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Chapter 10: Growth and Development Edited By: NJ - NS.MMAP - WSWO September 2015
Chapter 10: Growth and Development Edited By: NJ - NS.MMAP - WSWO September 2015
Define growth:
A permanent & irreversible increase in biomass, length, and width over a specific time.
Growth phases: Growth measurement:
1. Cell division: 1. Unicellular: Cannot measure individually
- Multiply by mitosis but by colony.
- Root / shoot tip 2. Multicellular: Can be measure
- Daughter cells genetically identical to individually
parent - Wet: The mass with its water content
- Daughter cell have dense protoplasm - Dry mass: the mass without its water
content
2. Cell enlargement: Wet mass:
- Cell absorbed water by osmosis Disadvantages :
- Elastic cell wall expand and increase in Inaccurate measurement due to the water
size, volume and mass (metabolism). content of the organisms may vary.
- Initial enlargement occur in all direction Advantages :
- Later limited to specific direction Organisms not killed, can be measured
repeatedly.
3. Cell differentiation/ specialization
- Cell mature to obtained permanent size Dry mass:
- Cell wall thicken Disadvantages :
- The unspecialized cells undergo Organisms is destroyed / killed
progressive changes in metabolic Unethical (especially animals)
activities Same specimen can’t be measured
- Leads to changes in cell structures for continuously.
different function. Need many individuals from a population
with similar age & size to measure
growth change & minimize errors
Advantages :
Accurate measurement (plants)
Growth pattern:
Shows changes in number /size (growth parameters) of organism/ population over time (growth
rate)
Sigmoid: Human:
S-shape curve Consist of two S- shaped curves
Most organism and populations. 5 major phases:
Curve divided into 4 phases a) Infant phase (2 yrs):
a) Lag phase - Rapid growth for both gender.
- Growth is slow / little - Cells dividing rapidly > many more
- Organisms just introduced into new cell dividing
environment b) Childhood phase
- No limiting factors (abundance of - Slower growth
resources) - Slightly higher rate in males
- Food (nutrients), water, & space (shelter) compared to females.
enough - Longer in male (15 yrs) than female
- No waste accumulation (less or no disease (11 yrs)
due to toxic waste) c) Adolescents phase
b) Log/ Exponential phase - Rapid growth
- Rapid growth - Females enter at younger age & more
- No limiting factors (abundance of rapid growth than males.
resources) - Male enter at older age but become
- Food (nutrients), water, & space (shelter) higher compared to females.
- No waste accumulation (less or no disease - This results in the females attaining
due to toxic waste) puberty at an earlier age (around age
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Chapter 10: Growth and Development
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO September 2015
Limited: Unlimited:
Definite growth; growth does not occur Indefinite growth; growth occur
throughout life throughout life until death.
Often have S-shaped curve Multiple S-shaped growth curve
Eg: annual plants (pea, corn & paddy) - Woody perennial plants
- Plant that completes its life cycle in one - Plant that lives for number of years
year, start from germinates, flowers, - Show a cumulative series of sigmoid
produces seeds and dies curves
- Each of which represents one year’s
growth.
Isometric: Allometric:
The growth of the organs of an organism grow The growth of certain organs at different
at the same rate as the rest of the body rate from each other and from the overall
Change in size as organs grow but not body
accompanied by the change in shape of the Involves changes in size and external
organism shape/ features of the organisms
The relative proportion of the organs and Example: Human organs
whole body remain the same - In embryos the brain and head grow
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Chapter 10: Growth and Development
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO September 2015
Intermitten: Ecdysis :
Discontinuous growth > interrupted by a series The process of changing the old
of moulting/ecdysis. exoskeleton and replaced with new soft
Occur in arthropods during metamorphosis layer and later become hard again.
Steps-like shaped (grow rapidly until limited Occur periodically between instar stage
by hard exoskeleton until ecdysis) Breathe in air to expand the body and
break old exoskeleton.
Metamorphosis :
The process of changing shape from one
stage to another
2 types
i. Complete:
- occur in holometabolic insects
(housefly, butterfly)
- 4 life stages (egg, larva, pupa &
imago)
ii. Incomplete:
- Occur in hemimetabolic insects
(cockroach, grasshopper)
- 3 life stages (egg, nymph & adult)
- Nymph resemble adult but smaller, no
wings & Sexually immature
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Chapter 10: Growth and Development
Edited by : NJ.NS.MMAP.WSWO September 2015