THE KING’S LAND SCHOOL SYSTEM

10th CHEMISTRY USMAN HAIDER CHEEMA CHAPTER NO: 09

(0308-6908152)
Q1: How does life exist on earth?
Ans: Life exists on earth due to presence of equilibrium phenomenon taking place in atmosphere.
Example: A natural process in which we take oxygen and exhale (CO₂)
Q2: How different environmental systems can exist?
Ans: Many environmental systems depend for their existence on delicate equilibrium phenomenon.
Q3: Define Reactants?
Ans: Substances that combine during a chemical reaction are called Reactants.
Q4: Define Products?
Ans: New substances form in a chemical reaction is called Products.
Q5: Give an example of reactants and products?
Ans: Consider the reaction:
2H₂ + O₂ 2H₂O
In above reaction H₂, O₂ are reactants while H₂O is a product.
Q6: What are Irreversible reactions? Give few characteristics of them?
Ans: “Those reactions in which products do not recombine to form reactants are called Irreversible reactions.”
Characteristics:
(i) These reactions proceed in one direction only.
(ii) Reactants are completely converted into products.
(iii) It is represented by a single arrow between the reactants and products.

Q7: Define Chemical Equilibrium State?

Ans: When the rate of forward reaction takes place at the rate of reverse reaction, the composition of the
reaction mixture remains constant; it is called Chemical Equilibrium State.
Q8: Give the Characteristics of Reversible reaction?
Ans: Reversible Reaction shows Following Characteristics: -
(i) Products recombine to form reactants.
(ii) It proceeds in both ways.
(iii) Reaction never goes to completion in reversible reaction.
(iv) It attains the dynamic equilibrium.
(v) Maximum yield of the products is obtained.

Q9: How Dynamic equilibrium is established?

Ans: If a reversible reaction is allowed to continue for considerable time without changing the conditions and
rates of forward reaction and rate of reverse reaction becomes equal but take place in opposite directions this is
called dynamic equilibrium.
Q10: Why at equilibrium state reaction does not stop?
Ans: It is because of dynamic equilibrium.
Q11: Why equilibrium state is attainable from either way?
Ans: The concentration of specie at equilibrium stage attains the same values whether we start the reaction in
the vessel in the forward direction or backward direction.
Q12: What is relationship between Active mass and Rate of reaction?
Ans: Active mass represents the concentration in mole dm¯³ and it is expressed as square brackets ( ). Rate of
reaction is change in concentration of reactant or product divided by the time taken to the change. It is
expressed as R=∆c/∆t. So, when active mass of substance change then rate also change.

Q13: Derive the equilibrium constant expression for the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and
hydrogen?
Ans: The reaction for synthesis of ammonia is as:
N₂ + 3H₂ 2NH₃
Rf = Kf [N₂][H₂]³
Rr = Kr [NH₃]²
The expression for equilibrium constant of reaction is:
Kc = [NH₃]²
[N₂][H₂]³
Q14: Write the equilibrium constant expression for two following reaction:-
(i) H₂ + I₂ 2HI
Ans: Rf = Kf [H₂][I₂] = Rate of forward reaction
Rr = Kr [HI]² = Rate of reverse reaction

Kc = [HI]² = Equilibrium constant expression

[H₂][I₂]

(ii) CO + 3H₂ CH₄ + H₂O

Ans: Rf = Kf [CO][H₂]³ = Rate of forward reaction
Rr = Kr [CH₄][H₂O] = Rate of reverse reaction

Kc = [CH₄][H₂O] = Equilibrium constant expression

[CO][H₂]³

Q15: How direction of a reaction can be predicted?

Ans: Direction of chemical reaction at any particular moment can be predict by knowing the numerical values of
equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction and comparing this with reaction quotient.
Q16: How can you know that a reaction has achieved an equilibrium state?
Ans: If the value of forward becomes equal to reverse the reaction is said to in equilibrium state thus, Qc = Kc
such reactions have comparable amounts of reactants and products at equilibrium position.
Q17: What are the characteristics of a reaction that establish equilibrium state at once?
Ans: There are following important characteristics of such reactions:
(i) The reaction is reversible.
(ii) Rates of forward and reverse reaction become equal.
(iii) Amount of reaction and products remains the same.
(iv) It can be disturbed and achieved again under specific condition.

Q18: If reaction quotient Qᴄ of a reaction is more than Kᴄ what will be the direction of reaction?
Ans: If reaction quotient Qc is large than equilibrium Kc the reaction will go from right to left.

Qc Kc
Large Small

Q19: An industry was established based on reversible reaction……..reasons of its failure being a chemist?
Ans: There are following certain reasons of failure of reaction:
(i) Reaction is reversible so, products recombine to form reactants and dynamic equilibrium is established.
(ii) Reaction condition like temperature, pressure and catalyst are not satisfied.

Q20: Define Static Equilibrium. Give example?

Ans: When reaction ceases to proceed it is called Static Equilibrium. It occurs in physical phenomenon.
Example: A building remains standing rather than falling down.
Q21: Why do rates of forward reactions slows down when reversible reaction approaches the equilibrium
stage?
Ans: As reaction proceed, concentration of reactants decreases with time, so rate of reaction slows down
gradually.

