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SHOTCRETE: MORE ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENTS

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING

DEVELOPMENTS IN SHOTCRETE, 4 OCTOBER 2004, CAIRNS, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA

Shotcrete: More Engineering

Developments

Edited by

Erik Stefan Bernard

TSE Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia

A.A. BALKEMA PUBLISHERS LEIDEN / LONDON / NEW YORK / PHILADELPHIA / SINGAPORE

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Copyright © 2004 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK

All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced,
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Although all care is taken to ensure the integrity and quality of this publication and the information
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Published by: A.A. Balkema Publishers, a member of Taylor & Francis Group plc
www.balkema.nl and www.tandf.co.uk

ISBN 04 1535 898 1

Printed in The Netherlands

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Shotcrete: More Engineering Developments – Bernard (ed.)

© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 898 1

Table of Contents

Preface vii
Acknowledgements viii

Problems and solutions in squeezing ground: cases from Egnatia motorway tunnels 1
G. Aggistalis, C. Georganopoulos, N. Kazilis, & R.C. Game
A finite element model for dynamic analysis of shotcrete on rock subjected to blast induced vibrations 15
A. Ansell
Shotcrete design and specification for the Cross City Tunnel, Sydney 27
H.R. Asche & E.S. Bernard
Mechanisms of shotcrete roof support 39
C. Banton, M.S. Diederichs, D.J. Hutchinson, & S. Espley
Creep of cracked fibre reinforced shotcrete panels 47
E.S. Bernard
Durability of cracked fibre reinforced shotcrete 59
E.S. Bernard
Design performance requirements for fibre reinforced shotcrete using ASTM C-1550 67
E.S. Bernard
Comparison of methods for early age strength testing of shotcrete 81
M.J.K. Clements
Hydro-scaling – An overview of a young technology 89
M.J.K. Clements, P.A. Jenkins & L. Malmgren
Recommendations for future developments in shotcrete: a contractor’s perspective 97
A. Collis & A.M.O. Mueller
A study on the effect of changes in fibre type and dosage rate on Fibre Reinforced 103
Shotcrete performance
J.M. Denney & P.C. Hagan
Reliability-based resistance design of FRS tunnel linings 109
D. Diamantidis & E.S. Bernard
Toughness of fibre-reinforced shotcrete as a function of time, strength development 127
and fiber type according to ASTM C1550-02
T.P. DiNoia & K.-A. Rieder
Alkali-free shotcrete accelerator interactions with cement and admixtures 137
T.P. DiNoia & P.J. Sandberg
The use of synthetic fibres for shotcrete reinforcement at Northparkes Mines second block cave 145
S.B. Duffield & J. Phillips
Fire protection for shotcrete tunnel linings 153
I.D. Hague

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Macro-synthetic fibre reinforced shotcrete in a Norwegian road tunnel 161

C. Hauck, & A.E. Mathisen, E. Grimstad,
Experiences from shotcrete works in Swedish hard rock tunnels 169
J.B. Holmgren
Determination of criteria for the acceptance of shotcrete for certification 175
M. Jolin, F. Gagnon & D. Beaupré
Post-crack creep behavior of steel and synthetic FRC under flexural loading 183
J. MacKay & J.-F. Trottier
In-cycle application of fibre reinforced shotcrete 193
G. Methven
Rehabilitation of the seawall at Stanley Park Vancouver, BC, Canada, with synthetic 201
fibre reinforced shotcrete
D.R. Morgan, M. Ezzat & C. Pfhol
Surface support in mines: recent shotcrete applications 209
Y. Potvin, J. Hadjigeorgiou & T.R. Stacey
Recent innovations in final lining shotcrete in North American tunneling and mining 217
M. Rispin, C. Gause, & B. Knight
Strengthening of reinforced concrete structures using shotcrete 225
H. Schorn
Mining through filled stopes using shotcrete linings at Xstrata – Mount Isa Mines 233
N. Slade & K. Kuganathan
Sprayed concrete systems in the Gotthard base tunnel 245
C. Spirig
Experiences in the repair of tall structures with dry mix shotcrete 251
/
G. Slowek & W. Majchrzak
High toughness shotcrete for large deformation control at Perseverance Mine 259
D. Tyler & M.J.K. Clements
The use of Calcium Aluminate Cement in shotcrete 267
D. Van Heerden
Efficient passive fire protection systems for high performance shotcrete 275
R. Winterberg & R. Dietze

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Shotcrete: More Engineering Developments – Bernard (ed.)

© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 898 1

Preface

The Second International Conference on Engineering Developments in Shotcrete has been organized by the
Australian Shotcrete Society to promote the dissemination of information about developments in shotcrete
technology to the Australian and international communities. It has been organized with the co-operation of the
American Shotcrete Association and the Norwegian Concrete Association, both of whom have provided tech-
nical and logistic support, for which the society is indebted. The organizing committee has included individ-
uals from many sectors of the shotcrete industry, including contractors, material suppliers, and consultants. All
members of the organizing committee contributed to making the conference function smoothly, but I am par-
ticularly grateful to Angus Peruzzo and Tony Finn for their efforts in seeking sponsors and managing financial
issues, and John Gelson, John Brown, Warren Walsh, and Warren Mahoney for assistance in seeking sponsors.
Shotcrete is an evolving technology that has seen many recent innovations introduced. These innovations
have been vigorously adopted in Australia, particularly in the underground mining industry, to the point where
the competitiveness of Australian shotcreting practice possibly leads the world. For this reason, the use of shot-
crete within Australian mines has been highlighted in many of the papers included in these proceedings.
However, the civil tunnelling industry has not been overlooked, and numerous papers have addressed issues of
relevance to this application, such as post-crack performance, creep, and lining design. Other papers address
topics ranging from repair, accreditation of nozzlemen, and early-age performance, to the blast resistance of
shotcrete linings.
Each paper presented at this conference has been independently reviewed by up to three peers from within
the industry. The process of review has been lengthy and rigorous, and I would like to extend my appreciation
and thanks to the reviewers for their assistance in making this conference possible.

E.S. Bernard
Conference Chairman and Editor

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Shotcrete: More Engineering Developments – Bernard (ed.)

© 2004 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1535 898 1

Acknowledgements

The successful organization of a conference requires the efforts of a large number of people, as well as the finan-
cial support of sponsors. The organizing committee for this conference has been grateful for the support of the
following corporations and individuals. The Registration Centre, Cairns, through their representative Michelle
Jago, provided administrative support and management.

Sponsorship has been provided by

Principal Sponsor Elasto-Plastic Concrete Pty Ltd
Major Sponsors Jetcrete Australia
Degussa (MBT) Pty Limited
Walter Construction Group Limited
Sika Australia Pty Limited
Readymix Holdings Pty Limited
Other Sponsors Tapex Pty Limited

The papers were reviewed by

Asche, H. Connell Wagner, Brisbane
Austin, S. University of Loughborough, UK
Beaupré, D. Université de Laval, Quebec, Canada
Bernard, E.S. TSE P/L, Sydney
Bodner, C. Connell Wagner, Sydney
Clements, M. Grenz P/L, Perth
DiNoia, T. WR Grace & Co., USA
Duffield, S. Rio Tinto, Australia
Garshol, K. Degussa Chemicals, USA
Groves, P. Coffey & Partners, Singapore
Holmgren, J. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Kusterle, W. University of Innsbruck, Austria
Morgan, D.R. AMEC, Vancouver, Canada
Ono, K. Kyoto University, Japan
Spearing, S. Stratatech, USA
Tatnall, P. SI Concrete Systems, USA
Wood, D. Consultant, Ontario, Canada

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