SEMINAR BY

SOPHIA CHRISTY.C
VINOTHA.S
KANIMOZHI.M
SASIPRIYA.D
SANGEETHA.G
LISY.K
FOOTNOTES

 Traditionally placed at the foot of the page.

 Modern writers or printers - own convenience.
 Appear – end of the thesis or chapter.
 Placing footnotes – more convenient.
DETAILS IN FOOTNOTES
 Rule – Each footnote gives one reference.
 Footnotes includes
 The name of the author.
 Title of the source.
 Place of publication.
 Publishers name.
 Date of publication, if any.
KINDS OF FOOTNOTES

 Depends upon
 What information given in the text.
 If there is bibliographical list
 Place, publisher and date of a book.
PURPOSES SERVED BY
FOOTNOTES
 To indicate the source of information.
 To acknowledge facts and ideas borrowed.
 To guide the reader.
 To provide legal protection.
 To distinguish the researcher’s contribution.
 To explain, supplement or amplify material.
 To put cross-reference.
Continued by
Vinotha.S
HOW TO PUT A FOOTNOTE?
 Footnote are placed at the bottom of the page.
 The same bottom margin.
 Footnote is given by a numerical index called the
superscript.
 Index comes at the end of a phrase or sentence.
 Footnote should be separated.
 Short line usually 20 space.
 From the left hand margin.
 Footnote are placed half space below dividing line.
 Footnote should be single space.
 All footnote length are terminated by a fullstop.
The proper form of an acknowledgement of source
footnote is as follows:
 Authors name in natural order.
 Title underlined editor or translator in any preceded.

Comparison of bibliography and footnotes form:

 Indentation
 Name order
 Placement
 Punctuation
 Page reference
Continued by
Kanimozhi.M
TABLES
 Columnar arrangement
 Convey information
 Components of the table
 Table number
 Caption or the title
 The box heading
 Row heading
 The field
 Table – followed by table number.
 Numbered consecutively.
 Caption is placed two spaces below the caption.
 Column headings should be labeled clearly.
 NA is used for lack of available.
 Longer tables are breakup into two parts.
 Headings are repeated.
 Wide tables are turned sidewise.
 Separate page used for table of contents.
Example
Summary
 Clear and concise heading
 Data divided into categories for clarity
 Sufficient spacing between columns and rows
 Units are provided
 Font type and size are legible
Continued by
SASIPRIYA.D
FIGURES
 Figures used in reports are line graphs, bar graphs, pie
charts.
Guidelines for good figures:
 The title should be clearly described.
 Figures should be simple.
 The figure should not suffer from over simplification,
misrepresentaion or distortion.
 Figures should be used sparingly.
 Figures that occupy more than a half-page should be
placed on a separate page.
 Figures are reffered to by number, never as “the figure
above” or “the figure below”.
 Figures are numbered with Arabic rather than Roman
numerals.

Maps:
 When geographical location or identification is
imported.
 Use of dots, circles or other symbols.
Continued by
Sangeetha.G
REFERENCES
 A reference or bibliography is a list of published works.
 Both published and unpublished materials are listed.

Different kinds of bibliography:

 Works Cited
 Sources Consulted
 Selected Bibliography
 Brief Annotated Bibliography
 Works Cited
 List of sources referred in the text or footnotes.
 Sources Consulted
 Broader kind of bibliography.
 Comprehensive listing of books and papers consulted.
 Includes not strictly relevant subject.
 Selected Bibliography
 More relevant works consulted.
 Brief Annotated Bibliography
 List of references.
 At least something is followed by a note on the content and
usefulness.
Works Cited
 Most common form.
 Bibliography or references or list of references.
 Centered in capitals at the top of the first page.
 No punctuation and underline.
 Placed immediately after the last chapter of the thesis.
 Book, article, thesis, document or manuscript read or
examined and cited should be included.
 Logical arrangement in alphabetical order.
 No absolute rules.
 Aim is to achieve clarity and consistency.
Comparison of footnote and reference
Footnote Reference
 Purpose  Purpose
 To give the specific  To identify the work the
location of the source in whole work.
the text, including the
number of the actual page
on which the statement
appears.
Essential information
 Book reference
 Author(s) name
 Title
 Details concerning the imprint
Examples:
Argyris, C. 1957. Personality and Organization.
New York: Harper
Guilford, J. P. 1965. Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education.
(4th ed.) New York: McGrawHill.
 Journal Reference
 Place of publication and publisher are not included.
 Volume number and the inclusive pages are given.

Examples:
McIntosh, C.B.G. 1967. Cosmological models containing both
radiation and matter. Nature. 216, 1297-1298.
Turner, L.C.F. 1968. The Russian mobilization in 1914.
Journal of Contemporary History. 3, 65-88.
Spacing, capitalisation and underlining
Spacing
 Surname starts from the left margin.
 Second and subsequent lines
 Single spaced.
 Starting three spaces from left margin.
 Double spacing is allowed between entries.
 If entry is annotated,
 It starts on a new line.
 Three spaces from left margin.
Example:
Etzioni, A. 1961. A Comparative Analysis of Complex Organizations. New York: Free Press.
Presents a compliance model which provides a means for analysing administrative processes
used in different organisational settings.

Capitalisation:
 Used to begin all key words in the titles of book and journals.
 For articles, manuscripts, thesis and unpublished papers to begin proper
nouns and the first word of the title.
 If more than one volume, total number of volumes should be stated.

Examples:
Clapham, J. H. 1951. An Economic History of Modern Britain. (3 vols.)
Cambridge: Cambridge University press.

Wouk, H. 1951. The Caine Mutiny. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.

