the average amount of money a school district spends to educate

one student for one year

The problem that occurs when schools in districts with lower levels
of income from property taxes have a higher proportion of students who are low-income
and need a higher level of services.
The differences in learning and graduation rates among schools,
often linked to differences in school populations and funding.

An arrangement in which a business or industry provides

support for a school. This support may involve financial resources, sharing expertise,
or a variety of other forms of help.
Describes students or groups with characteristics
that make them more likely to fail academically.
An adult who commits to a long-term relationship with a student to provide
support, guidance, and help.
Intimidation or bullying through e-mail, social networking sites, text
messaging, or other electronic means.
A policy that states that prohibited behaviors and actions will not
be tolerated- no exceptions.
When a student loses the right to attend school for a specified period of time.
– Individual state governments
– Local communities
– Federal government

– Passes laws
– Determines budget, funding

– Provides leadership
– Promotes education standards and equality
– Advocates for citizen support, public funds

– Usually elected
– Link between legislature and board of education

– Responsible for operation of schools

– Certifies teachers, allocates money

– Sets policies
– Approves curriculum, funding
– Determines budget
– Oversees hiring
– Negotiates with employee unions

– Connection between school board and individual

schools

– Carry out day-to-day activities

– Oversee the budget
– Hire/supervise teachers
– Act as spokespersons for the school

• Passes federal legislation to assist states

• Funds provided for states and local districts
that follow legislative guidelines
• United States Department of Education
– Focus: ensure quality education for all children
– Secretary of Education is part of the President’s
cabinet
 -State
-Local
-Private
-Federal

• Each state determines funding

• Taxes used:
– Sales taxes
– Income taxes
• Spending varies from state to state
• Usually comes from real estate taxes
• Use of taxes can be controversial
– Escalating taxes can cause hardship
– Everyone is taxed for education, even people
without children
– Those who rent or lease do not pay property taxes
– Taxes designated
• Usually may be collected from
for specific large businesses
special
programs
• Supplementary financial support from
– Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
– Carl Perkins Vocational and Technical Education Act
of 1984
– No Child Left Behind Act of 2001
• Charitable foundations award grants for
– special projects
– solving problems related to foundation goals
• Individuals and groups help schools

• Spending is unequal
– from one state to another
– from one district to another
• Spending per pupil used to compare
• School districts with lower property values
have lower property taxes
• Students from lower-income areas often need
a higher level of services (school funding gap)
• Some states and districts provide additional
funding for schools that need extra services
– Many of these schools have lower test scores,
higher dropout rates (achievement gap)

• Citizens take pride in student accomplishments

• Positive school-community relationships
benefit both sides
 • Parents want their
children to have the
best possible education
• Schools encourage teachers to communicate
with parents
• Parental involvement in the school makes
parental support stronger
• Businesses and industries need potential
workers
• A capable workforce is important to a
community’s economy
• Businesses may
– design or upgrade related school programs
– raise money to pay for improvements

• Community resources
that help schools
– Community social
services
– Public libraries
– Museums
– Area colleges and
universities
– Career and technical programs

• Ways schools help communities

– Adult education classes
– Purchasing supplies from local
businesses

teachers

• Children living in poverty are more likely to

– have inadequate nutrition, suffer from hunger
– be sick more often or have untreated conditions
– have trouble getting adequate rest
– have a lack of resources at home, such as books
or computers

• Schools can
– draw on community resources
– work with service agencies to help families
– monitor students’ progress closely
– get tutoring for students who need it
– find mentors for students in the community
– get students involved in school activities
• Living in fear affects ability to concentrate
 - cyberbullying
– Sexual and racial harassment
– Physical violence

• Establish strict standards for nonviolent

behavior
• Help change attitudes to value tolerance,
acceptance, and fairness
• Teach students conflict-resolution skills

• Sexual activity can result in

– teen pregnancy (may drop out of school, struggle
to care for child, live in poverty)

– sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV-

AIDS (may not be able to be cured, can result in
early death)

• Help students develop self-esteem and

decision-making skills
• Use community resources, such as health and
social service agencies, to educate
• Offer support for pregnant and parenting
teens

• Can adversely affect learning

• Have devastating consequences
– Impair judgment
– Lead to a life-altering event
– Result in addiction

• Promote communication,
discipline
• Encourage groups, such
as Students Against
Destructive Decisions
(SADD)
• Address problems as soon as possible
• Watch for symptoms to identify possible
problems
• Provide students and parents with a warm
and caring relationship
• Link families with community resources

• States, school districts, federal government

all involved in education
• States pay for school through taxes
• Relationships between schools and parents
and communities are important
• Schools are affected by societal problems

Review
• Where do schools get the majority of their
funding?
?the state
• List four social problems that affect schools.
?poverty, violence, sexually active students, alcohol
and other drugs
• ____ is intimidation through e-mail, social
networking sites, and texting.
?Cyberbullying
• What is usually the result of a zero tolerance
policy?
?expulsion