Calculate [X]equilibrium from [X]initial and KC

Ex. 4 H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) at 425 °C

KC = 55.64
 If one mole each of H2 and I2 are placed in a
0.500 L flask at 425 °C, what are the
equilibrium concentrations of H2, I2 and HI?
 Step 1. Write Equilibrium Law
2
[HI ]
Kc   55.64
[H 2 ][I 2 ]

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 75

 Ex. 4 Step 2. Concentration Table
Conc (M) H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI (g)
Initial 2.00 2.00 0.000
Change –x –x +2x
Equil’m 2.00 – x 2.00 – x +2x
 Initial [H2] = [I2] = 1.00 mol/0.500L =2.00M
 Amt of H2 consumed = Amt of I2 consumed = x
 Amt of HI formed = 2x

(2x ) 2 (2x ) 2
55.64  
(2.00  x )(2.00  x ) (2.00  x ) 2

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 76

 Ex. 4 Step 3. Solve for x
 Both sides are squared so we can take
square root of both sides to simplify
(2x ) 2
K  55.64  2
(2.00  x )
2x
7.459  7.459(2.00  x )  2x
(2.00  x )
14.918  7.459 x  2x 14.918  9.459 x

14.918
x   1.58
9.459
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 77
Ex. 4 Step 4. Equilibrium Concentrations

Conc (M) H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI (g)

Initial 2.00 2.00 0.00
Change – 1.58 – 1.58 +3.16
Equil’m 0.42 0.42 +3.16

 [H2]equil = [I2]equil = 2.00 – 1.58 = 0.42 M

 [HI]equil = 2x = 2(1.58) = 3.16

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 78

Calculate [X]equilibrium from [X]initial and KC

Ex. 5 H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) at 425 °C

KC = 55.64
 If one mole each of H2, I2 and HI are placed
in a 0.500 L flask at 425 °C, what are the
equilibrium concentrations of H2, I2 and HI?
 Now have product as well as reactants initially
 Step 1. Write Equilibrium Law
2
[HI ]
Kc   55.64
[H 2 ][I 2 ]
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 79
Ex. 5 Step 2. Concentration Table
Conc (M) H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI (g)
Initial 2.00 2.00 2.00
Change –x –x +2x
Equil’m 2.00 – x 2.00 – x 2.00 + 2x

(2.00  2x ) 2 (2.00  2x ) 2
55.64  
(2.00  x )(2.00  x ) (2.00  x ) 2

(2.00  2x ) 2
K  55.64 
(2.00  x ) 2

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 80

 Ex. 5 Step 3. Solve for x
2.00  2x
7.459 
(2.00  x )
7.459 (2.00  x )  2.00  2 x

14.918  7.459 x  2.00  2x

12.918  9.459 x  [H2]equil = [I2]equil = 2.00 – x =

2.00 – 1.37 = 0.63 M
12.918
x   1.37  [HI]equil = 2.00 + 2x
9.459
= 2.00 + 2(1.37)
= 2.00 + 2.74
= 4.74 M
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 81
 Your Turn!
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g)
Kc = 0.0123 at 3900 oC
If 0.25 moles of N2 and O2 are placed in a
250 mL container, what are the equilibrium
concentrations of all species ?
 A. 0.0526 M, 0.947 M, 0.105 M
 B. 0.947 M, 0.947 M, 0.105 M
 C. 0.947 M 0.105 M, 0.0526 M
 D. 0.105 M, 0.105 M, 0.947 M

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 82

 Your Turn! - Solution

 Conc (M) N2(g) +O2(g) 2NO (g)

 Initial 1.00 1.00 0.00
 Change –x –x + 2x
 Equil 1.00 – x 1.00 – x + 2x
0.250 mol
[N2 ]  [O2 ]   1.00M
0.250 L
(2x )2 2x
0.0123  0.0123 
(1  x ) 2
1x
x  0.0526M [NO] = 2x = 0.105M
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 83
Calculate [X]equilibrium from [X]initial and KC

Ex. 6
CH3CO2H(aq) + C2H5OH(aq) CH3CO2C2H5(aq) +
acetic acid ethanol ethyl acetate H2O(l)
KC = 0.11
 An aqueous solution of ethanol and acetic
acid, each with initial concentration of 0.810
M, is heated at 100 °C. What are the
concentrations of acetic acid, ethanol and
ethyl acetate at equilibrium?

