamcnoben,
briyvi Sedis da gamodis, dgeba da jdeba, saubrobs
an gaCumebulia Tu Wkviani, gonieri adamiani~ _
aRniSnavda Jan de labruieri.
adamianis qaraqterologiur-tipologiuri kvleva
metad Znelia da xangrZliv dros moiTxovs. Sesaswav-
lia mTeli misi cxovrebis gza. mxedvelobaSia misaRe-
bi yvelaferi, rac mniSvnelovania adamianisaTvis:
siyvaruli da siZulvili, sixaruli da sevda, gamar-
jveba da damarcxeba, ndoba da undobloba, ocneba da
sinamdvile, moqmedebisa da gancdis siZliere da
227
sisuste da sxva mravali, yovelive, rac ki
xelmisawvdomia adamianis irgvliv da gvamcnobs misi
cxovrebis gzis Sinaarss, rogor gaatara man Tavisi
sicocxle _ ramdenad organizebulad, socialurad
mowesrigebulad, Sinaganad SeTanxmebulad, rogori
damokidebuleba daamyara Tavis TavTan da garemosTan,
ra saxis Rirebulebebis realizacias isaxavda
sicocxlis manZilze, ras miaRwia Tavisi moRvaweobiT.
am masalam SeiZleba gamoavlinos adamianTa savsebiT
garkveuli da qaraqterologiurad diferencirebuli
tipebi da qvetipebi.
SegrZneba da aRqma, azrovneba da metyveleba,
mexsiereba da warmosaxva, grZnoba-emociebi da
nebisyofa _ yvela es fsiqikuri procesi da Tviseba
axasiaTebs konkretul adamians, subieqts, romelic
Seimecnebs urTierTobebs, moqmedebebs,arsebul
sinamdviles.
subieqtoba adamianis specifikur Tvisebas
warmoadgens, romelic Seimecneba sakuTari Tavis
refleqsiis1 meSveobiT. refleqsia xorcieldeba sami
mimarTulebiT:
_ fizikuri individis mier, romelsac sxva
individebTan biologiuri erToba aerTianebs _
somaturi me;
_ sazogadoebrivi arsebis mier, romelic sxva
adamianTa msgavsad sociumis wevrs warmoadgens _
socialuri me;
_ individualuri arsebis mier, romelsac
sakuTari fsiqikuri samyaro gaaCnia _
fsiqikuri me.
samive komponenti erTian subieqtur me-Si
erTiandeba. refleqsiis Sedegs warmoadgens
subieqturi intencialoba2 , rogorc subieqturi
aqtivobis sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebis wyaro, rome-
lic subieqtis sam warmodgenil komponents Seesa-
____________
1
refleqsia _ subieqtis mier Sinagani fsiqikuri aqtebisa da
mdgomareobis TviTSemecnebis procesi, sakuTari azrebisa da
gancdebis analizi, Cafiqreba.
2
intencia _ cnobierebis, azrovnebis mimarTva raime saganze,
movlenaze.
228
bameba. biologiuri arsebobis sferoSi es aqtivoba
mimarTulia sakuTari Tavis, rogorc biologiuri
individis, SenarCunebisa da kvlavwarmoebisaken _
vitaluri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. soci alur
socialur
sferoSi es aqtivoba mimdinareobs oficialur da
araformalur socialur jgufebSi, gaerTianebebSi
da sxv., adamianis CarTvis meSveobiT _ pirovnebis,
rogorc socialuri arsebis, ganviTareba. indi vi
individu
du--
vidu
alu ri yofierebis sferoSi aqtiuroba vlindeba
luri
pirovnebaTa Soris urTierTobebSi, rogorc saku-
Tari fsiqikuri me-s prezentaciis saSualeba sxva
adamianebTan, romlis gareSec individualur-fsiqi-
kur me-s arseboba ar SeuZlia.
pirovnuli urTierTobebi gvevlineba adamianis
Sinagani samyaros arsebobisa da gamovlenis substan-
ciur formad. aseTi urTierTobebis Sinaarss adamia-
nis Sinagani samyaro warmoadgens _ misi gancdebi,
grZnobebi, ganwyobebi, mrwamsi da sxva, is rac gacno-
bierebulia subieqtis mier, rogorc individualuri
fsiqikuri me. `gancdebi _ aRniSnavda s. rubinSteini
_ aris pirveladi fsiqikuri aqti, individis saku-
Tari sicocxlis, sisxlisa da xorcis nawili, misi
individualuri cxovrebis specifikuri gamovlena.
gancdas pirovnuli xasiaTi gaaCnia. adamianis gancdebi
aris misi realuri cxovrebis subieqturi mxare,
pirovnebis cxovrebiseuli gzis subieqturi aspeqti~.
genialuri qarTveli moazrovnis _ dimitri
uznaZis pirovnebis daxasiaTebisas n. berulava logi-
kurad aRniSnavs _ pirovneba sruli sicocxlea da
sruli sicocxlis wvdoma mxolod idealia. cxadisa
da naTelis gverdiT adamianSi mravali ram aris
dafaruli da uxilavi. poeturi swrafvis sagani,
amouxsneli moZraobebi, Sinagani mRelvarebis miuvali
napirebi. adamianis es uxilavi foni ukiduresad
Znelad aRsadgenia, metyvelebiT misi gansxeuleba
miuwvdomelia, magram adamians aqvs xiluli garsic,
romelzedac pirovnebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebia aRbeW-
dili. sakiTxi swored am xiluli _ pirovnuli da
arsebiTi niSnebis dadgenas exeba. ,,cocxali arsebis
bunebis daTvaliereba _ werda aristotele _
229
SesaZloa, Tu vaRiarebT, rom fizikuri gancdebi
erTdroulad cvlian sxeulsa da suls~.
saocrad gansxvavebulia adamianTa damokidebuleba
sagnebisa da movlenebis mimarT. genialurma Seqspirma
adamianuri yofierebis fundamentur maxasiaTebelze
_ `droze~ brwyinvaled gadmosca radikalurad
gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedva:
`zogisTvis Jami nabijebiT moarulia,
sxvaTaTvis rbian,
mesameTaTvis mihqris uwyalod,
meoTxeTaTvis gayinula da dgas uZravad~.
fsiqologiis praqtikuli dargebis Camoyalibe-
bis procesSi sagangebo adgili daeTmo pirovnebis
fsiqikuri mdgomareobis kvlevas da dadginda, rom
yovel mocemul momentSi pirovnebis unarianobis
erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria misi funqciuri
mdgomareoba saerTod da, kerZod, fsiqikuri mdgoma-
reoba. pirovnebis iseTi mdgomareobani, rogoricaa
SemarTeba da apaTia, xalisi da uxalisoba, sifxizle
da moTenTiloba, mSvidi mdgomareoba da emociuri
daZabuloba da sxva, ganapirobeben adamianis Sromis-
unarianobas, Sromis nayofierebasa da TviT pirov-
nul urTierTobebsac ki.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi uaRresad mniSvnelovania
adamianebis mier urTierTSecnoba da, Sesabamisad,
adekvaturi urTierTobebis damyareba, risi wyalobi-
Tac minimumamde daiyvaneba konfliqturi situaciebi,
undoblobis atmosfero da sxva arasasurveli Sede-
gebi. am TvalsazrisiT udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba
ada mianTa mravalferovnebaSi im jgufebis gamo
adamianTa yo
gamoyo fas
yofasa
fasa
da Seswavlas, romelTa funqciur-konsti tu
funqciur-konstitu ci
tuci uri da
ciu
fsiqikuri Taviseburebebi ar akma yo
akmayofi
yofile
fileben normalur
leben
mdgomareobas, magram arc paTo logias miekuTvnebian.
paTologias
maTze SeiZleba iTqvas _ adamianTa jgufebi normasa
da paTologias Soris. Cvens saukuneSi sazogadoebaSi
sakmaod mravlad arian aRniSnuli jgufebis
warmomadgenlebi, rasac, samwuxarod, ver vityviT
srulyofil adamianebze, romlebic arc Tu ise
xSirad gvxvdebian cxovrebis gzaze. albaT, es hqonda
mxedvelobaSi filosofos merab mamardaSvils,
230
romelic ambobda: ,,srulyofili adamiani, Tuki aseTi
arsebobs, aris aRfrTovanebis da ara mecnieruli
kvlevis sagani~.
organizmis, rogorc mTelis, anatomiur, fizi-
ologiur, bioqimiur da evoluciur TaviseburebaTa
erTobliobas, romelic misi reaqciebis esoden
specifikur ragvarobas gansazRvravs, konstitucias
uwodeben. ,,sxvadasxva organizmi, rom Tavisi erTi da
imave nawilis gaRizianebas sxvadasxvanairad upasuxebs,
es TiToeuli maTganis konstituciiT aisxneba. gamom-
dinare aqedan, konstitucia funqcionaluri cnebaa:
igi organizmis im sasicocxlo procesebis asaxsnelad
aris SemoRebuli, romelTa gagebac misi calkeuli
nawilebis gaTvaliswinebis niadagze SeuZlebeli
iqneboda~1 . konstitucias organizmis TvisebaTa
erToblioba (fenotipi) gansazRvravs, ramdenadac igi
individis Taviseburebas axasiaTebs. am mTliani
fenotipuri konstituciis analizi SesaZleblobas
iZleva dadasturdes, rogorc memkvidreobiTi
faqtorebiT gansazRvruli komponentebi, ise gare
faqtorebiT pirobadebuli _ paratipuli
konstitucia2 .
adamianTa im jgufebis Sesaxeb, romlebic imyofe-
bian Sualedur mdgomareobaSi,anu normasa da paTo-
logias Soris, fasdaudebeli gamokvlevebi SemogvTa-
vazes gamoCenilma mecnierebma d. uznaZem, s. korsakovma,
v. serbskim, p. ganuSkinma, v. norakiZem, g. langem,
a. luriam, b. karvasarskim, a. miasnikovma da sxvebma.
cikloidebis jgufi
konstituciur-depresiuli
adamianTa es jgufi mcirericxovania. mas miekuT-
vnebian individebi, romelTac sistematurad daqveiTe-
buli aqvT xasiaTi. samyaro maTTvis mudam burusiTaa
moculi, cxovreba uazrod eCvenebaT, yovelive ,,Sav
ferebSi~ esaxebaT. isini dabadebidanave pesimistebi
arian. sasixarulo SemTxvevebi maTTvis mowamlulia
`sixarulis xanmokleobis gamo~. ubedurebisa da
____________
1
d. uznaZe, zogadi fsiqologia, 1998, gv. 56.
2
d. uznaZe, zogadi fsiqologia, 1998, gv. 58.
231
siZneleebis garda momavlisagan isini arafers elian,
warsuli ki, mravlad daSvebuli Secdomebis gamo, mudam
sindisis qenjnas iwvevs maTSi. yovelgvari usiamovno
SemTxvevebis mimarT Zalze mgrZnobiareni arian da
mwvaved reagireben maTze. garda amisa, yovelTvis did
tvirTad awevT raRac gaurkvevloba, romelsac Tan
axlavs SfoTva, cudis molodini da ubedurebis Seg-
rZneba. bevr maTgans awamebs siymawvileSi Cadenili
danaSaulis grZnoba. maTi azriT, irgvliv myofi
adamianebi yovelTvis eWvis TvaliT uyureben da zemodan
dascqerian. es aiZulebs maT, ganeridon sxvebs da
sakuTar TavSi `Caiketon~, arian gulgrilni da ganur-
Cevelni maT irgvliv mimdinare movlenebis mimarT. mudam
naRvlianebi, dardianebi, ukmayofiloni da naklebad
mosaubreni, uneblieT Tavidan iSoreben garSemomyofT am
ukanasknelTa keTilganwyobis miuxedavad. magram zogjer
am sevdiani garsis qveS sikeTe, TanagrZnobis unari
imaleba, maT SeuZliaT gaiTavison sxvisi sulieri
tanjva-wuxili, amitom axlobelTa viwro wreSi isini
siyvaruliTa da TanagrZnobiT sargebloben da, mainc,
pirvelive SesaZleblobisTanave Caiketebian Tavis TavSi
da kvlav daeuflebaT mtanjveli kaeSani.
mudam mWmunvare, sevdiani, ukmayofiloni da Cumni,
garegnobiTac gamoirCevian _ maT TavSekavebas mZime
daRi azis: CamoSvebuli saxis nakvTebi, uZlurad
daSvebuli xelebi, neli siaruli, Zunwi, moTenTili
Jestebi, TiTqos uimedobis talRa moedineba maTgan.
ra saxis saqmianobiTac ar unda iyvnen dakavebulni,
sadac ar unda moRvaweobdnen, isini mainc ar arian
kmayofilebi TavianTi xvedriT, azviadeben dabrkole-
bebs, yvela saqmeSi Secdomebs xedaven, ris gamoc
ukiduresi uimedoba euflebaT. isini advilad
iRlebian, unari ar SeswevT didxans gauZlon daZabu-
lobas, rac maT sasowarkveTilebaSi agdebs da
ususurebi, undoblebi xdebian. uWirT gadawyvetile-
bis gamotana, mxolod didi ZalisxmeviT SeuZliaT
nebisyofis gamovlena, rac Zalze Zvirad ujdebaT,
Tvalsa da xels Sua eclebaT naZaladevi aqtiuroba
da Tqvens winaSe wardgebian Sinaganad daZabunebul-
dauZlurebuli melanqolikebi.
232
konstituciur-depresiuli jgufis warmomadgen-
lebi bavSvobidanve iqceven yuradRebas TavianTi
dafiqrebulobiT, arian mSiSrebi, mtiralebi da
Wirveulebi.
konstituciur-depresiuli xasiaTi gansakuT-
rebiT mkafiod da naTlad sqesobrivi momwifebis
periodSi vlindeba. erTi SexedviT sruliad norma-
luri ymawvili radikalurad icvleba da gamoikveTe-
ba ucnauri saxiaTi: Tu aqamde adamiani mxiaruli,
kontaqturi iyo, gardatexis periodSi Sinagani, mwvave
konfliqtebi ewyeba, iRviZebs daukmayofileblobis
grZnoba, cxovrebis araraobis SegrZneba, sevdianoba.
yvela es niSan-Tviseba am jgufis adamianebs Rrma
siberemde axasiaTebT.
aseTi fsiqopaTebis cxovrebis gza xSirad udro-
od wydeba, mTavrdeba TviTmkvlelobiT, risTvisac
isini cxovrebis yovel momentSi mzad arian.
da bolos, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, aRniSnul
ZiriTad fonze periodulad warmoiSobian
fsiqotikuri agznebebi, afeTqebebi _ maniakaluri an
depresiuli.
konstituciur-agznebadi
konstituciur-depresiul individebTan Sedare-
biT, fsiqopaTTa es jgufi polarulad sapirispiros
warmoadgens. normalur pirobebSi isini praqtiku-
lad sruliad janmrTel adamianebs warmoadgenen.
cnobili mecnieri kreplini maT aRwers, rogorc
brwvinvale, magram araTanabrad dajildoebul
subieqtebs. isini gamoirCevian fsiqikis gasaocari
moqnilobiTa da mravalferovnebiT, azrTa simdid-
riT. maT Soris xSirad SevxvdebiT mxatvruli niWiT
dajildovebul adamianebs, axasiaTebT sikeTe da
TanagrZnoba da, rac mTavaria, mudam mxiarul xasiaTze
imyofebian, swrafad reagireben yovelgvar siaxleze.
am jgufis wevrTa didi umetesoba aris energiuli
da saqmiani adamiani. es erTi SexedviT, ufro axlo
gacnobis SemTxvevaSi ki, zemoTaRniSnul dadebiT
TvisebaTa paralelurad, maT sulier samyaroSi
yuradRebas ipyrobs sxva saxis Taviseburebanic:
garegnuli brwyinvaleba xSir SemTxvevaSi zereleobas,
233
meryeobas, aramyarobas uerTdeba, ris gamoc maT
unari aRar SeswevT xangrZlivad SeaCeron yuradReba
erTsa da imave saganze. TanagrZnoba, gulRiaoba xSi-
rad zedmet, uzomo saubarSi gadadis. axasiaTebT
garTobisaken ltolva.
am jgufis adamianebs axasiaTebT gansakuTrebuli
fantazia samomavlo gegmebTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca am
ukanasknels ganxorcieleba ar uweria maTi unebisyo-
fobis gamo. aseT adamianebTan Sexvedra sazogadoebaSi
Zalze sasiamovnoa, isini xiblaven garSemomyofT Ta-
vianTi gulRiaobiTa da mWevrmetyvelebiT, magram,
vinc maT kargad icnobs, maTTan saqmiani urTier-
Tobebis damyarebas Tavs aridebs. garda imisa, rom
maTi dajereba arc Tu ise iolia, bevr maTgans Zalze
didi warmodgena aqvs sakuTar Tavze, ukmayofilod
usmenen yovelgvar SeniSvnas, Tu es maT proeqts exeba,
Tavad ki Tavs uflebas aZleven awyeninon, guli
atkinon Tanamosaubres, dascinon mas.
konstituciur-agznebadi jgufis warmomadgenleb-
Tan, arsebiTad, SeimCneva mkveTrad gamoxatuli fsiqo-
paTiuri Taviseburebebi, romlebic Tavis daRs
asvamen aseTi adamianis mTeli cxovrebis gzas. jer
kidev skolis asakSi isini yuradRebas ipyroben imiT,
rom gaaCniaT ra saukeTeso niWi da unari, kargad
mainc ar swavloben. garda amisa, xSir SemTxvevaSi
aseTi adamianebi ukiduresad Tavxedebi arian, da
gamodian ra marTvis SesaZleblobidan, sicelqesa da
TviTnebobaSi badali ar hyavT, amxanagebsa da Tanato-
lebSi lideris adgili ukaviaT. TavianTi fsiqopaTi-
uri Taviseburebebis gamo mamakacebs Zalze uZnelde-
baT samxedro samsaxurSi yofna, xSirad arRveven
disciplinas da sakadris sasjelsac iReben, rac maT
momZlavrebul pativmovareobas did zians ayenebs.
naadrevad gamoRviZebul sqesobriv ltolvas
isini mravalricxovan erotiul eqscesebamde mihyavs,
rac mZime daRs aCens maT janmrTelobas. xSirad isini
alkoholis gavlenis qveSac eqcevian.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis miuxedavad, am tipis
adamianebi iSviaTad aRmoCndebian cxovrebis wumpeSi.
TavianTi naTeli gonebis wyalobiT isini iolad
aRweven Tavs yvelaze umZimes mdgomareobasac ki, avle-
234
nen gasaocar gamWriaxobasa da simardes.
momwifebis asakSi maTi cxovrebis gza ar aris
sworxazovani da zigzagebiT midis _ cicabo aRmar-
TiT dawyebuli, mkveTri daRmarTiT damTavrebuli.
bevri maTgani ganuzomlad did warmatebebs aRwevs _
gonebamaxvili, brwyinvale oratorebi, gamomgoneble-
bi, warmatebuli diplomatebi, gaqnili TaRliTebi
da sxva. isini umtkivneulod aRweven sazogadoebrivi
ierarqiis umaRles safexurebs, magram maTi SenarCune-
ba uZneldebaT araseriozulobisa da TavSeukaveblo-
bis gamo. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom praqtikuli saqmiano-
bis dros yovelTvis rodi gamoirCevian zneobrivi
sifaqiziT _ maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli simsubuqis
wyalobiT Zalze iolad gadadian zRvars nebadar-
Tulsa da akrZaluls Soris da, rac mTavaria, mCqe-
fare temperamenti ubralod nebas ar aZlevT
xangrZlivad gaZlon kanonierebisa da moraluri
normebis viwro CarCoebSi. maT swyuriaT Tavgadasav-
lebi da sarisko saqmeebi, xSirad ebmebian udides
maqinaciebSi. mozRvavebuli energia Tavisufali,
Seuborkavi cxovrebisaken izidavs. am tipis adamianebi
gamoirCevian ucodveli sicruiTa da mkvexarobiT,
rac dakavSirebulia saocar warmosaxvasTan,
grandiozul gamogonebebTan, gaugonar fantaziebTan
(isini axlos dganan ,,paTologiur matyuarebTan~).
SedarebiT ucodvelebi arian agreTve ybed-enaWar-
talaTa tipebi, Tu imasac daumatebT, rom zedmeti
warmodgena aqvT sakuTar Tavze da axasiaTebT
mkveTrad gamoxatuli agznebadoba, saxezea ,,autaneli
mokamaTeebi~, romlebmac TiTqos yvelaferi ician
sxvebze ukeT, ar gaaCniaT mosmenis unari da ver
itanen SeniSvnebs. Seukavebeli boRmisa da braziani
afeTqebebis gamo xSirad gamodian mwyobridan. es
adamianebi gandidebis maniiT arian Sepyrobilni.
gadaWarbebuli TviTSefasebis gamo sruliad daumsa-
xurebel pativiscemas, dafasebasa da zedmet uflebebs
moiTxoven. Tu winaaRmdegobas waawydnen, Tavgamode-
biT ibrZvian TavianTi ‚uflebebis dasacavad. am
brZolaSi arafers eridebian da ukan araferze ar
ixeven. gamodian ra wonasworobidan, angariSs veRar
235
uweven sazogadoebriv azrsa da zneobriv normebs,
iqcevian sastikad, gamomwvevad, uxeSad, xmamaRla
amboben salanZRav sityvebs da Seuracxyofas ayeneben
mowinaaRmdeges. verc ki amCneven TavianTi qcevis
Seufereblobas, dausabuTeblad mimarTaven marTlmsa-
