This document discusses the concepts of hardness and softness as they relate to ions and mineral compositions. Ions can be categorized as hard or soft based on their outer electron shells. Hard ions lack outer electrons and form more ionic bonds, tending to compose minerals like fluorides and oxides. Softer ions have some outer electrons and form more covalent bonds, appearing in minerals such as sulfides and halides. The periodic table shows the relative hardness of cations, and compositional trends show that harder cations pair with harder anions to form minerals, while softer cations bond with softer anions.
This document discusses the concepts of hardness and softness as they relate to ions and mineral compositions. Ions can be categorized as hard or soft based on their outer electron shells. Hard ions lack outer electrons and form more ionic bonds, tending to compose minerals like fluorides and oxides. Softer ions have some outer electrons and form more covalent bonds, appearing in minerals such as sulfides and halides. The periodic table shows the relative hardness of cations, and compositional trends show that harder cations pair with harder anions to form minerals, while softer cations bond with softer anions.
This document discusses the concepts of hardness and softness as they relate to ions and mineral compositions. Ions can be categorized as hard or soft based on their outer electron shells. Hard ions lack outer electrons and form more ionic bonds, tending to compose minerals like fluorides and oxides. Softer ions have some outer electrons and form more covalent bonds, appearing in minerals such as sulfides and halides. The periodic table shows the relative hardness of cations, and compositional trends show that harder cations pair with harder anions to form minerals, while softer cations bond with softer anions.
This document discusses the concepts of hardness and softness as they relate to ions and mineral compositions. Ions can be categorized as hard or soft based on their outer electron shells. Hard ions lack outer electrons and form more ionic bonds, tending to compose minerals like fluorides and oxides. Softer ions have some outer electrons and form more covalent bonds, appearing in minerals such as sulfides and halides. The periodic table shows the relative hardness of cations, and compositional trends show that harder cations pair with harder anions to form minerals, while softer cations bond with softer anions.
Railsback's Some Fundamentals of Mineralogy and Geochemistry
Mineralogical implications of the hardness and softness of ions
Consideration of the concept of hardness and softness (e.g., Na1+, Mg2+, Al3+, etc., all of which have a neon-like The table presents hardness and softness of cations and of ions reveals patterns in the chemical compositions of outer shell) all are conventionally considered hard cations. anions as a spectrum, acknowledging that although cations minerals. This page plots compositions of minerals on a like Mo6+ and U6+ have nominally lost their six outer-shell On the other hand, cations with at least some outer-shell periodic table to make that point. electrons (e.g., Mn2+ and Fe2+) are considered inter- electrons, they in fact retain some of those electrons, and Ions can be categorized as hard or "Type A" (behaving mediate in this categorization, and cations with many outer- their large size also makes them softer than a cation like as hard spheres and forming more ionic bonds) or soft or shell electrons (e.g., Ag1+ and Hg1+) are considered soft. Li1+ that is small and has definitely lost all of its outer-shell "Type B" (deforming from a spherical shape and forming Hardness and softness of ions is shown on the periodic electrons. more covalent bonds). Cations with no outer-shell electrons table below with shading for each of the cells of the table. The table also shows compositional trends among minerals containing one cation. The Anions 4– 3– 2– – colored symbols below Cations nominally lacking show the result: the C N O F + outer-shell electrons harder cations form H (thus cations with a noble- Hardness and softness of ions 4– 3– 2– – fluoride, oxide, and gas-like outer shell) oxysalt minerals, Si P S Cl 3– 2– – whereas the softer + 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ Hardest Softest cations tend more to As Se Br Li Be B C N 3– 2– – form sulfide and sulfosalt minerals, and + 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ Cations with some 4+ 5+ 6+ the softest cations Sb Te I outer-shell electrons 2– form bromide, iodide, S As Se Na Mg Al Si P S Po 2– At – and even bismuthide Bi 3+ 4+ 3+ 3,4+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 5+ 6+ minerals. Thus we 4+ + 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu 2+ 3+ Ge Sb Te have an understanding K Ca Sc Ti 2+ 3+ V Cr 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ + 3+ 4+ of why some Ga Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn 4+ Sn As Se substances exist as minerals and some do + 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 4+ 3,4+ 2+ 2+ + 2+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ not: harder cations Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Mo Ag Cd n Sn Sb Te bond well to harder anions, and softer 4+ + + 2+ 3+ cations bond well to 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 4+ 4+ 2+ + Au Hg Tl Pb Bi + 6+ 7+ 4+ Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Re Os Ir Pt W softer anions. It also allows us to predict 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ what new minerals we + 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 4+ Pb Bi Hg Tl might find in the future Fr Ra Ac Pa Th U U Cations with many outer-shell electrons (an SrF2 or Ga2S3 mineral?), and what minerals we would be Cations that form simple fluoride minerals of one cation (e.g., Li1+ in griceite, LiF) unlikely to find in the 3+ future (e,g, an MgS or Cations that form simple oxide minerals of one cation (e.g., Al in corundum, Al2O3) Au2O mineral). Cations that are the intra-radical cation of oxysalt minerals (e.g., C4+ in calcite, CaCO3) Legend: Cations that are the intra-radical cation of sulfosalt minerals (e.g., As3+ in proustite, Ag3AsS3) Cations that form simple sulfide minerals of one cation (e.g., Pb2+ in galena, PbS) Cations that form simple bromide or iodide minerals of one cation (e.g., Ag1+ in iodargyrite, AgI) Cations that form simple bismuthide minerals of one cation (e.g., Au1+ in maldonite, Au2Bi) The hardness-softness concept comes from Pearson, R.G. (1968) Hard and soft acids and bases, HSAB, Part I: Geology, 31, 737-740. The mineral occurrences shown are from that paper, from Figure 1 of Railsback, L.B. (2005) Journal of Chemical Education, 45, 581-587; Schwarzenbach, G. (1961) The general, selective, and specific A synthesis of systematic mineralogy: American Mineralogist, 90, 1033-1041, and from Figure 2 of Railsback, L.B. formation of complexes by metallic ions: Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, 3, 257-285; and (2007) Patterns in the compositions of oxysalt and sulfosalt minerals, and the paradoxical nature of quartz: American Stumm, W. & Morgan, J. J. (1996) Aquatic Chemistry (3rd edition), John Wiley & Sons, New York. The periodic table Mineralogist, 92, 356-369. The spectrum of hardness and softness is from Figure 8 of Railsback (2007). above is based on that of Railsback, L.B. (2003) An earth scientist's periodic table of the elements and their ions: LBR HardnessSoftnessMinsPT03 1/2008