Engineering Mechanics – Two marks

Unit – 1 Basics And Statics Of Particles

1. Write the names of various laws in mechanics.
 Newton’s law of mechanics  Polygon law of forces
 Parallelogram law of forces  Lami’s theorem
 Triangle law of forces
2. Distinguish between resultant and equilibrant.
Resultant: More number of forces acting on a particle is replaced by a single
force, which produce same effect as of the all forces. It is the equivalent of total forces.
Equilibrant: Equilibrant has the same magnitude of the resultant but acts in
opposite direction
3. Give the equations of equilibrium of a particle in space.
∑Fx = 0 , ∑Fy = 0 , ∑Fz = 0
4. Define principle of transmissibility.
A force need not be considered to act at a point but may be considered to be
applied at any point on its line of action without affecting the net effects external to the
rigid body on which it acts.
5. How is the multi force members analyzed in a free body diagram?
Forces in space diagram is converted into free body diagram
Only two forces – Parallelogram or Triangle law of forces
Three concurrent forces – Lami’s theorem
More than three forces – resolution of force
6. Define equilibrant.
The equilibrant of a given system of forces acting on a particle is a force that has
magnitude equal to the resultant, acts exactly opposite to the direction of the resultant.
Eg , If R = 10N then E = -10N
7. What is the unit vector?
A unit vector is a vector of one unit in length. It is obtained by dividing a vector
by its magnitude.
8. Define coplanar force (or) forces in plane.
Forces lying in the same plane are called coplanar force. The lines of action of
coplanar forces lie in one and the same plane.
9. Define concurrent forces.
When the forces of planes or of different plane, intersect at a common point is
called concurrent forces.
10. What is free body diagram of a rigid body?
A free body diagram is the diagram representing the magnitude and direction of
forces acting at a point in a body or acting at various points in the body.
11. State the condition for a body to be in equilibrium under coplanar non concurrent
forces.
Sum of horizontal forces, ∑H = 0
Sum of vertical forces are, ∑V = 0
12. What are laws to add a) two forces b) several forces?
a) Two forces –Parallelogram or Triangle law of forces
b) Several forces – Lami’s theorem and resolution of forces
13. How can you treat a problem as static?
Static – no change with respect to time
Even after the application of forces, if the body remains at rest is called static.
14. State the parallelogram law of forces.
If two forces acting simultaneously at a point, be represented as two sides of a
parallelogram, the resultant of the two forces is the diagonal of the parallelogram.
R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQcosø
15. Define single equivalent force.
More number of forces acting on a particle is replaced by a single force which
produce same effect as of the all forces is called single equivalent force or resultant
force.
16. Define non coplanar concurrent force.
Forces intersect at one point, but their lines of action do not lie on the same
plane.
17. State Lami’s theorem.
If three coplanar forces acting at a point be in equilibrium, the each force is
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two forces.