 Titles of books and journals should be underlined.

 No underlining for unpublished works.
Alphabetical and Chronological order
Alphabetical
 Mc and Mac are listed under M according to the alphabet.
 Surname starting with St are treated as in full.
 Names – de Jong, D’Orsonga, Le Thomas alphabetically
ordered starting with first letter of prefix.
 Compound surname P. L. Ferguson-Smith, it Ferguson-
Smith, P. L.
 Placed in alphabetical order with initial letter of the first part
of surname.
Example:
Farraday, N.
Ferguson, W. S.
Ferguson-Smith, P. L.
Ferguson-Stuart, W.
Fordson, V.
More than one author(particular publication):
 Initials and surname should be reversed for the first(senior)
author.
 It is consistent with the general format if the order of the co-
author names also reversed.
Examples:
Blake, R. R. and Mouton, Jane S. 1964.
The Managerial Grid. Houston, Texas: Gulf.
Coch, L. and French, J. R. P., Jr. 1948. Overcoming
resistance to change. Human Relations. 4, 512-533.
Lewis, K. G. and Williams, G. J. 1968. The reaction of
of nopinone with acids. Australian Journal of
Chemistry. 21, 2467-2472.
 Number of same author references, each entry are ordered
chronologically.
Example:
Anderson, J. 1966. The reading difficulty of Australian
newspapers. Australian Journal of Psychology. 18, 80-83.
Anderson, J.1967. A scale to measure the reading difficulty of
Children’s books. University of Queensland Papers.1,1-21.
Anderson, J. 1968. Choosing the right book. Papua and New
Guinea Journal of Education. 5, 3-6.
 More than one entry for same author in any one year, use
lower case letter(a, b, c) immediately after the date.
Examples:
Tow, P. G. 1967a. Controlled climate comparisons of a
tropical grass and legume. Netherlands Journal of
Agricultural Science. 15, 141-154.
Tow, P. G. 1967b. Sowing rate, survival and productivity in
green panicglycine mixtures. Queensland Journal of
Agriculture and Animal Science. 24, 141-148.
 All works by single author precede those works in which
he is the senior co-author.
Examples:
Dawson, N. J. 1967. The surface area/ body weight
relationship in mice. Australian Journal of Biological
Science. 20, 687-690.
Dawson, N. J. and Webster, M.E.D. 1967. The thermal
insulation of mouse fur. Quarterly Journal of
Experimental Physiology. 52, 168-173.
Continued by
K.LISY
 Edited Works
 Some Special Cases
 Use of Appendices
 Format of appendix
 EDITED WORKS
 Common procedure for edited works
 The author and title of the chapter
 The editor and the other details of the book

 Another way of presenting

 Two separate entries
 Book
 Chapter
 It does not require repetition of complete reference on each
occasion.
EXAMPLES :
 Weaver, w.1966. The mathematics of communication. In
(Smith, A.G. (Ed, ). 1966) 15-24.

 Smith, A.G. (Ed, ). 1966. Communication and culture. New

York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
 SOME SPECIAL CASES
 Translation of another author’s work
 Anonymous publication
 Pseudonymous publication
 Proceedings of a conference
 Association or institution as author
 Unpublished materials
 Translation of another author’s work
Klinchin, A.I. 1957. Mathematical Foundations of Information
Theory. Translated BY Silverman, R. A. and Frredman,
M. D. New York: Dover.

 Anonymous publication
Archaeology in Australia. 1968. Current Affairs Bulletin.
41, 194-207.
[Wurm, S. A. ] 1969. Language in Papua New Guinea.
Current Affairs Bulletin. 43, 98-112.
 Pseudonymous Publication
Culotta, N. [O’ Grady, J.] 1957. They’re a Weird Mob.
Sydney: Ure Smith.
Fletcher, N. H. 1967. Energy bond structure of a two-
dimensional liquid with nearest- neighbour angular
corrections. Proceedings of the physical Society. 92,
265-267.
 Association or Institution As Author
Technical recommendations for achievement tests. 1955.
Washington: National Educational Association.
Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia,
No. 54. 1968. Canberra; Commonwealth Bureau of
Census and Statistics.
 Unpublished Materials
Anderson, J. 1969. A psycholinguistic approach to the
measurement of reading comprehension: the report
of a study in Papua and New Guinea. (Paper read at
the Third Linguistic Congress, Port Moresby,
T. P. N. G. , October, 1969. )
Baker, B. 1954. Accuracy of social perceptions of
psychopathic prison inmates. Unpublished
manuscript.
Bormuth, J. R. 1966. Factor validity of cloze tests as
measures of reading comprehension ability. (Paper
read at the American Educational Research
Association, February, 1966 ).
 Thesis
Gostin, V. A. 1964. Tertiary stratigraphy of the Mornington
district. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of
Melbourne.
Purser, K. H. 1962. A study of changed particles emitted in
certain fast neutran induced reactions. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, Asustralian Natonal University.
• A format of single appendix
APPENDIX

GLOSSARY OF TERMS
• If an appendix are numerous it may be desirable to
place each category of material into a separate appendix.
 Each appendix should be lettered and titled.
 Example :
APPENDIX

INSTRUCTIONS FOR ADMINISTRATION OF TESTS

 Subsequent appendixes are numbered B,C, and so on.
 Each page in the appendix is numbered consecutively
with the rest of the thesis and proper margins should be
provided.
 Appendixes should be listed in the table of contents
together with page numbers.
 Appendixes may be placed between the final chapter and
the bibliography or immediately after the bibliography.
 USE OF APPENDIX
 Each appendix should be referred to in the body of the
thesis.