Q22: Under what conditions Kᴄ has no units?

Ans: When number of moles of reactants and products are equal then Kc has no units.
H₂ + I₂ 2HI
Kc = [HI]² = (mol.dm¯³)² = No units.
[H₂][I₂] (mol.dm¯³)(mol.dm¯³)

Q23: What will be the units of Kᴄ in following reactions?

N₂ + 3H₂ 2NH₃
Ans:
Kc = [NH₃]² = (mol.dm¯³)² = 1 = mol¯²dm⁶
[N₂][H₂]³ (mol.dm¯³)(mol.dm¯³)³ (mol.dm¯³)²
Q24: How can we write equilibrium constant expression for a reaction?
Ans: It is conventional to write product side in numerator and reactants as denominator.
Example: N₂ + O₂ 2NO
Kc = [NO]²
[N₂][O₂]
Q25: Difference Between Forward and Reverse Reaction?
Ans:
Forward Reaction Reverse Reaction
(i) In which reactant react to form products. In which product react to form reactant.
(ii) It takes place from left to right. It takes place from right to left.
(iii) It slows down gradually. It speedup gradually.
Q26: Who gave law of Mass action?
Ans: Guldberg and waage in 1869 put forward law of mass action.
Q27: Name a factor on which Kᴄ depends?
Ans: The value of Kᴄ depends only on temperature. It does not depend upon initial concentration of reactants
and products.
Q28: What are the major Components of atmosphere?
Ans: Nitrogen and Oxygen are the major components of atmosphere.
Q29: Give the Importance of Nitrogen in Industry?
Ans: It is used to manufacture ammonia which is further used in nitrogenous fertilizer. Example: Urea
Q30: How is Oxygen important in preparation of Sulphuric acid?
Ans: Oxygen is used to prepare Sulphur dioxide. Sulphur dioxide is used in preparation of Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄)
Q31: Name a King of chemical?
Ans: H₂SO₄ is called King of chemicals.
Q32: Derive equilibrium constant expression for ionization of Hydrochloric acid?
Ans: Hydrochloric acid ionizes in aqueous solution as:
HCl H⁺ + Cl¯
Kc = [H⁺][Cl¯]
[HCl]

Q33: Give Kᴄ of following reaction?

N₂ + O₂ 2NO
Ans: Rf = Kf [N₂][O₂] = Rate of forward reaction.
Rf = Kf [NO]² = Rate of reverse reaction.
Kc = [NO]² = Equilibrium constant expression.
[N₂][O₂]

Q34: Define Chemical Reaction?

Ans: When substance (reactants) combines to form new substances (products) it is called Chemical Reaction.
Reaction and Products are separated by arrow ( )
Q35: What are different Types of chemical reactions?
Ans: There are two types of chemical reaction: -
(i) Reversible Reactions. (never complete)
(ii) Irreversible Reactions. (goes to completion)
Q36: What is Haber’s process?
Ans: Ammonia is synthesized by Haber’s process under certain condition of temperature, pressure and catalyst.
N₂ + 3H₂ 2NH₃

Q37: Why is dynamic equilibrium established in closed vessel?

Ans: Because products formed in reversible reaction will not escape out in closed vessel.
Q38: Define Kf and Kr?
Ans: Kf is specific rate constant for forward reaction. While Kr is specific rate constant for reverse reaction.
Q39: Define Reaction quotient?
Ans: Reaction quotient is [Products] = ratio at any moment of reversible reaction. It is denoted by Qᴄ.
[Reactants]
 THE KING’S LAND SCHOOL SYSTEM
10th CHEMISTRY USMAN HAIDER CHEEMA CHAPTER NO: 10
(0308-6908152)
Q1: Name three common household substance having:
(a) pH value greater than 7
Ans:
(i) White Wash Ca(OH)₂
(ii) Caustic Soda NaOH
(iii) Milk of Magnesia Mg(OH)₂
(b) pH value less than 7
Ans:
(i) Sour milk Lactic Acid
(ii) Apple Malic Acid
(iii) Lemon Citrus
(c) pH value equal to 7
Ans:
(i) Table salt solution NaCl
(ii) Water H₂O
(iii) Calcium chloride CaCl₂

Q2: Define a Base and explain all alkalis are bases, but all bases are not alkalis?
Ans: A species that release OH¯ in aqueous solution and accept a proton.
Alkali: - A soluble base called alkali. It gives hydroxides ions in solutions. So, all alkalis are bases but all
bases not alkalis.
Q3: Define Bronsted-Lowry base and explain with an example that water is a Bronsted-Lowry base?
Ans: According to Bronsted-Lowry concept: Proton donor species are known as acids While Protons acceptor
species are known as bases.
Example: HCl + H₂O H₃O⁺ + Cl¯

Q4: How can you justify that Bronsted-Lowry concept of acid and base is applicable to non-aqueous
solutions?
Ans: “An acid is a compound which donate a proton (H⁺)”
“A base is a compound which accept a proton (H⁺)”
So, the compounds which have H⁺ ions are also acts as acid in addition to water. Example: HCl
The compound which has not OH ions is also act as base. Example: NH₃
Q5: Which kind of bond forms between Lewis acid and a base?
Ans: A coordinate bond is formed between Lewis acid and base. In this type of bond shared pair of electrons
denoted by only one atom to other.
Q6: Why H⁺ ion acts as a Lewis acid?
Ans: H is an electron deficient. It has empty orbital. It completes its valence shell with two electrons. So, it is
electrophiles as:

H H
H + N H H N H
H H

Q7: Name two acids used in the manufacture of fertilizer?