julebis organoebs, rasac Tan axlavs kanongareSe
qmedebani.
aRniSnuli jgufis warmomadgenlebs cxovrebis
yovel nabijze uSlis xels gauwonasworebeli,
aRgznebuli mdgomareoba.
ciklotomikebi
am tipis adamianebi gacilebiT xSirad gvxvdebian
cxovrebaSi, vidre zemoaRniSnuli fsiqopaTebi. isini
gamoirCevian agznebadoba-depresiisa da depresia-
agznebadobis talRiseburi cvlilebebiT. depresiisa
da agznebadobis aseTi rxevadoba, Cveulebriv, sqesob-
rivi momwifebis asakSi iRebs saTaves, rac xSirad
sulieri wonasworobis mniSvnelovan darRvevas
iwvevs. mxiaruli, cqriala, sicocxliT savse ymawvile-
bi swored am asakSi gardaiqmnebian melanqoliur,
dabeCavebul, pesimisturad ganwyobil gogo-biWebad.
zogjer sapirispiro mdgomareobasac vxvdebiT _
sqesobrivi momwifeba iwvevs individis moulodnel
`gafurCqvnas~. igi avlens brwyinvale, saucxoo
Tvisebebs. Cvens Tvalwin uecrad wamoimarTeba ener-
giiT savse, Tavbrudamxvevi silamazis ymawvili, rome-
lic didi imedebis momcemia. magram Semdgom iwyeba
erTi mdgomareobis perioduli Secvla meore mdgo-
mareobiT. zogjer igi TiTqos wlis periodebTan
aris dakavSirebuli, ufro xSirad ki gazafxulsa da
SemodgomasTan. amave dros, agznebis mdgomareoba,
Cveulebriv, subieqturad aRiqmeba, rogorc sruli
janmrTelobisa da SesaZleblobebis gafurCqvnis
periodi.
depresiis Semoteva (maSinac ki, rodesac igi sus-
tad aris gamoxatuli) metad mZimed da avadmyofurad
ganicdeba, rasac Tan axlavs somaturi aSlilobani,
Sromisunarianobis daqveiTeba, SeboWiloba,
angariSmiucemeli sevda, mZime kaeSani, ris gamoc isini
Svelas eqimebTan eZeben.
236
am tipis adamianebTan amaRlebuli mdgomareoba
advilad kargavs uRrublo, sasixarulo Seferilo-
bas. sulieri wonasworobis xSiri cvla qancavs ada-
mians, iwvevs Sinagani daZabulobis grZnobas. aseT
mdgomareobaSi igi sistematurad elodeba axali
fazis moaxloebas. ciklotomikebs mxiaruli, kargi
xasiaTi asakSi Sesvlis periodSi mkveTrad ecvlebaT
RvarZliani, agresiuli, Wirveuli, daRvremili mdgo-
mareobiT.
ciklotomikebSi mkafiod ikveTeba radikalurad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego xasiaTis elementTa Tanaarse-
boba. magaliTad, amaRlebul xasiaTze, agznebul
mdgomareobaSi myof adamianTan SeiZleba SevamCnioT
mZime dardi da, piriqiT, depresiuli mdgomareobis
dros iumoris mozRvaveba davinaxoT. kreCmeri aRniS-
navda, rom analogiur mdgomareobas aqvs adgili
fsiqopaTebis sxva jgufebis warmomadgenlebTanac,
kerZod Sizoidebsa da epileptoidebSi.
emociur-labiluri
(reaqtiul-labiluri) fsiqopaTebi
rogorc aRiniSna, ciklotomikebTan xSirad aqvs
adgili xasiaTis rxevadobas, zogjer dRis ganmavlo-
baSic ki. es subieqtebi gaocebas iwveven xasiaTis
esoden Wirveuli cvlilebebiT, romelic yovelgvari
mizezis gareSe gadadis erTi ukiduresobidan meo-
reSi.
ciklotomikebTan Zalze axlos dgas fsiqopaTebis
jgufi, romlebTanac TvalnaTliv aris gamokveTili
emociuri meryeoba. es aramdgradoba maT xasiaTs
raRac sinazisa da sinatifis elfers aniWebs, bavSvur,
gulubryvilo Sexedulebas aZlevs, riTac did
STabeWdilebas axdenen garSemomyofebze. umetesad
eseni arian mxiaruli, gulRia, miamiti adamianebi,
magram imavdroulad _ Wirveulebic: sul
mcireodeni ukmayofilebac ki aqveiTebs maT sulier
ganwyobilebas da Rrma sevdas ganacdevinebT, magram,
Cveulebriv, es ar aris xangrZlivi mdgomareoba.
sakmarisia aseT subieqts amcnoT raime axali, sainte-
reso ambavi an daakmayofiloT misi pativmoyvareoba,
237
rom igi maSinve gaibadreba, kvlav xdeba energiuli,
sicocxliT savse. emociebis esoden swrafi cvlilebe-
bis mizezi imdenad mciredi da SeumCnevelia, rom
Cveulebrivi adamianebisaTvis arafers ar warmoad-
gens. maTze mtkivneulad moqmedebs uxeSad naTqvami
sityva, usiamovno mogonebani, molodini da iseTi
wvrilmanebi, romlebic subieqtma SeiZleba verc ki
gaacnobieros, ver gaerkves, ram gamoiwvia misi sevda
da dardi, ram gamoiwvia misi ganrideba im sasiamovno
situaciidan, sadac exlaxans ase mxiarulad atarebda
dros.
am jgufis adamianebs TavianTi ,,kargi~ da ,,cudi~
dReebi aqvT. ,,kargi~ dReebis arsebobis dros maTze
mniSvnelovani usiamovnebac ki ver axdens mavne
zemoqmedebas da mSvidad itanen mRelvare momentebs,
maSin rodesac cud dReebSi sul mcireodeni mizezic
ki sakmarisia maTi wyobilebidan gamosvlisaTvis,
didi sevdisa da dardisaTvis. am dros isini ukidu-
resad agznebulni da agresiulni arian. es yovelive
am fsiqopaTebis xasiaTis ZiriTad Tvisebebsac ki
warmoadgens.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am adamianTa xasiaTSi aris
zerele, msubuqi Seferiloba, maT unari SeswevT
Rrmad da mZimed ganicadon axlobeli adamianebis
dakargva an gasaWiri, es maTTvis didi sulieri
tragediis mizezi xdeba.
zemoT aRweril individTa garda kidev arian
maTgan gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis emociur-labiluri
pirovnebebi. es is adamianebia, romlebic Cveulebriv
pirobebSi mSvidni da zomierebi arian, magram kriti-
kul situaciebSi zedmetad frTxilebi da mRelvareni
xdebian. kargad awyobili, mowesrigebuli cxovrebis
pirobebs saukeTesod eguebian, magram iseT pirobebSi,
rodesac saWiroa swrafi reagireba, gadawyvetilebis
swrafad gamotana, isini ibnevian, wonasworobas kar-
gaven, Relaven da ucnauri reaqciebi euflebaT.
238
asTenikebis jgufi
nevrastenikebi
konstitucionaluri asTeniis SedarebiT gamokve-
Tili da martivi simptomebi warmodgenilia nevrasTe-
nikebTan, subieqtebTan, romelTa ganmasxvavebel niSan-
Tvisebasac swored zedmiwevniTi nervul-fsiqikuri
agznebadoba warmoadgvns: erTi mxriv, gaRizianeba,
meore mxriv _ gamofitva, gadaqancva. amasTan erTad,
msgavs SemTxvevebSi somatologiaSi did rols Tama-
Soben somaturi xasiaTis movlenebi: sxeulis sxvadas-
xva nawilebSi arasasiamovno, Semawuxebeli SegrZnebebi,
gulis moqmedebis funqcionaluri darRvevebi, kuW-
nawlavis areSi spazmuri Setevebi. es adamianebi xSi-
rad uCivian Tavis tkivils, aCqarebul majiscemas,
uZilobas, moTenTilobas, cud madas, seqsualur
sisustes da a.S. zogi maTgani gamoirCeva iniciativis
dakargviT, dabali SromisunarianobiT, rac iwvevs
uxasiaTobas. am subieqtebs ar ZaluZT erT adgilze
da, gansakuTrebiT, mjdomare samuSaoze didxans yof-
na, aseTi saqmianoba swrafad bezrdebaT, uCndebaT
daRlilobis grZnoba, Zilmoreulebi dadian. xSirad
SiSi euflebaT imis gamo, rom samuSao maTgan daZab-
vas moiTxovs, rasac isini Tavs ver gaarTmeven. es
gancda adunebs maT nebisyofas da arTmevs Sromis
unars. yovelgvari mcdeloba, dasZlion daqanculoba,
SiSi da Seudgnen saqmianobas, mTavrdeba kraxiT _
uCndebaT usiamovno SegrZnebebi, simZime Tavis areSi,
zurgis tkivili, xSiri Sarddena da sxva. zogjer
ucnauri agznebadoba euflebaT da adamiani veRar
Cerdeba erT adgilze, ganuwyvetliv moZraobs,
SfoTavs.
aRweril moTenTil nevrastenik-ipoxondrikebTa-
gan gamoirCevian subieqtebi, romelTac raime saqmia-
nobisadmi interesi gaaCniaT. maT unari SeswevT advi-
lad daeuflon siaxleebs, magram esenic ver uZleben
didi xnis daZabulobas. aseTi mdgomareobiT aixsneba
sruli Seusabamoba kargad dawyebul saqmesa da mis
Sedegebs Soris _ Sromisunarianoba mokle droSi
qveiTdeba, ris gamoc iSviaTad aRwevs mizans. magram
am adamianebs mTlianad ar ekargebaT Sromis unari _
239
isini Sromoben neli tempiT, SesvenebebiT da rCebian
sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo pirovnebebad. zogjer
araprofesionalebi sizarmaces swameben maT, rac did
gulistkivils iwvevs am adamianebSi.
fsiqopatTa asTenikuri tipis ufro Znel da
rTul jgufs warmoadgenen is adamianebi, romlebsac
ukiduresad amaRlebuli mgrZnobeloba aqvT, gan-
sakuTrebiT ki sakuTari arasrulfasovnebis grZnoba.
maTi nervuli sisuste vlindeba gamwvavebul wuxilSi,
wyenaSi, gancdebSi, romlebic Cveulebrivi cxovrebi-
seuli ritmis darRvvviT aris gamowveuli. maT guli
misdiT sisxlis danaxvaze, ver itanen cxare kamaTs,
usiamovnebas, ubeduri SemTxveva ki waruSlel kvals
tovebs maTze.
es moridebuli, morcxvi adamianebi, Cveulebriv,
nazi, mgrZnobiare naturebi arian, romlebsac yovel-
gvari uxeSoba tanjvas aniWebT da moulodnelobisa-
gan krTebian. maTi udidesi satkivari is aris, rom
panikurad eSiniaT sibnelis, zogierTi cxovelis,
WiaRuis, qvewarmavlebis, ver itanen mZafr xmebs, xmama-
Ral saubars, advilad iRlebian xalxmravlobaSi da
miiltvian martoobisaken.
es subieqtebi ZiriTadad gadametebulad
Tavmoyvareni arian, ris gamoc xSirad euflebaT
arasrulfasovnebis grZnoba, ar arian sakuTar TavSi
darwmunebulni. aseTi mdgomareoba Sinagan daZabulo-
basa da panikas iwvevs. Tu yovelive amas emateba gareg-
nuli nakli an mouqneli motorika, rogorc ki
aRmoCndebian maTze maRla mdgom socialur garemoSi,
maT simorcxvesa da dabneulobas zRvari ara aqvs.
Tavs uxerxulad grZnoben, wiTldebian, zogi maTgani
ki Tavs Zalas atans, rom dafaros Tavisi simorcxve
da arabunebriv siTamames iCens. Tu davakvirdebiT
aseT adamians, SevamCnevT ukiduresad daZabul nevras-
teniks. isini gansakuTrebiT maSin vardebian mZime
mdgomareobaSi da itanjebian, rodesac sityviT unda
warsdgnen vinmes winaSe. magaliTad, students komisi-
is winaSe _ aviwydeba teqsti, TeTrdeba da wiTlde-
ba, rac umZimes nervul Setevas iwvevs. am mdgomare-
obidan gamosvlas zogjer ramdenime dRe sWirdeba.
240
aseT adamianebze Zalze cudad moqmedebs samsaxureb-
rivi warumatebloba da igi ganuzomel wuxils
iwvevs. zRvars gadasuli nervuli agznebadoba aryevs
maT janmrTelobas da saxeze gvaqvs somaturi funqcie-
bis moSla: mRelvare, koSmaruli, mousvenari Zili,
gulisrevis SegrZneba, oflianoba, muclis tkivili
da sxv.
am jgufis adamianTa xangrZlivi depresiuli
mdgomareoba (romelic ciklotomikur depresias
uaxlovdeba) arsebiTad im didi SeusabamobiTa da
disharmoniiT aris gamowveuli, romelic arsebobs
sakuTari pirovnebis mimarT wayenebul moTxovnile-
bebsa da im moTxovnilebebs Soris, romlebsac cxov-
reba uyenebs am subieqtebs.
asTenikebis jgufSi Semavali yvela tipis saerTo
Tvisebaa agzneba-gaRizianeba, rac maT xels uSlis
Tanamdebobriv winsvlaSi, xolo Tu bedma gauRima da
miaRwies maRal Tanamdebobas, maT udidesi gulisxmeva
da Zaldataneba sWirdebaT, raTa ar gadmoafrqvion
agresia garSemomyofebze. samagierod, mTel Tavis
boRmasa da sibrazes ojaxis wevrebze anTxeven,
`cecxls ukideben~ maT da roca guls moioxeben,
sibrazisagan daclilebi, tirilsa da sakuTari Tavis
dadanaSaulebas iwyeben.
fsiqasTenikebi
fsiqopaTebis metad rTul jgufs fsiqasTenikebi
miekuTvnebian. maTi ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebaa ukidu-
resi gaubedaoba da simxdale, aqvT eWvianobisaken
midrekileba. am subieqtebze did STabeWdilebas
axdens ara mxolod maTi garemocva, aramed isic, Tu
ra SeiZleba moxdes momavalSi. maT samyaros Tavi-
seburi asaxvis unari gaaCniaT, sadac uaryofiTi
emociuri Seferiloba sWarbobs. fsiqasTeni-
kebisaTvis gacilebiT ufro mtanjvelia momavlis
SiSi, vidre is, rasac am wuTSi ganicdian. maT mier
SemCneuli yoveli wvrilmani aiZulebs, ifiqron
usiamovnebebze da usiamovno asociaciebi gauCndeT.
fsiqasTenikebi ukiduresi simxdalis gamo gane-
ridebian ara mxolod namdvil saSiSroebas, aramed
241
imasac, rac maT warmodgenaSi arsebobs da maTi
fantaziis Sedegia. maT aSinebT yovelgvari siaxlec,
rac SeiZleba maTi tanjvis wyaro gaxdes.
fsiqasTenikebisaTvis raime seriozuli gadaw-
yvetilebis miReba did sulier gancdebTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
fsiqasTenikebi umetesad iseT pirovnebebs eZeben,
romlebic SeZleben maT daxmarebas, damSvidebas,
dawynarebas, aseTi adamianebis gverdiT pouloben
Svebas. maT Zalze eSiniaT fizikuri da fsiqikuri
janmrTelobis dakargvisa, dardoben da swuxan Tavi-
anTi axloblebis bedze.
sistematuri SiSi, mRelvareba da SfoTva avsebs
maT cxovrebas, yoveldRe elian raRac usiamovno
SemTxvevebs, Sav ferebSi warmoidgenen momavals. yove-
live es autaneli tanjvis momgvrelia. gadawyvetile-
bis miRebis SemTxvevaSi cdiloben saswrafod moiyva-
non igi sisruleSi, raTa raime ubeduri SemTxveva ar
gadaeRobos win.
miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqasTeniki SeiZleba iyos
delikaturi, mgrZnobiare da faqizi pirovneba, igi
mainc usiamovnebas aniWebs garSemomyofT. es subieq-
tebi gamoirCevian TavianTi pedantobiTa da forma-
lizmiT. nebismieri gadaxveva saqmidan, TiToeuli
wvrilmani maTSi sastik mRelvarebas, qveSevrdomebis
mimarT wyenas iwvevs. maT Zalian uWirT Tavis Sekaveba
SfoTvisa da agresiisagan.
morcxvi, moridebuli xasiaTis gamo fsiqasTenike-
bis moqmedeba xSirad ar Seesabameba maT gadawyveti-
lebas. ,,me xSirad ver vambob simarTles, radgan ver
vbedav imis Tqmas, rasac vfiqrob~, _ amboben am
tipis adamianebi. isini cudad arian gare samyarosTan
adaptirebulni, ar ZaluZT arsebobisaTvis brZola.
maTTgan umetesoba meocnebe fantazioria.
fsiqasTenikebi gamoirCevian TviTanalizis sao-
cari unariT. sakuTari fsiqika maTTvis speqtaklia,
romelsac gafacicebiT adevneben Tvalyurs. ocnebebSi
bevri ramis gancda SeuZliaT, magram realur cxov-
rebaSi maT ganxorcielebas gaurbian. am ocnebebis
uneblie gamovlena maTSi gamouTqmel SiSs iwvevs.
242
Sizoidebis jgufi
Sizoidebis arsebiTi damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebu-
rebebia: realuri samyarodan autisturi mowyveta
(sakuTar TavSi Caketva), fsiqikuri procesebis ara-
Tanamimdevruli xasiaTi, emociuri cxovrebis
paradoqsuloba. isini metad ucnauri adamianebi
arian, romlebzec Znelia raime azris gamoxatva,
maTgan arc ki ici ras unda elodo... maTi moqmedeba
SesaZleblobas ar gvaZlevs vimsjeloT maT fsiqikaze.
Sizoidebs uWirT sxvis sulier samyaroSi SeRwe-
va, radgan maT ar gaaCniaT sxvisi gancdebis aRqmis
unari.
Sizoidebis emociuri cxovreba metad rTuli
agebulebisaa. isini sakuTar TavTan Seurigebel
Sinagan konfliqtSi imyofebian. swored es aris imis
mizezi, rom dagrovili, magram umeteswilad Sekavebu-
li Sinagani daZabuloba, drodadro gamosavals
poulobs sruliad moulodnel afeqtur gantvirT-
vaSi. Sizoidis gaRizianebadoba winaaRmdegobaSi
imyofeba mis emociur cxovrebasTan. misi afeqturi
gantvirTva mimdinareobs ara bunebrivi, ara Cveuleb-
rivi gziT, aramed mTeli rigi Sinagani winaaRmde-
gobebis daZlevis meSveobiT. amasTan, yvelaze martivi
sulieri mRelvarebac, warsulis mZime gancdebis
zedmiwevniT daaxloebul da saocrad asocialur
warmosaxvas ejaxeba, ris gamoc Sizoidis moqmedeba
sruliad gaugebar saxes iRebs. yovelive amis gamo
Sizoidi, romelic gariyulia realobidan, Tavis
TavTan Sinagan konfliqtSi imyofeba. swored es aris
misi moulodneli afeqturi gantvirTvis mizezi.
SizoidebSi SeimCneva urTierTsawinaaRmdego, pola-
ruli mdgomareobani _ rogorc hiperesTeTikuri,
ise anesTeTikuri elementebi.
hiperesTeTikur mdgomareobaSi myof SizoidebTan
maRalemociuri mgrZnobeloba gadaxlarTulia
adamianebisagan gandgomasTan, xolo civ anesTeTikeb-
Tan emociur daqveiTebas Tan sdevs gaRizianebisa da
usazRvro dardis mozRvavvba. marTalia, Sizoidebi
CvenSi ndobas ar imsaxureben, arian jiutebi, urCebi,
magram calkeul SemTxvevaSi isini Sizofrenikebis
243
msgavsad, gasaocar Tvinierebas da morCilebas
avlenen.
zogjer sijiute saocrad aris gadaxlarTuli
TvinierebasTan. Sizoidebis nebisyofa, umeteswilad,
calmxrivad da arazomierad aris ganviTarebuli. mas
wlebi SeuZlia gaataros ganurCevel, pasiur umoqme-
dobaSi, uyuradRebod datovos misTvis umniSvnelo-
vanesi sakiTxebi maSin, rodesac sruliad gamousade-
gar da martiv saqmes SeiZleba Sealios mTeli Tavisi
dro da sicocxlec ki. magaliTad, safosto markebis,
kasetebis Segrovebas da sxv,. ris gamoc mas aRar
eZleva SesaZlebloba sxva saqmiT iyos dakavebuli.
Sizoidebis qcevaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs ucnauri,
moulodneli, zogjer sruliad gaugebari moqmede-
bebi, riTac isini gamoirCevian sxva adamianebisagan.
Sizoidebi adekvaturad ver aRiqvamen sinamdvi-
les. maT qcevaSi SeimCneva utaqtoba, angariSs ar
uweven sxvis azrs, sxvis interesebs, ar emorCilebian
sxvebis miTiTebas da jiutad akeTeben imas, rac mos-
wonT, xelmZRvaneloben TavianTi ucnauri mosazrebe-
biT. maT ar SeuZliaT sxvisi miTiTebebis Sesabamisad
muSaoba, xSirad icvlian samuSao adgils, ris gamoc
warmatebas ver aRweven da kidev ufro iZabeba maTi,
isedac mouwesrigebeli, nerviuli mdgomareoba,
euflebaT gandgoma-ganmartoebis survili, Caketilo-
bisa da undoblobis grZnoba.
ramdenime sityva Sizoidebis autizmze. igi ganpi-
robebulia ara mxolod imiT, rom am tipis adamia-
nebs ar gaaCniaT sxvisi gancdebis mimarT ,,efeqturi
rezonansis~ unari, aramed imiTac, rom maT gadaWar-
bebulad aqvT Sinagani winaaRmdegobis grZnoba da
paradoqsuloba, maT ar ZaluZT TavianTi Sinagani
gancdebi sxvas gauziaron. magram periodulad
Sizoidebs survili, moTxovnileba euflebaT aRsa-
