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Sample Test
Craft, Gordon: Understanding Pathophysiology, 2nd Edition

Chapter 03: Cellular structure and function

Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. A cell is observed to have a nucleolus. Which of the following would also

be observed?

 
 a. single circular chromosome

b. nucleus

c. freely floating nuclear material

d. no organelles

ANS: B                              REF: p 34

2. A human cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell

would most of the genetic information be contained?

a. mitochondria

b. ribosome

c. nucleolus

d. nucleus

ANS: D                              REF: p 34

 
3. Small granules of proteins and RNA responsible for protein synthesis are
called:

a. ribosomes.

b. mitochondria.

c. centrioles.

d. cisternae.

ANS: A                              REF: p 34

4. An organelle that is involved in the movement of proteins and protein

synthesis is called:

a. a ribosome.

b. a mitochondrion.

c. the Golgi apparatus.

d. the endoplasmic reticulum.

 
 ANS: D                              REF: p 35

5. Which of the following organelles can be rough or smooth?

a. Endoplasmic reticulum

b. Golgi apparatus

c. Lysosomes

d. Nucleus

ANS: A                              REF: p 35

6. An organelle that receives lipids and proteins, and modifies packages and
distributes them to other parts of the cell is called:

a. a ribosome.

b. a mitochondrion.

c. the Golgi apparatus.

d. the endoplasmic reticulum.

  

ANS: C                              REF: p 35

7. The term apoptosis refers to:

a. programmed cell death.

b. the digestion of old organelles.

c. the digestion of foreign substances such as bacteria.

d. anaerobic metabolism.

ANS: A                              REF: p 35

8. Which of the following is a function of peripheral membrane proteins?

a. channels

b. receptors

c. membrane pumps

d. joining cells together

  

ANS: D                              REF: p 38

9. According to the fluid mosaic model, which of the following are embedded
in the fluid lipid bilayer?

a. peripheral membrane proteins

b. integral membrane proteins

c. glycoproteins

d. cell adhesion molecules

ANS: B                              REF: p 38

10. Plasma membrane receptors bind to:

a. oxygen.

b. ribosomes.

c. amphipathic lipids.
 d. ligands.

ANS: D                              REF: p 39

11. Drugs that stimulate a receptor are called:

a. agonists.

b. antagonists.

c. amphipathic.

d. neurotransmitters.

ANS: A                              REF: p 40

12. The movement of small solute molecules through a semipermeable barrier

is an example of:

a. osmosis.

b. diffusion.
 c. hydrostatic pressure.

d. active transport.

ANS: B                              REF: p 41

13. Electrolytes are:

a. small lipid-soluble molecules.

b. large protein molecules.

c. micronutrients used to produce ATP.

d. electrically charged molecules.

ANS: D                              REF: p 41

14. Which of the following is true regarding the predominant extracellular

cation?

a. It has a negative charge.

 b. It migrates toward the positive pole.

c. It is sodium.

d. It is potassium.

ANS: C                              REF: p 41

15. The mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes is an

example of which process of fluid movement?

a. hydrostatic pressure

b. osmosis

c. diffusion

d. active transport

ANS: A                              REF: p 41

16. Osmosis is:

 
 a. the diffusion of sodium down the concentration gradient.

b. the movement of water down its own concentration gradient.

c. a form of hydrostatic pressure.

d. a type of active transport.

ANS: B                              REF: p 42

17. A patient has a body fluid concentration of 300 mOsm/kg. This measure is
termed:

a. osmolality.

b. osmolarity.

c. osmotic pressure.

d. effective osmolality.

ANS: A                              REF: p 42

18. How is the transport of glucose from the blood to the cell accomplished?
  

a. by active transport

b. by active diffusion

c. by passive osmosis

d. by facilitated diffusion

ANS: D                              REF: p 42

19. A patient who has diarrhoea receives a hypertonic saline solution

intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the stool. What effect
will this fluid replacement have on cells?

a. Cells will become hydrated.

b. Cells will swell or burst.

c. Cells will shrink.

d. Cells will divide.

ANS: C                              REF: p 42

  

20. The sodium-potassium pump is an example of:

a. Facilitated diffusion

b. Osmosis

c. Active transport

d. Filtration

ANS: C                              REF: p 43

21. The process of cellular ingestion of large particles such as bacteria is

referred to as:

a. protocytosis.

b. pinocytosis.

c. phagocytosis.

d. exocytosis.

 
 ANS: C                              REF: p 43

22. The process of ingestion of fluids and solute molecules through small
vesicles is referred to as:

a. protocytosis.

b. pinocytosis.

c. phagocytosis.

d. exocytosis.

ANS: B                              REF: p 43

23. The process of secretion of macromolecules by cells is referred to as:

a. endocytosis.

b. pinocytosis.

c. phagocytosis.

d. exocytosis.
  