Ans: Nitric Acid (HNO₃) and Sulphuric Acid (H₂SO₄) are used in manufacture of fertilizer.
Q8: Define pH? What is the pH of pure water?
Ans: It is negative logarithm of hydrogen ion. pH = log(H⁺)
Q9: How many times a solution of pH 1 will be stronger than that of a solution having pH 2?
Ans: A solution of pH 1 has 10 times higher concentration of H⁺ than that of a solution of pH 2.
Q10: Define the followings:
(a) Normal salt
Ans: A salt formed by total replacement of ionizable H⁺ ions of an acid by a positive metal ion or NH₄¯ ions.
(b) Basic salt
Ans: A salt formed by incomplete neutralization of poly hydroxyl base by an acid.
Q11: Na₂SO₄ is a neutral salt while NaHSO₄ is an acid salt. Justify?
Ans: Na₂SO₄ is formed by complete replacement of H⁺ ions from an acid. While NaHSO₄ is formed by partial
replacement of H⁺ ions of an acid
Example: 2NaOH + H₂SO₄ Na₂SO₄ + H₂O
NaOH + H₂SO₄ NaHSO₄ + H₂O
Q12: Give a few characteristic properties of salts?
Ans:
(i) Salts are found in crystalline form.
(ii) They have high melting and Boiling point.
(iii) These are neutral compounds.

Q13: How are the soluble salts recovered from water?

Ans: First saturated solution is prepared and then filtered it. Filtrate it crystallized by slow evaporation. So,
soluble salts are separated by crystallization method.
Q14: How are the insoluble salts prepared?
Ans: Insoluble salts are prepared by mixing solutions of soluble salts.
Example: AgNO₃ + NaCl AgCl + NaNO₃
Na₂CO₃ + CuSO₄ CuSO₃ + Na₂SO₄
Q15: Why a salt is neutral, explain with an example?
Ans: Because salt is formed by neutralization reaction between acid and base.
Example: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H₂O
Q16: Name an acid used in the preservation of food?
Ans: Benzoic acid (CH₆C₅OOH) and Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
Q17: Name the acids present in:
(a) Vinegar Ans: Acetic acid (CH₃COOH)
(b) Ant sting Ans: Formic acid (HCOOH)
(c) Citrus Fruit
Ans: H

H―C―COOH

(HO―C―COOH)

H ―C― COOH

(d) Sour milk H

Ans: OH

CH₃―CH

COOH

Q18: How can you justify that Pb(OH)NO₃ is a basic salt?

Ans: Pb (OH)NO₃ has replaceable hydroxide ion which is a indication of basic salt. Thus hydroxide ion is
neutralized by an acid. Such as:
Pb(OH) NO₃ + HNO₃ Pb (NO₃)₂ + H₂O

Q19: You are in a need of an acidic salt. How can you prepare it?
Ans: Acidic salt is prepared by partial neutralization of an acid with a base.
KOH + H₂SO₄ KHSO₄ + H₂O

Q20: Which salt is used to prepare plaster of Paris?

Ans: Calcium sulphate or gypsum (CaSO₄.2H₂O) is used to prepare plaster of Paris.
 THE KING’S LAND SCHOOL SYSTEM
10th CHEMISTRY USMAN HAIDER CHEEMA CHAPTER NO: 11
(0308-6908152)
Q1: What is meant by the term Catenation? Give an example of a compound that displays catenation?
Ans: “The self-linking property of carbon atoms through covalent bonds to form long straight or branched
chains and rings of different sizes is called Catenation”.
Example: - CH₃―CH₂―CH₂―CH₂―CH₃

Q2: How coal is formed?

Ans: “Conversion of wood into coal is called carbonization”. Coal was formed by the decomposition of dead
plants buried under the earth’s crust some 500 millions ago. It is a very slow biochemical process. It takes place
in the absence of air under high pressure and high temperature.

Q3: What is importance of natural gas?

Ans: Importance of Natural Gas:-
(a) It is used as fuel in homes and industry.
(b) It is used as fuel in automobiles.
(c) It is used to make carbon black.

Q4: Justify that organic compounds are used as food?

Ans: The food we eat daily such as milk, eggs, meat etc.

Q5: How alkyl radicals are formed? Explain with examples.

