DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY – DASMARIŇAS

Dasmariñas, Cavite
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: SAFETY MANAGEMENT SEMESTER/ SY: 2nd / 2019-20 DATE: 30-Mar-2020

COURSE CODE: MEET 428 TERM/ PERIOD: Homework/Quiz ROOM: WHRM4
NAME: DERIS ISABEL A. SAPALASAN PROGCODE: ECE51

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION & HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROLS

As a learning student, you are now aware of the various control measures that protect you
against health and safety hazards in your surroundings. You have the right to participate in
workplace health and safety issues and to know about any potential hazards and provide control
measures by applying the Heirarchy of Controls, e.g., Elimination, Substitution, Engineering
Control, Administrative Control, and Personal Protective Equipment.

Workplace hazards can be physical (i.e. constant loud noise), biological (i.e. bacteria and
viruses), ergonomic (i.e. improperly adjusted workstations and chairs) or chemical (i.e. exposure
to fumes).

Hazard - a potential source of harm to a worker. Basically, a hazard is the potential for harm or

an adverse effect (for example, to people as health effects, to organizations as property or
equipment losses, or to the environment).

What Are the Most Common Hazards in a Workplace?

The words ‘risk’ and ‘hazard’ are often used interchangeably.  However,  if
you are responsible for managing the health and safety in your workplace,
it’s important that you understand the difference between them. The rest of
this article focuses on hazards, including where they might be found in
different workplaces. We also provide you with a range of further resources
to make your risk assessment process as smooth as possible.

The six main categories of hazards are:

 Biological. Biological hazards include viruses, bacteria, insects,

animals, etc., that can cause adverse health impacts. For example,
mould, blood and other bodily fluids, harmful plants, sewage, dust and
vermin.
 Chemical. Chemical hazards are hazardous substances that
can cause harm. These hazards can result in both health
and physical impacts, such as skin irritation, respiratory
system irritation, blindness, corrosion and explosions.
  Physical. Physical hazards are environmental factors that can harm an
employee without necessarily touching them, including heights, noise,
radiation and pressure.
 Safety. These are hazards that create unsafe working conditions. For
example, exposed wires or a damaged carpet might result in a tripping
hazard. These are sometimes included under the category of physical
hazards.
 Ergonomic. Ergonomic hazards are a result of physical factors that
can result in musculoskeletal injuries. For example, a poor workstation
setup in an office, poor posture and manual handling.
 Psychosocial. Psychosocial hazards include those that can have an
adverse effect on an employee’s mental health or wellbeing. For
example, sexual harassment, victimisation, stress and workplace
violence.

Hierarchy of Hazard Controls:

Hierarchy of hazard control is a system used in industry to minimize or eliminate exposure to

hazards. It is a widely accepted system promoted by numerous safety organizations. This
concept is taught to managers in industry, to be promoted as standard practice in the
workplace. Various illustrations are used to depict this system, most commonly a triangle.

The hazard controls in the hierarchy are, in order of decreasing effectiveness:

Elimination

Can the hazard be removed completely? This is the most effective method of controlling a
hazard, or eliminating the risk from that hazard e.g. provide an external cleaning system to
eliminate the need to enter a hazardous confined space to clean it. Example: a) A worker used
to clean the interior of an empty tank with a hand steel brush endangering his life because of
the lack of oxygen so he attached a wooden stick to the brush and perform the cleaning without
entering the tank, and b) A construction welder used Tank trolley to move Oxy-Acythelene tanks
instead of rolling it down the floor.

Substitution

Is there a safer alternative? E.g. replacing a solvent known to be hazardous, with one known to
be less hazardous (and still do the job effectively).

The above methods reduce the actual risk (and/or the likelihood) from the hazard. The following
controls do not reduce the risk, but lower the exposure of a person or persons to the hazard,
making the above control types much more effective. Example: a) Instead of using a thinner to
mixed with wall paint, use a water-based non-toxic paint to prevent the respiratory illness, and
b) replaced non-slid tiles to ordinary marble or vynil floor tiles.

Engineering Control
Examples include the installation of machine guards on hazardous equipment, the provision of
local exhaust ventilation over a process area releasing noxious fumes, fitting a muffler on a
noisy exhaust pipe, etc. Most engineering controls provide a physical distance between a
hazard and people - provides separation. Example: a) Putting up a hand rail at the stairs to
prevent slip and fall, and b) Putting up a steel pipe barriers for street manhole to prevent fall.

