Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10 PDF
10 PDF
Damping in Buildings
Damping
Reduction of intensity with time or spatial
propagation
- Vibration Energy → Thermal Energy
- Radiation to Outside
1
Damped Free Oscillation (Full-scale)
0.08
Damping Ratio = 0.93%
Amplitude (cm)
0.04
0
-0.04
-0.08
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (s)
Logarithmic Decrement
2π/ωD
2πζ
xm = ⎯⎯⎯
δ = ln ⎯⎯
xm+1 √1 − ζ 2
2
Damping in Buildings
Estimation of damping
- no theoretical method
- based on full-scale data
→ significant scatter
Structural Materials
Soil & Foundations
Architectural Finishing
Joints
Non-structural Members
Vibration Amplitude
Non-stationarity of Excitations
Vibration Measuring Methods
Damping Evaluation Techniques
etc.
3
Uncertainty of Response Prediction
Due to Uncertainty of Damping Ratio
Coefficient of variation of full-scale
damping data
ex. Havilland (1976) C.O.V.≒ 70%
→ If damping ratio was estimated at ζ = 2%
on average,
ζ can generally take 0.6%∼3.4% (2%±1.4%)
→ Wind-induced acceleration response
A(ζ = 0.6%)/A(ζ = 2%) = 1.8 2.3 times
A(ζ = 3.4%)/A(ζ = 2%) = 0.8
→ provides significant reduction of
reliability of structural design
Importance of Damping
Improvement of Reliability of Structural
Design
4
Physical Causes of Damping in Buildings
5
Plasticity Damping
Energy dissipation due to plasticity of solids
Hysteresis due to Plasticity
→ Change in microscopic structure of materials
→ Hysteretic characteristics / Plasticity Rate
Force-Deformation Relation of
Structural Materials
B
A
Force
O C B’
Deformation
Deformation
6
Internal Viscous Damping
7
Radiation Damping
Energy transfer between Solid − Solid, or Solid − Liquid
Propagation and loss of a system’s energy
to outside
- Necessary work for exciting a body contacting the
system
- Penetration of wave energy through boundary
ex.
- Radiation damping due to soil-structure interaction
- Damping due to wave generation for a floating body
ex.
Oil Damper, Viscous Wall Damper
8
Fluid-Dynamic Damping
(Aerodynamic Damping)
Fluid-body interaction
Effects of relative velocity
Effects of additional unsteady flow induced by
body motion (Feedback system)
Ex.
Along-wind Vibrations (Buffeting) due to turbulence:
Positive Damping
Across-wind Vibrations (Galloping, Vortex-resonance
etc.): Negative Damping
9
Damping Ratio of Buildings
Damping Matrix Proportional to Stiffness Matrix
Realistic Proportional Matrix Meeting Conditions
Actual Damping Ratio
Design Damping Ratio Closely Following Actual
Phenomena
Variation of Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio
With Amplitude / Effects of Secondary Members
Initial Stiffness / Instantaneous Stiffness
Q-∆ and Damping Characteristics in Inelastic Range
During Extremely Strong Earthquake
Damping in Above Ground Structure / Soil-Structure
Interaction / Full-scale Values of Damping Ratio
Damping for Vertical Vibrations ?
