ELX303 Exam Paper Solutions – May 2019

Q1a)i)

(5 Marks)

Q1a)ii)

(5 Marks)
Q1b)i)

Thyristor mean current = Id/3 = 660/3 = 220A

Average power dissipation in thyristor,

𝐼𝑑
𝑊𝑇 = 𝑉𝑇 × = 1.5 × 220 = 330W
3

In steady state,
𝑇𝐽 = 𝑊𝑇 (𝑅𝐽𝑆 + 𝑅𝑆𝐴 ) + 𝑇𝐴
= 330(0.12 + 0.15) + 40
= 129.1∘ 𝐶
(3 Marks)

Q1b)ii)

The thermal time-constant of the heat sink is given by:

  RSAMc p
 0.15  0.5  895
 67.1 s

The heat sink will reach a steady state temperature in 5 , or:

5  67.1  335.5 s
(2 Marks)

Q1c)i)

The maximum allowable junction temperature is 125 °C and the solution to

this problem is found by solving:

  
t
TJ  WT RSA 1  e    TA  RJSWT
 
where  = RSA M cp = heat sink thermal time constant (seconds).

The average power dissipation in each thyristor is WT = 660 W.

After substitution of values in the equation above:

𝑡
𝑇𝐽 = 660 × 0.15 [1 − 𝑒 −67.1 ] + 40 + 0.12 × 660 = 125∘ 𝑚𝑎𝑥.

From this tmax = 4.051 seconds.

(5 Marks)
Q1d)i)

The base impedance for the 11 kV side of the 2.5 MVA transformer is:

X base 
kV 2 
112
 48.4 
SB 2.5

0.05 p.u. represents an impedance of 0.05 48.4 = 2.42 

2.42 2.42 2.42

The leakage reactance is then: Lv     7.7 mH
 2  f 2  50
Using the formula:
 dV  2 2 RS
max.      U vo
 dt  9 Lv
𝑑𝑉 2√2 110
max. [ 𝑑𝑡 ] = × 7700 × 415
9
= 1.863 V/𝜇𝑠
(5 Marks)

Q1 Total 25 Marks
Q2a)

By high voltage gradient at the cathode resulting into field emission

(1 Mark for a reasonable explanation/diagram)

Increase in temperature may cause thermionic emission

(1 Mark for a reasonable explanation/diagram)

High resistance method using:

 Cooling of arc
 Increasing the arc length
 Reducing the cross section of the arc
 Splitting of the arc
(4 Marks for a reasonable explanation/diagram)

Low resistance or current zero interruption using:

 Lengthening of the gap
 Increasing the pressure in the vicinity of the gap
 Cooling of arc
 Blast effect
(4 Marks for a reasonable explanation/diagram)

Q2b)

Lengthening and splitting of the arc by magnetic field blow out coils and arc splitters, diagrams
required. (1 Mark for a reasonable explanation/diagram)

Sketch of system voltages and currents during a fault incidence with current zero, re-striking and
recovery voltage shown.
(4 Marks for a reasonable diagram)

Note on possible re-strike of arc and relation to dielectric strength.

(2 Marks for a reasonable explanation)

Q2c)

Operational requirements of switchgear:

1. Carry full-load currents continuously
2. Withstand normal and possible abnormal system voltages
3. Open and close the circuit on no-load
4. Make and break normal operating currents
5. Make short-circuit currents
6. Carry, for short times, and break short-circuit currents
(1 Mark for each reasonable explanation)

Q2d)

Symmetrical breaking current = 250/(√3 x 6.6) = 21.869kA

(1 Mark for correct answer)

Asymmetrical making current = 21.869 x (√2 x 1.8) = 61.85kA

(1 Mark for correct answer)

Q2 Total 25 Marks

Q3a)i)

The maximum converter output voltage is given by:

3 2
Ud  U vo  1.35  415  560.25 V


Owing to the voltage drop in the conducting thyristors, the maximum armature circuit voltage
is slightly less at 560.25 – 4 = 556.25 V.