Administrative Control

Include training and education, job rotation to share the load created by demanding tasks,
planning, scheduling certain jobs outside normal working hours to reduce general exposure (eg
planning demolition and building works during summer recess), early reporting of signs and
symptoms, instructions sign (cautions, warnings), etc. For continuing levels of effectiveness it
typically require significant resources to be maintained over long periods of time . Example: a)
Training to enhance or develop awareness of a safe work practices, and b) Warning signs for
any imminent danger; repair and maintenance of uneven / damage structures;

Personal Protection Equipment

Can equipment (i.e., personal protective equipment - PPE) be provided to a person or persons
to lessen the severity or likelihood of an injury? E.g. helmets - hard hats, hearing protection,
gloves, safety glasses and goggles, toe-capped footwear, respiratory protection, aprons, etc.

Note: Personal Protective Equipment on its own is the least effective means of controlling
hazards and must only be considered after all other more effective measures have been
assessed and dismissed as being impracticable (ineffective).

INSTRUCTIONS:

The following pages contain images of various workplaces. You have the following tasks:
a) Study the lessons on hazard identification and hierarchy of hazard controls
b) Find all the potential hazards in the workplace picture 1, 2, and 3.
c) Make a list on a separate page as shown by the sample matrices below;
Workplace 1: KITCHEN
ITEM # ACTIVITY POTENTIAL HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROLS
HAZARD Elimination Substitution Engineering Administrative PPE
1 Use of Open cover N/A N/A N/A Warning N/A
oven – skin burn sign

Workplace 2: STORAGE ROOM

ITEM # ACTIVITY POTENTIAL HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROLS
HAZARD Elimination Substitution Engineering Administrative PPE
1 Use of Ergonomic Use N/A N/A N/A N/A
Tagging issue - mobile
machine bending table

Workplace 3: ENGINEERING SHOP

ITEM # ACTIVITY POTENTIAL HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROLS
HAZARD Elimination Substitution Engineering Administrative PPE
1 Use of Unguarded Use metal N/A Install cut Warning Saf
cutting circular saw guard OFF/ON Sign ety
 machine – hand Switch han
injury d
glov
es

Notes:
Activity – specific work or task where the hazards pertains to. Ex. Use of shelf, use of
machine, office works…
Potential Hazard – those visible or imaginary that has the potential to induce harm or
injury to a person/s.

c) You can also copy and make a textbox to the picture where you see a hazard and type the
hazard into the box.

B) The more potential hazards you identified, the more points who can have.

WORKPLACE 1 : KITCHEN

WORKPLACE 2 : STORAGE ROOM

WORKPLACE 3: ENGINEERING SHOP

2
Since you have identified the potential hazards and learned about the application of hierarchy of
hazard controls, find out on each picture the common potential hazards and develop procedures
on how to prevent such hazards. For example:
1. Spillage :
Procedures:
1.1 Before using the oil fryer, wear the required PPE’s such as the Safety kitchen gloves.
1.2 Start off the fire and pour cooking oil as per required quantity on the fryer.
1.3 Place the required quantity of cut potato chunks on the grilles.
1.4 Upon reaching the required oil temperature, place the grilles on the fryer.
1.5 When the allowed cooking time elapsed, pull out the grilles and placed it on the
dripping hook device.
1.6 Allow oil to drip in few seconds and the pour the cooked French fried potatoes on the
dry pan nearby. Ensure that no hot oil is spilled out.

Worksheet:

WORKPLACE No. 1: _THE KITCHEN__

ITEM ACTIVITY POTENTIAL HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROLS

# HAZARD Elimination Substitution Engineering Administra PPE
tive
1 Walking/ Wet floor N/A N/A Use of non- Warning Use of
Use of slip and fall slip mats or Sign, non-
floor – accident non-slip Training slip
and injury shoes to shoes
enhance
or
develop
awarene
ss and
initiative
2 Use of The stove N/A N/A Putting up Warning N/A
stove is turned on an alarm sign
– fire system (fire
accidents and smoke
detector)
3 Use of Hot handle N/A N/A N/A Warning Use of
fryer – hand sign, gloves
injury, Safe
burns operating
prodecur
es
4 Use of Not putting N/A N/A N/A Putting N/A
knife the knife up a
back – knife
cuts, hand holder
injury
5 Choppin Biological N/A N/A N/A Safe Use of
g of food Hazards operating gloves
procedur
s (wash
hand
before
and after
 work)
6 Handling Reaching Use of N/A Installing N/A N/A
objects and stand (for automatic
carrying the equipment
heavy person) to put the
objects – and heavy
back injury, trolley objetcs
arm injury
7 Broken No supply N/A N/A Fix the N/A N/A
Pipe of water, pipe, install
injury a more
durable
pipe

WORKPLACE No. 2: _STORAGE ROOM__

ITEM ACTIVITY POTENTIAL HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROLS

