BUSINESS PROBLEM SOLVING

Assignment Work-1

Submitted by:
Radhika Chhabra
Roll.No.102

Submitted to: Prof. Kamini Singh

Section-A
1. What are different types of reasoning? Explain with example (2 Marks)
Logical Thinking is the process in which one uses reasoning consistently to derive the
conclusion.
The different types of reasoning are-:
 Logical Thinking-Deductive, Inductive, and Abductive Reasoning.
 Critical thinking.
 Backward Induction.
 Counterfactual thinking.
 Intuition.

Example of Reasoning- Tanuj is older than Eina. Chetan is older than Tanuj. Eina is older
than Chetan. If the first 2 statements are true, the 3rd statement is

a) True
b) False
c) Uncertain

2. What is Inductive Reasoning? Explain with Example (2 Marks)

Inductive reasoning is reasoning where the premises support the conclusion. The
conclusion is the hypothesis, or probable. This means that the conclusion is the part of
reasoning that inductive reasoning is trying to prove. Inductive reasoning is also
referred to as 'cause and effect reasoning' or 'bottom-up reasoning' because it seeks to
prove a conclusion first. This is usually derived from specific instances to develop a
general conclusion.

Example-The coin I pulled from the bag is a penny. That coin is a penny. A third coin
from the bag is a penny. Therefore, all the coins in the bag are pennies.

3. What is deductive Reasoning? Explain with Example (2 Marks)

The Deductive Reasoning is used when you move from a general statement to a more
specific statement through a logical thought process. It is a basic form of valid
reasoning which is also known as top-down logical reasoning.
 Example-All men are mortal. Harold is a man. Therefore, Harold is mortal.
4. What is Abductive Reasoning? Explain with Example (2 Marks)
It is a form of logical inference which starts with a set of observations or observation
& then seeks to find the simplest & most likely explanation for the observations. It is
seen as a way of generating explanations of phenomena meeting certain conditions. In
this, the conclusion is the best guess from an observation or a set of observations. But,
the conclusion that is drawn may or may not be true.

Example- Jury duty decisions are one example of abductive reasoning. Let's say
you're a juror and the defendant looks like the image of the man on the security
camera robbing the bank. He stutters and pauses, like he is guilty, when answering
questions posed by the prosecutor. You conclude, as a juror on your first day as a
member of the jury, that he is guilty, but you are not certain. Here, you have made a
decision based on your observations, but you are not certain it is the right decision.

5. State the difference between Creative and critical thinking? (2Marks)

Creative thinking is a way of looking at problems or situations from a fresh
perspective to conceive of something new or original.

Critical thinking is the logical, sequential disciplined process of rationalizing,

analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information to make informed judgments
and/or decisions.

Critical Thinking vs. Creative Thinking — Key Differences

1. Creative thinking tries to create something new, while critical thinking seeks to
assess worth or validity of something that already exists.
2. Creative thinking is generative, while critical thinking is analytical.
3. Creative thinking is divergent, while critical thinking is convergent.
4. Creative thinking is focused on possibilities, while critical thinking is focused on
probability.
5. Creative thinking is accomplished by disregarding accepted principles, while
critical thinking is accomplished by applying accepted principles.
SECTION-B
Q 1 (2 Marks)
John is stronger than Mike, but Luke is stronger than John.
Mike is stronger than Luke.
1.1 Given that the first sentence is true, what is the bolded statement? (1 Marks)
(a) true
(b) false
(c) insufficient information

Ans.-The Answer is false.(b)

1.2 What is the type of Reasoning – Specify category and sub category (1 marks)
Ans.- This is the example of Deductive Reasoning.

Q 2. What should replace the question mark?

Ans.- C

Q 3. Deductive and Inductive are which type of reasoning?

Ans.- Logical Reasoning(a).

Q4. What is the type of reasoning in following example?

All crows are black. All black birds are loud.
Statement: All crows are loud.
Ans. Syllogism(b)

Q5. 1. Rainy days tend to be more humid than snowfall days.

2. Dusty days tend to be less humid than rainy days.
3. Snowfall days tend to be less humid than dusty days.
If the first two statements are true, the third statement is.
Ans. True(a)
Q6. Another name for an if-then statement is a _______? Every conditional has
two parts. The part following if is the _______?, and the part following then is
the _______?(In-order)
Ans. Conditional; hypothesis; conclusion.(d)

Q7. Which of the following choices shows a true conditional with the hypothesis
and conclusion identified correctly? Conditional Statement If yesterday was
Wednesday,then tomorrow is Friday.
Ans. Hypothesis: Yesterday was Wednesday. conclusion: Tomorrow is Friday(a)

Q8. Which is a judgment, not a fact?

Ans. That production of Hamlet was first-rate;
you’ll never see it done better.(a)

Q9. Three problems arise at work simultaneously. In what order do you solve the
following?
1. The printer in your office is down.
2. You need to finish writing a report to meet a 3:00 p.m. deadline.
3. Documents must be dropped off at the post office by 5:00 p.m.
Ans. 1->2->3(a)