Ans: An alkyl radical is formed by the removal of one hydrogen atom from an alkane
Example: - CH₃―CH₂― OR C₂H₅¯

Q6: What is the difference between n-propyl and isopropyl? Explain with structure.
Ans: n-propyl is formed by the removal of the removal of terminal H atom from either end of propane.
Isopropyl radical is formed by the removal of central H from propane.

Q7: Explain different radicals of butane?

Ans: There are two butanes:-

Q8: Define functional group with an example?

Ans: An atom or a group of atoms or a double or a triple bond whose presence gives characteristics properties
to an organic compound is called a Functional Group.
Example: - CH₃―CH₂―OH

Q9: What is an ester group? Write down the formula of ethyl acetate.
Ans:
Ester Group: - ―COO― OR ―C―O―

Formula of ethyl acetate: - CH₃―C―O―CH₂―CH₃

Q10: Write down the dot and cross formula of propane and n-butane?
Ans:
H H H H H H H
H C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H H H

Q11: Define structural formula? Draw the structural formula of n-butane and isobutene?
Ans: A formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule of a compound.
Example: - CH₃―CH₂―CH₂―CH₃

Q12: Write classification of coal?

Ans: Coal is classified into four types: - (a) Peat (b) Lignite (c) Bituminous (d) Anthracite

Q13: What are Heterocyclic Compounds? Give two examples.

Ans: Organic compounds that contain a ring made up of more than one kind of atom are called Heterocyclic
Compounds.
Example:-

Q14: Why benzene and other homologous compounds of benzene are called Aromatic Compounds?
Ans: The organic compounds contain at least one benzene ring in their molecule are called Aromatic
Compounds.
Example:-

A ring made up of six carbon atoms with three alternate double bonds is called Benzene Ring.
Example:-
 THE KING’S LAND SCHOOL SYSTEM
10th CHEMISTRY USMAN HAIDER CHEEMA CHAPTER NO: 12
(0308-6908152)
Q1: Differentiate Between Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons?
Ans:
Saturated Hydrocarbons Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked Hydrocarbons in which two carbon atoms are linked
by a single bond. by a double or a triple bond.
Example: CH₃―CH₃ Example: CH₂ = CH₂

Q2: A compound consisting of four carbon atoms has a triple bond in it. How many hydrogen atoms are
present in it?
Ans: CH₃― CH₂―C = CH and CH₃―C = C―CH₃
The compound has six hydrogen atoms.
Q3: Why Alkanes are called “Paraffin’s”?
Ans: They are least reactive. That’s why alkanes are called “Paraffin’s”.
Q4: What do you know about Hydrogenation of alkenes?
Ans: “The addition of hydrogen across a double bond is called Hydrogenation”.
Example: CH₂ = CH₂ + H₂ CH₃― CH₃

Q5: How alkyl halides are reduced?

Ans: Alkyl halides are reduced to alkanes with nascent hydrogen which is obtained by the action of Zn with
dilute HCl.
R―X + 2[H] R―H + HX

Q6: Why the Alkanes are used as Fuel?

Ans: Because burning of alkanes in the presence of excess of air or oxygen produces a lot of heat.
Q7: How can you prepare Ethene from Alcohol and Ethyl bromide?
Ans: (i) CH₃―CH₂―OH + HOSO₃H CH₃―CH₂―OSO₃H + H₂O

CH₃―CH₂―OSO₃H CH₂=CH₂ + H₂SO₄

(ii) CH₃―CH₂―Br + KOH CH₂=CH₂ + KBr + H₂O

Q8: Identify Propene from Propane with a chemical test?

Ans: Propene reacts with cold alkaline KMnO₄ solution to give a colourless 1,2-propanediol. Propane does not
react with KMnO₄.
OH OH

3CH₃―CH=CH₂ + 2KMnO₄ + 4H₂O 3CH₃―CH ― CH₂ + 2MnO₂ + 2KOH

Q9: Why the alkenes are called olefins?

Ans: Since lower members of alkene form oily products on treatment with Cl₂ or Br₂, therefore, alkenes are also
called olefins.

Q10: Why alkane can’t be oxidized with KMnO₄ solution?

Ans: In alkanes because all the valencies of carbon atoms are fully satisfied by single bonds. They are saturated.
The single bonds are highly strong. Therefore, alkanes cannot be oxidized with KMnO₄ solution.

Q11: What are the Addition Reactions? Explain with an example?

Ans: “A reaction in which two atoms or groups are attached to each carbon of the double or triple bond is called
Addition Reaction”. Br Br

Example: CH=CH₂ + Br₂ CH₂―CH₂

Q12: Justify that alkanes give substitution reactions?

Ans: Since in alkanes all bonds are single bonds which are very strong. Therefore, alkanes give only substitution
reactions.
Q13: Both, Alkenes and Alkynes are Unsaturated Hydrocarbons. State the one most Significant Difference
between them?
Ans: The difference is that alkynes are capable of adding two molecules of the reagent while alkenes are
capable of a adding only one molecule of the reagent.

Q14: Write the molecular, dot and cross and structural of ethyne?
Ans: Molecular formula of ethyne: C₂H₂
Structural formula of ethyne: H―C = C―H
Dot and Cross formula of ethyne: H C::C H

Q15: Why Hydrocarbons are soluble in Organic solvent?