rebiT Seimsubuqon mdgomareoba _ axloblebs gauzi-
aron sixaruli da dardi, samwuxarod, amas ver
axerxeben da kvlav martoobisaken miiltvian, Tan
sdevT dardi da gamouTqmeli sevda. marTalia, Sizo-
idebi gamoirCevian undoblobiTa da eWvianobiT,
magram yvelas mimarT erTnairi damokidebuleba rodi
244
gaaCniaT _ maT hyavT gamorCeuli pirebi, romleb-
Tanac sulier siaxloves ganicdian, sxvebis mimarT ki
Wirveulebi arian.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Sizoidebs mxolod sakuTari
Tavi uyvarT. arian ukiduresad egoistebi, didi
warmodgena aqvT TavianT Tavze, TavianT unarze, isini
iSviaTad aRiareben sxva adamianTa SesaZleblobebs,
imaTac ki ver afaseben saTanadod, visac kargad icno-
ben da viszedac ,,mijaWvulebi~ arian.
uaryofiT rols TamaSoben emociurad civi SizoSizo--
idebi.
emociuri sicive yvela Sizoidis saerTo Tvise-
baa, magram maTgan gamoirCeva erTi jgufi, romelTa-
nac wina planze dgas swored es Tviseba da bindavs
yvela danarCen Tvisebebs. am jgufis warmomadgeneli
umetesad zarmaci, moTenTili, indiferentuli ada-
miania, romelsac araviTari interesi ar gaaCnia ada-
mianTa modgmisadmi da mudam Tan axlavs sevda da
zizRi. am jgufSi iSviaTad gvxvdebian iseTi adamiane-
bic, romlebic gamoirCevian maRali aqtiurobiT.
eseni arian civi, energiuli naturebi, romelTac
sastiki saqcielis Cadena SeuZliaT ara mxolod imis
gamo, rom maT miswrafeba, ltolva aqvT awamon adamia-
ni, aramed imis gamo, rom maTTvis sruliad ganurCe-
velia sxvisi tanjva-wvaleba. am subieqtebs erTi
mxridan antisocialuri fsiqopaTebi esazRvrebaT,
xolo meore mxares _ fanatikosebi.
Sizoidebis xasiaTis Taviseburebas warmoadgens,
agreTve, maTi mRelvare nerviuli mdgomareobac.
Sizoidebis jgufSi Sedian meocnebenic. eseni
arian susti nebisyofis, ukiduresad mgrZnobiare
adamianebi. TavianTi fsiqikuri organizaciis gamo,
maTze uaryofiTad moqmedebs cxovrebiseuli sirTu-
leebi, uxeSoba, rac gare samyarodan gandgomas da
sakuTar ocnebebSi Caketvas iwvevs, es ki realuri
cxovrebidan CamoSorebis mizezi xdeba.
meocnebeebi gamoirCevian gadaWarbebuli TviT-
SefasebiT da ukmayofiloni arian sazogadoebaSi maT
mier dakavebuli mdgomareobiT, magram imis unari ki
namdvilad ar gaaCniaT, rom ibrZolon ukeTesi momav-
245
lisaTvis. zarmacebi, usaqmurebi, moTenTilebi zemo-
dan dahyureben garSemomyofT, zizRiT asruleben
TavianT movaleobas, romelic arsebobisaTvis
esaWiroebaT. Tavisufal dros (rac sakmaod bevri
aqvT) ocnebebSi atareben da fantaziiT avseben
TavianT cxovrebas.
paranoikebis jgufi
am jgufis warmomadgenelTa gamokveTil Tavisebu-
rebas warmoadgens maTi miswrafeba umaRlesi Rirebu-
lebis ideebis Camoyalibebisaken, romelTa gavlenis
qveSac isini Semdgom TviTonve eqcevian. es ideebi
mTlianad moicaven paranoikebis fsiqikas da domini-
rebul zemoqmedebas axdenen maT moqmedebaze. mniSvne-
lovania isic, rom am jgufis warmomadgenlebs Zalian
didi warmodgena aqvT sakuTar Tavze, rac maT ukidu-
res egoizms ganapirobebs. gare sinamdvilesac Zalze
SezRudulad da calmxrivad aRiqvamen, mxolod
imdenad, ramdenadac igi Seefereba maT pirovnebas,
xolo danarCeni yvelaferi maTTvis sruliad ganurCe-
velia. yvela adamians, visTanac paranoikebs uxdebaT
urTierToba, isini afaseben mxolod im damokidebu-
lebis mixedviT, rac piradad maTTvis aris saWiro
da sasargeblo. vinc am individebs ar eTanxmeba, vinc
ise ar fiqrobs, rogorc isini, ubralod ,,briyvia~,
an maTi mteri. am subieqtebs ar ainteresebT arc
mecniereba, arc politika, arc xelovneba, Tu isini
piradad maTTan ar arian Sexebis wertilSi. magram
rogori martivi da umniSvneloc ar unda iyos is
sfero, sadac isini moRvaweoben, igi maT maRalRire-
bulad miaCniaT. rac Seexeba paranoikebis emociur
cxovrebas, isini calmxrivni, magram Zlieri afeqtis
adamianebi arian. maTi azrovneba, qceva, moRvaweoba
raRac uzarmazari afeqturi daZabulobiT gamoir-
Ceva. yvelanairi gancdebis centrSi isini TviTon
imyofebian. ukiduresi egoizmi da TviTgandideba am
adamianebSi aRar tovebs adgils simpaTiisa da sxva
adamianebTan kargi urTierTobisaTvis. am individebs
zedmeti aqtiuroba axasiaTebT, rac maT sxvebis mi-
marT uceremonio damokidebulebisaken ubiZgebs.
isini sxva adamianebs uyureben mxolod rogorc
246
sakuTari miznebis miRwevis saSualebas. bunebiT
undoblebi da eWvianebi, isini ukiduresad agresi-
ulebi arian. `Tavdasxma Tavdacvis saimedo
saSualebaa~ _ aseTia maTi devizi. amitom paranoikebi
yovelTvis sxvas Seuracxyofen, magram Tavisi Tavi
miaCniaT Seuracxyofilad. yvela, vinc paranoiks rai-
mes Sehbedavs an winaaRmdegobas gauwevs, misi mteria,
mteria isic, vinc ar aRiarebs mis upiratesobas.
isini yovel wvrilmanSi sakuTari pirovnebis damci-
rebas xedaven, ris gamoc, bunebrivia, maT uamravi
mteri uCndebaT da Tavs ubedurad grZnoben.
paranoikebi, TavianTi gulRvarZlianobis gamo,
aravis arafers patioben, ar iviwyeben aranair wvril-
mans da mudam mzad arian SurisZiebisaTvis. isini
bolomde TavganwirviT ibrZvian, borotdebian, jiut-
debian da sxvis darigebas ar usmenen. TavianTi war-
mosaxviTi uflebebisaTvis brZolaSi Zalze did
gonebamaxvilobas avlenen, risi wyalobiTac advilad
pouloben momxreebs. paranoikebi Semtevi da jiquri
xasiaTis wyalobiT, jansaRi azris uqonlobis Sem-
TxvevaSic ki, xSirad gamarjvebulni gamodian. magram
Tu damarcxeba ganicades, isini araviTar SemTxvevaSi
ar eguebian mdgomareobas, Tavs ar cnoben damnaSaved.
aris iSviaTi gamonaklisic, rodesac paranoiki ar
imyofeba konfliqtur situaciaSi garSemomyofTa
mimarT, maSin igi gamoirCeva Tavisi sizustiT, akura-
tobiT, sistematurobiT da sasargeblo muSakad
iTvleba.
fanatikosebi
am terminiT aRniSnaven adamianebs, romlebic
mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze erT saqmes, erT
ideas emsaxurebian da maT pirovnebaSi araviTari sxva
interesebisaTvis aRar rCeba adgili. paranoikebis am
tipis adamianebisaTvis wina planze dgas ,,zeRirebu-
lebis idea~. paranoikTa sxva tipebisagan gansxvavebiT,
fanatikosebi upiratesobas ar aniWeben sakuTar ,,me~-s,
piriqiT, TavianT interesebs uangarod uqvemdebareben
ama Tu im xasiaTis saerTo interesebs. aRsaniSnavia,
rom maTi interesebis simZimis centri imyofeba ara
TviT ideis centrSi, aramed am ideis realurad
247
ganxorcielebaSi. inteleqtis moqmedeba gzas uTmobs
dauSretel, Zlier nebisyofas.
marTalia, fanatikosebi ar gamoirCevian mZafri
egoizmiT, magram maT ar gaaCniaT adamianebis mimarT
sulieri siTbos gamovlenis unari. maTTvis yvela
adamiani aris iaraRi, saSualeba sanukvari miznis
misaRwevad. maT axasiaTebT usulgulo simkacre da
sxva adamianis gasaWiri ar awuxebT.
uryevi nebisyofis wyalobiT fanatikosebi
uyoymanod atareben cxovrebaSi imas, rac maTTvis
sasurvelia. swored rkiniseburi nebisyofa xdis maT
sazogadoebisaTvis saSiS adamianebad. fsiqologTa da
fsiqiatrTa dakvirvebiT, fanatikosebi, umeteswilad,
religiuri mimdinareobebisa da seqtebis beladebis
rolSi gvxvdebian. xSirad maTi xelmZRvanelobiT
xorcieldeba sadisturi, danaSaulebrivi saqmeebi:
TviTgvema, wameba, mkvleloba. eseni arian mudmivad
mebrZoli subieqtebi, maT ar ZaluZT Tavi daaRwion
realobasTan mZafr Sejaxebebs, ar gaaCniaT Seguebisa
da xasiaTis drekadobis unari. advilad Sedian kon-
fliqtSi kanonTan da sazogadoebaSi aRiarebul
wesebTan, amitom maTi karieris dasasruli xSir
SemTxvevaSi cixe, an fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofoa.
fanatikosTa tipebs miekuTvneba sakmaod
mravalricxovani jgufi individebisa, romelTac
grZnobebis fanatikosebs uwodeben. maT miekuTvnebian
religiuri seqtebis aRfrTovanebuli mimdevrebi,
romlebic brma iaraRs warmoadgenen. am subieqtebTan
zeRirebulebis idea ,,beladis erTgulebisa da
TviTganwirvis~ eqstazur gancdad gardaiqmneba. isini,
arc Tu ise iSviaTad, Tavs swiraven maTTvis gaugebar
saqmes. erTi afeqtis monobis qveS myof adamianebs
cienis terminologiiT, eknoikebs uwodeben.
epileptoidebis jgufi
am jgufis fsiqopaTebs miekuTvnebian is subieqte-
bi, romelTac axasiaTebT: 1. ukiduresi gaRizia-
nebadoba, romelic Seukavebeli gaafTrebis Setevamde
aRwevs, 2. xasiaTis aSlilobis Sedegebi (sevda, dardi,
SiSi, sibraze da sxv.) 3. naTlad gamoxatuli
moraluri defeqtebi (antisocialuri ganwyobebi).
248
Cveulebriv, es adamianebi Zalian aqtiurebi, daZa-
bulad saqmianebi, vnebianebi arian. isini mZafri Seg-
rZnebebis moyvarulni, Zalze jiuti da Jiniani ada-
mianebia, axasiaTebT raime azris didi xniT akviateba.
epileptoidebs yovelTvis Tan sdevT cudad
dafaruli, usiamovno ganwyobebi. drodadro, zog-
jer sruliad mciredi mizezis gamoc ki, uviTarde-
baT TavSeukavebeli sibrazis, mRelvare afeTqebis
mdgomareoba, ramac SeiZleba saSiSi Zaladobis mdgo-
mareobamdec ki miiyvanos igi. am tipis fsiqopaTebi
ukiduresad mouTmenlebi arian, angariSs ar uweven
sxvis azrs, ver itanen, rodesac vinme SeewinaaRmde-
gebaT. aRniSnuls imasac Tu davumatebT, rom isini
paTologiurad Tavmoyvareni da egoistebi arian,
maSin naTeli gaxdeba, rom sxva adamianebTan konfliq-
tis mizezi aRniSnuli subieqtebisaTvis Zneli gamo-
saZebni ar unda iyos. zogjer mxolod imisaTvis
iqcevian ase, rom sakuTari Tavi ganmuxton usagno,
Seukavebeli, dagrovili boRmisa da agresiisagan.
epileptoidi aris eWviT Sepyrobili, butia,
mewvrilmane, romelic yvelas da yvelafers akriti-
kebs. yvelgan uwesrigobas xedavs da cdilobs maT
gamosworebas. es subieqtebi ojaxur cxovrebaSi
autaneli tiranebi arian _ yovelgvar wvrilmanze
Cxuboben da iZlevian SeniSvnebs. aravin rCebaT daus-
jeli, yvelasagan moiTxoven morCilebas. TviTon
mcireodeni xmis amoRebasac ki ver itans, veranair
SeniSvnas ver egueba. bavSvobidanve urCebi, SemdegSic
sul sayveduroben, TiTqos maT Tavisuflebas kvecaven.
ibrZvian e.w. samarTlianobis dasamyareblad.
epileptoidebis urCi xasiaTi, Seuguebloba iqamde
midis, rom bevri maTgani iZulebulia mTeli Tavisi
sicocxle ,,xetialSi~ gaataros. maT gariyvas isic
uwyobs xels, rom isini ver eguebian naTesavebs,
mezoblebs, ufrosebs, TanamSromlebs da sxv.
am subieqtebis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa isic,
rom maT epizodurad ecvlebaT xasiaTi: an spontanu-
rad _ yovelgvari mizezis gareSe, an ama Tu im usi-
amovno gancdis Sedegad.
depresiuli mdgomareobisagan gansxvavebiT, maT
249
yovelTvis Tan axlavT sibraze, boroteba, dardi da
SiSi. xasiaTis aseTi aSliloba SeiZleba mxolod
ramdenime dRe gagrZeldes, magram swored am dros
xdeba ugnuri, ganusjeli da moelvare aforiaqeba,
ramac SeiZleba didi ziani moutanos maT.
samyaros mravalferovneba maTTvis miuwvdomelia,
isini SezRudul, calmxriv adamianebad rCebian da
egoisturi interesebi savsebiT gansazRvraven maT
ukiduresad daZabul saqmianobas. am individebisaTvis
sruliad ucxo da miuwvdomelia TanagrZnobisa da
simpaTiis grZnobebi, ar ZaluZT sxvisi tkivilisa da
mwuxarebis gageba. yovelive es maT moralur ara-
srulfasovnebaze migvaniSnebs. maT SeuZliaT iseTi
saqcielis Cadena, romelic scildeba ara mxolod
zneobriv CarCoebs, aramed sisxlis samarTlis moT-
xovnebsac _ mimarTaven Zaladobas, mkvlelobas. am
individebs ZiriTadad axasiaTebT paTologiuri
simTvrale, rac xSirad ubiZgebT amoraluri qce-
visaken. epileptoidebi ZiriTadad arian instin-
qtebisa da primitiuli miswrafebebis adamianebi. am
TavSeukavebeli Zlieri gatacebebis adamianebisaTvis
ucxoa zomierebis grZnoba, rogorc ugnur simamacesa
da ulmobel-uwyalo aqtebis ganxorcielebaSi, ise
sasiyvarulo vnebebis gamovlenaSic.
isteriuli jgufebi
isteriuli jgufis adamianTa fsiqikis ZiriTad
Taviseburebad gvevlineba: 1. garSemomyofTa yuradRe-
bis mipyrobis dauokebeli survili, radac ar unda
daujdeT es. 2. araobieqturoba, rogorc sxvebis, ise
sakuTari Tavis mimarT (realuri sinamdvilis damaxin-
jeba). cnobili fsiqologi da medikosi k. iaspersi,
aerTianebs ra orive Taviseburebas, iZleva isteri-
uli tipis mokle da naTel ganmartebas: dauokebeli
miswrafeba aCvenos gacilebiT meti, vidre es aris
sinamdvileSi.
isteriuli jgufis adamianTa umravlesoba sxvebis
yuradRebas ipyrobs TeatralobiT, gacveTili gamoT-
qmebiT, anegdotebiT, mimbaZvelobiT, fantaziebiTa da
sxv. Tavis warmosaCenad arafers eridebian. xelsayrel
pirobebSi maT brwyinvaled SeuZliaT Sesabamisi
250
rolis Sesruleba, arian saukeTeso oratorebi, rom-
lebic waruSlel zemoqmedebas axdenen msmenelze,
Tavisuflad, yovelgvari daZabulobis gareSe ipyro-
ben xalxis yuradRebas da SeuZliaT maTi ayolieba.
sakmarisia darwmundnen, rom yuradRebis centrSi
imyofebian, maT unari SeswevT imoqmedon
TavganwirviT.
isteriuli pirovnebebis tragedia imaSi mdgo-
mareobs, rom maT ar gaaCniaT grZnobaTa siRrme, Rrma
Sinaarsi, rom xangrZlivi droiT miizidon Tayvanis-
mcemlebi. maTi emociuri cxovreba met-naklebad aram-
dgradia, grnobebi _zerele, urTierTobebi _
aramyari, interesebi _ cvalebadi, calmxrivi. mas
unari ar Seswevs xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi
daZabos nebisyofa raime miznis misaRwevad, Tu es
mizani mas ar hpirdeba dafnis gvirgvins da garSemom-
yofTa aRtaceba-aRfrTovanebas. umetesad es subieqte-
bi mowifulobis asakSic ki ver aRweven sulier dab-
rZenebas. pirveli Sexvedrisas aRniSnuli individebi
momxibvlel zemoqmedebas axdenen: arian Semparavni,
lmobierebi; maTi azrovnebisa da xasiaTis Wirveuli
cvalebadoba adamianze raRac bavSvur, gulubryvilo,
uSualo zemoqmedebas axdens, xolo principul sakiT-
xebSi myari mrwamsis uqonloba damTmobi adamianis
STabeWdilebas tovebs. xolo Semdgom, droTa ganmav-
lobaSi Tavs iCenen uaryofiTi Tvisebebi _ upir-
veles yovlisa, arabunebrioba da siyalbe. yoveli
qceva, yoveli Jesti, yoveli moZraoba gaTvlilia
mayurebelTaTvis, maTze efeqtis moxdenisaTvis. radi-
kalurad gansxvavebulia maTi qceva ojaxSi, axlobleb-
Tan da ucxo adamianebTan. garemo pirobebis cvaleba-
dobasTan erTad icvleba maTi zneobrivi da gonebri-
vi saxe. am adamianebs gaaCniaT originalurobis pre-
tenzia, magram Tu amas ver axerxeben, maSin araviTar
saSualebas ar eridebian yuradRebis misapyrobad.
eSiniaT ra sxvisi upiratesobis, isteriuli adamiane-
bi itanjebian SuriTa da eWvianobiT. Tu maT metoqes-
Tan mouxdaT Sejaxeba, SesaZleblobas ar gauSveben
sastikad daamciron igi da amiT aCvenon TavianTi
upiratesoba. es subieqtebi arasodes ar aRiareben
251
TavianT Secdomebs _ àraferSi ar miuZRviT bra-
li...~, gulSi inaxaven usiamovno gancdebs da yovelT-
vis cdiloben samagieros gadaxdas. isteriuli tipebi
brwyinvaled grZnoben Tavs konfliqtur situaciaSi,
deboSis, ayal-mayalis atmosferoSi. sulieri moum-
wifebloba maT ar aZlevT SesaZleblobas aRzrdis
meSveobiT srulyofilad gamoavlinon TavianTi unari
da am gziT miaRwion warmatebas. amitom isini ar
zogaven Zalebs, mimarTaven yovelgvar saSualebebs,
raTa zemoqmedeba moaxdinon adamianebze da nebismier
fasad miaRwion privilegirebul mdgomareobas.
cnobili medikosi da fsiqologi v.p. serbski
sagangebod miuTiTebs isteriuli tipis individTa
emociuri cxovrebis infantilur agebulebaze da es
miaCnia ara mxolod maTi emociebis ukiduresi zere-
lobis, aramed maTi gancdebis araseriozulobis
ZiriTad mizezad.
isteriuli xasiaTis adamianTa fsiqikuri cxovre-
bis balansSi mniSvnelovani adgili zerele STabeWdi-
lebebs ukavia. isini ar arian CaRrmavebulebi TavianT
Sinagan gancdebSi. es adamianebi mimdinare movlenebis
centrSi imyofebian, magram maTi reaqciebi garesamyaros
mimarT metad Tavisebur da ukiduresad SerCeviT
xasiaTs atareben _ saganTa garkveuli jgufi zedmiwev-
niT mkafiod, faqizad da naTlad aRiqmeba da didi
xniT fiqsirdeba maT cxovrebaSi naTeli saxeebisa da
warmodgenebis saxiT, xolo danarCenebi saerTod ar
arseboben maTTvis, araviTar kvals ar toveben fsi-
qikaSi. garesamyaro am individebisaTvis Tavisebur,
ucnaur konturebs warmoadgens, maTTvis obieqturi
kriteriumebi ar arseboben, ar arseboben droisa da
sivrcis farglebic _ isini ar arian SeboWilebi am
faqtorebiT.
isterikebTan gare samyarosTan mimarTeba saocrad
cvalebadia: zogi ram RvTaebrivia, misken miiltvian,
naTlad aRiqvamen, xolo yovelive danarCeni TiTqos
saerTod ar arsebobs.
erT SemTxvevaSi mosiyvarule, lmobieri, Tbili
pirovneba sxva SemTxvevaSi _ ulmobeli, mkacri da
veragia. jiuti, arafris damTmobi, garkveul
252
viTarebaSi damjeri, Tvinieri da gamgonea. susti da
uZluri, uSret energiasa da gamZleobas avlens. iste-
riuli xasiaTis adamianTa qcevis Sedegebi naTlad
metyveleben maTi moqmedebis srul anarqiul xasiaTze,
sadac fsiqikuri procesebis mimdinareobis raime
kanonzomierebaze laparakic zedmetia.
paTologiuri matyuarebi
isteriuli xasiaTis adamianTa jgufs miekuTvnebian
paTologiuri matyuarebi, romlebTanac dauokebeli
moTxovnileba _ miipyron sxvebis yuradReba, TavianTi
brwyinvalebiT Tavbru daaxvion sxva adamianebs,