# HAZARD Elimination Substitution Engineering Administra PPE
tive
1 Carrying Back injury, Use of N/A N/A N/A N/A
of arm injury trolley
objects
2 Opening Back injury Use of Use of a N/A N/A Use of
boxes because of working better gloves
bending, table cutting tool
hand injury
3 Cutting Hand N/A Use of N/A Safe Use of
meat injury, cutting operating gloves
Biological machine procedur
hazards s (wash
hand
before
and after
work)
4 Cutting Unguarded Use of N/A N/A Warning Use of
machine saw metal sign, gloves
guard training
5 Use of Chemical N/A N/A N/A Warning, N/A
sink hazars, proper
injury placeme
nt of
chemical
s

WORKPLACE No. 3: ENGINEERING SHOP_____

ITEM ACTIVITY POTENTIAL HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROLS

# HAZARD Elimination Substitution Engineering Administra PPE
tive
1 Poster of Lack of Remove N/A N/A N/A N/A
motorcyc knowledge the poster
le about
health and
 safety
policies
because
the warning
is covered
2 Use of Explosions, N/A N/A Installing a Trainings N/A
cigarrete fire more for
s near accidents, secured personne
chemical chemical storage for l, strict
s hazards chemicals impleme
ntation
3 Blocking No possible Remove N/A N/A N/A N/A
the fire exit ways the boxes
exit when there
are fire
accidents,
might get
stuck
4 Pile of Might fall, N/A Pile in a Putting up N/A N/A
boxes injury, more shelves
accidents organized
way
5 Carrying Back injury, Use of N/A N/A N/A N/A
heavy arm injury trolley
objects
6 Not Head injury N/A N/A N/A Strict N/A
using impleme
hard hat ntation,
trainings
7 Walking/ Wet floor N/A N/A Use of non- Warning Use of
Use of slip and fall slip mats or Sign, non-
floor – accident non-slip Training slip
and injury shoes to shoes
enhance
or
develop
awarene
ss and
initiative
8 Messy Slip and fall Proper N/A N/A N/A N/A
wire – accident handling
and injury of wires

EMERGENCY SCENARIOS

Scenario A: Grease Fire in Restaurant Burns Employee

A fire erupted at Inciong’s Restaurant on Tuesday night, critically injuring an employee

and causing Php5,000,000 worth of damage to the building. The fire was caused when a frying
pan, filled with oil heating up on the stove, was left unattended. The fire rapidly spread to
dish towels hanging nearby. An employee discovered the scene and attempted to put out
the fire by pouring water on the stove, causing the burning grease to splatter all over his
face, arms, and chest. A co-worker, hearing the commotion, called City Fire Department and
yelled for everyone to leave the restaurant immediately. The fire department arrived,
extinguished the fire, and attended to the burned employee. The victim was taken to Mercy
Hospital and is reported to be in serious but stable condition.

Questions
1. What went right in this situation? When the co-worker immediately responded,
called the City Fire Department and told the people to leave immediately.
2. What went wrong in this situation? The frying pan left unattended and the
employee attempting to put out the fire.
3. What steps should be taken in his workplace to make sure employees are better
protected and prepared the next time? The employees should have proper training
and knowledge about facing these circumstances. They should know what’s
the first thing to do, what’s the most important things to do, etc. Also, the
workplace should have warning signs and alarm systems.

Scenario B: Young Construction Worker Falls From Ladder

An 28-year-old Communication technician, who was installing a axial cable in the second story
of a house, fell off his ladder yesterday, breaking both legs. He also suffered severe cuts when
he caught his arm on a metal fence during the fall. Co-workers rushed to assist him and called
for an ambulance. Local EMTs reported that the co-workers carried the fallen employee to the
front lawn and then applied pressure to the open wound to stop the bleeding.

Questions
1. What went right in this situation? The co-worker calling for an ambulance and
doing first-aid.
2. What went wrong in this situation? The co-workers should have not carried the
fallen employee to avoid addition injuries. The technician should have worn a
harness and proper clothes.
3. What steps should be taken in his workplace to make sure employees are better
protected and prepared the next time? The company should have provided PPEs
including protective clothes, harness, hard hats. Also, additional trainings for
their workers.

Scenario C: Earthquake Shakes Local High Rise Office Building

Office workers at R&R Business Solutions huddled under desks and doorways as a 6.1
earthquake shook their building. Once the tremors subsided, they followed lighted exit
signs to the stairwell. They made it down ten flights of stairs and outside to the street.
Gladys Radios, of Green Terrace Housing, whose son, Junio, is an employee of the
company, complained that her son, who has Down Syndrome, was left alone to figure out
what to do during and after the earthquake. The employees and supervisors had no idea
Junio had remained on the 11th floor. The company pledges to look what happen.

Question
1. What went right in this situation? The office workers knowing what they should do
during and after earthquake such as huddling under desks, following lighted exit
signs to the stairwell.
2. What went wrong in this situation? Not checking if they are complete.
3. What steps should be taken in his workplace to make sure employees are better
protected and prepared the next time? The company should provide strict
trainings to all of their employees about these given circumstances.