18. What is coplanar concurrent force system?

When the forces intersect at a common point and lies in a single plane is called
coplanar concurrent force system.
 Engineering Mechanics – Two marks
Unit – 2 Equilibrium Of Rigid Bodies
1. Define couple.
A couple is that two forces, are of equal magnitude, opposite sensed parallel
forces, which lie in the same plane.
2. State Varignon’s theorem.
If a number of coplanar forces are acting simultaneously on a body, the algebraic sum
of the moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the moment of the resultant
force about the same point. ∑M = R x X ,
∑M = sum of the moments about a point, R = resultant force
X = perpendicular distance of the resultant about that point
3. List the different supports used to support structural components.
For two dimensions: Roller support, Hinged support, Fixed support
For three dimensions: Ball support, Ball & socket support, fixed or welded
support.
4. How to replace a uniformly varying load into a point load in simply supported beam?
Uniformly varying load is considered as a triangle. So the area of the triangle is .
Now the point load = and
Load acting for bigger triangle: b , b of bigger triangle
Load acting for smaller triangle: b , b of smaller triangle
5. Differentiate between couple and moment.
The couple is a pure turning effect which may be moved anywhere in its own
plane, or into a parallel plane without change of its effect on the body.
The moment of a fore must include a description of the reference axis about
which the moment is taken.
6. Write the equations of equilibrium of a rigid body in two dimensions.
Sum of horizontal forces, ∑H = 0,
Sum of vertical forces, ∑V = 0,
Sum of moment about a point, ∑M = 0.
7. What do you meant by a rigid body?
When a body is not subjected to collinear or concurrent force system then the
body is to be idealized as a rigid body. In rigid body the deformations are very small.
8. Write the conditions of equilibrium of a system of parallel forces acting in a plane.
Sum of horizontal forces, ∑H = 0,
Sum of vertical forces, ∑V = 0,
Sum of moment about a point, ∑M = 0.
9. Differentiate between force and moment.
A force is defined as any cause that tends to alter the state of rest of a body or its
state of uniform motion in a straight line. A force can be defined quantitatively as the
product of the mass of the body that the force is acting on and the acceleration of the
force.
Moment of force about a point is defined as the product of the force and the
perpendicular distance of the line of action of the force from the point.
10. Why the couple moment is said to be a free vector?
A couple is force which can be moved anywhere in its own plane, or in a
parallel plane without change in its effect on the body is said to be a free vector.
11. What are the different types of loads and support?
Load: Point load, Uniformly Distributed Load, Uniformly Varying Load.
For two dimensions: Roller support, Hinged support, Fixed support
For three dimensions: Ball support, Ball & socket support, fixed or welded
support.
12. State the polygon law of equilibrium.
If a number of coplanar forces are acting at a point such that they can be
represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in an order,
resultant is represented in both magnitude and direction by the closing side of polygon
taken in the opposite order.
13. How free body diagram is constructed?
 Imagine the body to be isolated free from its surrounding constraints and
connections and draw its outlines shape.
 Identify all the external forces and couple moments that act on the body
 Indicate the magnitudes and directions of known forces and couple moment
 Indicate the dimensions of the body which are necessary for computing the
moments of forces.
 Identify the unknown forces, moments, dimensions, angles.
 Applying the equilibrium equations solve for unknowns.
 Engineering Mechanics – Two marks
Unit – 3 Properties of Surfaces and Solids
1. Distinguish between centroid and centre of gravity.
Centroid Centre of gravity
Centroid is the point at which Centre of gravity is the point at which
entire area of the plane is entire weight of the body is
concentrated concentrated
It is a geometrical property It is a physical property
Applicable for geometrical figures Applicable for solid bodies
2. Define first moment of an area about an axis.
The moment of a force about a point is defined as the product of its magnitude
and the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and the point
about which the force causing rotation. M = F x X
3. Define moment of inertia about an axis.
Moment of inertia is the quantity of a body expressing its tendency to resist
angular acceleration. I = mx2
4. State parallel axes of inertia.
Moment of inertia of an area any axis is equal to the sum of the moment of
inertia about an axis passing through the centroid parallel to the given axis and the
product of area and square of the distance between the two axis.
IXX = IG+Aħ² Where,
IXX = moment of inertia of an area about any given axis (say XX)
IG = moment of inertia about an axis passing through the centroid.
A = area of the section given, H = distance between the two perpendicular axes(YY).
5. Define line of symmetry.
Line of symmetry is a line about which the area of one side is a mirror image of
the area of the side.
6. Write the SI units of the mass moment of inertia and the area moment of inertia of a
lamina.
Mass moment of inertia, SI unit – kg.m2
Area moment of inertia of a lamina SI unit – mm4
7. When will the product of inertia of a lamina become zero?
The product of inertia of a lamina becomes zero, if the lamina is symmetrical
about X-axis or Y-axis or Both the axis.
8. Define polar moment of inertia of a lamina.
Polar moment of inertia is defines as the sum of moment of inertia of two
mutual perpendicular axis about the centroid. The second moment of area about a pole
‘O’ is called the polar moment of inertia, Ip = Ixx + Iyy
9. Define principle axes and principal moment of inertia.
The perpendicular axes about which product of inertia is zero is called principal axes.
The moments of inertia with respect to principal axes are called as principal
moment of inertia.
10.When will the centroid and centre of mass coincides?
The centroid and centre of mass coincides when the density of the material is
uniform throughout the body
11.What do you mean by polar moment of inertia?
Polar moment of inertia is defines as the sum of moment of inertia of two
mutual perpendicular axis about the centroid. The second moment of area about a pole
‘O’ is called the polar moment of inertia, Ip = Ixx + Iyy
12.What is radius of gyration?
Radius of Gyration (k) is the distance from the axis of rotation to the point where the

entire area may be assumed to be concentrated.

