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STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF WALL INJECTION AND ASPIRATION ON LAMINAR

EXTERNAL FLOW

Conference Paper · December 2008

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4th International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics ICAMEM2008
16-18 December, 2008, Sousse, Tunisia

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF WALL INJECTION AND ASPIRATION

ON LAMINAR EXTERNAL FLOW
A. Laouar, M. Teggar and E. Mezaache
Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Physico-chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces
Université de Skikda, B.P. 26, 21000 Skikda, Algérie
gh_laouar@yahoo.fr, ttegmo@yahoo.fr, e_mezaache@yahoo.fr

Abstract

The present study is focused on the effect of wall injection and aspiration on hydrodynamic and thermal behavior of external
flow. Injection is produced by imposing inward parietal velocity, which corresponds to negative values of stream function,
while aspiration is produced by inverse parietal conditions. External flow is assumed two-dimensional laminar boundary
layer. Analytical procedure based on integral method is employed for the solution of the coupled governing conservation
equations of momentum, enthalpy and boundary conditions. It can be shown that wall conditions affect significantly heat and
momentum transfer. For laminar flow, imposed stream function confers the property of flow similarity for both situations of
injection and aspiration. However imposed velocity induced a non flow similarity. The increase of injection velocity causes
an increase of thicknesses of dynamic and thermal boundary layer and decreases the shear coefficient and Nusselt number.

Key-words: injection, aspiration, boundary layer, laminar flow, integral method

Introduction

Flow with parietal injection or aspiration is widely used in physical process and industrial systems. For
injection, thermal protection of walls submitted to higher temperature, as in gas turbines and turbojets,
is one domain of application. Thierry and Grégoire (2003) considered a duct flow induced by wall
injection of fluid and particles. They studied the effect of inject particles on flow stability. Aspiration
is a means to control the boundary layer separation in the most aerodynamic applications, as in
internal flow (diffusers,...) or external flows (plane wings, ...). Separations are, in general, synonymous
of degradation of aerodynamic performances. Many theoretical and experimental works were
conducted to eliminate or delay the appearance of these separations. In this context, Bourgeois et al
(2005) published an experimental study to control the boundary layer separations per aspiration and
blowing for two types of configurations, the first is a flat plate and the second configuration is a
symmetrical profile ONERA wing. Courty et al (2003) elaborated a numerical simulation to control
separation by pulsed blowing at the attack edge.

This work is focused on the effect of parietal injection and aspiration on the hydrodynamic and
thermal behavior of external flow. Injection is produced by imposing inward parietal velocity, which
corresponds to negative values of stream function, while aspiration is produced by inverse parietal
conditions. External flow is assumed two-dimensional laminar boundary layer. Analytical procedure
based on integral method is employed for the solution of the coupled governing conservation
equations of momentum, enthalpy and boundary conditions.

Physical System
A schematic diagram of physical system under consideration is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of
an isothermal or imposed heat flux density wall, in direct contact with laminar external flow
of air. Wall heating, flow injection or aspiration create momentum and heat transfer in the gas
flow. The physical problem is two-dimensional. The coordinates system Oxy is located on the
plate and its origin coincides with the flow inlet. Ox axis is in the flow direction. Oy axis is
normal to the plate and is directed towards the interior. The following assumptions are used:
(i) flow and heat transfer is permanent; (ii) boundary-layer thickness is small compared to the
plate length; (iii) the flow is laminar; (iv) volume forces are without effect on the transfer.

Laouar, Teggar and Mezaache 1

 y T∞ 3

u∞ 2

u∞

1 x

Figure1. Schematic diagram of the physical system

① permeable wall (with injection or aspiration); ② momentum boundary layer; ③ thermal

boundary layer

Mathematical Formulation

Governing equations

∂
(ρu ) + ∂ (ρυ ) = 0 (1)
∂x ∂y

∂u ∂u du ∂τ
ρu + ρυ = ρ eue e + (2)
∂x ∂y dx ∂y

∂
(ρuH ) + ∂ (ρυH ) = ∂ (− q + uτ ) (3)
∂x ∂y ∂y

Boundary conditions
- At wall (y=0)

 ∂T 
u = u w , υ = υ w ( x ) , aT + b − λ =c (4)
 ∂y 

The condition of adherence can correspond to a motionless wall, uw = 0, or moving wall, uw > 0. Wall
injection is translated by υw > 0 and aspiration by υw < 0. Coefficients a = 1, b = 0, c = Tw concern
isothermal wall, a = 0, b = 1, c = 0 adiabatic wall, and a = 0, b = 1, c = q imposed heat flux density.