ANS: D                              REF: p 44

24. A cell is observed to absorb oxygen and use it to transform nutrients to

energy. Which of the following cellular functions is it displaying?

a. metabolic absorption

b. communication

c. secretion

d. respiration

ANS: D                              REF: p 45

25. The term catabolism refers to:

a. digestion.

b. energy-using processes.

c. energy-releasing processes.
 d. the citric acid cycle.

ANS: C                              REF: p 45

26. The term anabolism refers to:

a. digestion.

b. energy-using processes.

c. energy-releasing processes.

d. the citric acid cycle.

ANS: B                              REF: p 45

27. Which of the following is a type of loose connective tissue?

a. adipose tissue

b. bone

c. blood
 d. cartilage

ANS: A                              REF: p 47

28. Reticular tissue:

a. is a type of adipose tissue.

b. forms a scaffold for other cells.

c. is located in tendons and ligaments.

d. is cartilage.

ANS: B                              REF: p 47

29. Stratified squamous epithelial tissue is located in the:

a. air sacs in the lungs.

b. bladder.
 c. ovary surface.

d. mouth and skin.

ANS: D                              REF: p 47

30. Transitional epithelial tissue is located in the:

a. air sacs in the lungs.

b. bladder.

c. ovary surface.

d. mouth and skin.

ANS: B                              REF: p 47

31. Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue is located:

a. in the air sacs in the lungs.

 b. in the bladder.

c. on the ovary surface.

d. in the mouth and skin.

ANS: C                              REF: p 47

32. Simple squamous epithelial tissue is located:

a. in the air sacs in the lungs.

b. in the bladder.

c. on the ovary surface.

d. in the mouth and skin.

ANS: A                              REF: p 48

33. The muscle tissue that would cause the contraction of the stomach is:

 
 a. Cardiac muscle

b. Skeletal muscle

c. Smooth muscle

d. Voluntary muscle

ANS: C                              REF: p 47

34. Which of the following is NOT a process associated with ageing?

a. Decreased height

b. Increased body fat mass

c. Muscle hyperplasia

d. Lengthening of the nose and ears

ANS: C                              REF: p 50

Craft, Gordon: Understanding Pathophysiology, 2nd Edition

 
 Chapter 04: Altered cellular function

Test Bank

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. A common pathway of irreversible cell injury involves increased

intracellular:

a. sodium.

b. potassium.

c. magnesium.

d. calcium.

ANS: D                              REF: p 58

2. A 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet secondary to hypoxia. Which of

the following aided in development of swelling?

a. increased ATP

b. K+ movement out of the cell

 c. Na+ movement into the cell

d. decreased osmotic pressure

ANS: C                              REF: p 58

3. Hypoxia is a potent cause of cellular injury. Which of the following

processes is NOT commonly associated with hypoxia?

a. reduced ATP synthesis

b. increased cellular calcium

c. cell swelling

d. hyperplasia

ANS: D                              REF: p 58

4. A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. He was

previously diagnosed with arteriosclerosis. The chest pain is most likely due to
hypoxic injury secondary to:

 
 a. malnutrition.

b. free radicals.

c. ischaemia.

d. chemical toxicity.

ANS: C                              REF: p 58

5. Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of:

a. decreased ATP production.

b. reverse osmosis.

c. ribosome detachment.

d. cellular atrophy.

ANS: A                              REF: p 58

 
6. A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to
atherosclerosis and ischaemia. Once oxygen returned to the damaged heart,
reperfusion injury occurred as a result of:

a. free-radical formation.

b. vacuolation.

c. increased metabolic state.

d. lactic acid accumulation.

ANS: A                              REF: p 59

7. Which of the following processes is NOT commonly associated with an

increase in concentration of calcium inside the cell?

1. reduced ATP production

2. damage to cell membranes
3. activation of enzymes
4. creation of free radicals

ANS: D                              REF: p 60

8. A 75-year-old female with Alzheimer’s disease has increased lipid

peroxidation secondary to free-radical production. Lipid peroxidation results
in:

 
 a. organelle membrane reconstruction.

b. increased lipid transportation.

c. increased protein synthesis.

d. cell membrane damage.

ANS: D                              REF: p 60

9. Which of the following substances reduces the risk of cataracts?

a. vitamin C

b. vitamin K

c. vitamin D

d. lipofuscin

ANS: A                              REF: p 61

10. Muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell:

 
 a. number.

b. size.

c. vacuoles.

d. lipofuscin.

ANS: B                              REF: p 62

11. Patients immobilised by multiple bone fractures often exhibit:

a. skeletal muscle atrophy.

b. skeletal muscle hypertrophy.

c. disuse hyperplasia.

d. disuse hypertrophy.

ANS: A                              REF: p 62

12. Regeneration of liver cells is an example of:

 
 a. compensatory atrophy.

b. hormonal hyperplasia.

c. compensatory hyperplasia.

d. pathological hyperplasia.

ANS: C                              REF: p 63

13. Cellular hyperplasia involves an increase in cell:

a. number.

b. size.

c. vacuoles.

d. lipofuscin.

