TIME DIVISION

MULTIPLEXING
•SpanditKumar Lenka 1401209339 (6)
•Subeer Kumar Panda 1401209341 (8)
•Spardha Gupta 1401209340 (7)
•Subhashree Swain 1401209342 (9)
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 Multiplexing
• Multiplexing to refer to the combination of information
streams from multiple sources for transmission over a shared
medium
• Multiplexor is a mechanism that implements the concept
• Demultiplexing to refer to the separation of a combination
back into separate information streams
• Demultiplexor to refer to a mechanism that implements
the concept
•Figure illustrates the concept
•each sender communicates with a single receiver
•all pairs share a single transmission medium
•multiplexor combines information from the senders for
transmission in such a way that the demultiplexor can
separate the information for receivers
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The Concept of Multiplexing

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Need of Multiplexing :-
 Transmitting two or more signals simultaneously
can be accomplished by setting up one transmitter-
receiver pair for each channel, but this is an
expensive approach.
 A single cable or radio link can handle multiple
signals simultaneously using a technique known as
multiplexing.
 Multiplexing permits hundreds or even thousands
of signals to be combined and transmitted over a
single medium.
 Cost savings can be gained by using a single
channel to send multiple information signals.
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 Sharing the
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medium
Multiplexing in networks Main purpose is ?
Multiplexer example

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Adtran TSU (T1) Multiplexer

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Adtran T3SU 300
(T3) Multiplexer

Blackbox
Multiplexer

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 The Basic Types of Multiplexing
There are four basic approaches to multiplexing that
each have a set of variations and implementations
•Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
•Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
•Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
•Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)
•TDM and FDM are widely used
•WDM is a form of FDM used for optical fiber
•CDM is a mathematical approach used in cell
phone mechanisms
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 Frequency Division Multiplex
 Separation of spectrum into smaller frequency bands
 Channel gets band of the spectrum for the whole time
 Advantages: Channels
ki
 no dynamic coordination needed
k3 k4 k5 k6
 works also for analog signals
c
 Disadvantages: f

waste of bandwidth
if traffic distributed unevenly
 inflexible
 guard spaces

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Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
 Each signal is allocated a different frequency band

Usually used with analog signals
 Modulation equipment is needed to move each
signal to the required frequency band (channel)
 Multiple carriers are used, each is called sub-
carrier
 Multiplexing equipment is needed to combine
the modulated signals

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 FDM
process

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FDM demultiplexing
example

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 Time Division Multiplexing
Definition: Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is the time interleaving of samples
from several sources so that the information from these sources can be transmitted
serially over a single communication channel.
At the Transmitter
Simultaneous transmission of several signals on a time-sharing basis.
 Each signal occupies its own distinct time slot, using all frequencies, for the duration
of the transmission.
 Slots may be permanently assigned on demand.
At the Receiver
 Decommutator (sampler) has to be synchronized with the incoming waveform  Frame
Synchronization
 Low pass filter
 ISI – poor channel filtering
 Feedthrough of one channel's signal into another channel -- Crosstalk
Applications of TDM: Digital Telephony, Data communications, Satellite Access,
Cellular radio.
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Simple rotary-switch multiplexer

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 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
 Usually used with digital signals or analog
signals carrying digital data

Data from various sources are carried in
repetitive frames

Each frame consists of of a set of time slots
 Each source is assigned one or more time
slots per frame

Eeng 360 19
 TDM
 Composition of one frame of a multiplexed PAM signal incorporating four voice-
signals and a synchronizing pulse.

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 Time Division Multiplexing

Conceptual diagram of multiplexing-demultiplexing.

PAM TDM System

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 Illustrating 4-Channel PAM TDM Multiplexing

 Four different analog

signals can be
sampled by a PAM
multiplexer.
• Signals A and C are
continuously varying
analog signals.
• Signal B is a positive-
going linear ramp.
• Signal D is a
constant DC voltage.
Eeng 360 22
Block diagram of TDM system
PAM TDM System

A Typical Framing Structure for TDM

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 Time Division Multiplexing

Frame structure of a certain TDM signal

Composite Signal Format

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PCM TDM

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 Time Division Multiplexing

Pulse width of TDM PAM:

Ts 1
=
3 3 fs

Pulse width of TDM PCM:

Ts
3n

1
fs = fs satisfies Nyquist rate
Ts
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 A time-division multiplexer used to
produce pulse-amplitude modulation

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Waveforms for a PAM
multiplexer

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A PAM demultiplexer

Eeng 360 29
 Synchronous TDM
•TDM is a broad concept that appears in many forms
•It is widely used throughout the Internet
•Figure shows items being sent in a round-robin fashion
•Most TDMs work this way
•No gap occurs between bits if a communication system
uses synchronous transmission
•When TDM is applied to synchronous networks, no
gap occurs between items; the result is known as
Synchronous TDM
•Figure illustrates how synchronous TDM works for a
system of four senders