Ans: Like dissolves like, therefore, hydrocarbons being non-polar in character are more soluble in non-polar
organic solvents such as ether, carbon tetra chloride, etc. These are insoluble in water and other polar solvents.
Q16: Give the Physical Properties of Alkanes?
Ans: Physical Properties of Alkanes:
(i) First four members are gases, C₅ to C₁₇ are liquids while higher members of alkanes are solids.
(ii) They are non-polar and are soluble in non-polar organic solvents.
(iii) The density of alkanes increases gradually with the increase of molecular mass.
(iv) The melting and Boiling points of alkanes increase with the increase of molecular size.
(v) They become less flammable with the increase of molecular size.

Q17: How can you identify Ethene from Ethane?

Ans: Ethene decolourize the pink colour of cold, dilute, alkaline solution of potassium permanganate due to
formation of colourless 1,2-ethanediol.
OH OH

3CH₂=CH₂ + 2KMnO₄ + 4H₂O 3CH₂―CH₂ + 2MnO₂ + 2KOH

Q18: Why Colour of Bromine water discharges on addition of Ethane in it?

Ans: The reddish brown colour of bromine water discharges on a addition of ethene in it due to formation of
colourless 1,2-dibromoethane.
Br Br

CH₂=CH₂ + Br₂ CH₂―CH₂

Q19: State One Important Use of each:

Ans: (i) Ethene
Ethene is used for manufacturing of polythene plastic.
(ii) Acetylene
Acetylene is used in Welding and Cutting of metals.
(iii) Chloroform
Chloroform is used for general anaesthesia.
(iv) Carbon tetra chloride
Carbon tetrachloride is used as an industrial solvent.
 THE KING’S LAND SCHOOL SYSTEM
10th CHEMISTRY USMAN HAIDER CHEEMA CHAPTER NO: 13
(0308-6908152)
Q1: How Plants Synthesize Carbohydrates?
Ans: Carbohydrates are synthesized by plants through photosynthesis process from CO₂ and H2O in the
presence of sunlight and green pigment chlorophyll.
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6
Q2: Give the Characteristics of Monosaccharides?
Ans: Characteristics of Monosaccharides:
(i) Monosaccharides are white crystalline solids.
(ii) They are soluble in water.
(iii) They have sweet taste.
(iv) They cannot be hydrolyzed.
Q3: What is Difference Between Glucose and Fructose?
Ans: Glucose is a pentahydroxy aldehyde while fructose is pentahydroxy ketone having an open chain structure.
CHO OH
CH2
H ― C ― OH C = O

HO ― C ― H HO ― C ― H

H ― C ― OH H ― C ― OH

H ― C ― OH H ― C ― OH

CH2OH CH2 ― OH

Q4: Give an Example of Disaccharide. How it is hydrolyzed into Monosaccharides?

Ans: Sucrose is an example of a disaccharide which on hydrolysis produces one molecule of glucose and one
molecule of fructose.
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Q5: Give the Characteristics of Polysaccharides?
Ans: Characteristics of Polysaccharides:
(i) Polysaccharides are amorphous solids
(ii) They are insoluble in water
(iii) They are tasteless
(iv) They are non-reducing compounds
Q6: Where the Proteins are found?
Ans: Proteins make up more than 50% of the dry weight of animals.
Q7: Describe the Uses of Carbohydrates?
Ans: Uses of Carbohydrates:
(i) They regulate the amount of sugar level in our body.
(ii) Dietary fiber helps to keep the bowel functioning property
(iii) Fiber helps in lowering of cholesterol level and regulates blood pressure
(iv) They protect our muscles from cramping
Q8: Lactose is disaccharide, which monosaccharides are presentation it?
Ans: In lactose, the monosaccharides glucose and galactose are present.
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Q9: Why the Ten Amino Acids are essential for us?
Ans: Because human body cannot synthesize essential amino acids.
Q10: How Proteins are found?
Ans: Two Amino acids link through peptide linkage. Peptide linkage is formed by the elimination of water
molecule between the amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another amino acid.
Example:
R O R O R O R O

H2N ― CH― C ―OH + HNH ― CH ― C ― OH H2N ― CH― C ― NH ― CH ― C ― OH

Q11: How Gelatin is Obtained?
Ans: Proteins are found in bones. Gelatin is obtained on heating bones.
Q12: Give the General Formula of the Lipids?
Ans: General Formula of Lipids is Triglyceride.
O

