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BusBar Protection
BusBar Protection
F1 F2
There are fewer faults on busbars than on other parts of the power system.
● No dislocation of system due to accidental operation of busbar protection.
● Slow fault clearance.
Busbar faults at F1 and F2 are cleared by remote time delayed protection on circuits feeding the
faults:
Time Delayed Overcurrent or
Time Delayed Distance Protection
BUSBAR
ZONE
F1 F2
CAUSES :
● Insulation failures
● Circuit breaker failures
● Falling debris
● Isolators operated outside their ratings
● Safety earths left connected
● Current transformer failures
THEREFORE :
Circuit breakers should be tripped and locked
out by busbar protection
● RELIABLE
● Failure could cause widespread damage to the substation
● STABLE
● False tripping can cause widespread interruption of supplies to
customers
● DISCRIMINATING
● Should trip the minimum number of breakers to clear the fault
● FAST
● To limit damage and possible power system instability
Generator
Busbar
Switchgear frame
bonding bar
Frame-leakage
current
transformer
System
Earth bar earthing
resistor
I1 + I2
I1
Frame insulation I1 I2 Earthing electrode
resistance to earth resistance (< 1Ω)
(> 10Ω)
Suitable for phase segregated indoor metal clad switchgear. Only E/F
protection required.
Disadvantages :
Insulation of switchgear frame and between sections.
Insulation of cable glands to prevent spurious
currents during through faults.
The check relays pick up for both internal and external faults.
Both check and discriminating relays must operate before tripping can occur.
(a) Neutral check provided by a relay energised from a single c.t. in the
power system neutral.
(b) Residual check provided by a relay energised from a residually
connected c.t. on the busbar incomers.
(c) Residual voltage check provided by a voltage relay energised from a
broken delta v.t. supply.
Check relays are normally self-reset in order to avoid having to reset the relay
after each external fault.
G H J K
Frame-earth
fault relay
Neutral check relay
64
64 CH
Generally this value is derived from the rating of the associated switchgear
irrespective of existing fault level, since it can be expected that system will
develop up to limit of rating.
ZM ZM
R
VR CT saturated
VR = IY (RLX + RCT)
VS > VR
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 21
Stabilising resistor calculations
IS R = VS
RST
R
{ RR VR
R = VS
IR
IS RST = R – RR
If RR is given in VA then
RR = VA/IS²
+10% Vk
Exciting Voltage (VS)
Vk
For High Impedance
+50% Iek Vk>2Vs
●Fast operation
●Dependant upon
maximum through fault
Iek
Exciting Current (Ie)
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 24
Operating Time
Since in each zone of protection there are several CT’s in parallel with
the relay and each other, the combined CT magnetising currents will
increase the primary operating current (P.O.C).
where :-
IR = Relay setting current
IM = CT magnetising current (one CT at relay
setting voltage)
n = Number of paralleled CT’s
INLR = Non linear resistor current at relay setting
voltage
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 26
Equivalent circuit for Internal fault
VS = IS (RST + RR)
IM = VS/ZM
IP = T (IS + n IM)
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 27
Secondary Voltage at maximum fault level
Open circuit connections between CT’s and relay circuit result in unbalance
currents which may operate the protection.
Supervision relay is time delayed, gives alarm and also shorts out bus wires to
protect differential relay circuit.