Serwymulia zedmiwevniT aRgznebul, mdidar fan-
taziasTan da moralur defeqtebTan. aseT simbiozur
SenaerTs krepelinma uxeSad ,,matyuarebisa da TaR-
liTebis~ jgufi uwoda. xSirad, adamianTa am jgufs
miekuTvnebian is individebi, romlebic Zalze niWierebi
arian _ swrafad iTviseben yovelgvar siaxles, aqvT
brwyinvale metyveleba. maT unari SewevT Tavis
sasargeblod gamoiyenon risi SesaZleblobac gaaCniaT.
erTi SexedviT, es pirebi Zalze ganaTlebulni da
ganswavlulni Canan, magram sinamdvileSi maTi codna
zerele enciklopediuri da populisturia. bevr
maTgans mxatvruli da poeturi midrekilebebi gaaCnia
_ Txzaven leqsebs, xataven, uyvarT musika, moswonT
Teatri. advilad amyareben kontaqts ucnob adamianeb-
Tan, SeuZliaT Tavis Rirseulad daWera, arian moqni-
lebi, daxvewilebi, zrunaven sakuTar garegnobaze. maT
bednierebas aniWebs sxvebze STabeWdilebis moxdena.
cdiloben TavianTi upiratesoba warmoaCinon sxvebis
winaSe. am adamianebs ar gaaCniaT Tavmdabloba, TavSeka-
vebis unari, maTTvis upirvelesia sakuTari interese-
bi. paTologiuri matyuarebisaTvis sulieri miswra-
febebi ukana planzea gadatanili. saqmianoba, romelic
akuratulobasa da Tanmimdevrobas moiTxovs, am
jgufis adamianebisaTvis satanjvelia. maT azrovnebas
_ aRniSnavs krepelini _ aklia gegmazomiereba, wes-
rigi, Sinagani urTierTkavSiri, msjelobis dasru-
lebuli, daxvewili forma, sidinje da seriozuloba.
cxadia, am subieqtebidan ar unda velodoT zneobriv
simtkicesac. isini imdenad zedapirulni arian, rom
253
Rrma gancdebis unari ar SeswevT, arian Wirveulebi.
Cveulebriv, arc amyareben seriozul urTierTobebs
adamianebTan. maTTvis ucxoa movaleobis grZnoba.
am jgufis warmomadgenelTa yvelaze mankier Tvi-
sebas warmoadgens maTi paTologiuri matyuaroba.
maT trabaxis dauokebeli miswrafeba gaaCniaT, surT
brwyinvaled warmoCena, risTvisac lamazad Seferil
detalebsa da ukiduresad Selamazebul fantazias
iyeneben. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs gadaulaxavi
da maTTvis xSirad saziano survili _ icruon.
isini cruoben ostaturad, mWevrmetyvelurad, zog-
jer TviTonve erTobian am tyuiliT. yvelaze xSirad
maTi gamonagoni sakuTar pirovnebas exeba _
siamovnebiT yvebian TavianT maRal warmoSobaze,
TavianT urTierTobebze maRali wris warmomadgen-
lebTan, im mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobebze, romlebic
maT ekavaT an ukaviaT. maT umdidresi warmosaxvis
unari gaaCniaT, rac SesaZleblobas aZlevT brwyinvale
ferebSi daxaton da gadmoscen ararsebuli sasaxleebi
da agarakebi da maTi Cvenebac ki SesTavazon msmenels.
unda aRiniSnos, rom am individTa tyuili yovel-
Tvis rodia bavSvuri, gulubryvilo da uvnebeli.
bevri maTgani cruobs angarebiT da Tavis sasargeb-
lod iyenebs am tyuils. aseTTa Soris arian mraval-
ricxovani TaRliTebi, romlebic Tavis pirovnebas
warmoadgenen inkognitod, mniSvnelovan adamianebad,
gamorCenis mizniT iTviseben eqimis, iuristis,
pedagogisa da sxva prestiJul profesiebs.
matyuarebis sakmaod mravalricxovani jgufi _
Sulerebi, yalTabandebi, TaRliTebi, yalbi dokumen-
tebis mkeTeblebi, gaiZverebi, qurd-bacacebi umow-
yalod atyueben gulubryvilo adamianebs da sZalaven
fuls, Zvirfas nivTebsa da sxva Rirebulebebs.
gasaocaria maTi TavdaWera: cruoben ise damajereb-
lad, usircxvilod, rom iSviaTad Seepareba vinmes
eWvi maT patiosnebaSi. magram Tu vinme miuxvda TaR-
liTobas, ise ostaturad daaRwevs Tavs tyuils, rom
aRfrTovanebas iwvevs mayureblebSi. zogi maTgani
maSinac ki nirSeucvlelad agrZelebs sicrues, roca
254
`gamoWerilia~ tyuilSi da maqsimalurad cdilobs
mdgomareobidan uvneblad gamosvlas, Tumca ver
uZleben xangrZliv gamocdas da aRiarebis Semdeg
sruliad ususurni xdebian, ekargebaT mogonili
Rirsebebi, Tqvens winaSe sruliad sxva, motexili da
ganadgurebuli adamiani dgas. paTologiur matyu-
arebSi sicrue pirovnebis yvela danarCen Tvisebas
Crdilavs da TviTon gamodis dominirebul faq-
torad yovelgvar mis moqmedebaSi.
meryevi-aramdgradi fsiqopaTebis jgufi
meryev adamianTa jgufs miekuTvnebian subieqtebi,
romelTac ar gaaCniaT sulieri siRrme da
gamoirCevian susti xasiaTiT. isini advilad eqcevian
garemos zegavlenis qveS, izidavT im adamianTa wre,
romelTa qcevebic, zne-Cveulebebic moswonT (gan-
sakuTrebiT uaryofiTi). es adamianebi advilad xde-
bian alkoholikebi, kartis moTamaSeebi, gamflangve-
lebi, narkomanebi, yalTabandebi, ris gamoc mokle
droSi sazogadoebis ,,fskerze~ aRmoCndebian. umetes-
wilad maT seriozuli interesebi, Rrma mijaWvuloba
ar gaaCniaT, ar pyavT patiosani megobrebi. am jgufSi
sakmaod bevria kargi mosaubre, kontaqturi adamiani,
ar uyvarT martooba da advilad euflebaT mowyeni-
loba. isini miiltvian xalisiani megobrebisaken,
etanebian spirtian sasmelebs, narkotikebzec ar ambo-
ben uars. rac Seexeba Sromas, es maTTvis Cveulebriv
saqmes warmoadgens. es pirebi kvaldakval mihyvebian
saSualo donis adamianebs da arafriT gamoirCevian
maTgan _ arc Tavisi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiT,
arc interesebiT da zneobrivi TaviseburebebiT.
periodulad es subieqtebi ukmayofilebis grZnobas
iwveven garSemomyofebSi TavianTi mouwesrigeblobiT,
udisciplinobiT, araakuratulobiT, gansakuTrebiT
ki _ sizarmaciT. maT, SeiZleba iTqvas, `joxiT unda
adgeT Tavze~, an sul unda aqoT da adidoT. isini
Zalian advilad eqcevian STabeWdilebebis qveS, magram
aseve advilad euflebaT ganurCevlobis grZnoba.
xSirad ar amTavreben dawyebul saqmes, gansakuTrebiT
255
maSin, Tu Tavis nebaze arian miSvebulni. meryevi aram-
dgradi fsiqopaTebis tragedia imaSic gamoixateba,
rom maTze ukiduresad uaryofiT zemoqmedebas axdens
narkotikuli saSualebebi da spirtiani sasmelebi _
xdebian umarTavni, Tvalsa da xels Sua hkargaven
adamianur saxes. sifxizleSi sasiamovno mosaubre,
keTili, damTmobi, xdeba sastiki, uxeSi, Tavxedi,
mouridebeli egoisti, ufro metic _ usulgulo,
erT dReSi SeiZleba daxarjos mTeli danazogi,
gayidos saojaxo reliqvia da a.S. mdgomareobidan
gamosvlis, gamofxizlebis Semdeg es pirovneba
ganicdis da nanobs Tavis saqciels, adanaSaulebs
sakuTar Tavs, ris gamoc, uneblieT iwvevs Tanag-
rZnobas, daxmarebis survils, magram aseTi TanagrZno-
ba iSviaTad iZleva sasurvel Sedegs. sakmarisia es
pirovneba miuSvaT Tavis nebaze, rom igi kvlav
`fskerze~ aRmoCndeba _ yvelafers gayidis, ojaxs
gaaRatakebs, banqos TamaSSi waagebs, narkotikebs
iyidis, saSineli seniT daavaddeba da aS.
mxolod sistematuri zedamxedvelobisa da mfar-
velobis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli am individTa ada-
mianuri saxis SenarCuneba. mxolod Zlieri nebisyofis
adamianis kontrolqveS SeuZlia aRniSnuli jgufis
warmomadgenels iarsebos normalurad da sazogado-
ebasac moutanos sargebloba.
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba sworad war-
marTul fsiqoTerapias, TviTmarTvis miRwevas.
socialur-fsiqopaTTa jgufi
arseboben fsiqopaTebi, romelTa mTavar,
TvalSisacem Tvisebad gvevlineba mkafiod gamoxatuli
moraluri defeqtebi, emociuri siClunge. maT maqsi-
malurad aqvT daqveiTebuli (zogjer, saerTodac ar
gaaCniaT) socialuri emociebi: simpaTia sxva adamianTa
mimarT da sazogadoebis winaSe movaleobis gacnobie-
rebis unari. am jgufis adamianebisaTvis ucxoa
patiosnebisa da Rirsebis grZnoba. isini gulgrilni
da indiferentulni arian, rogorc Seqebis, ise
gakicxvis mimarT. ver eguebian adamianTa Tanacxovre-
bis wesebs. ZiriTadad arian matyuarebi, raTa kargad
SeniRbon TavianTi amoraluri instinqtebi da
256
ganzraxvebi. sizarmacisa da uunarobis gamo ver
asruleben raime saqmianobas regularulad. am subieq-
tebs ar gaaCniaT Rrma da seriozuli sulieri inte-
resebi, magram gamoirCevian grZnobadi siamovnebis
miRebis didi surviliT. am jgufis wevrTa umravle-
soba aris tkbileulis, Wama-smis moyvaruli, amora-
luri adamianebi. maT bunebaSi mkveTrad sCans
ulmobeli, usulgulo Tvisebebi, arian uxeSebi da
borotebi. bavSvobidanve avlenen TavianT miswrafe-
bebs: Seubraleblad awvaleben da tanjaven cxovelebs,
uxeSad eqcevian mSoblebsa da axloblebs, ar gaaCniaT
siaxlovis, naTesauri grZnobebi. raRac umniSvnelo
gaugebrobis gamo SeuZliaT dalewon WurWeli, fan-
jrebi, daamtvrion aveji, xmamaRla uSveri sityvebiT
daiwyon gineba, Seuracxyofis miyeneba. yovelive amas
isini akeTeben ara afeqtur mdgomareobaSi an ukidu-
resad gaRizianebulebi, aramed im mizniT, rom suli-
eri, Zlieri gulistkivili miayenon sxva adamianebsa
da Tavis axloblebs. maT xSirad euflebaT siZul-
vilis, samagieros gadaxdis survili im adamianTa
mimarT, romlebic cdiloben zneobrivi normebis
CarCoebSi Caayenon es subieqtebi. aseT adamianebad
gamodian ZiriTadad mSoblebi, dedmamiSvilebi, rom-
lebic iZulebulni arian mkacrad moeqcnen maT da
Wkua aswavlon. aseTi damokidebuleba socialur
fsiqopaTebSi zizRs, siZulvilsa da, zogjer mkvle-
lobis survilsac iwvevs. Tavisuflebis SezRudvas es
individebi Zalze mtkivneulad ganicdian da, rogorc
wesi, adre toveben mSobliur saxl-kars. amas isic
uwyobs xels, rom maT ar gaaCniaT axlobelTa mimarT
siyvarulis, mijaWvulobis grZnoba, isini midian,
Sordebian TavianT fuZes, raTa mTeli sigrZe-siganiT
gamoavlinon TavianTi mankieri midrekilebebi.
fsiqopaTTa am jgufs avseben Zalze mravalricxo-
vani subieqtebi, romlebsac axasiaTebT yvela zemoaR-
werili Tvisebebi _ uxeSoba, daundobloba,
boroteba da sxv. maT Soris arian usulgulo
rezoniorebic, Sizoidebis monaTesake individebi,
romelTac kargi, moqnili azrovneba gaaCniaT da
mudam mzad arian gaamarTlon, axsnan TavianTi
ucnauri qceva.
257
konstitucionalur-SezRudulTa jgufi
is individebi, romlebic am jgufSi Sedian, kar-
gad swavloben, saukeTeso mexsiereba aqvT, magram
TavianT codnas cxovrebaSi praqtikulad ver iyeneben.
sinamdvilesTan urTierTobis procesSi, rodesac
iniciativa unda gamoavlinon, sruliad ususurni
xdebian da mZime situaciaSi vardebian. sazogadoebaSi
TavdaWerilebi arian, saubroben ZiriTadad amindze,
Sablonur banalur sagnebze, veraviTar iniciativas
ver avlenen. es adamianebi kargad uZRvebian cxovrebas
mxolod da mxolod garkveul, didi xnis win Camoya-
libebul da daxvewil situaciaSi, rodesac keTil-
dReoba garantirebulia.
am jgufs miekuTvnebian iseTi primitiuli adami-
anebic, romelTac ar gaaCniaT didi sulieri moTxov-
nilebebi, samagierod kargad ikmayofileben martiv
moTxovnilebebs, siamovnebiT asruleben martiv saqmes,
yovelgvari sirTuleebisa da gaugebrobis gareSe
muSaoben vaWrobis sferoSi da a. S.
konstitucionalur-SezRuRul adamianebze Zalian
advilia STagonebis moxdena (advilad eqvemdebarebian
STagonebas), emorCilebian sazogadoebriv azrs. am
subieqtze udides zegavlenas axdens garemo, magram
meryevi fsiqopaTebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic
miiswrafian mankierebisaken, am jgufis adamianebs
izidavT maRali zneoba. arian ukiduresi konservato-
rebi, ebRauWebian yovelive Zvels, razec Seguebulni
da miCveulebi arian.
aRniSnul jgufs miekuTvnebian is adamianebic,
romlebsac didi warmodgena aqvT sakuTar Tavze.
isini xSirad xmaroben maTTvis sruliad gaugebar,
maRalfardovan sityvebs, cdiloben Tavi daiWiron
ise, rogorc yovlismcodne adamianebma, undaT rom
yvelaferze sakuTari warmodgena hqondeT. maTi met-
yveleba elementarul logikur moTxovnilebebsac ki
ver akmayofilebs, magram kuriozia is, rom aseTi
individebi ufro advilad imkvidreben adgils cxov-
rebaSi, vidre Wkviani adamianebi.
258
mimovixileT ra, normasa da paTologias Soris
myof adamianTa jgufebi, ar SeiZleba yuradReba ar
gavamaxviloT uaRresad mniSvnelovan garemoebaze _
TiTqmis yvela normalur adamians, rogorc wesi,
axasiaTebs fsiqopaTuri Tvisebebi da rac ufro
mkveTrad aris adamianSi gamoxatuli individualoba,
miT ufro naTlad aris gamokveTili es Tvisebebi.
uxvad dajildovebul adamianTa Soris, romleb-
sac mdidari emociuri cxovreba da uSreti fantazia
gaaCniaT, sakmaod bevria fsiqopaTi.
udavoa, rom genialuri, ukvdavi nawarmoebis
SeqmnaSi ori faqtori iRebs monawileobas _ garemo
(epoqa) da Semoqmedi pirovneba. bevri fsiqopaTi
swored Tavisi fsiqopaTiuri Tvisebebis gamo aRwevs
SemoqmedebiT mwvervalebs. igi gacilebiT
mgrZnobiare, fxizeli da alRoiania epoqis
moTxovnilebaTa mimarT, vidre normaluri adamiani.
amis utyuari magaliTebia Seqspiri, dostoevski,
goia, stalini, v. Wabukiani da sxvebi, romelTa
saxelebic saukuneebs gadaecema.
genialuri pirovneba SeiZleba iyos, rogorc
progeneraciis, ise degeneraciis nayofi. pirovnebis
genialoba ar gamoricxavs arc pirvel da arc meore
mdgomareobas. istorias mxolod qmnilebebi aintere-
sebs, gansakuTrebiT ki is elementebi, romlebsac
sayovelTao, zogadi da waruSleli xasiaTi aqvT da
ara piraduli, individualuri. magram aqve xazgasmiT
unda aRiniSnos, rom adamianis piraduli, qaraq-
terologiur-tipologiuri Taviseburebebis codna
da am Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba pirovnebis
aRzrdis, maTi dasaqmebis, specialobisa d profesiis
SerCevis, maTTan saqmiani Tu piraduli urTierTobe-
bis damyarebis dros, aucilebel pirobas warmoad-
gens. es codna bevr usiamovnebas agvaSorebs Tavidan.
mas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba pirovnebaTaSori-
si urTierTobebis regulirebaSi.
259
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1. ra igulisxmeba adamianis qaraqterologiur-
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tipologiur TaviseburebebSi?
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2. romeli komponentebi erTiandebian
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subieqtur me-Si?
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3. organizmis romel TaviseburebaTa
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erTobliobas uwodeben konstitucias?
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4. ra Tvisebebis matarebelia cikloidebis jgufi da
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romeli qvejgufebisagan Sedgeba igi?
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5. romeli qvejgufebi Sedian as T enikebis jgufSi?
asT
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(daaxasiaTeT mokled TiToeuli maTgani).
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6. daaxasiaTeT Sizoidebisa da paranoikebis jgufebi.
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7. riT gamoirCevian epileptoidebis jgufSi
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Semavali subieqtebi?
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8. CamoayalibeT isteriuli jgufebis ZiriTadi
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Taviseburebani da maTSi Semavali
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paTologiuri matyuarebis Tvisebebi.
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9. ra TvisebebiT gamoirCevian meryevi-aramdgradi
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da socialur-fsiqopaTTa jgufebi?
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10. vin arian konstitucionalur-SezRudulTa
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jgufis warmomadgenlebi?
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11. ratom aris aucilebeli pirovnebis
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Taviseburebebis Seswavla?
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260
leqcia XVI
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leqcia
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qmedunarianobis
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amaRlebisa da
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SenarCunebis fsiqo-
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fiziologiuri pirobebi
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gegma:
1. nervuli sistemis mowesrigeba, rogorc
qmedunarianobis amaRlebis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi piroba
piroba;;
2. Sromisa da dasvenebis roli nervuli
sistemis normaliz eba
normalizeba Si. dRe-Ramis
ebaSi.
formula;;
samwevriani formula
3. xasiaTis zegavlena nervul sistemaze.
xasiaTis TviTregulireba da
TviTaRzrda
TviTaRzrda;;
4. adamianis nervul-fsiqikuri
Taviseburebebis TviTregulireba,
rogorc Tandayolili da SeZenili
unarebis daxvewis saSualeba
saSualeba;;
5. fsiqo-nervuli moqmedebis regulireba,
misi optimizacia. nervuli procesebis
Segnebuli varjiSi, TviTSTagoneba
TviTSTagoneba;;
6. qmedunarianobis ama
amaRR lebisa da
SenarCunebis umTavresi fsiqikuri
procesis _ nebisyofis roli pirovnebis
Sinagani potencialis, Sinagani resur
resur--
sebis aqtualizaciaSi
aqtualizaciaSi;;
7. nebisyofisa da ganwyobis urTierT damo
urTierTdamo ki
ki--
damoki
de buleba.
debuleba.
pirovnuli potencialis zrda da ganxorcieleba