With a motor voltage of 500 V and Ia = 50 A, operation is in one of the two power
rectification quadrants for the dual-converter, say Quadrant 1. Let us define the converter to
be Converter No.1 when in this mode.

The back e.m.f. Eb is given by:

Eb 500 – IaRa 500 – 50 1.4 430 V

In this condition Ud is given by:

Ud 500 4 504 V

From the equation:

Ud 1.35Uvo cos  504 V

 = 259o
(8 Marks)

Q3a)ii)

U d  1.35U vo cos   496 V

  496 
Hence,   cos 1    152.3
1.35  415 
(5 Marks)
Q3b)i)

Six Step:

 Six step unit uses controlled thyristor rectifier element at the AC supply point.
 Six step unit can use variable voltage on the DC link.
 Six step can control voltage in proportional to frequency to invertor.
(3 Marks for reasonable explanations)
 (3 Marks for diagram and labels)

PWM:

 PWM unit uses uncontrolled diodes rectifier element at the AC supply point.
 PWM unit has a fixed DC voltage on the DC link.
 PWM output voltage is changed by switching of the output device.
(3 Marks for reasonable explanations)

(3 Marks for diagram and labels)

Q3 Total 25 Marks
Q4a)i)

Poor power factors increases line currents, hence increase in I2R losses.

(2 Marks for reasonable explanation)

Leading power factor to compensate for lagging.

(2 Marks for reasonable explanation)

Machine to run without load at under excited condition

(2 Marks for reasonable explanation)

Q4b)i)

∆V = E-V = (RP +XQ)/V

(1 Mark for formula)

E=V therefore ∆V = 0

(1 Mark for calculation)

Hence RP = - XQ

Q = -RP/X = -6.5 x 30 / 20 = -9.75MVAr

(1 Mark for calculation)

Q = QL + QC

(1 Mark for formula)

QL = 30 x tan(cos-1(0.85)) = 18.592MVAr

(1 Mark for calculation)

QC = Q – QL = -9.75 – 18.592 = -28.342MVAr

(1 Mark for calculation)

Q4b)ii)
𝟑𝟑,𝟎𝟎𝟎
Short CCT Current  √𝟑 ⁄ 𝒋𝟐𝟎 = 𝟗𝟓𝟐. 𝟔𝟑 ∠ − 𝟗𝟎° 𝑨
(1 Mark for calculation)

Node Sensitivity  -√3 x ISC = -√3 x 952.63 = -1.65MVAr/kV

(1 Mark for calculation)

33kV @ Load Point

Load = 30MW @ 0.85 pf

Equates to star phase impedance

ZLOAD = (pf x VL2 ) / P ∠𝒄𝒐𝒔-1(0.85)

ZLOAD = (0.85 x 332 ) / 30 ∠𝒄𝒐𝒔-1(0.85)

ZLOAD = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟓 ∠𝟑𝟏. 𝟖° Ω

(1 Mark for calculation)

33kV Source line voltage

Load voltage without compensation

𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
( √𝟑 ⁄ ) 𝒙(𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟓 ∠𝟑𝟏. 𝟖°)
(𝟔. 𝟓 + 𝒋𝟐𝟎 + (𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟓 ∠𝟑𝟏. 𝟖°))

= 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟔 ∠ − 𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟑𝟒° 𝑽/𝑷𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆

(1 Mark for calculation)

Neutral voltage fall at load point

𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
∠𝟎° − 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟔 ∠ − 𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟑𝟒° = 8203.37/Phase or 14208.66 V/Line
√𝟑

(1 Mark for calculation)

Compensation required

-1.65MVAr/kV x 14208.66 V/Line = -23444.29MVAr

(1 Mark for calculation)

Difference is 4.898MVAr

(2 Mark for reasonable explanation)

The second method is less accurate. Line calculations are approximated.

(1 Mark for reasonable explanation)

Q4b)iii)

Line parameters can change due to:

Change in temperature, which affects resistance.

(1 Mark for reasonable explanation)

Tolerance changes in live voltage.