ANS: A                              REF: p 63

14. Cellular hypertrophy involves an increase in cell:

 
 a. number.

b. size.

c. vacuoles.

d. lipofuscin.

ANS: B                              REF: p 63

15. Cells that have undergone atrophy:

a. contain fewer mitochondria than normal cells.

b. have decreased protein catabolism compared with normal cells.

c. have increased anabolism compared with normal cells.

d. have more endoplasmic reticulum compared with normal cells.

ANS: A                              REF: p 62

16. In response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will:

 
 a. increase in size.

b. decrease in length.

c. increase in excitability.

d. increase in number.

ANS: A                              REF: p 63

17. A 55-year-old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to

hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver were removed, the remaining
cells would undergo:

a. dysplasia.

b. metaplasia.

c. compensatory hyperplasia.

d. compensatory dysplasia.

ANS: C                              REF: p 63

 
18. A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for
respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that
stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar
ciliated cells. The type of cellular adaptation is called:

a. hypertrophy.

b. hyperplasia.

c. metaplasia.

d. dysplasia.

ANS: C                              REF: p 64

19. The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a

consequence of:

a. compensatory hyperplasia.

b. hormonal hyperplasia.

c. hormonal anaplasia.

d. hormonal dysplasia.
  

ANS: B                              REF: p 63

20. A 24-year-old female presents with excessive menstrual bleeding.

Laboratory results reveal an imbalance of progesterone and oestrogen, with
oestrogen secretion being elevated. This imbalance would most likely cause
endometrial changes referred to as:

a. dysplasia.

b. pathological dysplasia.

c. hyperplasia.

d. pathological hyperplasia.

ANS: D                              REF: p 63

21. Metaplasia is stimulated by:

a. excessive hormonal stimulation.

b. the presence of a persistent irritant.

c. loss of tissue.
 d. production of growth factors.

ANS: B                              REF: p 64

22. A 40-year-old female is undergoing treatment for cervical cancer. Which of

the following cellular changes is most likely to be associated with her cancer?

a. metaplasia

b. atrophy

c. hypertrophy

d. dysplasia

ANS: D                              REF: p 64

23. Which of the following process is not a truly adaptive?

1. atrophy
2. dysplasia
3. hyperplasia
4. hypertrophy

ANS: B                              REF: p 64

  

24. Progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and
breakdown of organelles is referred to as:

a. adaptation.

b. pathological calcification.

c. apoptosis.

d. necrosis.

ANS: D                              REF: p 66

25. Apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to:

a. atrophy.

b. die.

c. regenerate.

d. age.

 
 ANS: B                              REF: p 66

26. The death of neurons during normal development in childhood and

adolescence is an example of:

1. physiological apoptosis $
2. pathological apoptosis
3. physiological necrosis
4. pathological necrosis

ANS: A                              REF: p 66

27. Liquefactive necrosis occurs in the brain because:

a. debris is not digested by hydrolases.

b. of protein denaturation.

c. it is rich in hydrolytic enzymes and lipids.

d. ischaemia results in chemical injury.

ANS: C                              REF: p 68

28. A woman decided to poison her middle-aged husband with mercuric

chloride. Following ingestion of the poison, his kidney function was impaired
and his heart began to fail. Which of the following was the most likely cause?

 
 a. karyorrhexis

b. coagulative necrosis

c. liquefactive necrosis

d. caseous necrosis

ANS: B                              REF: p 67

29. A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an

infected inmate. On examination, tissues were soft and granular like clumped
cheese. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

a. coagulative necrosis

b. liquefactive necrosis

c. caseous necrosis

d. autolysis

ANS: C                              REF: p 68

 
30. On examination, a tissue sample appears opaque and chalk-like. Which of
the following is the most likely cause?

a. coagulative necrosis

b. liquefactive necrosis

c. caseous necrosis

d. fat necrosis

ANS: D                              REF: p 68

31. The term karyolysis refers to:

a. the dissolving of the nucleus due to enzymes.

b. liquefactive necrosis.

c. shrinkage of the nucleus.

d. fat necrosis.

ANS: A                              REF: p 68

  

32. A 90-year old woman presents at the emergency department with a

blackened toe. The mostly likely diagnosis is:

1. caseous necrosis
2. fat necrosis
3. gangrenous necrosis
4. liquefactive necrosis

ANS: C                              REF: p 68

33. In distinguishing ageing from diseases:

it is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from ce
a.
injury.

b. it is easy to tell normal processes from abnormal processes.

c. disease, unlike ageing, has a genetic component.

d. ageing is a pathological process.

ANS: A                              REF: p 69

34. Muscle stiffening occurring within 6 to 14 hours after death is called:

a. livor mortis.
 b. gangrene.

c. algor mortis.

d. rigor mortis.

ANS: D                              REF: p 70

35. Following somatic death, the body temperature equalises with

environmental temperature after:

a. 5 hours.

b. 15 hours.

c. 24 hours.

d. 36 hours.

ANS: C                              REF: p 70