CH2 ― O ― C ― R
O

CH2 ― O ― C ― R
O

CH2 ― O ― C ― R
Q13: Name Two Fatty Acids with their Formula?
Ans: (a) Palmitic acid [C15H31COOH] (b) Stearic acid [C17H35COOH]
Q14: Give the Types of Vitamins?
Ans: Vitamins are Two types: - (a) Fat soluble vitamins (b) Water soluble vitamins
Q15: What is the Significance of Vitamins?
Ans: Human body is unable to synthesize vitamins. So, they must be supplied through diet, vitamins are
absolutely necessary for our normal growth. They help to regulate our body’s metabolism.
Q16: Describe the Sources and Uses of Vitamins A?
Ans: Sources: Dairy products, egg, oil and fats, fish, beta carotene found in green vegetables, carrots and liver.
Uses: It plays an important role in bone growth, tooth development, reproduction, cell division and gene
expression. Also, the skin, eyes and mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, throat and lungs depend on
Vitamin A.
Q17: Deficiency of Vitamins K leads to which Disease?
Ans: Vitamins K play an essential role in normal blood clotting. Its deficiency causes delay in blood clotting.
Q18: Justify Water soluble Vitamins are not Injurious to Health?
Ans: This is because water soluble vitamins are rapidly excreted from the body. Hence, they are not toxic even if
taken in large quantity.
Q19: What do you Mean by Genetic Code of Life?
Ans: DNA is the permanent storage place for genetic information in the nucleus of a cell. It carries and stores all
genetic information of the cell. It passes these information as instructions from generation to generation how to
synthesize particular proteins from amino acids. These instructions are “Genetic Code of Life”.
Q20: What is the Function of DNA?
Ans: The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the proteins development in new cells. The function
of the double helix formation of DNA is to ensure that no disorder takes place. DNA carries genes that controls
the synthesis of RNA.
Q21: How you Justify RNA works like a Messenger?
Ans: RNA consists of ribose sugar. It is a single stranded molecule. It is responsible for putting the genetic
information to work in the cell build proteins.
 THE KING’S LAND SCHOOL SYSTEM
10th CHEMISTRY USMAN HAIDER CHEEMA CHAPTER NO: 14
(0308-6908152)
Q1: What is the importance of earth for our existence?
Ans: There are four natural systems present on earth which are: -
(i) Lithosphere.
(ii) Hydrosphere.
(iii) Atmosphere.
(iv) Biosphere.
Q2: Define Atmosphere? Name different layers of atmosphere
Ans: “Atmosphere is the envelop of gases around the earth”. It is divided into four layers: -
(i) Troposphere.
(ii) Stratosphere.
(iii) Mesosphere.
(iv) Thermosphere.
Q3: What is the composition of atmosphere?
Ans: Percentage composition of atmosphere by volume is shown as: -
Nitrogen 78.09 %
Oxygen 20.94 %
Argon 0.93 %
Carbon dioxide 0.03 %
Q4: Why do we study Atmosphere?
Ans: The study of composition of atmosphere provides us the knowledge about the significance of gases present
in the atmosphere.
Q5: Pressure is decreasing gradually in atmosphere. Justify?
Ans: The concentration of the component gases of atmosphere decreases gradually which results in gradual
decrease of pressure.
Q6: What are the characteristics of region of atmosphere?
Ans:
Name of region Height above the Earth’s Temperature range and trend
Troposphere 0 ― 12 km 17 ℃ ― -58℃ (decreases)
Stratosphere 12 ― 50 km -58 ℃ ― 2 ℃ (increases)
Mesosphere 50 ― 85 km 2℃ ― -93 ℃ (decreases)
Thermosphere 85 ― 120 km > ― 93 ℃ (increases)
Q7: Explain phenomenon of decreasing temperature in troposphere?
Ans: Concentration of CO2 and water vapours absorb infrared radiation emitted by earth surface. So, they warm
atmosphere as concentration of these gases decreases gradually with altitude results in decrease in
temperature at the rate of 6K per kilometer.
Q8: State major sources of CO and CO2?
Ans: Major sources of CO and CO2 are: -
(i) Volcanic eruption.
(ii) Combustion of fossil fuels.
(iii) Forest fires.
(iv) Burning of wood.
(v) Decomposition of organic matter.
Q9: Why the 75% of the atmospheric mass lies within the troposphere?
Ans: Troposphere is lower most region of atmosphere and extends up to 12 km, it forms major portion of
atmosphere because it contain very large amount of gases.
Q10: How ozone layer is being depleted by chlorofluro carbons?
Ans: Ultraviolet radiations break the Cl ― Cl bond in CFCl3 and generates chlorine free radicals as:
CFCl3 CFCl2 + Cl
O3 + Cl O2 + Cl
OCl O + Cl
O+O O2
Q11: What is function of Converter?
Ans: Converter used by automobiles convert harmful CO and oxides of Nitrogen to harmless CO 2 and N2
respectively, unburnt hydrocarbons are oxidized to Carbon dioxide and water while oxides of Nitrogen are
reduced to nitrogen.
Q12: Which Gases is life for Plant and Animal?
Ans: CO2 is life gas for plant while O2 is life gas for animals.
Q13: Taj Mahal has Stone Cancer Comments?
Ans: Acidic gases from industrial units contribute to the wearing away of the famous marble building. Taj Mahal
building is deteriorating by acid rain.
Q14: CO2 is responsible for heating up Atmosphere?
Ans: CO2 is green house gas. It absorbs infrared radiations and allows visible light to pass through. So, it absorbs
most of outgoing radiations which result in heating of atmosphere.
Q15: CO is a hidden enemy? Explain it action.
Ans: It binds with haemoglobin of blood and forms carboxy haemoglobin. So, supply of oxygen is cut off. If
inhaled for longer time it causes breathing difficulties which lead to death.
Q16: What threats are to human health due to SO2 gas as air pollutant?
Ans: It causes suffocation, irritation and severe respiratory problems to asthmatic people.
Q17: Which air pollutant is produced in an anaerobic decomposition of Organic matter?
Ans: CO2 is an air pollutant produced by anaerobic decomposition.
Q18: How acid rain Increases the acidity of soil?
Ans: Number of acids H2SO4, HNO3 and H2CO3 which are main components of acid rain comes on the surface of
earth results in acidity of soil.
Q19: Point out Two series Effects of Ozone Depletion?
Ans: Two Effects of Ozone Depletion:
(i) It causes skin cancer.
(ii) Depletion of ozone layer will increase infections disease like malaria.
Q20: How Ozone Layer forms in Stratosphere?
Ans: Ozone layer is formed by the reaction of O2 and atomic oxygen.
Q21: Define Incineration?
Ans: Incineration is a waste treatments process that involves the burning of solid waste at high temperature.
The temperature range from 650 to 100 ℃ in incinerators
Q22: What is Importance of Incinerator?
Ans: Incinerator reduces the solid mass of the original waste by 80-85% and converts waste material into ash,
flue gas and heat.
Q23: What is the Disadvantage of Incineration?
Ans: Incineration produces highly poisonous gas and toxic ash.
Q24: Without CO2 life on Earth would have been Impossible. Comment
Ans: CO2 is the life gas for plant. It absorbs infrared radiations emitted by earth. So, life is not possible without
CO2.
Q25: Why there is a smell near photocopier machine?
Ans: Ozone is well known as it is formed from oxygen near photocopier and other source of static electricity.
There we smell ozone near these sources. It is poisonous gas and formed on hot day in badly polluted areas.
Q26: What is difference between Pollutant and Contaminant?
Ans: Pollutants are those substances which cause pollution while Contaminants are those substances that make
some impure.
 THE KING’S LAND SCHOOL SYSTEM
10th CHEMISTRY USMAN HAIDER CHEEMA CHAPTER NO: 15
(0308-6908152)
Q1: How water rises in Plants?
Ans: Water rises in plants by capillary action. This process is vital for the survival of plants.