mxolod garegani faqtorebiT rodia ganpirobebuli.
adamianis specifikur maxasiaTeblad gvevlineba
TviTaRzrda, TviTsrulyofa da TviTganxorcielebis
momenti, raSic gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba
nervul-fsiqikur janmrTelobas, jansaRi nervuli
261
sistemis Camoyalibebas.
adamianis nervuli sistemis mowesrigebaSi udides
rols TamaSobs ara mxolod gare, mavne pirobebis
zemoqmedebisagan Tavis dacva, aramed cxovrebis,
mTeli Cveni sicocxlis ritmi, romelic aregulirebs
Sromisa da dasvenebis process.
empiriulma gamokvlevebma gvaCvena, rom normaluri
nervuli sistemis arsebobas dRe-Ramis samwevriani
formula Seesabameba: Ramis rvasaaTiani Zili, rva
saaTi muSaoba da rva saaTi dasveneba1 . cxadia, am
formulis gamoyeneba yovelTvis ver xerxdeba. cxovre-
ba savsea yoveldRiuri daugegmavi movlenebiT, magram
adamiani, SeZlebisdagvarad, mainc unda miiswrafodes
Tundac miuaxlovdes aRniSnul formulas.
SromiTi datvirTvis xasiaTis Secvla faqtiurad
aqtiuri dasvenebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan pirobad
gvevlineba. gamoCenilma fiziologma i. seCenovma
saintereso kanonzomiereba gamoavlina: daZabuli
Sromis Sedegad warmoSobili gadaRliloba swrafad
gaivlis ara pasiuri dasvenebis, aramed fizikuri
varjiSis zegavlenis Sedegad. dasvenebis xasiaTi
ganisazRvreba adamianis individualuri Tavisebure-
bebiT: zogisTvis dasveneba sruli usaqmurobaa,
zogisTvis kulturuli gasarTobebi _ kino, Teatri,
muzeumebi, gamofenebi, koncertebi, musika; zogisTvis
gadaWarbebuli qeifi da drostareba; zogierTs
siamovnebas aniWebs saintereso adamianebTan
urTierToba da a. S.
fizikuri Sroma reglamentirebulia Sromis
kanonmdeblobiT. gacilebiT Znelia gonebrivi Sromis
dozireba. SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba dakavSirebulia
mTel rig emociur gancdebTan, Semoqmedebis specifi-
kur TaviseburebebTan, rodesac tvini ganagrZobs
muSaobas arasamuSao drosac da did gadatvirTvas
ganicdis.
gonebrivi Sroma, romelic ar aris dakavSirebu-
li SemoqmedebasTan, gacilebiT damqancvelia maSin,
rodesac igi monotonuria da fsiqikuri procesebis
____________
1
v. lobzini, ‚`fsiqohigienuri TviTregulireba~, ‚`medicina~,
1998.
262
swraf temps moiTxovs, an Tu am Sromas ar moaqvs
emociuri kmayofileba. gansakuTrebiT mZimea iseTi
Sroma, romelic dakavSirebulia sistematur daZabu-
lobasTan. am SemTxvevaSi daZabuloba ufro Rlis
adamians, vidre Sroma. warmatebuli, nayofieri Sroma
gacilebiT nakleb damRlelia, vidre unayofod,
warumateblad gatarebuli samuSao dro, romelic
adunebs, qancavs adamians.
nervuli sistemis mowesrigebis, misi dasvenebis
saukeTeso saSualebad gvevlineba Zili. magram is
adamianebi, romlebic gonebrivi SromiT arian dakave-
bulni, xSirad uCivian uZilobas. amis mizezi, garda
nervul-fsiqikuri gadaZabvisa, aris samuSaod Ramis
drois gamoyenebac. amitom aucilebelia miviswrafo-
deT Ramis Zilis stabilizaciisaken, anu yovelTvis
garkveul dros davwveT dasaZineblad. gonebrivi
Sroma isedac nakleb moZravi cxovrebis wesTan aris
dakavSirebuli. fizikuri aqtiurobis daqveiTebas
isedac mivyavarT nervul aSlilobamde da Zilis
darRvevamde.
aqedan gamomdinare, uaRresad mniSvnelovania
gonebrivi Sromis SeTavseba fizikur SromasTan,
varjiSTan.
nervul gadaZabvas xels uwyobs adamianis xasiaTis
uaryofiTi Tvisebebic: zedmeti pativmoyvareoba,
qedmaRloba, Suri, butiaoba, pedanturoba, agresiu-
loba, konfliqturoba da sxva. isini xels uSlian
normaluri pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis dam-
yarebas samsaxurSi, saswavlebelSi, ojaxSi,
yoveldRiur yofaSi. aseTi mdgomareoba xSirad
usiamovno situaciebis warmoSobis ZiriTad mizezad
gvevlineba.
gana TavSekaveba, sakuTari Tavis floba, Zlieri
nebisyofa mxolod rCeulTa xvedria da gansakuT-
rebul SemTxvevaSia saWiro? cxadia ara! sazogadoeba
mxolod gmirebisa da gamorCeuli adamianebisagan ar
Sedgeba. TiToeuli adamiani ganicdis nervul
datvirTvas da yvela maTgani Taviseburad axerxebs am
mdgomareobidan gamosvlas.
dRes, rodesac adgili aqvs informaciul afeTqe-
263
bebs, icvleba formaciebi, urTierTobis formebi,
RirebulebaTa sistema, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba pirovnebis nervul-fsiqikuri procesebis
regulirebas. yvela janmrTeli adamianisaTvis auci-
lebelia fsiqo-higienuri TviTregulireba, unari
marTos sakuTari xasiaTi, SeZlos ipovos gamosavali
emociuri stresidan. magram SesaZlebelia ki es?
ufro advili ar aris CavTvaloT, rom uxeSoba,
TavSeukavebloba, sificxe, agresiuloba adamianis
xasiaTis Tandayolili Tvisebebia an araswori
cxovrebis wesis Sedegi? cxadia, aseTi SemTxvevebic
arsebobs, magram am naklovanebaTa aRmofxvra SeuZlia
nebismier Segnebul adamians.
eWvgareSea, adamianis fsiqikis memkvidreobiTi da
Tandayolili Tvisebebis funqcionaluri gamovlena
mis unarebSia. aseve arsebobs SeZenili, aRzrdis
Sedegad miRebuli Tvisebebic, romlebic Tavis Tavs
mogvianebiT, adamianis cxovrebis garkveul etapze
warmoaCenen. amave dros, msgavs garemo pirobebSi
adamianuri unarebi gansxvavebuli doniT da gansxva-
vebul dros vlindebian. xSirad maTi gamovlena
mravalwliani zemoqmedebisa da TviTregulirebis
gavleniT xdeba. ,,goneba-grZnobis srul solidarul-
Tanxmovan, erTian moqmedebas umtkivneulod da mZafri
koliziis gareSe awesrigebs, gonebiT miRebuli aq
grZnobiTac gamTbaria da nebisyofiTac gaaqtivebuli.
d. uznaZis qceva imdenadaa mowesrigebuli da wonas-
worobadaculi, rom Sinagani konfliqti gauCi-
narebulia, misi qceva Tavisufalia da yovelTvis
`kacuri-kacis~ sawyisidanaa momdinare~.1 qcevis aseT
Tavisuflebas genialurma moazrovnem miaRwia Tavisi
Sinagani samyaros sruli mowesrigebiT.
a. Cexovi Tavis meuRles werda, ,,Sen mwer, rom
gSurs Cemi xasiaTis. unda giTxra, rom bunebiT me
metad ukmexi, Wirveuli xasiaTi maqvs, me var advilad
feTqebadi da a. S., magram miveCvie Tavis Sekavebas,
rameTu Tavis aSveba wesier adamians ar Sehferis~.2
____________
1
n. farulava, dimitri uznaZe _ cxovreba da Semoqmedeba, Tb.,
1967, gv. 64.
2
a. Cexovi, rCeuli naw., t. 12, gv. 82.
264
warmatebuli TviTaRzrdis araerTi magaliTia
cnobili. moridebuli da enablu demosfenma Tavisi
metyvelebis mravalwliani varjiSis gziT saukeTeso
metyvelebas, gamoTqmas miaRwia, sajaro gamosvlis
dros morcxvobas sZlia da Semdgom igi brwyinvale
oratori gaxda. bevrma saqveynod cnobilma mecnierma,
mweralma, kompozitorma udides warmatebas miaRwia
mravalwliani, muxlmoudrekeli Sromis, Semoqmedebi-
Ti unarebis gaxsnisa da mobilizaciis meSveobiT,
romlebic maTSi dabadebidan iyo Cadebuli. cnobili
maTematikosi gausi, fiziologi gelmgolci, fizi-
kosi niutoni, mwerlebi svifti da skoti, kompozi-
tori vagneri da bevri sxva cnobili adamiani bav-
SvobaSi TavianTi swavliT ar gamoirCeoda, maT didi
dro dasWirdaT, rom momwifebuliyo maTi
SemoqmedebiTi unarebi, daxvewiliyo maTi niWiereba,
ramac maT uSreti energia uboZa miznis misaRwevad _
daxvewiliyo da srulyofili gamxdariyo maTi
pirovnuli da nervul-fsiqikuri Taviseburebani.
angariSgasawevia is garemoeba, rom nervul-fsiqi-
kuri aRzrdis procesSi, (iseve rogorc fizikur
srulyofaSi), gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba
varjiSs. i. pavlovi araerTgzis miuTiTebda Tavis
tvinis naxevarsferoebis varjiSis ganuzomel SesaZ-
leblobaze. rogorc Cans, sruliad SesaZlebelia
pirovnebis garkveuli Tvisebebis aRzrda, raTa ufro
srulyofilad gamovavlinoT adamianis unarebi ama
Tu im profesiuli mimarTulebiT.
cnobilia pirovnebis xelaxali aRzrdis
SesaZleblobac. jer kidev Cv. w. aRricxvamde V sau-
kuneSi hipokrate mivida im daskvnamde, rom arsebobs
oTxi tipis temperamenti (sangviniki, qoleriki,
flegmatiki da melanqoliki), romlebic ganapirobeben
fsiqoemociuri sferos individualur Tavisebure-
bebs. mravalgzis gamokvlevebma daamtkica, rom pirov-
nebis emociuri naklovanebebis daZleva da koreqcia
xels uwyobs, rogorc qcevebis mowesrigebas, iseve
mravali avadmyofobis (wnevebis, gulsisxxlZarRvTa
daavadebebis, kuW-nawlavTa da sxv.) Tavidan acilebas.
fsiqohigienuri TviTregulacia gamoiyeneba
265
rogorc umniSvnelovanesi saSualeba adamianis qmedu-
narianobis, Sromis nayofierebis asamaRleblad. Ti-
Toeulma adamianma sakuTari gamocdilebidan icis,
rom uaryofiTi emociebi _ SiSi, gangaSi, sibraze,
dardi, sevda da sxv. _ aqveiTebs da anadgurebs Cvens
SemoqmedebiT aqtiurobas, zogjer mTlianad gvakar-
gvinebs Sromis unars.
saSiSroebis, avariuli an eqstremaluri
mdgomareobis sapasuxod, xSirad gveufleba
dafantuloba, saazrovno procesebis Seneleba, swori,
adekvaturi qcevebis uunaroba, SfoTva, maSin,
rodesac analogiur situaciebSi aucilebeli da
gadaudebelia gamZleoba, TavSekavebuloba, momentalu-
ri reaqciebi, simSvide, civi goneba, nebisyofa. magram
gana naklebi gamZleoba, TavSekaveba da nebisyofa sWir-
deba qirurgs operaciis dros, an fizikos-eqspe-
rimentators atomur reaqciebze muSaobisas, an
sportsmens sapaxuxismgeblo gamosvlaze? mcdari ar
iqneba gveTqva, rom TiToeuli adamianis cxovreba
yovelRRiurad aris datvirTuli emociuri daZabu-
lobiT da aravin ar aris dazRveuli mZafri situa-
ciebisagan, romlis drosac aucilebelia swrafi,
momentaluri da swori moqmedeba, TavdaWeriloba da
Tavdajerebuloba.
mZafri situaciebis garda, Cvens nervul sistemaze
yoveldRiurad zemoqmedebs sxva gamaRizianeblebic,
romlebic CvenSi iwveven Sesabamis emociebs da Cveni
xasiaTis mdgomareobas ganapirobeben.
aris Tu ara saWiro Cveni xasiaTis marTva?
xasiaTi! rogor aisaxeba igi Cvens saqmianobaze, pirov-
nebaTaSoris urTierTobebze? gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba
viyoT ,,xasiaTze~ an ,,ar viyoT xasiaTze?~. rodesac
vinmeze amboben, rom igi ,,xasiaTis adamiania~, maSin am
SefasebaSi raRac eWvi gamosWvivis mis saqmian
TvisebebTan dakavSirebiT. gamodis, rom mis xasiaTzea
damokidebuli moigebs Tu, piriqiT, waagebs saqmes.
kargi xasiaTi! Tqven xedavT rogor icvleba samyaro,
garSemomyofni keTilganwyobilni arian, surT
dagexmaron sityviT an saqmiT. saqme ki kargad midis.
adamiani energiiT ivseba, urTierTobebi sasiamovnoa.
266
es kargi guneba-ganwyobileba sxvebsac gadaedeba
xolme. magram, samwuxarod, yovelTvis ase rodia. aris
iseTi SemTxvevebic samsaxurSi, ojaxSi an sxvagan,
rodesac adamiani ar aris xasiaTze. es yvelasaTvis
xdeba SesamCnevi. pirvel rigSi qveiTdeba qmedunaria-
noba, fuWdeba urTierTobebi. iqneb es adamiani nev-
roziT aris daavadebuli? ara! ubralod igi cud
xasiaTzea da sakuTari Tavis xelSi ayvana ar SeuZlia!
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac gadis dReebi, kvireebi,
Tveebi, daZabuloba ki ar klebulobs, ar neldeba.
adamiani iZulebulia mimarTos eqims, romelic mas
uniSnavs damamSvideblebs, saZile saSualebebs da axla
modaSi Semosul trankvilizatorebs. am wamlebis
meSveobiT igi icilebs arasasiamovno emociebs, Rrmad
iZinebs, Tumca xelovnuri ZiliT. ukve saxezea
,,medikamentozuri adamiani~, magram igi avadmyofi xom
ar aris? samwuxarod, es adamiani umciresi winaaR-
medegobis xaziT wavida. mas dro ara aqvs _ saqmia-
nia. amitom abebis ylapva ufro mosaxerxebelia, vidre
sakuTari nervuli sistemis varjiSi, nervul-fsiqi-
kuri mdgomareobis Segnebuli TviTregulireba, rac
savsebiT SesaZlebelia!
Tanamedrove pirobebSi mecnierebisa da teqnikis
ganviTarebam adamianisagan moiTxova fsiqikuri Zale-
bis ukiduresi daZabva, didi nervuli danaxarjebi,
codnis maragis ganuwyveteli Sevseba. cxovrebis tempi
bevrad gaizarda da adamianis nervul sistemas wamo-
uyena moqnilobis, drekadobis, simyaris, gamZleobis
moTxovnileba. siCqare, romelsac miaRwia Tanamedrove
mecnierebam da teqnikam, gacilebiT aRemateba saSualo
donis adamianis nervul-fsiqikuri procesebis siCqa-
res. adamianis organizmi, Tavisi ganviTarebis mTeli
istoriiT, adaptirebulia misTvis normaluri siCqa-
ris samyaroze. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom fsiqologe-
bi SiSs gamoxataven imis Taobaze, rom Cveni fsiqika
ver SeZlebs dausjelad gauZlos cxovrebis giJur
temps, romelic Tanamedrove civilizaciisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli. dRes saqmianobis mravali saxeoba
adamianisagan moiTxovs sistematur daZabvas, inteleq-
tualur damoukideblobas, yuradRebis gamaxvilebas,
267
rac nervuli energiis uzarmazar xarjvasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. amas emateba informaciuli qariSxali
presidan, televiziidan da sxva wyaroebidan, romlis
gadamuSaveba did siCqares moiTxovs. nervuli siste-
mis gadaZabva bevr SemTxvevaSi dakavSirebulia gaz-
rdil profesiul gadatvirTvasTan. amasTan dakavSi-
rebiT aucilebelia nevrogenuri aSlilobis profi-
laqtikis, da tvinis margi qmedebis koeficientis
amaRlebis gzebis Zieba. dReisaTvis saukeTesod iTv-
leba autogenuri varjiSis meTodis daufleba.1
aRniSnuli meTodi gamoiyeneba medicinaSi, sportSi,
pedagogikaSi, warmoebaSi, TviTaRzrdaSi da sxva
nebismier saqmianobaSi.
adamianuri cxovreba dinamiuria, misi pirobebi
ganuwyvetliv icvleba. amasTan, yofiereba gansazRvravs
cnobierebas, xolo es ukanaskneli SesamCnevad CamorCe-
ba cxovrebis pirobebis cvalebadobas. uCveulo
situaciebi, siaxleebi xSirad stresis mizezebic
xdeba, magram adamiani yovelTvis egueba cxovrebis
cvalebad pirobebs. adamianuri fsiqikis adaptaciuri
SesaZleblobebi ganuzomelia. es cxadia, magram cxov-
rebaSi aris uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac mxolod
adaptaciaze dayrdnoba ver Svelis saqmes. adamians
eCqareba, dro ar iTmens. mas unda iyos sazogadoebis
srulfasovani wevri, iyos jansaRi, qmedunariani, rac
individis ekonomikuri da sulieri arsebobis
aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. mas, pirvel rigSi,
sakuTari Tavi abaria, romlis marTvac sakmaod rTu-
lia, magram ara SeuZlebeli. siZneleebisa da gaWir-
vebis miuxedavad Wkviani, moazrovne adamianebi kacob-
riobisaTvis muSaobdnen. saidan hqondaT maT amdeni
Zala, rogor miaRwies fsiqikis optimizacias? rig
SemTxvevebSi maTi energiis wyaros SemoqmedebiTi
SromiT miRebuli emociuri kmayofileba war-
____________
1
autogenuri varjiSis meTodi varaudobs kunTuri
refleqsaciis (simSvidis, modunebis) TviTSTagonebis,
yuradRebis koncentraciis swavlebas. warmosaxvis Zalis
ganviTarebas, uneblie gonebrivi aqtiurobis kontrolirebis
unars subieqtisaTvis mniSvnelovani saqmianobis efeqturobis
amaRlebis mizniT.
268
moadgenda. TviT Sromis procesic aniWebda maT sixa-
ruls, kurnavda yovelgvari dardisa da avadmyofobi-
sagan. magaliTad, haine mtanjveli tkivilebisagan Tavs
leqsebis weriT aRwevda, kanti da paskali tkivils
tvinis daZabuli muSaobiT jobnidnen. bevr maTgans
Wirdeboda aseve yoveldRiuri, gaazrebuli
TviTgamxneveba. cnobilia, rom sen-simonma msaxurs
ubrZana, igi gaeRviZebina sityvebiT: ,,adeqiT graf,
Tqven didi saqmeebi gelodebaT~. sakuTari grZnobe-
bisa da nebisyofis dauflebas imTaviTve udides
yuradRebas aqcevdnen moazrovne adamianebi. leonardo
da vinCi amtkicebda, rom Cveni Semecneba iwyeba Seg-
rZnebiT da Segnebulad, didi gulisyuriT avarji-
Sebda grZnobis organoebs: mexsierebas, warmosaxvas,
yuradRebas. aRsaniSnavia, rom sen-simonma da leo-
nardo da vinCim aRmoaCines yvelaze Sesaferisi dro
TviTgamxnevebisaTvis, TviTSTagonebisaTvis, nervuli
sistemis varjiSisaTvis _ es aris gaRviZebis
periodi. amavdroulad, Tavis tvinis qerqSi warmo-
iqmneba fizikuri mdgomareoba, romelic Sualeduria
Zilsa da sifxizles Soris da romlis wyalobiTac
warmodgenili TviTbrZanebebi gansakuTrebul Zalas
iZenen. am momentSi adgili aqvs kunTebis modunebas,
risi mniSvnelobac metad didia fsiqo-nervuli
moqmedebis regulirebaSi.
adamianis fsiqo-fizikuri teqnikis SemuSavebisas
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva yuradRebis koncen-
traciis, emociuri mexsierebisa da moZraobebis
marTvasTan dakaSirebuli Cvevebis treningsa da gamo-
wafvas. am dros adgili ar unda hqondes kunTebis
daZabvas da mTeli fizikuri aparati srulad unda
emorCilebodes nebisyofis brZanebebs. aRsaniSnavia,
rom kunTebis Tavisufleba viTardeba varjiSis gziT,
kunTebis daZabvisa da moSvebis varjiSiT, rac
ayalibebs ostatobas. nervuli sistema, iseve rogorc
kunTebis sistema, trenings eqvemdebareba. maSasadame,
fsiqikuri moqmedebis optimizacia SeiZleba miR-
weuli iqnes nervuli procesebis Segnebuli da
Seupovari varjiSis Sedegad an gaazrebuli yovel-
dRiuri TviTgamxnevebiTa da gaucnobierebeli TviT-
269
STagonebiT. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi am elementebs
aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba, magaliTad, Cven xSirad
mivmarTavT TviTSTagonebas ise, rom arc vacnobie-
rebT mas. vidre sakuTar ufrosTan SevalT, Tavs
viwesrigebT. am garegnuli gamovlinebebis ukan
Tavdajerebis faruli TviTSTagoneba imaleba. sityve-
biT SeiZleba ase gamovTqvaT: `me mowesrigebulad
gamoviyurebi da nebismieri davalebis Sesruleba
SemiZlia~. aseT fsiqologiur movlenebs miekuTvneba
zogierTi sxva moqmedebebic. magaliTad, sagul-
dagulo dilis makiaJi, axali sagareo tansacmlis
Cacma gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevisaTvis da sxva.
interess iwvevs is faqti, rom nebisyofis Segne-
buli marTvis zegavleniT SeiZleba nervuli moqmede-
bis iseTi arsebiTi gardaqmna, rogoric pirveli
SexedviT, SeuZleblad gveCveneboda. cnobilma mkvle-
varma bombarma sakuTar Tavze daamtkica, rom adamiani,
romelsac Zlieri nebisyofa aqvs, yvelaze mZime piro-
bebSic ki gadarCeba. man dawvrilebiT aRwera eqstre-
malur situaciaSi sakuTari gancdebi, maT Soris
apaTiis, mRelvarebisa da SiSis gansakuTrebuli
mdgomareoba. is gadarCa imitom, rom am negatiur
grZnobebs Zlieri nebisyofis Zalebi daupirispira.
Tanamedroveobis yvelaze didi ubedureba _ narko-
mania, romelic qmedunarianobas spobs da ususur,
mZime avadmyofad aqcevs adamians, mxolod nebisyofis
meSveobiT inkurneba! narkomaniasTan brZolis erTa-
derTi fsiqologiuri meqanizmi nebisyofaa.
rogorc vxedavT, swored adamianis aqtiuri
moqmedeba, misi nebisyofa, rig SemTxvevebSi ki ner-
vul-fsiqikuri procesebis Segnebuli TviTreguli-
reba (nebisyofis daxmarebiT), saSualebas iZleva ara
mxolod gadarCes pirovneba misi cxovrebis mZime
gansacdelSi, aramed safrTxis dros, romelic mis
janmrTelobas an sicocxles emuqreba, gonivrulad
imoqmedos.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ibadeba kiTxva: SeuZ-
lia ki yovel Cvengans Tavisuflad, Segnebulad, nebis-
yofis ZalisxmeviT gavlena moaxdinos nervuli
procesebis regulirebaze? SesaZloa Tu ara damouki-
270
deblad, survilisamebr ganvdevnoT SiSis, mRelva-
rebis, daZabulobis grZnoba, nebismieri gavlena
movaxdinoT vegetatur funqciebze (sisxlZarRvTa da
gulis muSaobaze da sxv.), tkivilis SegrZnebaze,
gamovimuSaoT garkveul dros daZinebisa da gaR-
viZebis unari, anu avamoqmedoT organizmSi arsebuli
Sinagani biologiuri saaTi, avamaRloT aRqmis
siCqare, yuradReba, gavaumjobesoT mexsiereba? erTi
sityviT, SeiZleba mivaRwioT imas, rom Segnebulad,
nebisyofis meSveobiT vmarToT fsiqo-fiziologiuri
procesebic ki? diax, SeiZleba! `Cven gvaqvs auracxeli
Sinagani resursi da imas unda daveyrdnoT. Tu
TiToeuli Cvengani ndobas ar gamovucxadebT CvenSi
arsebul Sinagan resursebs da mxolod movlenaTa
talRebs daveyrdnobiT, araferi gamova~.1
qmedunarianobis amaRlebisa da SenarCunebis
fsiqo-fiziologiuri pirobebi, garkveulwilad,
akumulirdebian nebisyofaSi.
adamianis, rogorc pirovnebis, SefasebaSi upirve-
lesi mniSvneloba aqvs mis qcevas, qmedebas. adamianis
qmedebaSi igulisxmeba misi cxovrebis is mxare,
romelSic igi aqtiurad axorcielebs mis winaSe
mdgar amocanebs. fsiqologiaSi aqtiurobis, Segne-
buli qmedebis problema ganixileba, rogorc nebis-
yofis, nebelobiTi qmedebis problema.
maRali qmedunarianobis mqone pirovnebaTa Soris,
rogorc samagaliTo, SeiZleba davasaxeloT Cveni eris
sasiqadulo Svili dimitri uznaZe. ,,principuli da
mtkice nebisyofis kaci iyo d. uznaZe. mas SeiZleba
Zlieri nebisyofis pirovneba ewodos. dimitri saqmis
kacia... is yovelTvis Zalian bevrs muSaobs. univer-
sitetSi erTdroulad oTx-xuT disciplinaSi kiTxu-
lobs leqciebs, yvela kursis seminars xelmZRva-
nelobs, Tavmjdomarea fsiqologiuri sazogadoebisa
da warmarTavs mis regularul muSaobas, araerT sxva
dawesebulebaSi ganagebs ganyofilebebs da, amave
dros, wers Sromebs, beWdavs maT qarTul, rusul da
ucxour presaSi, wers recenziebs, redaqtorobs
____________
1
n. sarjvelaZe, fsiqologiuri saubrebi, Tb., 1995, gv. 45.
271
fsiqologiuri Sinaarsis wignebsa da krebulebs,
eswreba sxvis leqciebs da arasodes uCivis datvir-
Tvas, daqancvas, drois uqonlobas; yovelTvis didi
sixaruliT epatiJeba saxlSi Tavis mowafeebs da did-
xans esaubreba maT. cnobilia isic, rom mas Tavisi
piradi megobrebic hyavda da maTTan drois
gatarebac uyvarda.
aqtiuroba, saqmianoba _ es iyo misi sicocxlis
devizi~.1
nebisyofa Segnebuli, mizanmimarTuli fsiqikuri
aqtiurobaa, romelic dakavSirebulia winaaRmdego-
bebis gadalaxvasTan. igi erTiani fsiqikuri pro-
cesia. swored nebisyofa qmnis pirovnebis birTvs.
misi aRmocenebis Semdeg qcevisa da gancdis umetesi
nawili misi kontrolis safuZvelze mimdinareobs.
nebisyofisaTvis specifikuri funqcia pirovnebaSi
gamovlindeba. ,,pirovneba warmoadgens iseT adamians,
visac uWiravs garkveuli adgili sazogadoebaSi da
aqvs Tavisi ufleba-movaleobebi da urTierTobani~.2
rTul nebelobiT procesSi, rogorc zemoT iyo
aRniSnuli (ix. leqcia 13), SeiZleba ramdenime etapis
gamoyofa: pirveli etapi iwyeba survilis aRZvriT,
gansazRvruli miznis miRwevisaken swrafviT. meore
etapze Tavs iCens am miznis miRwevis SesaZleblobaTa
Secnoba, amas maSinve mohyveba mesame etapi _ motivebi,
romlebic amtkiceben an uaryofen am SesaZleblobebs.
meoTxe etapze iwyeba motivebis brZola. adamiani
awon-dawonis dadebiTsa da uaryofiTs, sxvadasxva
motivs, gaiTvaliswinebs konkretul garemoebas da
mexuTe etapze miiRebs gadawyvetilebas. rTuli
nebelobiTi procesis kulminaciur etaps warmoadgens
meeqvse etapi, rodesac pirovneba ganaxorcielebs
miRebul gadawyvetilebas.
TiToeuli CamoTvlili etapis xangrZlivoba
sxvadasxvaa. igi damokidebulia pirovnebis Tavisebu-
rebebsa da miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Sesrulebis
obieqtur pirobebze. miRebuli gadawyvetilebis
____________
1
n. berulava, dimitri uznaZe, cxovreba da Semoqmedeba, Tb.,
1967, gv. 68.
2
c. lomsaZe. zogadi fsiqologia, Tb., 1997, gv. 181.
272
sisruleSi moyvanas aucileblad sWirdeba gambedaoba,
simtkice, intuicia, damoukidebloba, gamZleoba,
TavdaWeriloba da TviTkritikuloba.
nebisyofis, nebelobiTi qmedebis unaris ganviTa-
reba xangrZlivi procesia. adreuli bavSvobidanve
mSoblebi Svilebs unergaven dasawyisSi sruliad
martiv da individuumis ganviTarebis mixedviT Tan-
daTan garTulebul Cvevebs. magram Tu raRac obieq-
turi an subieqturi mizezebis gamo bavSvobaSi ver
moxerxda nebisyofis ganviTareba, es ar warmoadgens
tragedias. cnobilia, rom adamians nebismier asakSi
SeuZlia hqondes TviTaRzrdis, TviTsrulyofisa da
TviTganxorcielebis momenti, nebisyofis Sesabamisi
Cvevebis SemuSavebis unari.
Cvevebi Segnebuli qmedebis avtomatizebuli
komponentebia, gamomuSavebuli raime moqmedebis xSiri
ganmeorebiT. SeZenili Cvevebis fonze moqmedeba sul
ufro Segnebuli xdeba. es ukve nebelobiTi moqme-
debaa. yoveli nebelobiTi procesis daskvniTi etapia
kunTovani moZraoba. nebismieri moZraobebi sul
axalaxali saxiT mimdinareoben da imis mixedviT
icvlebian Tu ra mizani aqvs subieqts dasaxuli. am
moZraobebis momwesrigebel centrad marcxena hemis-
feros zona iTvleba. kunTuri daZabuloba da
Zalisxmeva, pirvel rigSi, moZraobaTa
SesrulebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlebic qcevis
motorul Sinaarss Seadgenen da nebelobis aqtis
zegavleniT xorcieldebian.
mocemuli kursis meoTxe leqciaSi saubaria
ganwyobis ganuzomel gavlenaze, qcevasa da moqmedeba-
ze. `...magram is udidesi miRwevebi, romlebic
adamians aqvs mopovebuli, ganwyobis uSualo
gavleniT mainc ar aixsneba; adamiani rom am uSualo
gavlenisamara darCeniliyo, igi pirutyvis cxovrebis
dones, albaT, verasodes ver ascdeboda. adamianis
specifikuri Tavisebureba da, amave dros, misi
udidesi monapovari swored isaa, rom mas Zala
Seswevs, Tavisi qceva ganwyobis uSualo batonobas
xelidan gamoglijos, raTa igi cnobierebis aqtiT
273
gaSualebul ganwyobas daumorCilos~.1 _ aRniSnavda
genialuri qarTveli moazrovne dimitri uznaZe.
ganwyobas arc marto moTxovnilebis mdgomareoba
qmnis TavisTavad da arc marto obieqturi situacia.
imisaTvis, rom ganwyoba gaCndes, moTxovnileba Tavisi
dakmayofilebis pirobebis Semcvel obieqtur situa-
cias unda Sexvdes.
udavoa, rom is ganwyoba, romelic nebelobis
aqtSi isaxeba da nebismieri moqmedebis process war-
marTavs, subieqtis damoukidebeli aqtivobis nayofia.
àmrigad, nebisyofa Tavisufalia, ramdenadac
aqtualuri situaciis gavlenas ar emorCileba,
ramdenadac aqedan momdinare iZulebas ar ganicdis.
igi Tavisufalia, ramdenadac masze moqmedi situacia
warmosaxviTia, maSasadame subieqtis mieraa gacno-
bierebuli.~ 2
pirovnebas SeuZlia Tavisi nebisyofis meSveobiT
moaxdinos sakuTari Sinagani potencialis gaSla,
individualuri qcevis koreqcia, sakuTari Zalebi-
sadmi rwmenis gaZliereba. rogorc cnobilia, TviT
adamianis organizmsa da fsiqikaSi aris gamouyenebeli
Sinagani resursebi, romelTa aqtualizacia
fsiqikuri da fizikuri gajansaRebis sawindaria,
yovelive es xels uwyobs qmedunarianobis amaRlebas.
____________
1
d. uznaZe, zogadi fsiqologia, Tb., 1998, gv. 117.
2
iqve, gv. 220.
274
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1. ra rols TamaSobs nervul-fsiqikuri
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janmrTeloba, jansaRi nervuli
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sistemis Camoyalibeba adamianis
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qmedunarianobis amaRlebaSi?
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2. ra faqtorebi TamaSoben gadamwyvet
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rols nervul-fsiqikuri procesebis
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mowesrigebaSi?
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3. romeli Tvisebebi gvevlinebian
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adamianis specifikur
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maxasiaTeblebad?
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4. romeli faqtorebi aregulireben
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Sromisa da dasvenebis process?
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5. ra gvevlineba aqtiuri dasvenebis erT-
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erT mniSvnelovan pirobad?
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6. raSi gamoixateba RRe-Ramis samwevriani
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formula?
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7. ra rols TamaSobs adamianis xasiaTi
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nervul-fsiqikuri procesebis
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TviTregulirebaSi? (moiyvaneT
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magaliTebi).
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8. aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli xasiaTis
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marTva, misi Segnebuli
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TviTregulireba?
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9. ra faqtorebi TamaSoben gadamwyvet
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rols nervul-fsiqikuri procesebis
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aRzrdasa da TviTaRzrdaSi?
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10. ra moTxovnebs uyenebs mecnierebisa da
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teqnikis ganviTareba adamianis
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nervul-fsiqikur procesebs?
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11. rogor axerxebs adamiani Tavi
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275
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daaRwios fsiqo-fizikur gadaZabvas da
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fsiqo-nervu
fsiqo-nervuli li moqmedebis
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regulirebas? (moiyvaneT magaliTebi).
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12. ra rols TamaSobs nebisyofa adamianis
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nervul-fsiqikuri procesebis
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Segnebul TviTregulirebaSi?
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(moiyvaneT magaliTebi).
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13. ra etapebi unda ganvlos pirovnebam
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nebismieri moqmedebis Sesrulebamde
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(gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi
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moyvanamde) da ra Tvisebebia amisTvis
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saWiro?
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14. rogori damokidebuleba arsebobs
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nebisyofasa Ra ganwyobas Soris?
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15. rogor axerxebs adamiani sakuTari
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Sinagani resursebis, Sinagani
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potencialis gaSlas qmedunarianobis
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amaRlebisa da SenarCunebis mizniT?
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276
leqcia I7
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leqcia
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kultura rogorc urTi-
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erTobis regulirebis
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socialuri norma
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gegma:
1. kulturis definicia. kulturis
normebis cneba.
2. socialuri urTierTobebis
regulatorebi - kulturis normebi.
3. socialuri normebis funqciebi.
4. socialuri normebi, rogorc
socialuri kontrolis saSualeba.
5. saqmiani urTierTobebis kultura.
6. socialuri normebis moqmedebis fsiqo
fsiqo--
lo giuri meqanizmebi.
logiuri
7. efeqturi mmarTvelobiTi Sromis aTi
yuradsaRebi Tviseba.
kultura (laT. kultura) aris sazogadoebis,

