A SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“DUEL FUEL ENGINE”

Is submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, ANANTAPURAMU
In partial fulfillment of the requirement

For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OFTECHNOLOGY

In

MECHANICALENGINEERING
During the academic year 2019 – 2020
SEMINAR ASSOCIATE
S.MAHABOOBBASHA 169F1A0317
Under the esteemed guidance of
Mr.J.SREE HARI, M.Tech.
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICALENGINEERING
SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to JNTUA, and Approved by A.I.C.T.E, NewDelhi)
NH– 44, HAMPAPURAM, ANANTAPUR – 515722.www.svitatp.org
2016 – 2020

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICALENGINEERING
SRI VENKATESWARA INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY

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 (Affiliated to JNTUA, and Approved by A.I.C.T.E, New Delhi)
NH – 44, HAMPAPURAM, ANANTAPUR – 515722.www.svitatp.org

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar work entitled “DUEL FUEL ENGINE" the
bonafide record work done by
S.MAHABOOBBASHA 169F1A0317
Under my supervision and guidance, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of “Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering” during
the academic year 2019 – 2020.
During the period to of the project their conduct was found to be satisfactory.

Project Guide: Head of the Department:

Mr. J.SREE HARI M.Tech., Mr. K. PAVAN KUMAR REDDYM.Tech.,

Assistant Professor (Ph.D).,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Assistant Professor,
Sri Venkateswara Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Anantapuram. Sri Venkateswara Institute of Technology,
Anantapuram

Date of External Viva –voce: External Examiner

1.

2.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful companies of any task would be incomplete

without introducing the people who made it possible and whose constant guidance and

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encouragement crowns all the efforts with success.

It gives us an immense pleasure to express our profound gratitude and indebtedness to

our seminar guide Mr. J.SREE HARI, Assistant Professor for his valuable and inspiring

guidance throughout the progress of the seminar.

We express our heartfelt thanks to Mr. K. Pavan Kumar Reddy, Head of the

Department of Mechanical Engineering, for his kind attention and valuable guidance to us

throughout the course.

We avail this opportunity & our deep sense of the gratitude and sincere thanks to our

principal, Dr. T. Surya Sekhara Reddy, who always is a tremendous source of inspiration to

the student fraternity.

We here by submit our earnest and humble thanks to our beloved Vice-Chairman,

Sri. C. Chakradhar Reddy, for his great appreciation and endorsement.

We are also thankful to all my college teaching and non-teaching staff for providing us

with necessary facilities, which enabled us to complete the seminar successfully in time.

We take this opportunity to express our deepest gratitude to my parents and to all those who

helped us directly or indirectly at various stages of this project.

SEMINAR BY

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 ABSTRACT

Rising petroleum prices, an increasing threat to the environment from

exhaust emissions, global warming and the threat of supply instabilities has led to the
choice of inedible Mahua oil (MO) as one of the main alternative fuels to diesel oil in
India. In the present work, MO was converted into biodiesel by transesterification
using methanol and sodium hydroxide. The cost of Mahua oil biodiesel (MOB) is
higher than diesel. Hence liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is one of the cheapest
gaseous fuels available in India, was fumigated along with the air to reduce the
operating cost and to reduce emissions. The dual fuel engine resulted in lower
efficiency and higher emissions at part load. Hence in the present work, the injection
time was varied and the performance of the dual fuel engine was studied. From the
engine tests, it is observed that an advanced injection time results in higher efficiency
and lower emissions. Hence, advancing the injection timing is one of the ways of
increasing the efficiency of LPG+MOB dual fuel engine operated at part load.

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 CONTENTS

Sl.No. Description Page. No.

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

1 CHAPTER – I : INTRODUCTION 01 - 06

1.1 Land Transport 01

1.2 Type of Land Transport 01

1.2.1. Human-powered transport 01

1.2.2. Animal-powered transportation 02

1.2.3. Road transportation 02

1.2.4. Rail transportation 03

1.2.5. Off-road transport 04

1.2.6. Cable transport 05

1.3 Advantages of Walking 06

2 CHAPTER – II :: LITERATURE SURVEY 07 - 12

3 CHAPTER – III :: WALKING MECHANISM 13 - 32

3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Types of leg mechanisms 16

3.2.1 Klann Linkage 16

3.2.2 Eight Bar leg mechanism 18

3.2.3 Tokyo institute of technology walking chair 18

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 3.2.4 2 DOF pantograph leg mechanism 19

3.2.5 strider linkage 19

3.3 Crank based walking mechanism 20

3.3.1 Introduction 20

3.3.2 Definitions 21

3.3.3 Desirable Traits of a Walking Mechanism 22

3.4 THEO JANSEN MECHANISM 25

3.4.1 History 25

3.4.2 Early Life 25

3.4.3 UFO 25

3.4.4 Painting Machine 25

3.4.5 The Strandbeest 26

3.4.6 Theo Jansen Leg Mechanism 27

4 CHAPTER – IV :: OBJECTIVES 33 - 34

5 CHAPTER –V :: CONSTRUCTION OF A PROJECT 35 – 41

5.1 Design of Leg 35

5.2 Material used in Project 36
5.3 Selection of Material 36

5.3.1 Linkages 36

5.3.2 Joints 37

5.3.3 DC Motor 37

5.3.4 Gear Wheels 37

5.4 Manufacturing Process 38

5.4.1 Introduction 38

5.4.2 Cutting 38

5.4.3 Welding 39

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 5.4.4 Drilling 39

5.4.5Painting 39

5.4.6 Assembling 41

5.5 Working 41

6 Advantages 42

7 Disadvantages 42

8 Applications 42

9 Conclusion 43

10 References 44 - 45

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Description Page. No.
No.
1.1 Rail transport 03

1.2 Off Road Transport 04

1.3 Cable Transport 05

Comparison of wheel and foot response to a local maximum in
1.4 06
the terrain.
3.1 (a) Leg Mechanism and (b) Foot Profile 15

3.2 Klann Linkage 17

3.3 Functioning of Klann Linkage 17

3.4 Eight-bar leg mechanism 18

3.5 Tokyo institute of technology walking chair 18

3.6 2 DOF pantograph leg mechanism 19

3.7 Strider linkage 19

3.8 Three bar and four bar linkages 20

3.9 Theo Jansen Mechanism with four bar linkages 20

3.10 A crank based leg system with the foot 21

3.11 A theoretical foot locus 22

3.12 A cross section of a walker with a central crank axis 24

3.13 Strand beest 26

Diagram of Theo Jansen mechanism showing numbering
3.14 27
system
3.15 Position of moving hinges of Theo Jansen mechanism 28

3.16 Theo Jansen mechanism with position of all moving hinges 29

3.17 Twelve equally spaced time steps of Theo Jansen mechanism 30

Twenty four equally spaced time steps of Theo Jansen
3.18 31
mechanism

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3.19 Twelve equally spaced time steps of a pair of Theo Jansen legs 32

5.1 Design of leg 35

5.2 Linkages of Project 36

5.3 DC Geared Motor 37

5.4 Gears 37

5.5 Welding of Links 39

5.6 spray painting 40