Slide 1

Type of data
Primary data :those which are collected a fresh and the first time and know to be
original.
Secondary data: those which have been collected by someone else and which have
already been passed through the statistical data.

Slide 2
There are several methods of collecting data. For primary data it can be something
like surveys and descriptive researches. Secondary data is something like we have to
research for the data and need to be very careful.

Slide 3

Methods of data collection : primary data

1. OBSERVATION METHOD : Observation method is a method under which data

from the field is collected with the help of observation by the observer or by
personally going to the field.
2. Observation may be defined as systematic viewing, coupled with
consideration of seen phenomenon.

Slide 4

ADVANTAGES:
• Subjective bias eliminated
• Information researcher gets is Current information
• Independent to respondent’s
DISADVANTAGES :
• It is expensive method (time requires more)
• Limited information
• Unforeseen factors may interfere with observational task
• Respondents opinion can not be recorded on certain subject

slide 5

TYPES OF OBSERVATION

Structured

• When observation is done by characterizing style of recording the observed

information, standardized conditions of observation , definition of the units, selection
of pertinent data of observation then it is structured observation

Unstructured Observation

• When observation is done without any thought before observation then it is

unstructured observation

Slide 6

INTERVIEW METHOD

• This method of collecting data involves presentation or oral-verbal stimulation and

reply in terms of oral-verbal responses.
There are different type of interviews as follows :

1. PERSONAL INTERVIEWS : The interviewer asks questions generally in a face to

face contact to the other person or persons.

Slide 14
Merits of personal interview :

 they are useful to obtain detailed information about personal feelings, perceptions and opinions

 they allow more detailed questions to be asked

 they usually achieve a high response rate

 respondents' own words are recorded

 ambiguities can be clarified and incomplete answers followed up

 precise wording can be tailored to respondent and precise meaning of questions clarified (eg for students with English as a Second Language)

 interviewees are not influenced by others in the group

 some interviewees may be less self-conscious in a one-to-one situation

slide 15

interview can collect supplementary information about

respondents personal characteristic and invorentmen
which hAS value in interpreting results

slide 16

the merits of interview :

- expensive method

- respondent may give information

- some executive people are not approachable so data collected may be

inadequate

- take more time when samples are more

- systematic errors may be occured

- superviros has to do complex work of selecting , training and supervising the

field staff
 Slide 17

Telephone interviews are often conducted by employers in the initial interview round of

the hiring process, this type of interview allows an employer to screen candidates on the
candidate's experience, qualifications, and salary expectations pertaining to the position and the
company. The telephone interview saves the employers' time and eliminates candidates that are
unlikely to meet the company’s expectations.[1] Employers tend to perform telephone interviews
as a structured interview.[2] The questions are custom tailored to meet the position in question.
With the telephone interview there may not be direct contact between the employer and
employee, however, the expectations are still there. Telephone interviews are scheduled and
questions are generally prepared in advance, similar to the way other interviews are conducted.
Another common reason a company looks to the telephone interview is that these interviews can
be conducted on-the-fly. The interviewer does not have to assign company resources to the
phone interview.[citation needed] It is a cost-effective method to short-list candidates for the position
being interviewed for. ( ambil sampai titik pertama mo nah ray )

Slide 18 ( skip )

Slide 19
Disadvantages to Telephone interviews
 Respondents have to actually answer the call and can hang up at any time
 Behavior and body language cannot be observed
 Interviews tend to be shorter than F2F interviews
 Cannot use any visual aids to assist in the interviewing

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menurut ku

Slide 22

Questionnaire method

A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions (or other types of prompts) for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The

questionnaire was invented by the Statistical Society of London in 1838

Slide 23

The main advantages of questionnaires are:

 they are relatively easy to analyse

 they are familiar to library staff and managers

 a large sample of the given population can be contacted at relatively low cost; 

 they are simple to administer; 

 the format is familiar to most respondents; 

  they should be simple and quick for the respondent to complete

 information is collected in a standardised way

 they are usually straightforward to analyse

 they can be used for sensitive topics which users may feel uncomfortable speaking to an interviewer about

 respondents have time to think about their answers; they are not usually required to reply immediately.

Slide 24

The main disadvantages of questionnaires are:

 if you forget to ask a question, you cannot usually go back to respondents, especially if they are anonymous

 it is sometimes difficult to obtain a sufficient number of responses, especially from postal questionnaires

 those who have an interest in the subject may be more likely to respond, skewing the sample

 respondents may ignore certain questions

 questionnaires may appear impersonal

 questions may be incorrectly completed

 they are not suitable to investigate long, complex issues

 respondents may misunderstand questions because of poor design and ambiguous language

 questionnaires are unsuitable for some kinds of respondents, e.g. visually impaired students

 there is the danger of questionnaire fatigue if surveys are carried out too frequently

 they may require follow up research to investigate issues in greater depth and identify ways to solve problems highlighted.

Slide 25 dan 26 bersambung ji

main aspect of questionnaire ;

main aspect of questionnaire general from sturctued questionnaire

alternatives or yes no interpet the data but unuseful for the survey which
is aimed to probe for attitude and reason fo certain action unstructed
questionnaire open ended question