Chart1

Resistivity Variation with Depth

120.00

100.00
Resistivity

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00

0.00
3 10 17
Depth

Page 1
 Earthing System Design Report

Input data

Spikes Spacing (m) 3 5 7 10

LOCATION R ρ R ρ R ρ R ρ
POINT 1 2.44 45.96 0.8185 25.714 0.5932 26.090299 0.4656 29.255
POINT 2 2.55 48.05 1.255 39.427 0.6551 28.812803 0.3855 24.222
POINT 3 7.47 140.77 3.352 105.31 1.002 44.070262 0.4335 27.238
POINT 4 8.20 154.59 2.987 93.839 1.0858 47.755978 0.598 37.573
POINT 5 6.64 125.22 2.599 81.65 1.395 61.355305 0.3637 22.852
POINT 6 6.28 118.43 3.146 98.835 1.514 66.589198 0.4822 30.298
POINT 7 7.19 135.49 3.102 97.452 2.292 100.80743 0.625 39.27
POINT 8 7.30 137.66 3.221 101.19 2.0775 91.373222 0.676 42.474
Average 113.2693 80.427 58.356811 31.648
TABLE (1)
ρ can be calculated refer to (IEEE Std. 80-2000 page 53)
ρ1= 70.93

where ρ1 is the average resistivity of the soil downwards to depth 10 m(upper layer)

.
Main grid conductor
I TCAP tc ρr Ko αr Tr Tm Ta a b d n
40000 3.42 0.5 1.72 234 0.00393 20 250 45 75 60 3 22.22
Refer to IEEE Std. 80-2000, page 42

A= 169.42 Refer to IEEE Std. 80-2000 page 41

According to specifications requirements, the min. cross-section area of the grounding grid conductor shall be 240 mm 2
So, the selected cross-section area here is 240 mm2
A= 240

I = rms fault current, A

A = Conductor cross section in mm2
TCAP = thermal capacity factor J/cm3/˚C
tc = time of current flow in sec
ρr = resistivity of ground conductor at 20˚C
Ko = 1/αo or (1/αr) -Tr
αr = thermal coefficient of resistivity at reference temp. 20˚C
Tr = reference temp.for material constant, ˚C
Tm = fusing temp. for material, ˚C
Ta = ambient temp, °C
a = Long side of equivalent rectangular grid, m
b = Short side of equivalent rectangular grid, m
d = Distance between grid conductors, m
n= Geometric factor (refer to page 93 in IEEE Std. 80-2000)
It's recommended to select a and b to be multiple of d

Earth risers conductor

I TCAP tc ρr Ko αr Tr Tm Ta
40000 3.42 0.5 1.72 234 0.00393 20 250 45

A= 169.42
So, the selected cross-section area here is 185 mm2
A= 240

ρa = apparent soil resistivity as seen by ground rod

ρa = 70.925
Earth grid resistance
R1 R2 Rm ρ1 Lc Lr d1 d2
0.0783 2.042 0.457 70.93 2991 4 0.017 0.0175
ρ2 A K1 K2 n h h1 H
0.00 4500 1.3 5.75 10 1 0.1322 10

Rg can be calculated refer to (IEEE Std. 80-2000 page 66)

Rg = ###

Rg = grid resistance, ohm (refer to IEEE Std. 80-2000, page 66)

R1 = resistance of grid conductors, ohm (refer to IEEE Std. 80-2000, page 66)
R2 = resistance of all ground rods, ohm (refer to IEEE Std. 80-2000, page 66)
Rm = Mutual resistance of R1 and R2, ohm (refer to IEEE Std. 80-2000, page 66)
ρ1 = soil resistivity encountered by grid conductors based at depth h, ohm-m
ρ2 = soil resistivity from depth H downwards, ohm-m
H = average thickness of upper layer soil in this case dry sand infill, m
Lc = total legth of grid conductors, m
Lr = average legth of ground rod, m
h = depth of grid burial, m
h1 = √d1h (for conductors buried at depth h or .5d1 for conductors
A= area covered by a grid of dimension a.b in m2
n= number of ground rods placed in area A
K1.K2= 1.3 , 5.5 (constant related to the geometry of the system )
(Refer to IEEE Std. 80-2000, page 67)
d1= diametr of grid conductor, m
d2= diametr of ground rods - taken as smallest diameter conuctor
used as part of rod assemble, m
ρa = apparent soil resistivity as seen by ground rod, ohm-m

TOUCH POTENTIALS
(a) tolerable touch potential

ρs = surface resistivity, ohm-m

ts= fault clearance time, sec

ρs= 1000 ts= 0.5

K= -0.87 hs= 0.4
Cs= 0.7856
Cs can be calculated refer to (IEEE Std. 80-2000 page 23)

Etouch70 = 483.67
Etouch50 = 357.36

Etouch70,50 can be calculated refer to (IEEE Std. 80-2000 page 27)

(b) calculate touch potential
Km Ks Ki Ig Lc LR ρ Lp n Kii Ls IG
0.373 0.345 3.933221 40000 2991 55.00 70.93 270 22.22 1.00 2290 24000

Kii=1 for grids with ground rods, for grids without ground rods, kii can be calculated according to
equation (82), page 92.
Km, Ks and Ki can be calculated according to equations in IEEE std. 80-2000, pages 93, 94

Mesh voltage can be calculated refer to (IEEE std 80-2000 p.91)

Mesh voltage Em = 819.94
 Km =
Ks = geometrical and irrergularity factors
Ki =
Ig = grid current
Lc = total length of grid conductor)
LR = combined length of ground rods,m
ρ= mean soil resistivity
Lp the peripheral length of the grid in m
IG = Max. grid current (refer to IEEE Std. 80-2000, page 72

(c) potential across body

Ik= current flowing through the body

Rk= body resistanc =1000 ohms (according to IEEE Std. 80-2000)
Rf= surface resistans of two feet in parallel = 1.5 Cs Ρs
K= Reflection factor
hs= crushed rock layer thickness,m
Cs= 0.6 for .15 m (hs) thinck gravel as a function of hs and k
ρs= resistivity of wet gravel

ρs= 1000 Rk= 1000

K= -0.87 hs= 0.15
C s= 0.785598

Rf= 1178.397
Ik= 0.3764

Etouch= 376.40

maximum touch potential across body = 376.40

step potential
(a) tolerable step potential

Estep70,50 can be calculated refer to (IEEE Std. 80-2000 page 27)

Estep70 = 1268.6
Estep50 = 937.31

calculated step potential

Step voltage can be calculated refer to (IEEE std 80-2000 p.94)

Estep = 1680.3
Etouch70=804
Emesh70=2553

D 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Emesh 471 543 609 671 730 786 839
Estep 65.31 68.7 72 75.3 78.42 81.36 84.16