10
Design Damping Ratio Used in Japan
h 1<1% 1%≦h1<2% 2%≦h1<3%
1966∼
1966∼
1966∼1969 1969
(25件)
5% and more 25 Buildings
1970∼
1970∼
1970∼1979 1979
(59件) 59 Buildings
1980∼
1980∼
1980∼1989 1989
(64件)
64 Buildings
1990∼
1990∼
1990∼1996 1996
(168件)
3%
(ほとんどが h 1=3%) 168 Buildings
00 50
50 100%
100 %
100(%)
1966∼
1966∼
1966∼1969 1969
(28件)
28 Buildings
1970∼
1970∼
1970∼1979 1979
(126件)
126 Buildings
1980∼
1980∼
1980∼1989 1989
(109件)
109 Buildings
1990∼
1990∼
1990∼1996 1996
(292件)
2%
(ほとんどが h 1=2%) 292 Buildings
00 50
50
100%
100(%)
100 %
Fundamental damping ratio h1 of tall buildings which
structural design was inspected by BCJ (Steel Buildings)
11
Currently Used Damping Values
(Steel Buildings)
Country Actions/Stress Levels Joints/Structures
Joints/Structures Damping ratios
ζ1 (%)
Australia Serviceability 0.5 – 1.0
(AS1170.2) Ultimate & Permissible Frame Bolted 5
Frame Welded 2
Austria (ÖNORM B4014 )
China (GB50191-
(GB50191-93) Steel (TV) Tower 2
France Standard Bolt 0.8
High Resistance Bolt 0.5
Welded 0.3
0.3
Earthquake Bolt 4
Welded 2
Germany Wind (DIN 1055)
Italy Wind (EUROCODE 1)
Earthquake 5
Japan Habitability 1
Earthquake 2
Singapore 1
Sweden (Swedish Code of Practice) 0.9
United Kingdom Wind (ESDU)
USA (Penzien, US Atomic Energy Commission)
Commission)
12
DIN 1055
Teil 4, The German Pre-Standard
ESDU
Damping of Structures – Part 1
Tall Buildings, 83009, 1983
Wind
1st mode damping ratio ζ1 (%)
ζ1 = ζs + ζa
ζs : Structural damping ratio
x 60
ζs = 100(ζs0+ζ’――
H
) ≤ ――+1.3 (%)
H H
ζs0 = f1 / 100 (Most Probable), f1/250 (Lower Limit)
ζ’ = 10√D/2 (Most Probable), 10√D/2.5 (Lower Limit)
ζa : Aerodynamic damping ratio
xH : Tip displacement (m), H : Building height (m)
f1 : 1st mode natural frequency (Hz)
13
EUROCODE
Wind Actions, ENV-1991, 1994
Wind
1st mode damping ratio ζ1 (%)
ζ1 = ζs + ζa + ζd
ζs : Structural damping ratio
ζs = a f1 + b ≥ ζmin
f1 = 46 / H (1st mode natural frequency)
a = 0.72 (Steel), 0.72(RC)
b= 0 (Steel), 0.8 (RC)
ζmin = 0.8 (Steel), 1.6 (RC)
ζa : Aerodynamic damping ratio
ζd : Damping ratio due to vibration control devices
ÖNORM B4014
Teil 1, Code for Austria
14
US Atomic Energy Commission
“Regulatory Guide”
ISO
15
Design Damping Ratios Currently Used
in Various Countries (Steel Buildings)
0.1
Japan US Atomic Energy Commission USA
(Earthquake)
Eq.(12)
AIJ, 2000 ESDU Australia
(Upper Limit) Italy
(Earthquake)
Damping Ratio ζ 1
ONORM B4014
China France
ESDU
Japan
(Most Probable)
(Habitability)
ESDU
DIN1055
(Lower Limit)
0.001
10 20 50 100 200
Building Height H (m)
For All Buildings: Depending on
Depending on H or f1 Connection Types, Stress Levels,
Foundation Types, etc.
Singapore
Sweden
0.01
ISO4354
ONORM B4014
Australia
Japan
ESDU (Habitability)
(Most Probable) DIN1055
ESDU
(Lower Limit)
0.001
10 20 50 100 200
Building Height H (m) For All Buildings: Depending on
Depending on H or f1 Concrete Materials, Stress levels,
Foundation Types, etc.
16
Damping Data & Predictors
Enough Data
Enough Building Types
High-Quality & Accurate
Information in Detail
- Building & Soil
- Measuring Conditions
- Evaluation Techniques
- Amplitudes
- Stationarity
17
Japanese Damping Database
18
Accuracy and Quality
of Damping Data
Questionnaire Studies to Designers
and Owners
Confirmation of Values
- Dynamic Properties in Literature
Collection of Necessary Data
- Building Information
- Measurement Methods
- Evaluation Techniques
- Amplitudes
Exclusion of Unreliable Data
Approval for World-Wide Distribution
Many original non-published data and additional
information were collected.