adamianis SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis da unarebis ganvi-
Tarebis istoriulad gansazRvruli done, romelic
vlindeba adamianTa cxovrebis da saqmianobis
organizebis saxeebSi da formebSi.
“kulturis cneba1”gamoixateba sxvadasxva formiT,
kerZod, saqmianobis specifikur formebTan
mimarTebaSi (magaliTad, saqmiani urTierTobebis
kultura) da Seicavs adamianTa saqmianobis Sedegebs,
adamianur Zalebs da unarebs, romelTa realizebac
xdeba am saqmianobis dros - codna, SesaZleblobebi,
inteleqtis done, zneobrivi da esTetikuri
ganviTareba, msoflmxedveloba, urTierTobis xerxebi
da formebi.
socialuri qcevis sxvadasxva saxeebis reguli-
rebis dros farTod gamoiyeneba kulturis normebi.
mTlianobaSi kulturuli normebis cneba Tanafar-
____________
1
Ñîöèîëîãèÿ êóëüòóðû, Ì., 1995.
277
dobaSia cxovrebis wesis, yaidis, etiketis reguli-
rebasTan. am dros gamoiyeneba normatiuli war-
monaqmnebi - wes-Cveulebebi, ritualebi, adaT-wesebi da
socialuri qcevis regulirebis sxva formebi,
rogorc sxvadasxva erTobebis da sazogadoebis
sulieri da materialuri kulturis elementebi.
kulturis analizis dros gansakuTrebuli yurad-
Reba eTmoba mocemuli erTobis an jgufis wevrebis
urTierTobis xarisxobrivad gansazRvrul struq-
turas, romelic ganapirobebs erTobis an jgufis wev-
rebs Soris urTierTobebis da maTi urTierTzemoq-
medebis, sxva kulturuli erTobebis wevrebis mimarT
damokidebulebebis xasiaTs da Sinaarss1. kulturuli
normebi ufro metad vidre sxva saxis normebi,
yalibdeba urTierTobis struqturis tipis da
xasiaTis Sesabamisad, raTa am normebma asaxos da
SeinarCunos es struqtura. adamianis CarTva mocemuli
erTobis an jgufis kulturaSi xorcieldeba, upir-
veles yovlisa, mis mier am urTierTobebis aTvisebisa
da realizebis meSveobiT. mxolod qcevaSi da pirov-
nul normatiul sistemebSi mocemuli erTobis
kulturuli normebis realizacia aqcevs adamians
aRniSnuli erTobis an jgufis wevrad.
ama Tu im erovnebis adamiani xdeba sakuTari
eTnikuri jgufis wevri mxolod maSin, rodesac saku-
Tar qcevaSi aiTvisebs da realizebas gaukeTebs am
eTnikuri jgufis normebs. es debuleba SeiZleba
gavrceldes yvela kulturul erTobaze da jgufze.
ase, adamiani, romelic gonebriv samuSaos eweva anu
sakuTari mdgomareobiT inteligentia, mxolod maSin
xdeba inteligenti Tavisi arsiT, Tu igi Tavis qce-
vaSi namdvilad ukeTebs realizebas WeSmaritad maRal
zneobriv da kulturul socialur normebs.
socialur urTierTobebSi da urTierTqmedebebSi
adamiani yovelTvis gamodis, rogorc ama Tu im socia-
luri normis matarebeli. misi pozicia sazogadoeb-
rivi urTierTobebis sistemaSi warmoedgens mis
“`normatiul statuss~. socialuri normebis
garkveuli sistemis miRebis da realizebis SemTxvevaSi
adamiani erTveba gansakuTrebul socialur jgufSi -
____________
1
Áîáíåâà Ì.È. Ñîöèàëüíûå íîðìû è ðåãóëÿöèÿ ïîâåäåíèÿ. Ì., 1998.
278
im pirTa jgufSi, romlebic iziareben, iReben da
realizebas ukeTeben socialuri normebis mocemul
sistemas, masSi gabatonebul kulturul normebs.
specialistebis azris, socialuri normebi warmoad-
gens agreTve socialuri kontrolisa da qcevis regu-
lirebis saSualebebs. ase gamoiyo, magaliTad,
socialuri normebis ketegoriebi - samarTlis, eti-
ketis, saqmiani urTierTobebis, kulturisa da a.S.1
socialuri fsiqologia gamodis iqidan, rom
sazogadoebaSi, adamianTa jgufebSi realuri, obieq-
turi urTierTobebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, socialur-ekonomikuri,
samarTlebrivi, ideologiuri da sxva faqtorebiT,
warmoadgens socialuri normebis obieqtur
safuZvels. marTalia, socialuri normebi obieqturia,
isini ar aris damokidebuli adamianis subieqturo-
baze, magram amave dros, normebi warmoadgens garkve-
uli socialuri realobis asaxvas.
dasavlur socialur fsiqologiaSi socialuri
normebis SeswavlaSi centraluri adgili uWiravs an
zneobriv, moralur normebs, an kulturul normebs.
struqturul-funqcionaluri da sociokultu-
ruli analizis Sesabamisad, socialur normebs aqvs
funqciebis 2 tipi:
1. sazogadoebis da adamianTa jgufebis wevrTa
qcevis, urTierTobebisa da urTierTzemoqmedebis
etalonebiT, nimuSebiT, modelebiT, standartebiT,
SablonebiT uzrunvelyofis funqcia.
2. sociumSi urTierTobebis stabilizaciis,
mowesrigebis, gawonasworebis, integraciis funqciebi.
funqciebis orive tipi msgavsia, “kultura” ki ga-
nixileba rogorc am etalonebis, standartebis ni-
muSebis `sacavi~. sazogadoebis socialuri struq-
turis, socialuri jgufebisa da adamianebis (rogorc
socialuri qcevis subieqtebis) SesanarCuneblad da
uzrunvelsayofad socialuri normebi CarTulia
sazogadoebis socialuri kontrolis, misi
normatul-faseulobiT sistemaSi - kulturaSi.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze
____________
1
Ïåíêîâ Å. Ñîöèàëüíûå íîðìû - ðåãóëÿòîðû ïîâåäåíèÿ ëè÷íîñòè.
Ì., 1992.
279
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli urTierTzemoqmedebis
da urTierTdamokidebulebis formebis asaxvisas,
socialuri normebi gamodis rogors urTierTobebis
realizebis arxebi da saSualebebi. normebis Semu-
Saveba, maTi ganmtkiceba, gavrceleba uzrunvelyofilia
im uflebamosilebiT, romelic xelTa aqvs ama Tu im
socialur jgufs da warmoadgens am jgufis ufleba-
mosilebis gamovlenis, realizebis moqmed formas.
radgan socialur normebs centraluri adgili ukavia
qcevis socialuri regulirebis sistemaSi, maT udi-
desi funqcionaluri da ideologiuri datvirTva
aqvT. isini gamoiyeneba rogorc regulirebis arxebi
da saSulebebi yvela socialuri jgufisa da gaerTia-
nebis mier. am normebis Camoyalibeba da arseboba pir-
dapir aris damokidebuli maT mier xarisxobrivad
gansazRvruli socialuri normebis SemuSavebasa da
gamoyenebaze, romlebic asaxaven am jgufebis arssa da
mimarTulebas.
socialuri normebis mravalricxovani funqciebi
sazogadoebaSi, maTi realizebis da Sesrulebis SesaZ-
lebloba ganpirobebulia normebis gansakuTrebuli
daniSnulebiT. sazogadoebis moTxovnebi socialuri
normebis daxmarebiT da socialuri normebis formiT
egzavneba da waredgineba adamians, rogorc pirovnebas
da ama Tu im jgufis, erTobis, sazogadoebis wevrs.
pirovnebis ganviTareba mimdinareobs urTierTmoqme-
debis da urTierTobis situaciaSi. yoveli urTierT-
qmedeba da urTierToba uzrunvelyofilia, reglamen-
tirebulia da dafuZnebulia socialuri normebis
sistemaze. am procesebis uzrunvelyofa dakavSirebu-
lia socialuri normebis mTel rig funqciebTan.
socialuri normebi mTlianobaSi da maTi gansakuTre-
buli saxeoba - jgufuri normebi uzrunvelyofs jgu-
fis arsebobas, funqcionirebas, individis CarTvas
jgufSi, jgufuri urTieTrobebis procesebsa da
meqanizmebSi.
pirovnul normebze dakvirvebisa da empiriuli
kvlevebis safuZvelze cnobilma fsiqologma S.
Svarcma1 SeimuSava mTeli rigi hipoTezebi. igi
____________
1
Ïñèõîëîãèÿ è êóëüòóðà Ì., 1998.
280
aRniSnavs rom pirovnuli normebis aqtivacia xor-
cieldeba Semdeg pirobebSi: 1. rodesac adamianma icis,
Tu ra Sedegebs gamoiRebs normebTan SeTanxmebuli
misi qmedebebi sxva adamianebisaTvis. 2. rodesac
pirovnuli norma moiTxovs adamianisagan zustad aseT
qmedebebs. 3. rodesac adamians unari Seswevs
akontrolos sakuTari qmedebebi da maTi Sedegebi,
rodesac igi aRiarebs pirad pasuxismgeblobas Tavis
qmedebebze mocemul normasTan Sesabamisad. adamianis
qcevaze zemoqmedeba cnobierebis meSveobiT, normis
pirdapiri wardgeniT sityvier formulirebaSi
individis socializaciisa da mis mier normebis
Sesaxeb codnis SeZenis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani arxia.
magram es gzac da pirovnebis Sinagani samyaros
struqturuli gardaqmnac socialuri normebis
zegavleniT yvelaze efeqturia qcevis pirobebis,
formebis, xerxebis organizebis dros, rodesac maTSi
Cadebulia, obieqtivirebulia aucilebeli
socialuri normebi. pirovnebis qcevis umaRlesi
socialuri regulatorebis formirebisaTvis saWiroa
farTo sazogadoebrivi praqtika, saqmiani
urTierTobebis kultura. mTlianobaSi SeiZleba
CaiTvalos, rom adamianTa jgufebis saerTo
normatiul-faseulobiTi kultura mocemulia” da
saerToa urTierTqmedebis yvela monawilisaTvis.
kacobriobis istoriuli cvalebadobis dausrulebel
procesSi unda gamovyoT da davafiqsiroT is, rac
saerToa, mdgradia yvela xalxis cxovrebaSi. es
gaxlavT kulturebis erTianoba.
sazogadoebis arsebobisa da cvalebadoba-ganviTa-
rebis faqtorebi ar moqmedebs wminda mocemulobis,
TavisTavadi gaSlis wesiT. mas aucileblobiT erTvis
faqtorTa meore rigi. obieqturad arsebul movle-
nebsa da procesebSi aqtiurad ereva adamianTa neba,
miznebi, interesebi da miswrafebani, gamocdileba da
codna, ganwyobileba, sazogadoebrivi azri, gadawyve-
tilebani, ideebi, Teoriebi da a. S. maT erTobliobas
subieqturi faqtorebis sulieri mamoZravebeli
Zalebis kategoria asaxavs. isini vlindeba calkeuli
adamianebis da maTi sazogadoebrivi jgefebis, gaerTi-
anebebis da organizaciebis, xalxTa masebis sxvadasxva
281
instanciis mmarTvelobis moZraobis saTaveSi myoT
pirovnebaTa koleqtiuri da individualuri cnobie-
rebis saSualebiT. sulieri mxare rom “gamogveklo”
sazogadoebisaTvis igi, am sityvis namdvili mniSvne-
lobiT, sazogadoebac aRar iqneboda. adamianTa
suliereba uaRresad rTuli, mravalwaxnagovani feno-
menia, romlis qveda struqturul safexurad sazoga-
doebrivi fsiqologia gvevlineba. igulisxmeba socia-
luri grZnobebi, emociebi, ganwyobilebani, erovnuli
fsiqikuri wyobis Taviseburebani da sxv. gnoseolo-
giuri TvalsazrisiT adamianTa suliereba warmos-
dgeba ufro maRal-racionalur doneze - kulturu-
li, politikuri, samarTlebrivi, religiuri,
zneobrivi, mxatvruli, filosofiuri, mecnieruli
ideebis, Sexedulebebis, Teoriebis - sazogadoebrivi
ideologiis saxiT.
adamianTa yofiereba, maTi cxovreba da saqmianoba
sulierebis aucilebeli TanamonawileobiT mimdina-
reobs. suliereba, uwinares yovlisa, adamianTa
cxovelmoqmedebis aqtiuri sawyisia. igi safeZvelia
rogorc calkeuli individebis, ise adamianTa
socialuri jgufebisa da gaerTianebebis moqmedebisa
yvela doneze, mTeli sazogadoebis CaTvliT. magram
adamianTa cxovelmoqmedebis sawyisis rols rom
asrulebs, sulierebis funqcia amiT ar amoiwureba.
sulieri Zalebi azrs mateben calkeuli adamianebis,
maTi gaerTianebebis, socialuri jgufebisa da
organizaciebis moqmedebebs. suliereba am moqmedebaTa
garegnulad uCinari, magram Sinaganad warmmarTveli
Sinagani maregulirebeli Zalaa. igi adamianTa Soris
urTierTkavSiris damyarebisa da maTi erToblivi
ZalisxmeviT moqmedebis Segnebis formiTac iCens Tavs.
am mimarTulebiT vlindeba sulieri faqtorebis
maorganizebeli funqcia. da bolos, suliereba gada-
dis” da xorcs isxams adamianTa praqtikul moqmede-
baSi. suliereba Tavis srul gamoxatulebas poulobs
adamianTa saqmiani urTierTobebis kulturis
xasiaTSi.
kacobriobis saukeTeso moazrovneebi yovelTvis
amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas adamianTa codnisa da ganaT-
lebis, profesiuli daxelovnebis udides mniSvnelo-
282
baze maTi saqmianobis da cxovrebisaTvis, erTmaneTTan
urTierTobis regulirebisaTvis.
saqmiani urTierTobebis kulturis mecnieruli
codnis ganviTarebiT ganisazRvreba Sromis xasiaTis
Secvla, adamianTa inteleqtualuri donis amaRleba,
maTi fsiqologia, Cvevebi da tradiciebi, moraluri
stimulebi da TviT cxovrebis wesic ki1. socialuri
normebis moqmedebis fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis
damuSavebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs marTvis sferoSi.
nebismieri marTva warmoadgens arxs, romliTac
mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmedeba, maT Soris, socialuri
normebic, miewodeba sawarmoo koleqtivebis,
socialuri jgufebis, gaerTianebebis konkretul
wevrebs. mmaTrvelobiTi zemoqmedebis efeqtianoba
bevrad aris damokidebuli im codnis gamoyenebaze,
romelic exeba adamianis normatiuli qcevis kanonzo-
mierebebs, mis mier am normebis miRebis kanonzomie-
rebebs da sakuTar qcevaSi maT srulad gaTvaliswi-
nebas.
saqmian urTierTobebSi kulturis udides rols
exeba v. i. tereSenko2, romelic 30 weli saqmianobda
aSS-Si. mas SesaZleblad miaCnia adamianis efeqturi
mmarTvelobiTi Sromis aTi Tvisebis gamoyofa.
pirveli Tviseba - iyavi yovelTvis mmaTrveli
da ara `mexre~.
ras niSnavs es? odesRac CikagoSi movismine
ubralo sofleli biWis istoria, romelmac muSaoba
dawyo qalaqis yvelaze did univermaR `marSal
fildSi~” da oc weliwadSi gaikeTa kariera: Sevida
firmis direqtorTa SemadgenlobaSi, gaxda milio-
neri, gadavida londonSi da gaxsna sakuTari super-
marketi. aseTi warmatebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi
iyo adamianebTan saqmis daWeris gansacvifrebeli
unari. igi am Tvisebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda da
yvela Tavisi TanamSromlisaTvis Seadgina specialuri
cxrili, romelsac erqva - `gaxsovdes yovelTvis, rom
Sen mmarTveli xar da ara `mexre~.
____________
1
b. lutiZe. sociologia. (leqciebis kursi), Tb. 2002.
2
v.i. tereSenko. ekonomistis saubrebi (30 weli amerikaSi)
Tb., 2006.
283
`mexre~” misdami daqvemdebarebul koleqtivs mie-
rekeba, mmarTveli ki - miuZRvis. pirvelma yovelTvis
“`yvelaferi icis~” da, raTa Seiqmnas avtoriteti
sakuTar TanamSromlebTan, xazs usvams amas. meore ki
ase ar iqceva: roca saWiroa, aswavlis adamianebs, kar-
naxobs, agebinebs, magram Tavis codnas xazs ar usvams.
rame uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi `mexre~” maSinve iwyebs
damnaSavis Zebnas. kargi ufrosi ki amas arasodes
sCadis da ubralod asworebs daSvebul Secdomebs.
roca brZanebas iZleva “mexre, yovelTvis xazs usvams
Tavis `mes~”(`me Tqven gibrZanebT gaakeToT ase da ase~),
mmarTveli ki amis magivrad ambobs `modiT gavakeToT~.
cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba mowmobs, rom meore
formula bevrad ufro efeqturia, vinaidan igi ar
qmnis fsiqologiur bariers ufrossa da xelqveiTs
Soris.
`mexre~ kidev erTi niSani is aris, rom igi ara-
sodes araviTar informacias ar awvdis TanamSrom-
lebs, amitom aseT koleqtivSi iqmneba xmebis dayrisa
da Woraobis Waobiseburi atmosfero. gonieri
xelmZRvaneli arasodes eSveba msgavs saidumloebamde”
da rac SeiZleba srul informacias awvdis Tavis
koleqtivs yvelaferze, rac exeba maT saqmianobas,
bunebrivia, garda saxelmwifo saidumloebisa.
adamianebs, rac ufro kargad esmiT ra xdeba,
miT ufro efeqtianad SeuZliaT gavlena iqonion
movlenaTa msvlelobaze.
es aramarto Sromisadmi Segnebul damokidebu-
lebas uwyobs xels, aramed bunebriv adamianur
interessac akmayofilebs. Tu Cven adamianSi ar ganva-
viTarebT cnobismoyvareobis grZnobas, amiT davamux-
ruWebT mis ganviTarebas. magaliTad, aSS-Si gansakuT-
rebiT mcire sawarmoebSi, roca niSnaven axal ufross,
adgilobriv biuletenSi moyavT misi sruli biog-
rafia: rodis daibada, sad miiRo ganaTleba, ra Tanam-
debobebze muSaobda, daojaxebulia Tu ara, ras
saqmianoben ojaxis wevrebi da a.S. amaSi araferia uCve-
ulo, adamianebisaTvis sulerTi ar aris visTan
iTanamSromleben isini. da bolos, `mexre~ axerxebs yve-
laze saintereso samuSao gadaaqcios mosawyen da mono-
tonur samuSaod, ris gamoc adamianebi mouTmenlad
284
elian samuSao dRis damTavrebas. kargi ufrosi ise
awobs samuSaos, rom igi ara mxolod materialuri
keTildReobis, aramed moraluri kmayofilebis wya-
rod iqces. amerikelebi Tvlian: TavisTavad moraluri
stimuli naklebefeqturia, Tu masTan erTad ar aris
materialuri daintereseba.
meore Tviseba - sakuTari Tavis rwmena.
es ar aris yoyoCoba, ubralod rwmenaa imisa, rom
SegiZlia Seasrulo dakisrebuli movaloba. cxovreba
gviCvenebs, rom rwmenis meSveobiT adamianma SesaZloa
SuZlebelsac ki miaRwios.
mesame Tviseba - simkacre da momTxovneloba.
Cven zogjer vfiqrobT, rom xelqveiTebs uyvarT
mxolod keTili ufrosebi, dae ase iyos, sikeTe -
pozitiuri Tvisebaa da Cveulebriv kargia, roca
ufrosi keTili kacia, magram mas unda SeeZlos sike-
Tisa da zomieri simkacris SeTanawyoba. es mWidrod
aris dakavSirebuli Sromis disciplinis problemeb-
Tan. saqmian urTierTobebSi disciplinis ugulvebel-
yofaze meti boroteba ar arsebobs. xelmZRvanelebi
mTel imeds TviTdisciplinaze amyareben, magram
realistebi unda viyoT: TviTdisciplinis aRzrda
bevr dros moiTxovs. ase rom xelmZRvaneli sakmaod
mkacri da momTxovni unda iyos, raTa koleqtivSi
SeinarCunos saWiro samuSao atmosfero.
meoTxe Tviseba - Seni xelqveiTebi yovelTvis ga-
akritike pozitiurad.
ar aris marTali is ufrosi, romelic gamoiZaxebs
damnaSave xelqveiTs da mxolod misi Secdomebis
CamoTvlas daiwyebs. es arafris momcemia, zogjer ki
mxolod aborotebs adamians. SeiZleba daiwyo kriti-
kiT, magram aucileblad unda daamTavro pozitiuri
miTiTebebiT rogor unda imuSaos man sxvanairad.
aseTi kritika mizans aRwevs.
mexuTe Tviseba - dainteresebisa da dasjis
unari.
saubaria imaze, rom cxovrebaSi Tqven ver moZebniT
or adamians, romlebic erTnairad reagireben kriti-
kaze an rame SeniSvnaze. magaliTad, ufrosi axalgazrda
TanamSromels aZlevs SeniSvnas, is ki ainunSic ar
agdebs mas. igive SeniSvna asakiT ufross ki gaawiT-
285
lebs da gaanawyenebs. amitom ufrosi yovel aseT
SemTxvevaSi angariSs unda uwevdes konkretul adamians,
mis xasiaTs, asaks, ganaTlebas, socialur mdgoma-
reobas. maSin daintereseba da dasja mizans miaRwevs.
saerTo wesia: sajaro kritika umaRlesi sasjelia.
garda amisa, aseT SemTxvevaSi zogjer xelmZRvanelic
veRar uwevs kontrols situacias da xelqveiTi
yovelTvis adekvaturad veRar aRiqvams sakuTari Tavis
mimarT kritikas, rac xSirad savalalo Sedegebs
iwvevs. arasodes ar unda daiwyoT am saxis kritikiT.
gansakuTrebiT efeqturia kritika pirdapir erTi
erTze. ai, roca es ar Svelis erTxel, meored, mesamed,
maSin ukve saWiroa sajaro kritika.
meeqvse Tviseba - ufrosis unari, daafasos
Tavisi TanamSromlebis dro.
praqtika gviCvenebs, rom ufrosis mier TanamSro-
melTa drois daufaseblobiT iwyeba koleqtivis
moraluri daSla. amiT igi xelqveiTebs aswavlis ar
daafason misi droc. xelmZRvanelis maRali kulturis
erT-erTi maCvenebelia misi misaRebi. magaliTad, aSS-
Si Tqven ver naxavT ufrosis an eqimis, advokatis
misaRebs, sadac Tavmoyrili iqneba xalxi. iq aseTi ram
ar aris, radgan miReba CaweriT xdeba. da kidev arc
erTi ufrosi ar gamoZaxebs mis xelqveiT xelmZRva-
nels, Tu icis, rom mas miRebis saaTebi aqvs. igi mainc
ar mova. CvenSi zogierT ufross uyvars xelqveiTebis
Wkuis swavleba: daafase dro, racionalurad moawyve
Seni samuSao dRe. Wkuas ki arigeben, magram Semdeg
TviTonve aRar aZleven am SegonebiT moqmedebis SesaZ-
leblobas. xSirad gaismis Civili: ra Znelia muSaoba
daugegmavi, `zemodan~” uceremonio gamoZaxebis gamo.
meSvide Tviseba - ufrosis Tavaziani, keTil-
mosurne damokidebuleba Tavis TanamSromlebTan.
praqtika mowmobs, rom roca ufrosi uxeSia, maSin
urTierTuxeSoba mTeli koleqtivis damaxasiaTebeli
niSani xdeba. rogori gamarTlebac ar unda mouZebnoT
amas, uxeSoba, uzrdeloba sabolood verasodes
imarjvebs.
Tuki xelmZRvaneli kulturuli da Tavaziania,
keTilmosurned ekideba Tavis xelqveiTebs, SeniSvnis-
286
Tvis Sesabamis formas gamonaxavs, maSin koleqtivSic
myardeba kargi moralur-fsiqologiuri klimati.
merve Tviseba - laparakisa da gaCumebis unari.
sociologiuri gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom Cvens
droSi ufrosebi TavianTi samuSao drois daaxloe-
biT 70 % laparakoben, mxolod 30% weren, kiTxuloben,
asruleben sxva samuSaos. gasakviri ar aris, rom
sazRvargareT (iaponia) mmarTvelobiTi SromisaTvis
adamianis momzadebis dros iseT kursebs iyeneben,
sadac aswavlian laparakis, saqmiani, gasagebi da
swrafi gankargulebis gacemis, sakuTari azris
mkafiod gamoxatvis unars.
ras niSnavs gaCumebis unari? es niSnavs imas, rom
kulturuli ufrosi ar unda sargeblobdes Tavisi
TanamdebobiT da, rogorc ityvian, ar unda aCumebdes
Tavis xelqveiTs. xelqveiTi gaCumdeba, magram aseT
saqciels arasodes apatiebs ufross. yovelTvis
mieciT adamians saSualeba, gamoTqvas sakuTari azri,
amiT Tqven Tavidan aicilebT zedmet Relvasa da
usiamovnebas.
mecxre Tviseba - iumoris grZnoba, saRi xumro-
bis Sefasebis, zogjer sakuTar Tavze gacinebis unari.
es Tviseba, romelic jer kidv miuRebelia Cvens
qveyanaSi, didad fasobs aSS-Si. iq normalur movle-
nad iTvleba karikaturebi da anekdotebi prezidentsa
da mTavrobaze. aravize ar yofila imdeni moaruli
xumroba da anekdoti, ramdenic franklin ruzveltze -
aSS-s erT-erT upopulares prezidentze, romelic
oTxjer zedized airCies am postze. amboben, rom is
mTeli cxovreba agrovebda mxiarul, uwyinar karika-
turebs sakuTar Tavze.
yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, ras emyareba
avtoriteti. Tu saqme imaze midga, rom es patara
“mefea, romelic maRal saufroso savarZelSi im miz-
niT Casves, rom man “marTos, maSin, bunebrivia, raime
xumrobiT an karikaturiT misi avtoriteti Seilaxeba.
xolo Tu xelmZRvanelis avtoriteti efuZneba misi
naTeli gonebis, patiosani gulisa da mSromeli
xelebis rwmenas, maSin xelqveiTebi masSi xedaven ara
marto ufross, aramed karg adamians, kulturul
pirovnebas, romlis avtoritetic xumrobiT ar
287
Seilaxeba. ratom eniWeba aseTi didi mniSvneloba am
Tvisebas? mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis saukuneSi,
romelsac Tan sdevs nervuli daavadebani mTels
msoflioSi, roca adamians ar SeuZlia gacineba,
gaxumreba, igi arTulebs Tavis urTierTobas sxvebTan,
imoklebs sicocxles. is ufrosi, romelsac ar
SeuZlia xumroba da gacineba, ara marto Tavis sicoc-
xles imoklebs, aramed mniSvnelovnad arTulebs Tavisi
xelqveiTebis cxovrebas.
meaTe Tviseba - dainteresdi, Seiswavle Seni
TanamSromlebi.
cxovrebaSi araferia imaze saintereso, vidre
adamiani. yoveli maTgani gansakuTrebiT afasebs
sakuTari Tavisadmi yuradRebas. karg xelmZRvanels
mudam unda axsovdes es. asea iseT qveyanaSic ki,
rogoric aSS-ia, sadac yvelaferi TiTqos dolaris
garSemo brunavs. Tundac aseTi magaliTi: texasis
navTobis kompaniebs qveyanaSi yvelaze sastiki eqsplua-
tatorebis reputacia aqvT da ai, moulodneli
sensacia: am Statis firmebis muSebsa da mosamsaxureebs
Soris yvelaze didi popularobiT erT-erTi
navTobis kompaniis prezidenti sargeblobs. Jurna-
listebma gamoikvlies, rom am kompaniis prezidentis
marTvis meTodebs Soris aris aseTi meTodi: yoveli
samuSao dRis dawyebamde igi iRebda dokuments,
romelSic fiqsirebuli iyo misi TanamSromlebis
pirad cxovrebaSi momxdari siaxleebi. kompaniis
prezidentis muSaobis pirveli TxuTmeti wuTi eTmo-
boda imas, rom igi piradad esalmeboda iubilarebs,
bednier mSoblebs, romelTa ojaxebSi gaCnda patara,
TanagrZnobas ucxadebda ojaxebs, romelTac ubedureba
ewiaT. SeiZleba mas aqamde arc ki gaugonia mravalaTa-
siani koleqtivis ama Tu im muSakis gvari, magram
adamians siamovnebda kompaniis prezidentis yuradReba.
bunebrivia, zemoT CamoTvlili Tvisebebi ver
amowuravs mTel problemebs,magram aRsaniSnavia, rom es
aTi Tviseba ZiriTadia, ramdenadac isni uzrunvel-
yofen marTvis kulturisa da efeqturobis maRal
dones, gvaZleven uzarmazar ukugebas.
saqmiani urTieTrobebis kultura - es ara marto
urTierT-xelsayreli garigebebis srulyofis, sazoga-
288
doebis samsaxuris kultura, aramed inovaciuri
kulturacaa.
dReisaTvis saqmian adamianTa didi umetesoba aris
inovaciuri kulturis matarebeli.
saqmiani urTierToba warmoadgens ara ubralo
sistemas, romelsac mTlianobis aucilebeli niSnebi
aqvs, aramed es aris agreTve Sinaganad regulirebuli
(an ufro zustad, TviTregulirebadi) sistema. uwina-
resad, es aris urTierTobaTa erToblioba sabazro
ekonomikis subieqtebs Soris, e.i. produqciis
mwarmoeblebs, mewarmeebs, saxelmwifo samsaxurebs,
sazogadoebriv, profesiul kavSirebsa da asociaciebs
Soris da sxv. ekonomikuri damokidebulebis yvela es
urTierToba, kavSiri da forma ganapirobebs
erTmaneTs da Seadgens erT mTlians, sadac saqmiani
urTierTobebis kultura udides rols TamaSobs1.
kulturis yovlismomcveli, uaRresad farTo
gageba gulisxmobs im RirebulebaTa samyaros,
romelsac adamianebi qmnian bunebasTan da erTmaneTTan
urTierTobis procesSi. am msjelobidan gamomdinare,
kulturis arsebiT, Sinagan maxasiaTebels Semoqmedeba
warmoadgens. amdenad, kultura adamianTa Semoqmede-
biTi saqmianobis mizanmimarTuli moRvaweobis Sede-
gia. mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, fizikuri saqmianobiT
vaRwevT am Sedegs Tu gonebriviT.
materialuri kulturis samyaro da misi srul-
yofa-ganviTareba TavisTavad metyvelebs adamianis
Tavisuflebaze da mis zrdaze. igive iTqmis sulieri
kulturis mimarTac. kulturis progresi Tavisuf-
lebis progresia da piriqiT. sulieri kulturis
Sinaarss Seadgens adamianis azrebi, warmodgenebi,
gancdebi, ganwyobilebebi, moTxovnilebebi, idealuri
cnobierebiseuli mxare. amasTan, unda iTqvas, rom ar
arsebobs wminda materialuri kultura - Tavisufali
sulieri elementebisagan, arc wminda sulieri
kultura - Tavisufali nivTieri elementebisagan.
rogorc cnobilia, sazogadoeba Tvis Tavs
uzrunvelyofs adamianebis mier Seqmnili, garkveuli
wesebis mixedviT gardaqmnili da mis samsaxurSi
____________
1
Øâåéöåð À. Êóëüòóðà è ýòèêà. Ì., 1993.
289
Cayenebuli RirebulebiTi samyaros saSualebiT.
Tu kulturis struqturas safuZvlad davudebT
Sinaarsobriv mxares, maSin igi Semadgenel elementTa
mTeli speqtriT warmogvidgeba: TviT ekonomika,
fsiqologia, politika, samarTali, zneoba, filo-
sofia, xelovneba, mecniereba, ganaTleba, religia da
a.S. da igi akumulirdeba saqmiani urTierTobebis
kulturaSi. Sromismoyvareoba, Wkua, ganaTleba da
kultura bednierebis aucilebeli atributia.
socialuri normebis gacnobiereba, aqtualizacia,
adekvaturi prezentacia cnobierebis fenomenalur
velSi, SesaZleblobas iZleva am socialuri normebis
analizisa da Sefasebis dros gamoyenebul iqnas
sazogadoebrivi, socialuri kriteriumebi. mxolod
cnobierebaSi prezentirebuli socialuri normebi
xdeba gacnobierebuli da Sefasebuli, rac SesaZleb-
lobas aZlevs adamians gamoimuSaos qcevis reguli-
rebis maRali formebi da saSualebebi, RirebulebiTi
sistemebi da kriteriumebi. etiketis mTeli arsi
arsebul meqanizms emyareba, igi aris pirovnebis qcevis
avkargianobis ganmsazRvreli.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom saqmiani urTierTobebis kulturis,
etiketis Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs maRal doneze
iqnas ayvanili saqmiani urTierTobebi.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos
sinamdvileSi pirvelad, soxumis universitetSi
samagistro programis “`socialur-politikuri
mecnierebebi~”yvela modulis magistrantebs ekiTxebaT
leqciebi disciplinaSi “saqmiani urTierTobebis
kultura.
vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli disciplinis Seswavla did
sargeblobas moutans agreTve ekonomikuri da iuri-
diuli fakultetebis magistrantebs.
290
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1. ra Sinaarsi devs kulturis cnebaSi?
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2. socialuri qcevis sxvadasxva saxeebis
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regulirebis dros ZiriTadad romeli
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normebi gamoiyeneba?
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3. kulturuli normebi rasTan arian
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TanafardobaSi?
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4. kulturuli normebis analizis dros
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ras eTmoba gansakuTrebuli yuradReba?
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5. ra SemTxvevaSi xdeba adamiani sakuTari
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eTnikuri jgufis, an sxva romelime
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socialuri jgufis wevri?
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6. ra funqciebi gaaCnia socialur normebs?
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7. ratom iTvleba kultura sazogadoebis,
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adamianTa jgufebis wevrTa qcevis,
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urTierTobebisa da
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urTierTzemoqmedebis standartebis,
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etalonebis, nimuSebis, modelebis,
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Sablonebis `sacavad~?
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8. rogor pirobebSi xorcieldeba
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pirovnuli normebis aqtivizacia
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fsiqolog S. Svarcis Tanaxmad?
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9. ra aris aucilebeli da saWiro
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pirovnebis qcevis umaRlesi socialuri
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regulatoris formirebisaTvis?
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10. moqmedeben Tu ara sazogadoebis
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arsebobisa da cvalebadoba-
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ganviTarebis faqtorebi wminda
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mocemulobis, TavisTavadi gaSlis wesiT,
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Tu mas aucileblobiT uerTdeba
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faqtorTa kidev sxva jgufebic? Tqveni
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azriT, romlebi?
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11. ra mniSvneloba eniWeba socialuri
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normebis fsiqologiur meqanizmebs
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marTvis sferoSi?
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12. saqmiani urTierTobebis kulturis
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romeli 10 Tviseba ipyrobs Cvens
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yuradRebas?
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291
ekonomikuri
fsiqologia
(SemecnebiTi swavleba)
programa
292
programa
disci plinis miznebi da amocanebi

