CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE
REVIEW
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Introduction
There has been a considerable amount of research in the area of heat transfer augmentation
available both in the form of experimental results and as predictions of the computational
investigation. In this chapter, a summary of these findings is presented in order to put the
present problem in the right perspective. The literature is reviewed from different
viewpoints.

1. An overview of heat transfer augmentation is presented in the first section.

2. The second section focuses on those investigations which have been performed to
evaluate the utility of the augmentation of heat transfer in the heat exchangers.

Heat Transfer Augmentation

The subject of heat transfer enhancement is of serious interest in the design of heat
exchangers. The emphasis is given on minimizing the space occupied by the equipment for
developed in the last few decades and these are applicable to diverse areas such as, single
phase flows, two phase flows and convective mass transfer.

Classification of Heat Transfer Augmentation Methods

A detailed account of the various techniques of heat transfer augmentation is given by:

[6] Bergeles et al., Augmentation techniques can be classified either as passive

methods which require no direct application of external power, or as active methods,

which require the external power. The effectiveness of both active and passive types

depends strongly on the mode of heat transfer which might range from single-phase free

convection to dispersed-flow film boiling.

These method are as follows:

1. Passive Methods

2. Active Methods

3. Compound Methods.

1. Passive Methods: These methods generally use surface or geometrical Modifications to the
flow channel by incorporating inserts or additional devices. They promote higher heat transfer
coefficients by disturbing or altering the existing flow behaviour (except for extended
surfaces) which also leads to increase in the pressure drop. In case of extended surfaces,
effective heat transfer area on the side of the extended surface is increased. Passive methods
hold the advantage over the active methods as they do not require any direct input

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of external power. Heat transfer augmentation by these methods can be achieved by using
Treated Surfaces: This method involves using pits, cavities or scratches like Alteration in the
surfaces of the heat transfer area which may be continuous or discontinuous. They are
primarily used for boiling and condensing duties.

Rough surfaces: These surface modifications particularly create the disturbance in the
viscous sub-layer region. These methods are applicable primarily in single phase turbulent
flows.

Extended surfaces: Plain fins are one of the earliest types of extended surfaces used
extensively in many heat exchangers. Finned surfaces have become very popular now a day’s
owing to their ability to disturb the flow field apart from increasing heat transfer area.

Displaced enhancement devices: These inserts are used primarily in confined forced
Convection. They improve heat transfer indirectly at the heat exchange surface by displacing
the fluid from the heated or cooled surface of the duct with bulk fluid from the core flow.

Coiled tubes: In these devices secondary flows or vortices are generated due to Curvature
of the coils which promotes higher heat transfer coefficient in single phase flows and in most
regions of boiling.

Surface tension devices: These devices direct and improve the flow of liquid to Boiling
Surfaces and from condensing surfaces.

Additives for liquids: This technique involves addition of solid particles, soluble trace
additives and gas bubbles added to the liquids to reduce the drag resistance in case of single
phase flows. In case of boiling systems, trace additives are added to reduce the surface tension
of the liquids.

2. Active Methods: These methods are more complex from the use and design point of view
as the method requires some external power input to cause the desired flow modification and
improvement in the rate of heat transfer. It finds limited application because of the need of
external power in many practical applications. In comparison to the passive methods, these
methods have not shown much potential. Various active methods are as follows
 Mechanical Aids: These devices stir the fluid by mechanical means or by rotating the
surface. Examples of the mechanical aids include rotating tube exchangers and scrapped
surface heat and mass exchangers.

APPLICATION OF HEAT EXCHANGER

In industry

Heat exchangers are widely used in industry both for cooling and heating
large scale industrial processes. The type and size of heat exchanger used can be
tailored to suit a process depending on the type of fluid, its phase, temperature,
density, viscosity, pressures, chemical composition and various other
thermodynamic properties.

In many industrial processes there is waste of energy or a heat stream that is

being exhausted, heat exchangers can be used to recover this heat and put it to use
by heating a different stream in the process. This practice saves a lot of money in
industry as the heat supplied to other streams from the heat exchangers would
otherwise come from an external source which is more expensive and more
harmful to the environment.

Heat exchangers are used in many industries, some of which include:

● Waste water treatment

● Refrigeration systems
 ● Wine-brewery industry
● Petroleum industry.

In the waste water treatment industry, heat exchangers play a vital role in
maintaining optimal temperatures within anaerobic digesters so as to promote the
growth of microbes which remove pollutants from the waste water. The common
types of heat exchangers used in this application are the double pipe heat
exchanger as well as the plate and frame heat exchanger.

In aircraft

In commercial aircraft heat exchangers are used to take heat from the engine's oil
system to heat cold fuel. This improves fuel efficiency, as well as reduces the
possibility of water entrapped in the fuel freezing in components.

Early 2008, a Boeing 777 flying as British Airways Flight 38 crashed just short of
the runway. In an early-2009 Boeing-update sent to aircraft operators, the problem
was identified as specific to the Rolls-Royce engine oil-fuel flow heat exchangers.

LIST OF COMPONENT

1.COOLING FAN

2.BATTERY

3.COPPER TUBE

4.ALUMINIUM SHEET
5.SCREW

6.PLYWOOD

7.ON/OFF SWITCH

8.FIN

9.WIRE

10.GRID
COPPER TUBE

Length - 120 cm

Diameter - 6 mm

Copper can transfer high level of heat,

The thermal conductivity of copper is high and it approximately eight times more
than that of aluminium tube.

FIN
Fin increase the of surface area of contact of tube with air and radiotmore heat to
the atmosphere. we are using copper material as fin because of high thermal
conductivity.
COOLING FAN

A cooling fan used toactive cooling and may refer to fan that draw cooler air into
the case from te out side expel warm air from inside or move ai across the heat sink
to cool a particular component.

BATTERY
A container consist of one or more cell in which chemical energy convert into
electricity and use of source of power.
.We are using 12 volt /2.5AH

CONSTRUCTION, PURPOSE & PERFORMANCE

Core Construction