13.What is radius of gyration of a circle of diameter d about its diameter? (May-14)

Substitute, we get Rxx = Ryy =

14.State perpendicular axis theorem.
If Iox and Ioy be the moment of inertia of a lamina about two mutually
perpendicular axes OX and OY in the plane of the lamina and I oz be the moment of
inertia of the lamina about an axis normal to the lamina and passing through the point
of intersection of the axes OX and OY, then Ioz = Iox + Ioy
15.State Pappus – Guldinus theorem.

The first theorem states that the surface area of a surface of revolution generated
by rotating a plane curve about an axis external to curve and on the same plane is
equal to the product of the arc length of curve and the distance traveled by
its geometric centroid. Area = Length of curve X distance
The second theorem states that the volume of a solid of revolution generated by
rotating a plane figure about an external axis is equal to the product of the area of
figure and the distance traveled by its geometric centroid.
Volume = Area of Figure X distance
16.What do you understand by mass moment of inertia?
Calculation of moment of inertia for solid figures is called mass moment of
inertia; it is denoted by ‘Im’. Its unit is kg.m2
 Engineering Mechanics – Two marks

Unit – 4 Dynamics Of Particles

1. Define work energy principle.

When a particle moves from one point to another point in translation under the
action of a force is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the particle is equal to the
work of the force. ∑FH x S = m (v2 – u2 )
2. Define Newton’s second law of Motion.
The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
applied force and takes place in the direction of the force.
3. Give the work energy equation for a rectilinear motion.
∑FH x S = m (v2 – u2 )
4. A car runs with an initial velocity of 30m/s and uniform acceleration of 3m/s 2. Find its
velocity after 5 seconds.
Equation of motion : v= u + at
= 30 + ( 3 * 5 ) = 45m/s
5. State D’Alembert’s Principle.
D’Alembert’s Principle states that the system of forces acting on a body in
motion is in dynamic equilibrium with the inertia force of the body. Force = mass x
acceleration.
6. A particle is projected into space at an angle of 30 o to the horizontal at a velocity of
40m/s. Find the maximum height reached by the projectile.
Formula : hmax = ( u2 sin2α ) / 2g
= (402 sin2 30o ) / 2 x 9.81
= 20.38m
7. Distinguish between perfectly plastic impact and perfectly elastic impact.
Nature Perfectly Plastic body Perfectly Elastic body
Relative velocity of separation and Is different Is same
approach
Coefficient of restitution zero one
8. A small ball is dropped from a height of 19.62m. At what velocity the ball will strike
the ground.
Equation : v2 = u2 + 2gh = 0 + ( 2 x 9.81 x 19.62 ) = 384.84
v= v = 19.62m/s
9. Define coefficient of restitution.
The ratio of the magnitude of the impulses during the restitution period and
deformation period is known coefficient of restitution.
10.What happens if two perfectly elastic bodies are in impact?
Coefficient of restitution becomes one, the magnitude of the impulse during the
restitution period and deformation period becomes equal.
11.What is general plane motion?
A rigid body is said to be in general plane motion, if it undergoes a combination
of translation through some distance and also rotate through a certain angle.
12.Define linear momentum and angular momentum.
Linear momentum of a particle at any instant is the product of mass and its
velocity at that instant. Linear momentum = mv
Angular momentum of a rigid body at any instant is the product of mass moment
of inertia of the rigid body and its angular velocity at that instant.
Angular momentum = I
13.Distinguish between rectilinear motion and curvilinear motion.
Rectilinear motion: If the path traced by a point is a straight line, then the
resulting motion is called rectilinear motion.
Curvilinear motion: If the path traced by point is the curve, then the resulting
motion is called curvilinear motion.
14.What is projectile motion?
Any object that is given some initial velocity and during the subsequent motion
the object is subjected to only the acceleration due to gravity is termed as a projectile.
A projectile travels in the horizontal as well as in the vertical directions and traces a
curvilinear path. For example: The motion of a bullet fired from a gun.
15.What is impulsive force and impulsive motion?
When a large force acts on a particle for a short period of time and produces a
definite change in its momentum, then, such a force is called an impulsive force. The
motion caused by such an impulsive force is known as impulsive motion.
16.State impulse momentum principle.
mv2 - mv1 = ∫F dt , limit 0 to t
Final momentum - Initial Momentum = Impulse of the Force.
The equation expresses that the total change in momentum of a particle during a
time interval is equal to the impulse of the force during the same interval of time.
17.State the principle of impulse and momentum
Principle of impulse and momentum is written in the form of an equation
''Impulse = final momentum - initial momentum'' ∑F x t = m (v - u)
18.Define line of impact.
It is the imaginary line passing through the point of contact and normal to the
plane of contact.
19. Define co-efficient of restitution.
It is ratio of magnitudes of impulses corresponding to the period of restitution
and to the period of deformation is called coefficient of Restitution
20.Distinguish between direct impact and oblique impact.
If the velocities of the two colliding bodies act along the line of impact, the
impact is called direct impact.
If the velocities of the two colliding bodies act along lines other than the line of
impact, the impact is known as oblique impact.
21.What is impact or collision?
A collision between two bodies that lasts for a very short interval of time during which
period, the two body’s large forces on each other is called an impact or collision.
22.What are motion curves?
The path described by a particle or a rigid body with respect to time is called
motion curve.