19
Japanese Damping Database (JDD)
(Damping in buildings, AIJ, 2000)
Contained Information
Location Structural Type
Time of Completion Cladding Type
Building Usage Foundation Type
Building
Shape Embedment Depth
Information
Height Length of Foundation Piles
Dimensions Soil Conditions
Number of Stories Reference
Excitation Type
Damping Ratio
Experimental &
(up to the 6th mode)
Measurement Method
Dynamic Natural Frequency
Evaluation Technique
Properties (up to the 6th mode)
Amplitude
7
T =0.020 H, r =0.94
1
6
Natural Period T (s)
5
1
4
3
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Building Height H (m)
20
Fundamental Natural Period(JDD)
(RC/SRC Buildings)
(Damping in buildings, AIJ, 2000)
3
T =0.015 H, r =0.94
1
Natural Period T (s)
1
1
○ :RC
● :SRC
0
0 50 100 150 200
Building Height H (m)
3
Natural Period T , T , T (s)
T2 =0.33T1 , r =0.99
4
T3 =0.18T1 , r =0.95
2nd Mode
2 T4 =0.13T1 , r =0.91
3
2
3rd Mode
1
4th Mode
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fundamental Natural Period T (s)
1
21
Torsional Mode (JDD)
Natural Periods
(Damping in buildings, AIJ, 2000)
(Steel Buildings)
5
Torsional Natural Period T (s)
T =0.75 T , r =0.94
T
T 1
4
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Fundamental Natural Period T (s)
1
22
Damping Ratios & Natural Periods
(RC/SRC Buildings)
(Damping in buildings, AIJ, 2000)
0.1
Damping Ratio ζ
0.01
●:1st Mode
○:2nd Mode
■:3rd Mode
0.001
0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 3
Natural Period T (s)
Damping Predictors
Jeary (1986) :
ζ1 = 0.01f1 + 10√D/2(xH /H)
Lagomarsino (1993) :
ζ1 = α / f1 + β f1+ γ (xH /H)
D : Building Dimension along
Vibration Direction
xH /H : Tip Drift Ratio
23
Jeary’s Damping Predictor
ζ
All joints and contact surfaces slip ζ1 = ζ0 + ζI・ x/H
High amplitude
plateau region ζ0 = f1/100
ζI = 10 √D/2
ζI
Friction between elements f1 : Lowest Natural
ζ0 Small low amplitude Frequency (Hz)
plateau region with ζ0
D :Width of Building Base in
Amplitude x/H Vibration Direction (m)
0.01 0.01
24
Very Low-Amplitude Data
0.7
H=100m,Steel Building (Jeary,1998)
Damping Ratio
0.6
0.6
(%)
0.5
0.4
0.4
減衰定数
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0 0
1
2
2 3
4
4 5
66
8
7
108
12
9 10 11 12 13
14
14 15
頂部振幅 (mm)
Tip Displacement (mm)
25
Stick-slip Model
for Damping in Buildings
Q
x
Qc x xc
k
k k
Stick Slip
1
x Friction Friction
0 xc
Q = kx < Qc Q = Qc
Stick-slip Model
for Damping in Buildings
Increase of amplitude
→ Increase of number of slipping joints
→ Increase of friction damping
& Decrease of stiffness
Sum of a lot of frictional damping effects
≈ Viscous damping
+ + + ······· =
26
An Observatory Building (H=99m)
0.03 0.665
0.66
0.655
0.02 Natural
