Mathematics – II

(MATH F112)
BITS Pilani Dr. Amit Setia (Assistant Professor)
Department of Mathematics
K K Birla Goa Campus
Example

If f ( z ) & f ( z ) both analytic on a domain D,

then f ( z ) is also constant on the domain D.

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Solution :
f ( z )  u  x, y   iv  x, y  is analytic in a domain D 1
 f ( z ) must satisfy the CR - equations in D
u x  v y , u y  vx  2

f  z   U  x, y   iV  x, y  is analytic in a domain D
where U  x, y   u  x, y  , V  x, y   v  x, y 
 f  z  must satisfy the CR - equations in D
U x  Vy , U y  Vx
i.e. u x  v y , u y  vx  3
From  2  and  3 , we get
u x  v y  u y  vx  0 on the domain D  4
1  f '  z   u x  ivx on the domain D
 f '  z   0 on the domain D | of  4
then f is constant on the domain D | of last theorem. 3

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Example

If f ( z ) is analytic on a domain D such that

f  z  is constant on D,
then f ( z ) is also constant on the domain D.

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 let f ( z )  u  x, y   iv  x, y 
Solution
 f  z   u 2  v2
Given that f  z  is constant on D

 u 2  v 2  c on D
Case I : If c  0, u 2  v 2  0 on D
 u  v  0 on D
Case II : If c  0, f  z   u 2  v2  c

 f  z   u 2  v2  c2
2

c2
 f  z is analytic on a domain D
f  z
of quotient rule of analytic functions
Now proceeding similar in last problem,
we get, f ( z ) is also constant on the domain D.
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 Harmonic functions

A real - valued function H  x, y  is said to be harmonic

in a given domain D of the xy plane,
if , on domain D,
1) H has continuous partial derivatives of the first and second order
2) H satisfies the partial differential equation
H xx  H yy  0  Laplace's equation 

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Example

f  z   z2
 u  x, y   x 2  y 2 , v  x, y   2 xy

u xx  u yy  0   x, y   2

Also, since u and v are having continous

first and second order partial derivatives,

 u and v are harmonic z 

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Theorem

If a function f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) is analytic in a domain D,

then its component functions u and v are harmonic in D.

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Proof

If f  z   u  x, y   iv  x, y  is analytic at a point,
then its derivatives of all orders are analytic there.
Also, u and v have continuous partial derivatives
of all orders at that point. 1
of Theorem 1 in section 52 of chapter 4

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 f  u  iv is analytic in D,
 CR -equations must be satisfied in D,
ux  vy , u y  vx  2
diffrentiating  2  both sides w.r.t. x,
u xx  v yx , u yx  vxx  3
diffrentiating  2  both sides w.r.t. y,
u xy  v yy , u yy  vxy  4
of 1 and the mixed derivative theorem in calculus
u xy  u yx , vxy  v yx  5
 vxx  v yy  0 and u xx  u yy  0 of  3 ,  4  ,  5 
 u and v are harmonic in D
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 Example

f  z   z2
 u  x, y   x 2  y 2 , v  x, y   2 xy

u and v are harmonic z 

| f  z   z 2 is an entire function & using last theorem

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We proved this theorem today

If a function f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) is analytic in a domain D,

then its component functions u and v are harmonic in D.

What can we say about its converse statement?

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But the converse of this theorem need not to be true.
For example,
u  Re  z 2   x 2  y 2 & v  Im  z 3   3x 2 y  y 3
here u and v are harmonic in a domain D
but f  z   u  iv is not analytic but how?

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but f  z   u  iv is not analytic in D
2
it satisfy the CR - equations only at z  0 & z 
3
here solving u y  vx gives a pair of straight lines
1
y  0, x 
3
2 2
 1 1
and u x  v y   x    y   
2

 3 3
gives a hyperbola,

2
their intersection is z  0 & z 
3
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Example

If u ( x, y ) is harmonic in a domain D,
Is  u ( x, y )  harmonic in the domain D ?
2

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Solution
u ( x, y ) is harmonic in domain D
 On domain D,
u has continuous partial derivatives of the 1st and 2nd order &
u satisfies u xx  u yy  0

Let w  u 2  wx  2uu x , wxx  2 u x 2  2uu xx , wy  2uu y , wyy  2 u y 2  2uu yy

 w has continuous partial derivatives of the 1st and 2nd order
wxx  wyy   2 u x 2  2uu xx    2 u y 2  2uu yy 
 2  u x 2  u y 2   2u  u xx  u yy 
 2  ux 2  u y 2   0
 u x  u y  0 in domain D i.e. u is constant in D
 w( x, y ) is not harmonic in D unless u is constant in D
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Definition: Harmonic conjugate of u

If two given functions u and v are harmonic in a domain D

and they satisfy CR - equations throughout D,
then v is called harmonic conjugate of u.

Note :
the harmonic conjugate is different from complex conjugate

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Theorem

If a function f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) is analytic in a domain D,

 v is a harmonic conjugate of u.

proof: Please do it from book, it is easy.

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 Example

Show that the function

u ( x, y )  2 x  y 3  3 x 2 y
is harmonic in some domain D.
Find its conjugate harmonic function v  x, y  in D and
the corresponding analytic function in D.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

solution

u ( x, y )  2 x  y 3  3 x 2 y
 being a polynomial of in x and y,
its first and 2nd order partial derivatives
are continuous
& u xx  u yy  0
 u ( x, y ) is harmonic
To find its conjugate harmonic function v  x, y  :
Now u & v must satisfy the CR - equations
| definition of conjugate harmonic v of u
 v y  u x  2  6 xy
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Integrating last equation w.r.t. y,
v  x, y   2 y  3xy 2    x  1
vx  u y  3 y 2   '  x     3 y 2  3x 2 
  '  x   3x 2
Integrating w.r.t. x
  x   x3  c
1 becomes
v  x, y   2 y  3xy 2  x 3  c is harmonic conjugate of u
 f  z   u  iv
  2 x  y 3  3x 2 y   i  2 y  3xy 2  x 3  c 
f  z   2 z  iz 3  ic is the required analytic function.
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If a function f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) is analytic in a domain D,
 v is a harmonic conjugate of u.

from above:
If a function f ( z )  v( x, y )  iu ( x, y ) is analytic in a domain D,
 u is a harmonic conjugate of v.

Remark :
If v( x, y ) is harmonic conjugate of u ( x, y )
then it need not to imply that
u  x, y  is a harmonic conjugate of v( x, y )
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Remark justification:

If v( x, y ) is harmonic conjugate of u ( x, y )
then it need not to imply that
u  x, y  is a harmonic conjugate of v( x, y )

For example,
f  z   z 2   x 2  y 2   i  2 xy   u  iv is analytic z 
 v( x, y )  2 xy is a harmonic conjugate of u ( x, y )  x 2  y 2

But u  x, y  is not a harmonic conjugate of v( x, y )

because f  z    2 xy   i  x 2  y 2   v  iu is not analytic anywhere.
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