Engineering Mechanics – Two marks

Unit –5 Friction and Elements of Rigid Body Dynamics

1. Define angle of friction.

Angle of friction in a body is the angle between resultant reaction and the
normal reaction. R2=NR2 + Fm2
2. Define limiting friction.
The maximum resistance offered by the body during relative motion is called
limiting. It is denoted by Fm
3. Define instantaneous centre of rotation.
The combined motion of translation and rotation in a body is treated as perfect
rotation at a centre point for solving, this point is called instantaneous centre of
rotation
4. What is angle of repose?
Angle of repose is the angle to which an inclined plane may be raised before an
object slides down due to centre of gravity.
5. What is meant by friction cone?
It is defined as right circular cone with vertex at the point of contact of two
bodies (or surface ) axis in the direction of normal reaction (R) and semi vertical angle
equal to angle of friction.
6. Distinguish between dry and fluid friction.
Dry friction: It refers to friction which develops between two dry surfaces, slide
or tends to slide relative to another.
Fluid friction: It exists when contacting surfaces are separated by fluid
7. Define kinetics
Study of bodies subjected to forces which are unbalanced is called kinetics.
8. State the Columb’s laws of friction.
Laws of static friction:
1) The frictional force always acts in direction opposite to that the body tends to
move.
2) The frictional force does not depend on the shape and are of contact of the
bodies.
3) The frictional force depends on degree of roughness of the contact area
between the two bodies.
4) The frictional force is equal to the force applied to the body, so long as the
body is at rest.
Laws of dynamic friction:
1) The frictional force always acts in opposite direction to that body moves
2) The magnitude of dynamic friction bears a constant ratio to the normal
reaction between the two surfaces.
3) Co efficient of kinetic friction is less than co efficient of static friction.
9. What is rolling resistance?
When a resistive force, experienced by a body when it rolls over the other is
called rolling resistance.
10.What is meant by friction cone?
It is defined as right circular cone with vertex at the point of contact of two
bodies (or surface ) axis in the direction of normal reaction (R) and semi vertical angle
equal to angle of friction.
11. What is impending motion?
The motion is said to be impending if the applied forces are such that the body is
just about to slide.
12. Define coefficient of static friction.
It is the ratio of limiting friction ‘F’ to the normal reaction ‘N’.
Coefficient of static friction µ = Limiting friction / Normal Reaction = Fm / NR