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Synchronous TDM

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Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing

•Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of digital

signal to be transmitted
•Multiple digital signals interleaved in time
•May be at bit level of blocks
•Time slots preassigned to sources and fixed
•Time slots allocated even if no data
•Time slots do not have to be evenly distributed
amongst sources

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•Telephone systems use synchronous TDM to multiplex
digital streams from multiple phone calls
•they use the acronym TDM to refer to the specific form of
TDM used to multiplex digital telephone calls
•The phone system TDM includes an interesting technique
•to insure that a demultiplexer stays synchronized with the
multiplexer
•Why is synchronization needed?
•observe that a synchronous TDM sends one slot after
another without any indication of the output to which a
given slot occurs
•A demultiplexer cannot tell where a slot begins– a slight
difference in the clocks used to time bits can cause a
demultiplexer to misinterpret the bit stream
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•To prevent misinterpretation, the version of TDM used in the
phone system includes an extra framing channel as input
•Instead of taking a complete slot, framing inserts a single bit
in the stream on each round
•A demultiplexor extracts data from the framing channel and
checks for alternating 0 and 1 bits
•If an error causes a demultiplexor to lose a bit
•it is highly likely that the framing check will detect the
error and allow the transmission to be restarted
•Figure illustrates the use of framing bits

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Framing Used in the Telephone System
Version of TDM

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 The Problem with Synchronous TDM:
Unfilled Slots
 Synchronous TDM works well if each source produces data at a
uniform, fixed rate equal to 1/N of the capacity of the shared medium
 Many sources generate data in bursts, with idle time between bursts
 To understand why, consider the example in Figure
 sources on the left produce data items at random


the synchronous multiplexor leaves a slot unfilled
• if the corresponding source has not produced an item by the
time the slot must be sent
 In practice, a slot cannot be empty because the underlying system
must continue to transmit data
 the slot is assigned a value (such as zero)

 and an extra bit is set to indicate that the value is invalid

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 Asynchronous TDM
How can a multiplexing system make better use of a shared medium?
•One technique to increase the overall data rate is known as statistical
TDM or statistical multiplexing or Asynchronous TDM
•some literature uses the term asynchronous TDM
•The technique is straightforward:
•select items for transmission in a round-robin fashion
•but instead of leaving a slot unfilled, skip any source that does not
have data ready
•By eliminating unused slots
•statistical TDM takes less time to send the same amount of data
•Figure illustrates how a statistical TDM system sends the data from
Figure in only 8 slots instead of 12

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•Statistical multiplexing incurs extra overhead shown below:
•Consider demultiplexing:
•In a synchronous TDM system a demultiplexor knows
that every N slot corresponds to a given receiver
•In a statistical multiplexing system, the data in a given
slot can correspond to any receiver
•Each slot must contain the identification of the receiver to
which the data is being sent
•Output data rate less than aggregate input rates
•May cause problems during peak periods
•Buffer inputs
•Keep buffer size to minimum to reduce delay

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Synchronous TDM vs. Statistical TDM

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 T-1 Carrier System
•A T-1 carrier is a dedicated telephone connection or a time-
division-multiplexed digital transmission service that supports
a data rate of 1.544 Mbps. A T-1 line generally includes 24
separate channels, each of which is able to support 64 Kbps.
Every 64 Kbps channel is often customized to transport voice
or data traffic. The majority of telephone companies only
allow the purchase of a few of the individual channels,
referred to as fractional T-1 access.
•The T-carrier systems are totally digital and use time-division
multiplexing (TDM) and pulse code modulation (PCM). The
original T carrier system was developed by Bell Labs in the
early 1960s.
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Left: A 66 block; center and right: Cabinets containing Smartjack
network interface devices for T-1 circuits.

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•T-1 is the method that is conventionally used by the
telephone companies for transporting digitized telephone
communication among central offices. Since the 1960s, a
single T-1 channel was able to carry 24 high-quality voice
conversations.
•Because T-1 is fully digital, it eradicates the chance of
crosstalk, which is typical among analog carrier networks
where the copper pairs tend to pick up transmissions from
neighbouring pairs.

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Advantages of TDM :
1.Full available channel bandwidth can be
utilized for each channel.
2. lntermodulation distortion is absent.
3. TDM circuitry is not very complex.
4. The problem of crosstalk is not severe.
5. Only one carrier in the medium at any time
6. Throughput high even for many users

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Disadvantages of TDM :
1.Synchronization is essential for proper
operation.
2.Due to slow narrowband fading, all the
TDM channels may get wiped out.
3.Requires reliable ‘Synchronozation’.
4.Requires A/D conversions at high rate.
5.Requires larger bandwidth.
6.Probability of error or Bit Error Rate

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THANK
YOU
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