-At outside border of gas boundary layer (y→∞)

u = u ∞ , T = T∞ (5)

Laouar, Teggar and Mezaache 2

Integral Equations

Integral equations of momentum and energy are expressed by

*
dθ θ due c
+ ( f + 2) = f (6)
dx ue dx 2

dθT θT du e
+ = St * (7)
dx u e dx

Local Reynolds number, Prandtl number and shape factor are written

ρ ∞ u∞ x µCp δ*
Re x = , Pr = , f = (8)
µ∞ k θ

Shear coefficient, shear stress, displacement thicknesses and momentum thicknesses are given by

*
* τw
cf = , τ w * = τ w + u e ρ wυ w (9)
1
ρ u2
2 e e

∞ ∞
 ρu  ρu  u 
∫ ∫
*
δ = 1 − dy , θ = 1 − dy (10)
ρ∞ u∞ ρ u  u∞
0  0 ∞ ∞ 

Enthalpy thicknesses and Nusselt number are expressed by

∞ ρu  T − Te  xq s
θT = ∫  dy , Nu s = − (11)
0 ρ eue  Tw − Te  k (Tw − T∞ )

Where

qw = qw + ρ wυ w (H w − H e )
*
(12)

Solution of Integral Equations

The solution of the integral equations of momentum and energy requires the knowledge of the velocity
and temperature profiles according to normal coordinate y along the wall. Among published
approximate formulas for dimensional velocity and temperature profiles satisfying momentum and
energy integral equations, we use the third order polynomial formulation. Hence, resulting expressions
for non dimensional velocity and temperature are expressed as:

3 1 3  3 β  *3 *2 *
u* =  y* − y*  − * *
 y − 2 y + y  = u1 + u 2 (13)
2 2  2 1+ β  

3
T − Tw 3  y  1 y 
=   −   (14)
Te − Tw 2  δ t  2  δt 

Laouar, Teggar and Mezaache 3

Where
Vw
β = α *δ , α * = (15)
4ν
Equation (13) is a general expression of velocity. It represents the summation of two quantities. The
( ) ( )
first expresses velocity for a no permeable wall u1* , while the second u 2* is an additional velocity
induced by wall injection or aspiration. In the case of a no permeable wall: β w = 0 , one finds the
solution of Pohlhausen. To obtain the expression of boundary layer thickness it is necessary to solve
the integral equations (6-7). Hence, one needs the expressions for the friction coefficient, momentum
thickness and the enthalpy thickness obtained from polynomial formulation of velocity and
temperature.

Cf 3 ν 1  β 
= 1 −  (16)
2 2 ue δ  1 + β 

dθ  39 3 1 1 1 α *δ  *  dδ
= −  + α  (17)
dx  280 2 (1 + α *δ )2  12 35 1 + α *δ   dx

dθT 3 δ ds 3 s2 dδ
= . . + . . (18)
dx 10 1 + β dx 20 (1 + β ) dx
2

By substitution of expressions (16-18) in the integral equations formulation of momentum (6) and
energy (7), one finds:

2
1 3 1 2 611 4 C 2 767 767 4 35  υ 
δ + δ − δ+ + C.ln( C + δ ) − C.ln( C ) − C = C 2  w  Rex (19)
3C 2 507 13 C + δ 507 507 13 52  ue 

3 C.δ ds 3 C.s 3 dδ υ 3 k
.s + . . −s w = (20)
10 (C + δ ) dx 20 (C + δ ) dx ue 2 ρCpueδ

Where

C = 4ν υ w and s = δ δt

Results and Discussion

The numerical results present the effect of parietal injection and aspiration on the hydrodynamic and
thermal behavior of external laminar flow. The resolution of the strongly nonlinear equation (19)
enabled us to deduce the boundary layer thickness, the momentum thickness and the shear coefficient
according to the parameter C = 4ν υ w controlling the phenomenon of wall injection or aspiration.
Positive values of C correspond to flow injection while negative values correspond to aspiration.