Frequency f1 0.65
0.645
0.01 0.64
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-2 2
Acceleration Amplitude (10 m/sec )
Steel Buildings
xH
ζ1 = A+B ──
H
Tall Office Buildings :
B = 400, Upper Limit xH / H = 2×10−5
∆ζ1 (xH / H) = 0.8%
Tall Towers :
B = 3000, Upper Limit xH / H = 5×10−6
∆ζ1 (xH / H) = 1.5%
27
Proposed Damping Predictor
in AIJ 2000
Natural Frequency Dependent
Term
←Height Dependent
RC buildings : ←Soil-
Soil-Structure-
Structure-Interaction
Steel buildings :
ζ1 = 0.013 f1 + 400(xH /H) + 0.0029
xH /H < 2×10−5, 30m < H < 200m
Including Amplitude
Dependent Term
0.05
Eq.(4)(Lagomarsino)o
rsin
Lagoma
AIJ 2000
Eq.(8)(Proposal)
0 Frequency
0 50 100 150 200 Dependent
Term Only
Building Height H (m)
28
Comparisons of Full-Scale Damping
Ratios and Proposed Predictors
0.05
Steel Buildings
0.04
Including Amplitude
Dependent Term
0.03
Eq.(4)(Lagomarsino) arsino
m
0.02 Lago
0.01
AIJ 2000
Eq.(12)(Proposal) Frequency
0 Dependent
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Term Only
Building Height H (m)
0.1
RC Buildings
r =0.88
Full-Scale Damping Ratio ζ 1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
AIJ 2000
Predicted Damping Ratio by Eq.(8)
29
Damping Ratio (JDD)
for Structural Design (AIJ, 2000)
RC/SRC Buildings :
T1 = 0.015 H (f1= 67/H)
Steel Buildings :
T1 = 0.020 H (f1= 50/H)
Ellis (1980) S/SRC/RC buildings:
T1 = 0.022 H (f1= 46/H)
H : Building Height (m)
30
Performance Evaluation of
Habitability to Building Vibration
Guidelines for the evaluation of habitability to building vibration
vibration
(AIJ, 1991)
cm/s )
最大加速度 (cm/s ) 2
H-
10
Acceleration
4
2
H-
yr--recurrence,
3
5
H- H-
2 1
Peak
(1--yr
(1
1
0.1 0.5 1
Natural
振動数 Frequency
(Hz)
Performance Evaluation of
Habitability to Building Vibration
31
Full-scale Fundamental Natural
Periods & Their Design Values
(Damping in buildings, AIJ, 2000)
(Steel Buildings)
7
Measured Natural Period T (s)
T =0.80 T , r =0.94
m
m d
6
−20%
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Design Natural Period T (s)
d
Tm = 0.80 Td
Steel Buildings : Satake et al. (1997)
RC Buildings : Shioya et al. (1993)
Contributions of Secondary
Members to Stiffness
32
Design Damping Ratio (JDD)
for Structural Safety
(JDD)
AIJ 2000 (RC Buildings)
(Damping in buildings, AIJ, 2000)
Habitability Safety
Height Natural Damping Ratio Natural Damping Ratio
H (m) Frequency ζ1 (%) Frequency ζ1 (%)
f1 (Hz) f1 (Hz)
Rec. Standard Rec. Standard
30 2.2 2.5 3 1.9 3 3.5
40 1.7 1.5 2 1.4 2 2.5
50 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.1 2 2.5
60 1.1 1.2 1.5 0.93 1.5 2
70 0.95 0.8 1 0.79 1.5 2
80 0.83 0.8 1 0.69 1.2 1.5
90 0.74 0.8 1 0.62 1.2 1.5
100 0.67 0.8 1 0.56 1.2 1.5
• "Rec." : "Recommended" values.
