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06 - Chap 12 - 9e - Notes
06 - Chap 12 - 9e - Notes
06 - Chap 12 - 9e - Notes
Chapter 12
Chemical Kinetics
Section 12.1
Reaction Rates
Reaction Rate
Change in concentration of a reactant or product
per unit time.
concentration of A at time t2 concentration of A at time t1
Rate =
t2 t1
A
=
t
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Section 12.1
Reaction Rates
Section 12.1
Reaction Rates
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Section 12.1
Reaction Rates
Instantaneous Rate
Value of the rate at a particular time.
Can be obtained by computing the slope of a line
tangent to the curve at that point.
Section 12.2
Rate Laws: An Introduction
Rate Law
Shows how the rate depends on the concentrations of
reactants.
For the decomposition of nitrogen dioxide:
2NO2(g) → 2NO(g) + O2(g)
Rate = k[NO2]n:
k = rate constant
n = order of the reactant
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Section 12.2
Rate Laws: An Introduction
Rate Law
Rate = k[NO2]n
The concentrations of the products do not appear in the
rate law because the reaction rate is being studied
under conditions where the reverse reaction does not
contribute to the overall rate.
Section 12.2
Rate Laws: An Introduction
Rate Law
Rate = k[NO2]n
The value of the exponent n must be determined by
experiment; it cannot be written from the balanced
equation.
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Section 12.2
Rate Laws: An Introduction
Section 12.2
Rate Laws: An Introduction
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Section 12.2
Rate Laws: An Introduction
Section 12.3
Determining the Form of the Rate Law
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Section 12.3
Determining the Form of the Rate Law
Section 12.3
Determining the Form of the Rate Law
Rate = k[A]n[B]m
k = rate constant
[A] = concentration of reactant A
[B] = concentration of reactant B
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 14
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Section 12.3
Determining the Form of the Rate Law
CONCEPT CHECK!
Why?
Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
First-Order
Rate = k[A]
Integrated:
ln[A] = –kt + ln[A]o
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Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
First-Order
Time required for a reactant to reach half its original
concentration
Half–Life:
0.693
t1 =
2 k
k = rate constant
Half–life does not depend on the concentration of
reactants.
Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved 18
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Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
Second-Order
Rate = k[A]2
Integrated:
1 1
= kt +
A A 0
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Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
Second-Order
Half–Life:
1
t1 =
2 k A 0
k = rate constant
[A]o = initial concentration of A
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Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
EXERCISE!
Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
Zero-Order
Rate = k[A]0 = k
Integrated:
[A] = –kt + [A]o
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Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
Zero-Order
Half–Life:
A 0
t1 =
2 2k
k = rate constant
[A]o = initial concentration of A
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Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
CONCEPT CHECK!
How can you tell the difference among 0th, 1st, and 2nd
order rate laws from their graphs?
Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
Rate Laws
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Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
Section 12.4
The Integrated Rate Law
EXERCISE!
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Section 12.5
Reaction Mechanisms
Reaction Mechanism
Most chemical reactions occur by a series of elementary
steps.
An intermediate is formed in one step and used up in a
subsequent step and thus is never seen as a product in
the overall balanced reaction.
Section 12.5
Reaction Mechanisms
A Molecular Representation of the Elementary Steps in the Reaction
of NO2 and CO
NO2(g) + CO(g) → NO(g) + CO2(g)
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Section 12.5
Reaction Mechanisms
Section 12.5
Reaction Mechanisms
Rate-Determining Step
A reaction is only as fast as its slowest step.
The rate-determining step (slowest step) determines the
rate law and the molecularity of the overall reaction.
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Section 12.5
Reaction Mechanisms
Section 12.5
Reaction Mechanisms
Decomposition of N2O5
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Section 12.5
Reaction Mechanisms
Decomposition of N2O5
2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
Section 12.5
Reaction Mechanisms
CONCEPT CHECK!
rate = k[A][B]2
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Section 12.6
A Model for Chemical Kinetics
Collision Model
Molecules must collide to react.
Main Factors:
Activation energy, Ea
Temperature
Molecular orientations
Section 12.6
A Model for Chemical Kinetics
Activation Energy, Ea
Energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical
reaction.
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Section 12.6
A Model for Chemical Kinetics
Section 12.6
A Model for Chemical Kinetics
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Section 12.6
A Model for Chemical Kinetics
Section 12.6
A Model for Chemical Kinetics
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Section 12.6
A Model for Chemical Kinetics
Arrhenius Equation
Ea / RT
k = Ae
A = frequency factor
Ea = activation energy
R = gas constant (8.3145 J/K·mol)
T = temperature (in K)
Section 12.6
A Model for Chemical Kinetics
Ea 1
ln(k ) = + ln A
R T
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Section 12.6
A Model for Chemical Kinetics
Section 12.6
A Model for Chemical Kinetics
EXERCISE!
Ea = 53 kJ
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Section 12.7
Catalysis
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up a reaction without being
consumed itself.
Provides a new pathway for the reaction with a lower
activation energy.
Section 12.7
Catalysis
Energy Plots for a Catalyzed and an Uncatalyzed Pathway
for a Given Reaction
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Section 12.7
Catalysis
Effect of a Catalyst on the Number of Reaction-Producing
Collisions
Section 12.7
Catalysis
Heterogeneous Catalyst
Most often involves gaseous reactants being adsorbed
on the surface of a solid catalyst.
Adsorption – collection of one substance on the surface
of another substance.
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Section 12.7
Catalysis
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Section 12.7
Catalysis
Heterogeneous Catalyst
1. Adsorption and activation of the reactants.
2. Migration of the adsorbed reactants on the surface.
3. Reaction of the adsorbed substances.
4. Escape, or desorption, of the products.
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Section 12.7
Catalysis
Homogeneous Catalyst
Exists in the same phase as the reacting molecules.
Enzymes are nature’s catalysts.
Section 12.7
Catalysis
Homogeneous Catalysis
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