fsiqologiuri mecnierebis umniSvnelovanes gamo-
yenebiT dargs ekonomikuri fsiqologia warmoadgens.
igi ikvlevs ekonomikuri procesebis, ekonomikuri
movlenebisa da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis fsiqiku-
ri asaxvis kanonzomierebebs.
Zveli ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ngrevam da
axali, Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis uCveulo, ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis warmoSobam (gansakuTrebiT sakuTre-
bis formebis Secvlam) urTulesi amocanebis winaSe
daayena adamiani.
ekonomikis centralizebulma marTvam adgili
dauTmo ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetas calke-
ul individTa da jgufebis mier.
firmebis, koncernebis, saerTaSoriso ekono-
mikuri organizaciebisa da sxvaTa erToblivi
saqmianoba, garigebebi, saxelmwifo sistemebis Carevis
gareSe xorcieldeba. aseT situaciaSi gadamwyvet
rols TamaSobs ,,adamianuri faqtori~ _ rogor
SeZlebs pirovneba am urTules ekonomikur
labirinTebSi gzis gakvlevas, sakuTari Tavisa da
situaciis marTvas? ekonomikuri fsiqologia
adamians exmareba urTulesi amocanebis gadawyvetaSi.
mocemuli kursis ZiriTadi mizania studentTa
SeiaraReba Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi codniT àda-
mianuri faqtoris~ ganuzomeli rezervebis Sesaxeb,
ekonomikaSi maTi gamovlenisa da srulfasovani
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis swavlebis obieqturi
aucilebloba gamoweeulia ekonomikaSi da, masTan
dakavSirebiT, adamianTa fsiqikaSi radikaluri cvli-
lebebis warmoSobiT, rodesac fsiqologiis codnis
gareSe Znelia ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyveta.
ekonomikuri fsiqologia efuZneba
zogadfsiqologiur Teoriasa da meTodologias.
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis kursis swavleba xor-
cieldeba rogorc leqciebze, ise seminarul da praq-
tikul mecadineobebze. programa iTvaliswinebs saxel-
mZRvaneloebze damoukidebel muSaobasac.
saswavlo programiT ekonomikuri fsiqologiis
kursis Seswavlas eTmoba 160 astronomiuli saaTi.
293
programa
disci plinis Sinaarsi da struqtura