• f1 = 1/0.015H (Habitability), f1 = 1/0.018H (Safety)
• Safety : Elastic Range
33
(JDD)
AIJ 2000 (Steel Buildings)
(Damping in buildings, AIJ, 2000)
Habitability Safety
Height Natural Damping Ratio Natural Damping Ratio
H (m) Frequency ζ1 (%) Frequency ζ1 (%)
f1 (Hz) f1 (Hz)
Rec. Standard Rec. Standard
30 1.7 1.8 2.5 1.4 2 3
40 1.3 1.5 2 1.0 1.8 2.5
50 1.0 1 1.5 0.83 1.5 2
60 0.83 1 1.5 0.69 1.5 2
70 0.71 0.7 1 0.60 1.5 2
80 0.63 0.7 1 0.52 1 1.5
90 0.56 0.7 1 0.46 1 1.5
100 0.50 0.7 1 0.42 1 1.5
150 0.33 0.7 1 0.28 1 1.5
200 0.25 0.7 1 0.21 1 1.5
• "Rec." : "Recommended" values.
• f1 = 1/0.020H (Habitability), f1 = 1/0.024H (Safety)
• Safety : Elastic Range
(JDD)
Effects of Building Use
(Damping in buildings, AIJ, 2000)
Steel Buildings
Office Buildings
ζAVE = 1.15 % (HAVE = 112.6m )
Hotels and Residential Buildings
ζAVE = 1.45 % (HAVE = 100.4m )
34
Ratio of Higher Mode Damping to Next
Lower Mode Damping
(Damping in buildings, AIJ, 2000)
Steel Buildings
40 : R2 (Mean=1.35)
Number of Buildings
: R3 (Mean=1.31)
: R4 (Mean=1.22)
30
20
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Ratio of Damping Ratios R =ζ / ζ
n n+1 n
(AIJ2000)
RC Buildings
ζn+1 = 1.4 ζn , (n=1,2)
Steel Buildings
ζn+1 = 1.3 ζn , (n=1,2)
35
Large Amplitude Tests
(A Steel Model House)
} Wire Cutting
1G
} Wire
Cutting
36
Damping Ratio
for Ultimate Limit State
37
Random Decrement Technique
Estimation by SDOF Fitting
x (t )
x0
0 t
35-04
Sub-sample
35-05
38
Random Decrement Technique
Estimation by SDOF Fitting
x (t )
x0
v0
0 t
Sub-sample 35-06
39
Random Decrement Technique
Estimation by SDOF Fitting
Superimposition of Sub-samples
(Ensemble Averaging)
= Random Decrement Signature
∝ Auto-correlation Function
≈ Damped Free Component with Initial
Amplitude x0
ζ
∝ exp (− ζω0τ)(cos√1 − ζ 2ω τ
0 + ⎯⎯⎯ sin√1 − ζ 2ω0τ )
√1 − ζ 2
35-08
Number of Superimposition
x0
+
x0
+
x0
+
•••••••••• 35-09
40
Damping Estimation of Chimney with Closely Located
Natural Frequencies by Random Decrement Technique
230m
220m
35-10
102
101
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5 0.1 1 4
振動数 f(Hz) (Hz)
Frequency
41
Power Spectral Density of Ambient
Acceleration Response (NS comp. at 220m)
3 (f)
Bandwidth of Band-pass Filter
for RD Technique
Power Spectrum (cm /s )
加速度のパワースペクトル密度 2Sacc
102
101
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5 0.1 1 4
振動数 f(Hz) (Hz)
Frequency
1
Acceleration cm/s2
0.5
加速度 (cm/s2)
-0.5
-1
0 50 100 150 200
Time
時間 (s)
(s)
42
Power Spectral Density of Ambient
Acceleration Response (NS comp. at 220m)
1000 0.40Hz
Power Spectrum (cm2/s3)
100 0.41Hz
10
0.1
0.01
0.001 Bandwidth of
Low-pass Filter
0.0001
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Frequency (Hz) 35-11
43
1
加速度 1st Mode Damped Free
+
0 Component
+
f1 = 0.40Hz ζ1 = 0.18%
-1
0.1
加速度
=
=
f2 = 0.41Hz ζ2 = 0.30%
-0.1
時間 (s)
2
(cm/s )
1
加速度
44
Full-scale Measurement of Dynamic
Properties of a 15-story CFT Building
53.35m
}
15F Reference Point
(Fixed)
12 components (Moved)
53 components were
measured in total.