(1 Mark for reasonable explanation)

Power Factor variation with load.

(1 Mark for reasonable explanation)

Q4 Total 25 Marks
Q5a)i)

(3 Marks for reasonable explanation)

Q5a)ii)

(3 Marks for reasonable explanation)

Q5a)iii)

(3 Marks for reasonable explanation)

Q5b)i)

Thyristor Forward Voltage Drop, Ud = 2VT = 2 x 1.5V = 3V

(1 Mark for calculation)

Q5b)ii)

Supply Resistive Drop, VCU = (π/3)PCUUdo = (π/3)PCU(1.35Udo) = (π/3)x0.02x(1.35x415) = 11.73V

(2 Marks for calculation)

Q5b)iii)

Full-Load Current (Transformer), IFL = MVA/(√3Uvo) = 3/(√3x415) = 4.1736kA

(2 Marks for calculation)

Q5b)iv)

rms Current, IV = Id√(2/3) = (Load Power/Load Voltage) x √(2/3) = (1.2x106/300) x √(2/3) = 3.266kA

(2 Marks for calculation)

Q5b)v)

k1 = Iv/IFL = 3.266/4.1736 = 0.7825

(1 Mark for calculation)

k1VCU = 0.7825 x 11.73 = 9.18V

(1 Mark for calculation)

ZSupply = 3/100 = 0.03pu = Xs

(1 Mark for calculation)

k1Vx = k1(0.5Udo(Xs + Xr)) = k1(0.5(1.35UVo)(Xs + Xr)) 0.7825 x (0.5 x (1.35 x 415) x (0.03 + 0.05))
=17.5358V

(2 Marks for calculation)

k2 = 1 (To Maintain)

(1 Mark for calculation)

Ud = k2UdoCosα – 2VT - k1VCU - k1Vx

α = Cos-1 [(Ud + 2VT + k1VCU + k1Vx)/ k2Udo]

α = Cos-1 [(300 + 3 + 9.18 + 17.5358)/ (1 x (1.35x415))] = 53.948˚

(3 Marks for calculation)

Q5 Total 25 Marks
Q6)a

(4 Marks)

(4 Marks)

Q6)b

The mathematical expression across the load is:

(5 Marks)

Q6)c

Equivalent between 1&3: 0.1//0.1 + 0.04//0.04 = 0.05 + 0.02 = 0.07p.u.

Equivalent between 3&5: 0.1//0.1 + 0.1//0.1 = 0.05 + 0.05 = 0.1p.u.

(2 Marks for calculation)

PLoad5 = Load A / Base = 52/100 = 0.52p.u.

QLoad5 = 0p.u.

(1 Mark for calculation)

PLoad3 = Load B / Base = 202/100 = 2.02p.u.

QLoad3 = PLoad3 Tan(Cos-1 0.8) = 1.515p.u.

(2 Marks for calculation)

P132Loss = 0 p.u.

Q132Loss = I2puXpu = (Spu/Vpu)2Xpu = (√(P2pu + Q2pu)/Vpu)2Xpu = ((0.522 + 02)/12)x0.1 = 0.02704p.u.

(1 Mark for calculation)

PBUS3 = PLoad3 + PLoad5 + P132Loss = 2.54p.u.

QBUS3 = QLoad3 + QLoad5 + Q132Loss = 1.54204p.u.

(2 Marks for calculation)

SBUS3 = √( PBUS32 + QBUS32) = 2.971445p.u.

P275Loss = 0 p.u.

Q275Loss = I2puXpu = (SBus3/Vpu)2Xpu = (2.971445/1)2 x 0.07 = 0.61806p.u.

(1 Mark for calculation)

PBUS1 = PBus3 + P275Loss = 2.54p.u.

QBUS1 = QBus3 + Q275Loss = 2.1601p.u.

(2 Marks for calculation)

Φ = Tan-1(QBUS1/PBUS1) = Tan-1(2.1601/2.54) = 40.379o

Cos Φ = 0.76178 lagging

(1 Mark for calculation)

Q6 Total 25 Marks