Q2: What is the difference Between Soft water and hard water?
Ans:
Soft Water Hard Water
It is that water which produces good lather with It is that type of water which does not produce good
soap. lather with soap.
It does not give curd. It gives curds with soap.
Example: It is free from Ca+2, Mg+2 ions. Example: Hard water contains Ca+2, Mg+2 ions.

Q3: Which forces are Responsible for dissolving substance in Water?

Ans: Dipole-Dipole forces are responsible for dissolving polar substances in water.

Q4: Why Non-polar Compounds are Insoluble?

Ans: Non-polar compounds have covalent bonds and they do not have polar ends. So, non-polar bonds are not
attracted by water molecule.

Q5: How water dissolve Sugar and Alcohol?

Ans: Sugar and alcohol have polar ends i.e O¯ ― H⁺ group. These substances are soluble in water due to
hydrogen bonding.

Q6: How Lime Stone dissolve in Water?

Ans: Limestone (CaCO3) is insoluble in water but small quantity of lime stone is soluble in water in the presence
of CO2. It is shown as:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2

Q7: What is Softening of Water?

Ans: The removal of Mg+2 and Ca2+ ions which are responsible for the hardness is called Water Softening.

Q8: What are Types of Hardness of Water?

Ans: There are two types of hardness of water: -
(a) Temporary hardness (b) Permanent hardness

Q9: What are the Causes of Hardness in Water?

Ans: Dissolved salts of Mg+2 and Ca+2 with Cl-, SO4-2, HCO3-1 and CO32- causes hardness in water.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2

Q10: What is Water Pollution?

Ans: Water pollution is a contamination of includes lakes, rivers, oceans and ground water.

Q11: Describe Chlorination of Water? Give its Importance.

Ans: It is the addition of chlorine solution in water. Chlorine kills bacteria and other micro-organisms. Chlorine
itself does not kill rather it dissociate in water to form hypochlorous acid and hypochloric acid.
Cl2 + H2O HOCl + Cl- + H+
HOCl turns ionize to produce hypochlorite and proton. So,
HOCl H+ + OCl-

Q12: What are Effects of Temporary of Detergents?

Ans:
(i) Temporary hard water unfit for aquatic life.
(ii) Insoluble calcium and magnesium carbonates reduce the efficiency of engine and boiler burst up.
Q13: Mention Disadvantages of Detergents?
Ans:
(i) It makes water unfit for aquatic life.
(ii) They cause diseases by microbes.
(iii) They phosphates salts present in detergents cause rapid growth of algae.

Q14: What is difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances?

Ans: Those substances that can be decomposed by micro organism like bacteria are called biodegradable
substances and that substance that cannot be decomposed by ion is or organisms like bacteria are called non-
biodegradable.