disciplinis
Tema 1. fsiqologiis sagani, fsiqologiis dargebi,

meTodebi::
fsiqologiis ZiriTadi meTodebi
fsiqologia, rogorc mecniereba fsiqikis
Sesaxeb.
fsiqikis raoba.
fsiqikuri sinamdvilis sami jgufi.
fsiqikuri procesebi.
fsiqikuri Tvisebebi.
fsiqikuri mdgomareobani.
tvini da fsiqika.
fsiqikisa da cnobierebis ganviTareba.
fsiqologiis dargebi: zogadi fsiqologia,
asakobrivi, pedagogiuri fsiqologia,
samedicino fsiqologia, iuridiuli
fsiqologia, ekonomikuri fsiqologia da sxva
fsiqologiis meTodebi.
Tema 2. ekonomikuri fsiqologiis sagani, amocanebi,

wyaroebi
ekonomikuri fsiqologia, rogorc
fsiqologiuri mecniereba. misi warmoSobis
aucilebeli pirobebi. ekonomikuri
fsiqologiis ori wyaro da ori tendencia.
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis sagani, mizani da
amocanebi.
ekonomikurisa da fsiqologiuris
urTierTkavSiri da urTierTzemoqmedeba.
ekonomikuri fsiqologiis Sinaarsi.
Tema 3. socialur-fsiqologiuri da ekonomikuri

problemebis kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodebi.
adamianTa fsiqologiur
fsiqologiuri i ti pebi
kvlevis mowyobis winapirobebi.
kvlevis meTodebi (ZiriTadi eqvsi meTodi).
anketis Sedgenisa da gamoyenebis wesi.
anketis saxeebi. anketirebis wesi. misi
daxasiaTeba.
adamianTa fsiqologiuri tipebi.
294
programa
Tema 4. Sromis efeqtianobis amaRlebis socialur-

fsiqologiuri faqtorebi
im fsiqologiuri meqanizmis daxasiaTeba,
romlis meSveobiTac vlindeba adamianis
damokidebuleba nebismieri saqmianobis
procesebisa da movlenebis mimarT.
socialur-fsiqologiuri klimatis modeli,
misi daxasiaTeba.
ori sistema da Tormeti qvesistema, TiToeulis
daxasiaTeba.
d. uznaZis ganwyobis Teoria.
pirovnebis ganwyoba (dadebiTi, uaryofiTi,
neitraluri), rogorc fsiqologiuri klimatis
avkargianobis maCvenebeli.
fsiqologiuri klimati, rogorc adamianis
aqtiurobis amaRlebis an, piriqiT, daqveiTebis
ZiriTadi da gadamwyveti faqtori.
Tema 5. adamianis Sromisunarianoba da Sromis

nayofiereba
Sromisunarianoba, rogorc adamianis unari
Camoayalibos Tavisi organizmi samuSao mdgoma-
reobaSi, anu Secvalos fiziologiuri funqcie-
bis moqmedeba imgvarad, rom uzrunvelyos Sro-
mis maRali done.
Sromisunarianobis periodebi, maTi daxasiaTeba.
Sromisunarianobis mdgomareobis Semswavleli
meTodebi, maTi daxasiaTeba.
emociebis roli Sromisunarianobis amaRlebis
saqmeSi.
Sromisunarianobisa da Sromis nayofierebis
urTierTkavSiri da urTierTzemoqmedeba.
Tema 6. socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis marTvis

fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi
socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis marTvis
sistemis detaluri analizi.
marTvis funqcionirebis oTxi aucilebeli
elementis: samarTavi obieqtis, marTvis
subieqtis, miznisa da algoriTmis (im gzebis,
295
programa
saSualebebis, meTodebis, romlebic

uzrunvelyofen miznis miRwevas) daxasiaTeba.
marTvis procesis aRwera, analizi.
cocxali organizmis mier ganxorcielebuli
marTvis mravalferovani doneebis sistemis
daxasiaTeba.
adamianis qcevis motivebis, moqmedebis programe-
bis gansazRvra.
miznis gansazRvra, miznis dasaxvis urTulesi
procesis dawvrilebiTi analizi.
fsiqikis, rogorc adamianis qcevisa da moqmede-
bis marTvis yovelmxrivi ganxilva.
fsiqikis im Sinaarsebis ganxilva, romlebic
mTavar rols asruleben marTvis procesSi
(mexsiereba, cnobiereba, qvecnobiereba, nebisyofa).
marTvis procesis normaluri funqcionirebis
aucilebeli piroba.
Tema 7. marketingis arsi da misi funqcionirebis

fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi
marketingis fsiqologia, rogorc ekonomikuri

fsiqologiis ganStoeba, marketingis
fsiqologiis warmoSobis winapirobebi.
marketingis marTvis socialur-fsiqologiuri
faqtorebi.
pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis roli mar-
ketinguli saqmianobis strategiasa da taqtikaSi.
momxmarebelTa msyidvelobiTi unaris
moTxovnilebad gadaqcevis fsiqologiuri arsi.
marketingul saqmianobaSi gaurkveveli
situaciebis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi da aqedan
gamosvlis gzebi. riskis faqtorebi.
marketingis nebismieri problemebis gadawyeetis
eqvsi ZiriTadi etapi da maTi fsiqologiuri arsi.
profesiulad da fsiqologiurad momzadebul
adamianTa roli marketingul saqmianobaSi.
marketingul saqmianobaSi fsiqologiur
faqtorTa mniSvneloba.
296
programa
Tema 8. mewarmeobis ganviTarebis fsiqologiuri

mewarmeobis
safuZveli. mewarmis fsiqologiuri portreti
mcire biznesis ganviTarebis gzebi dasavleT

evropaSi.
mewarme-investori, axali ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis mTavari figura.
mewarmis daxasiaTebis sxvadasxva interpreta-
ciis analizi.
mewarmeTa fenis Camoyalibebis subieqturi da
obieqturi faqtorebi.
saqarTveloSi mewarmeobis ganviTareba
ekonomikuri da socialuri krizisebis
daZlevis, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis
aucilebeli piroba.
saqarTveloSi biznesSi dakavebul mewarmeTa
jgufebi.
qarTveli mewarmis fsiqologiuri portreti.
socialuri kvlevis Sedegebis analizi.
biznesSi warmatebis an warumateblobis
obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebis analizi.
Tema 9. saqmiani saubrisa da molaparakebebis

momzadeba
Sexvedrebis miznebi da momzadebis etapebi.
Sinaarsobrivi da organizaciuli momzadeba.
molaparakebis procesis stadiebi.
delegaciis formireba.
programis Sedgena.
molaparakebebis droisa da adgilis SeTanxmeba.
saqmiani saubari da misi warmarTvis 10 wesi.
Tanamosaubris darwmunebis 13 wesi.
Tema 10. saqmiani urTierTobebis teqnologia, saqmiani

saubris warmarTvis fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi
saqmiani saubris warmarTvis fsiqologiuri
aspeqtebi.
racionaluroba.
urTierTgageba.
297
programa
urTierToba.
ueWveloba.
interesebis prioriteti da sxva.
Segnebuli tyuili.
molaparakebaze gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva taqtika.
eqsportioris strategia.
importioris strategia.
SeniRbuli qceva da sxva pirobebi.
Tema 11. pirovnebis biologiuri foni-temperamenti da

misi zemoqmedeba qcevasa da moqmedebaze
temperamentis definicia. temperamentis
tipologiis Camoyalibebis mokle mimoxilva.
galenisa da hipokrates mier SemoTavazebuli
temperamentis tipebi: sangviniki, qoleriki,
flegmatiki, melanqoliki.
temperamentis konstituciuri da endokrinuli
,,wvenebis~ Teoriebi.
i. pavlovis udidesi damsaxureba _ temperamen-
tis klasifikaciis safuZvlis, nervuli sistemis
tipebis Teoriis Camoyalibeba: Zlieri, moZravi,
gawonasworebuli; Zlieri, moZravi, gauwonas-
worebeli; Zlieri, neli-inertuli, gawonas-
worebuli; susti, gauwonasworebeli. nervuli
sistemis oTxi tipis Sepirispireba temperamentis
klasikur tipebTan.
pirovnebis swavlebis, aRzrdis, profesiuli
daostatebis procesebze temperamentis zegavlena.
Tema 12. grZnobebi da emociebi

grZnobebisa da emociebis cneba. misi arsi.
grZnobebisa da emociebis gansxvavebis safuZveli.
grZnobebisa da emociebis fiziologiuri safuZveli.
emociis saxeebi: dadebiTi emociebi, uaryofiTi
emociebi, sTenikuri da asTenikuri emociebi.
emociuri mdgomareobani: guneba-ganwyobileba
(depresia, eiforia), swrafva (vneba), afeqti,
stresi, frustracia.
298
programa
grZnobebis Tvisebebi: subieqturoba, polaroba,

ambivalentoba, dinamiuroba, intensivoba, siRrme
da seriozuloba.
grZnobis saxeebi _ maRali da dabali grZnobebi.
Tema 13. nebisyofa

nebisyofis arsis Sesaxeb.
nebisyofa, rogorc adamianis specifikuri
funqcia.
nebismieri qcevis ZiriTadi momentebi.
impulsuri qceva. nebismieri qceva.
nebismieri moqmedebis struqtura.
energiuloba da nebisyofis simtkice.
nebisyofis aRzrda da nebisyofis gancda.
Tema 14. motivacia

motivaciis sferos zogadi mimoxilva.
motivaciis definicia.
motivaciis warmoSobisa da Camoyalibebis
meqanizmi.
SromiTi motivaciis analizi. moqmedebis
motivaciuri regulireba _ pirovnebis mier
Tavisi aqtiurobis Sefasebis (adekvaturi da
araadekvaturi) mniSvneloba. potenciuri
motivaciis ori zona.
motivaciuri regulirebis situaciuri done.
motivaciuri regulirebis umniSvnelovanesi
rezervi _ adamianis funqcionaluri
SesaZleblobebis zomieri da srulfasovani gamoyeneba.
ganwyoba da motivacia. qcevis motivebis
urTierTkavSiri pirovnebis socialur tenden-
ciebTan, RirebulebiT orientaciebTan da ada-
mianis xasiaTTan.
Tema 15. normasa da paTologias Soris myof adamianTa

qaraqterologiur-ti pologiur
pologiurii
Taviseburebebi. mosazRvre mdgomareobani
Taviseburebebis zogadi mimoxilva. subieqtur
299
programa
me-Si Semavali sami komponentis: somaturi me-s,

socialuri me-s da fsiqikuri me-s daxasiaTeba.
adamianTa mravalferovnebaSi im jgufebis
gamoyofa da Seswavla, romelTa funqciur-
konstituciuri da fsiqikuri Taviseburebebi ar
akmayofileben normalur mdgomareobas, magram
arc paTologias miekuTvnebian. esenia:
cikloidebis, astenikebis, Sizoidebis,
paranoikebis, epileptoidebis, isteriulTa,
meryevi-aramdgradi, socialur-fsiqopaTTa,
konstitucionalur-SezRudulTa jgufebi da
maTSi Semavali qvejgufebi.
aRniSnuli problemis kvlevis aucileblobis
dasabuTeba.
Tema 16. qmedunarianobis amaRlebisa da SenarCunebis

fsiqo-fiziologiuri pirobebi
nervul-fsiqikuri janmrTelobis, jansaRi
nervuli sistemis Camoyalibebis roli adamianis
specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis, TviTaRzrdis,
TviTsrulyofis da TviTganxorcielebis
funqcionirebaSi.
cxovrebis ritmis mniSvneloba Sromisa da
dasvenebis procesSi. normaluri nervuli
sistemis arsebobis dRe-Ramis samwevriani for-
mula. fizikuri da gonebrivi Sromis fsiqo-
fiziologiuri safuZveli. nervul-fsiqikuri
procesebisa da xasiaTis
urTierTdamokidebuleba. xasiaTis TviTaRzrda.
adamianis nervul-fsiqikuri Taviseburebebis
TviTregulireba, rogorc Tandayolili da
SeZenili unarebis daxvewis saSualeba.
fsiqo-nervuli moqmedebis regulireba, misi
optimizacia. nervuli procesebis Segnebuli
varjiSi, TviTSTagoneba.
nebisyofis roli qmedunarianobis amaRlebasa da
SenarCunebaSi.
nebisyofisa da ganwyobis urTierTdamokidebuleba.
300
Tema 17. kultura, rogorc qcevis
regulirebis socialuri
socialuri norma
socialuri normebi, rogorc adamianTa
socialuri urTierTobebis regulatorebi.
socialuri normebis funqciebi. kulturis,
rogorc socialuri normis analizi.
pirovneba da socialuri normebi. socialur
urTierTobebSi da urTierTqmedebebSi
pirovnebis “normatiuli statusis” roli.
socialuri normebi, rogorc socialuri
kontrolis saSualeba. socialuri normebis
funqcionaluri da ideologiuri datvirTva.
adamianTa jgufebis saerTo normatiul-
faseulobiTi kultura. socialuri normebis
moqmedebis fsiqologiuri meqanizmebis
gamoyeneba marTvis sferoSi (sanimuSo
magaliTebi). Semoqmedeba, rogorc kulturis
arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli.
301
literatura
literatura
1 d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia, Tb., 1998.

2 S. nadiraSvili. pirovnebis socialuri fsiqo-
logia, Tb., 1975.
3 b. lutiZe. sociologia (leqciebis kursi),
Tb., 2002.
4 T. gogiCaiSvili. fsiqologia, Tb., 1996.
5 T. WiabriSvili, gza patiosani biznesisaken, Tb.,
2000.
6 l. sexnianiZe, g. babunaSvili. biznesis organi-
zacia, Tb., 1997.
7 l. svaniZe. Sromis efeqtianobis amaRlebis soci-
alur-fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, Tb., 1982.
8 l. svaniZe. mewarmeoba da mewarmis fsiqologiuri
portreti, ix. Jurnali ,,makro-mikro ekonomika~,
1998, 6-7.
9 l. svaniZe. privatizaciis socialur-fsiqo-
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303
Ëèÿ Ãðèãîðüåâíà Ñâàíèäçå
ÊÓÐÑ ËÅÊÖÈÈ ÏÎ
ÝÊÎÍÎÌÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÏÑÈÕÎËÎÃÈÈ
(ÏÎÇÍÀÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÎÁÓ×ÅÍÈÅ)
(ÍÀ ÃÐÓÇÈÍÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ)
redaqtori robert mesxi
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Tea yolandaria

nana esarTia
saaRricxvo-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi - 38 (1/8).
tiraJi 300
Sps `cotne~
a
Tbilisi, qavTaraZis 21
304

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iv.

javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

ekonomikuri fsiqologia codnis sruliad axal sferos gvTavazobs, romelic

redaqtori malaSxia,, profesori

recenzentebi: nadiraSvili,, profesori,

gamomcemloba `cotne~, 2009

mecnierebis im dargTa Soris, romlebmac Tavisi

kvleva aris informaciis Sekreba sasurvel

ocialur-fsiqologiuri klimatis modeli

dadebiTi uaryofiTi neitraluri

pirovnebaTSorisi jgufis Sromis

socialuri garemos roli SromiTi

maRalnayofieri Sroma SeuZlebelia, Tu adamians

marTva, romelic varaudobs mizandasaxul,

xanmokle xan grZlivi

mexsierebis am samive formas Soris mWidro da

marketingi warmoadgens bazarTmcodneobis safuZ

nebismieri problemis gadawyvetis

I etapi. problemis formulireba

II etapi. informaciis Sefaseba.

III etapi. miznebisa da amocanebis dasaxva

V etapi.Sesasrulebeli samuSaos dagegmva da kontroli

VI etapi. miRebuli Sedegebis Sefaseba.

meoce saukunis mijnaze msoflios mravali qveyana

Sexvedrebis miznebi da momzadebis etapebi

urTierTobebis dawyebamde aucilebelia Tqveni

konfliqturi situacia da Suamavali

mecnierebis kvlevis erT-erT aqtualur obieqtad

fsiqikis, rogorc maRalganviTarebuli materiis

nebisyofis arsis Sesaxeb

adamians uaRresad rTuli, mravalferovani da

adamianis qcevis mravalferovnebis aRwera ukidu-

pirovnuli potencialis zrda da ganxorcieleba

kultura (laT. kultura) aris sazogadoebis,

disci plinis miznebi da amocanebi

disci plinis Sinaarsi da struqtura

Tema 1. fsiqologiis sagani, fsiqologiis dargebi,

Tema 2. ekonomikuri fsiqologiis sagani, amocanebi,

Tema 3. socialur-fsiqologiuri da ekonomikuri

Tema 4. Sromis efeqtianobis amaRlebis socialur-

Tema 5. adamianis Sromisunarianoba da Sromis

Tema 6. socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis marTvis

saSualebebis, meTodebis, romlebic

Tema 7. marketingis arsi da misi funqcionirebis

marketingis fsiqologia, rogorc ekonomikuri

Tema 8. mewarmeobis ganviTarebis fsiqologiuri

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis gzebi dasavleT

Tema 9. saqmiani saubrisa da molaparakebebis

Tema 10. saqmiani urTierTobebis teqnologia, saqmiani

Tema 11. pirovnebis biologiuri foni-temperamenti da

Tema 12. grZnobebi da emociebi

grZnobebis Tvisebebi: subieqturoba, polaroba,

Tema 13. nebisyofa

Tema 14. motivacia

Tema 15. normasa da paTologias Soris myof adamianTa

me-Si Semavali sami komponentis: somaturi me-s,

Tema 16. qmedunarianobis amaRlebisa da SenarCunebis

1 d. uznaZe. zogadi fsiqologia, Tb., 1998.

redaqtori robert mesxi

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Tea yolandaria

saaRricxvo-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi - 38 (1/8).

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