CT1 I3
RST I2 I4
V R ZM2 ZM3 ZM4
Super
vision RR
relay
I1
95X
95X Bus wire short contacts
95X
95 Supervision
relay
Metrosil
resistors
Stabilising
v v v resistors
87 87 87
Interlocked
Circuit overcurrent
protection relay
Circuit
Circuit protection
protection
Busbar
protection
Busbar
protection
Busbar Interlocked
protection overcurrent
relay
ΣI=0
IA I IC
B
IA = IB + IC
IA - IB - IC = 0
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 37
HV Application: Busbar Protection - 2
Kirchhoff’s Principle applied to a system with a fault
ΣI≠0
IA I IC
B
IA ≠ IB + IC
IA - IB - IC ≠ 0 = IF
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 38
MiCOM P746 - Architecture
Centralised Solution
Distributed Solution
Tripping
area
X X
i1 i2
X
X X ID>2 RESTRAIN AREA
i3 in IS
ID>1
ibias (t)
3000
3000 / 5/A5 A 3000 / 5 A
9000 A 3000 / 5 A 9000 A
X 10500 A X
20600 A
X
X X X
X
150 / 5 A 1500 / 5 A 500 / 5 A 150 / 5 A
100 A 1400 A 1000 A 100 A
3000
3000 / 5/A5 A 3000 / 5 A
9000 A 3000 / 5 A 9000 A
X 10500 A X
X
X X X
X
500 / 5 A
150 / 5 A 1500 / 5 A 19600 A 150 / 5 A
100 A 1400 A 39.2 x In 100 A
Saturation
IA IB
Topology Processing
Busbar
Dead Zone
=
Current Node 2 Dead Zones
P742/3
2nd case: Bus coupler Closed
Feeder
CB opened CB opened
PU 1 PU2
not connected not connected
PU 1 PU 2
connected to BB1 connected to BB1
Trip Zone 1 -
one breaker
closed
Zone 1 = PU1
CN1 = Zone 1 CB Closed CB Open
only
BB1 BB2
Coupling Open
Zone 1 = PU1+ PU3 Isolator Closed Isolator Closed
Zone 2 = PU2
CN1 = Zone 1
CN2 = Zone 2
Local CN=dead zone
CB Closed CB Closed
PU 1 PU2
connected to
connected to BB2
BB1
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 58
Topology Processing
PU3 connected
to BB1& BB2
BB1 BB2
Coupling Closed
Zone 1 = PU1 + PU3 Isolator Closed Isolator Closed
Zone 2 = PU2 + PU3
CN1 = Zone 1
CN2 = Zone 2
CB Closed CB Closed
PU 1 PU2
connected to BB1 connected to BB1
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 59
Topology Processing
PU3 connected
No CT
to BB1& BB2
BB1 BB2
Coupling Open
Zone 1 = PU1 Isolator Closed Isolator Closed
Zone 2 = PU2
CN1 = Zone 1
CN2 = Zone 2
CB Closed CB Closed
PU 1 PU2
connected to BB1 connected to BB1
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 60
Topology Processing
No CT PU3 connected
to BB1& BB2
BB1 BB2
Coupling Closed
Zone 1 = PU1 Isolator Closed
Zone 2 = PU2 Isolator Closed
CN1 = Zone 1+Zone 2
CB Closed CB Closed
PU 1 PU 2
connected to BB1 connected to BB1
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 61
Topology Processing
BB1
BB2
Zone 1 = PU1
Zone 2 = PU2
CN1 = Zone 1
CN2 = Zone 2
PU 1 PU2
connected to BB1 connected to BB2
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 62
Topology Processing
BB1
BB2
Zone 1 = PU1
Zone 2 = PU2
CN1 = Zone 1 +
Zone 2
PU 1 PU2
connected to BB1 connected to BB2
Schneider Electric - Infrastructure Automation – 14/05/2012 63
Check Zone Supervision
● Any fault will also be seen as a check or total zone differential current
● Under plant discrepancy conditions there will be an equal but opposite current in
an adjacent zone cancelling this error in the check zone value and prevent mal-
operation
Tripping
area
X X
i1 i2
X
X X ID>2 RESTRAIN AREA
i3 in IS
ID>1
ibias (t)
Incomer
O/C Relay
BLOCK
10.0
1.0
IDMT incomer
Time IDMT margin
(s) IDMT feeder
0.1 I >3 incomer
t >3 incomer
Time to block
I > feeder
Start
0.01
Current