Q15: How the detergents make the water unfit for aquatic life.
Ans: Phosphate salts present in detergents cause rapid growth of algae. The plants die and decay.

Q16: Why pesticides are used?

Ans: Because they kill or control the growth of pests. Pests may be weeds, herbs, fungi and viruses.

Q17: What are the reasons of water borne diseases?

Ans: Diseases that spread because of drinking polluted water or eating food prepared with polluted water are
called water born infectious diseases.

Q18: How water borne disease can be prevented?

Ans: Water borne diseases can be prevented by following measures: -
(i) Provision of safe water.
(ii) Disposal of sewage.
(iii) Control of toxic chemicals.

Q19: Define Soap? How can hard water reduce efficiency of soap?
Ans: “Soap is the sodium salt of long chain carboxylic acids”. Example: Fatty acids.
Calcium and magnesium ions of hard water react with soap to form insoluble precipitates of
calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acid called scum. So, large amount of soap is washed in scum formation.
Thus it decreases the efficiency of soap.
 THE KING’S LAND SCHOOL SYSTEM
10th CHEMISTRY USMAN HAIDER CHEEMA CHAPTER NO: 16
(0308-6908152)
Q1: What role is played by pine oil in the Concentration Process?
Ans: The ore particles are preferentially wetted by oil and the gangue particles by the water. The whole mixture
is agitated with compressed air. “Froth flotation process is based on the wetting characteristics of the ore and
the gangue particles with oil and water, respectively”.

Q2: Name the Various Metallurgical Steps?

Ans: The Various metallurgical steps are: -
(i) Concentration of the ore.
(ii) Extraction of the metal.
(iii) Refining of the metal.

Q3: How Roasting is carried out?

Ans: The process of heating concentrated ore to high temperature in excess of air. Following reaction: -
2CuFeS 2 Cu2S + 2FeS + SO

Q4: Explain Process of Electro Refining?

Ans: “Refining the impure metal by electrolysis is the most widely used process of refining metals.”
Example: Electrolytic refining of copper is carried out in an electrolytic tank having copper sulphate solution in
it.

Q5: What are Advantages of Solvay’s Process?

Ans:
(i) It is cheap process as raw materials are available at very low price.
(ii) Carbon dioxide and ammonia are recovered and reused.
(iii) Sodium carbonate of very high purity is obtained.
(iv) Consumption of fuel is very less since no solution is to be evaporated.

Q6: What is the Principle of Solvay’s Process?

Ans: Principle of solvay’s process lies in the low solubility of sodium bicarbonate at low temperature.

Q7: What happens when Ammonical brine is Carbonated?

Ans: Ammonical brine is fed into carbonating tower and carbon dioxide is passed through it. Following reactants
take place in the carbonating tower.
CO2 + NH3 + H2O NH4HCO3
NH4HCO3 + NaCl NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
CO2 + NH3 +H2O + NaCl NaHCO3 + NH4Cl

Q8: How NaHCO3 is Converted to Na2CO3?

Ans: Sodium bi carbonate is heated to get sodium carbonate.
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

Q9: How ammonia is recovered in the Solvay’s process?

Ans: Ammonia is recovered in Ammonia recovery tower from ammonium chloride solution and calcium
hydroxide formed in lime kiln.
2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 2NH3 + CaCl2 + 2H2O

Q10: How ammonia is prepared for the synthesis of Urea?

Ans: Ammonia is prepared by the “Haber’s Process”.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
Q11: Describe the Formation of Petroleum?
Ans: Petroleum was formed by the decomposition of dead plants and animals buried under earth’s crust
millions of years ago. It is believed that millions of years ago living plants and animals in the seas died. Their
bodies sank and buried under mud and sand. Then decomposition process took in the absence of air. Because of
high pressure, temperature and bacterial effects remains of dead plants and animals were converted into a dark
brownish viscous crude oil.

Q12: What is Refining of Petroleum and how it is carried out?

Ans: “Separation of crude oil mixture into various useful products”. It is carried out by a process called fractional
distillation. The principal of fractional distillation is based upon separation of substance depending upon their
boiling point.

Q13: Give a Use of Kerosene Oil?

Ans: It is used as domestic fuel and a special grade of it is used as jet fuel.

Q14: Describe the difference between Diesel oil and Fuel oil?
Ans:
Name Composition Boiling Range
Diesel Oil C13 to C15 250 to 350 C
Fuel Oil C15 to C18 350 to 400 C

Q15: Write down the names of four fractions obtained by the fractional distillation of residual oil?
Ans: The four fractions of residual oil are: -
(i) Lubricants (ii) Paraffin wax
(iii) asphalt (iv) Petroleum coke

Q16: Which Petroleum Fraction is used in dry cleaning?

Ans: Petroleum Ether is used in dry cleaning. It is composed of C5 to C7

Q17: What is Difference between Crude oil and Residual oil?

Ans: “The oil which does not vapourize is collected and heated above 400 ℃ called Residual oil”.
“The remains of dead plants and animals were converted into dark, brownish viscous liquid called
Crude oil”.