40-10
45
Frequency Domain Decomposition
(FDD)
Spectral Density Matrix of Measured Responses
Gyy(jω)
Singular Value Decomposition
Gyy(jωk) = UkSkVkH
Singular Value (ωk ≈ ωi) becomes large
→ has a peak equivalent to SDOF-PSD function
Left Singular Vector ur associated with a peak
≈ Mode Shape
Natural Frequencies, Damping Ratios,
Mode Shapes 40-11
46
Singular Value Plots
dB
Normalized Singular Values
0.76Hz 2.23Hz
20 0.85Hz 2.46Hz
1.11Hz 2.94Hz 3.85Hz
4.25Hz
4.49Hz
0
-20
-40
0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency (Hz)
• Peak-
Peak-Picking
• Average of Normalized S.V. of PSD Matrices of All Data Sets
• Analytical Software: ARTeMIS 40-13
20 dB
1st Mode
0 Component
0.85Hz
-20
2nd Mode
0.4 0.8 1.2 Component
40
47
FEM Analytical Models
48
FDD IDENTIFIED MODE SHAPES (1-3)
45-03
49
FDD IDENTIFIED MODE SHAPES (7-9)
y
Mode Shapes by FDD & FEM
x
60 60
50 50
FDD
Height (m)
Height (m)
40 40 FDD
30 FEM 30 FEM
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 -1 0
1st Mode (y dir.) 2nd Mode (x dir.) 45-06
50
y
Mode Shapes by FDD & FEM
x
60 60
50 50
FDD FDD
Height (m)
Height (m)
40 FEM 40
FEM
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
4th Mode (y dir.) 5th Mode (x dir.) 45-07
y
Mode Shapes by FDD & FEM
x
60 60
50 50
Height (m)
Height (m)
40 40
30 FEM 30 FDD
FDD
20 20
FEM
10 10
0 0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
7th Mode (y dir.) 8th Mode (x dir.) 45-08
51
Basic Idea & Procedure of
Damping Estimation
45-09
Damping Estimation
Inverse Fourier Transform of
Identified Mode Component (SDOF-PSD)
1 1st Mode
0.5
R(τ) 0
R(0)
-0.5
-1 f1=0.76Hz, ζ1=0.54%
45-10
52
Variation of Estimated Damping Ratios by FDD
with FFT Data Points (Frequency Resolution)
3
2
Damping Ratio (%)
3次モード
3rd Mode
1 2次モード
2nd Mode
0 1次モード
1st Mode
3
2 6次モード
6th Mode
1 5次モード
5th Mode
4th Mode
4次モード
0
3
7次モード
7th Mode
2
1 9次モード
9th Mode
8th Mode
8次モード
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
FFT Data Points 45-11
3次モード
3rd Mode
1 2次モード
2nd Mode
0 1次モード
1st Mode
3
2 6次モード
6th Mode
1 5次モード
5th Mode
4th Mode
4次モード
0
3
7次モード
7th Mode
2
1 9次モード
9th Mode
8th Mode
8次モード
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
FFT Data Points 45-12
53
Estimated Damping Ratios
and FFT Data Points
Data
256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192
Points
1st 3.05 1.60 0.95 0.65 0.54 0.51
2nd 2.81 1.58 0.99 0.74 0.67 0.58
3rd 2.06 1.29 0.98 0.84 0.80 0.87
4th 1.52 1.24 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.06
5th 1.91 1.64 1.65 1.56 1.62 1.29
6th 1.90 1.73 1.66 1.67 1.72 1.68
7th 2.37 2.23 2.18 2.15 2.11 1.63
8th 1.57 1.60 1.38 0.85 0.78 n/a
9th 1.91 1.92 1.62 1.25 0.86 n/a
45
nd 17 th19th 23rd
2 22nd
0 1st
-20
-40
0 2 4 6 8 10
Frequency (Hz)
54
Mode Shapes Obtained by
SVD of PSD Matrix
55
Mode Shapes Obtained by
SVD of PSD Matrix
56