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 84

Ex. 6 Step 1. Write Equilibrium Law
[CH3CO2C2H5 ]
Kc   0.11
[C 2H5OH][CH3CO2H]
 Need to find equilibrium values that satisfy
this
Step 2: Set up concentration table using “x”
for unknown
 Initial concentrations
 Change in concentrations
 Equilibrium concentrations

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 85

 Ex. 6 Step 2. Concentration Table
(M) CH3CO2H(aq) + C2H5OH(aq) CH3CO2C2H5(aq) + H2O(l)
I 0.810 0.810 0.000
C –x –x +x
E 0.810 – x 0.810 – x +x
 Amt of CH3CO2H consumed = Amt of C2H5OH
consumed = – x
 Amt of CH3CO2C2H5 formed = + x
 [CH3CO2H]eq and [C2H5OH ] = 0.810 – x
 [CH3CO2C2H5] = x x
0.11 
(0.810  x )(0.810  x )
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 86
 Ex. 6 Step 3. Solve for x
 Rearranging gives
0.11  (0.6561  1.62x  x 2 )  x
 Then put in form of quadratic equation
 ax2 + bx + c = 0
0.07217  0.1782 x  0.11x 2  x  0
2
0.11x  1.1782 x  0.07217  0
 Solution for quadratic equation given by
 b  b 2  4ac
x 
2a
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 87
 Ex. 6 Step 3. Solve for x
2
 (1.1782)  (1.1782)  4(0.11)(0.07217)
x 
2(0.11)

1.1782  (1.388)  (0.032) 1.1782  1.164

x  
0.22 0.22
 This gives two roots: x = 10.6 and x =
0.064
 Only x = 0.064 is possible
 x = 10.6 is >> 0.810 initial concentrations
 0.810 – 10.6 = negative concentration,
which is impossible
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 88
Ex. 6 Step 4. Equilibrium Concentrations

(M) CH3CO2H(aq) + C2H5OH(aq) CH3CO2C2H5(aq) + H2O(l)

I 0.810 0.810 0.000
C –0.064 – 0.064 +0.064
E 0.746 0.746 +0.064

[CH3CO2C2H5]equil = x = 0.064 M
[CH3CO2H]equil = [C2H5OH]equil = 0.810 M – x
= 0.810 M – 0.064 M
= 0.746 M

Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 89

Calculate [X]equilibrium from [X]initial and KC

 When KC is very small

Ex. 7 2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
 At 1000 °C, KC = 7.3  10–18
 If the initial H2O concentration is 0.100M,
what will the H2 concentration be at
equilibrium?
 Step 1. Write Equilibrium Law
2
[H2 ] [O 2 ] 18
Kc  2
 7.3  10
[H2 O]
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 90
 Ex. 7 Step 2. Concentration Table
Conc (M) 2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Initial 0.100 0.00 0.00
Change – 2x +2x +x
Equil’m 0.100 – 2x +2x +x

18 (2x )2 x 4x 3
7.3  10  2

(0.100  2x ) (0.100  2x )2
 Cubic equation – tough to solve
 Make approximation
 KC very small, so x will be very small
 Assume we can neglect x
 must prove valid later
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 91
 Ex. 7 Step 3. Solve for x
 Assume (0.100 – 2x)  0.100
Conc (M) 2H2O (g) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
Initial 0.100 0.00 0.00
Change – 2x +2x +x
Equil’m 0.100 +2x +x
 Now our equilibrium expression simplifies to
2 3
18 (2 x ) x 4 x
7.3  10  2

(0.100) 0.010
4 x 3  0.010(7.3  10 18 ) = 7.3 × 10–20
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 92
 Ex. 7 Step 3. Solve for x
20
7.3  10
x3   1.8  10 20
4
 Now take cubic root
3
x  1.8  10  20  2.6  10  7
 x is very small
 0.100 – 2(2.610–7) = 0.09999948
 Which rounds to 0.100 (3 decimal places)
 [H2] = 2x = 2(2.610–7)
= 5.210–7 M
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 93
 Simplifications: When Can You
Ignore x in Binomial (Ci – x)?
 If equilibrium law gives very complicated
mathematical problems
 And if K is small
 Change to reach equilibrium (x term) is also small
 Compare initial concentration Ci in binomial to
value of K Ci
 400
K
 Use proof to show that dropped x term was
sufficiently small
dropped x term ?
Ci  0.05
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E 94