Laouar, Teggar and Mezaache 4

 0,04
0,04
C = -0.1
C = -0.1
C = -1
C = -1
C = 100
C = 100 0,03
0,03 C=1
C=1
C=2 C=2

0,02

δΤ
0,02
δ

0,01 0,01

0,00 0,00
0 1x10
6
2x10
6 6
3x10 0 1x10
6
2x10
6
3x10
6

Rex Rex

Figure 2. Variation of the thickness Figure 3. Variation of the thickness

of dynamic boundary layer in of thermal boundary layer in
function of Reynolds number for function of Reynolds number for
various values of the parameter C various values of the parameter C

Figures 2-3 illustrate the thickness variations of dynamic and thermal boundary layers in function of
Reynolds number Rex, for various values of parameter C = 4ν υ w controlling wall aspiration or
injection. It is noted that the increase of injection velocity increases the thicknesses of dynamic and
thermal boundary layers. However the increase of aspiration velocity has a contrary effect.

C = -0.1 0,0045 C = -0.1

C = -1 C = -1
0,04 C = 100 C = 100
C=1 C=1
C=2 C=2
0,0030
δ*

0,02
0,0015

0,00 0,0000
0 1x10
6
2x10
6
3x10
6
0 1x10
6
2x10
6
3x10
6

Rex Rex

Figure 4. Variation of displacement Figure 5. Variation of momentum

thickness in function to the Reynolds thickness in function to the Reynolds
number for various values of the number for various values of the
parameter C parameter C

*
Figures 4-5 represent the variations of displacement thickness, δ , and momentum thickness, θ, in
function of Reynolds number Rex, for various values of the parameter C = 4ν υ w . It is shown that
the displacement and momentum thicknesses increase with injection velocity and decrease with
aspiration velocity.

Laouar, Teggar and Mezaache 5

 Figure 6 presents the variation of the shear coefficient in function of Reynolds number Rex, for various
values of the parameter C = 4ν υ w controlling wall aspiration or injection. The increase of injection
velocity induced by positive values of parameter C, reduces the shear coefficient. On the other hand,
this coefficient increases with aspiration velocity induced by negative values of parameter C.
0,003

C = -0.1 C = -0.1
C = -1 3000 C = -1
C = 100
C = 100 C=1
C=1 C=2
0,002 C=2
2000

Nu
Cf

1000
0,001

0,000
0 6
1x10
6
2x10 3x10
6
0 1x10
6
2x10
6
3x10
6

Rex Rex

Figure 6. Variation of shear Figure 7. Variation of Nusselt

coefficient in function of Reynolds number in function of Reynolds
number for various values of the number for various values of the
parameter C parameter C

Figure 7 illustrates the variation of Nusselt number in function of Reynolds number Rex, for various
values of the parameter C = 4ν υ w . One distinguishes a linear variation with a slope depending on
the parietal injection and aspiration velocity. The Nusselt number is clearly increased with aspiration
velocity. This behaviour is evident due to the fact of reducing boundary layer thickness. Hence, it
causes an increase of normal temperature gradient and Nusselt number.

Conclusions

The results obtained show that for laminar external flow, the condition of imposed velocity on the wall
confers the property of non flow similarity for both situations of injection and aspiration. The parietal
flow injection and aspiration strongly influence the dynamic and thermal flow parameters. The
increase of injection velocity increases the displacement thickness, momentum thickness and reduces
the shear coefficient and Nusselt number. The parietal aspiration has a contrary effect.

References

Laouar, A. (2005), “Etude de l'Influence de l'Injection et de l'Aspiration Pariétales sur le Comportement Dynamique et
Thermique d'un Ecoulement Externe Turbulent sous la Condition de Flux de Chaleur et de Température Imposés“,
mémoire de magister, Université 20 Août 55 - Skikda.
Polidori, C., and Al.,(2000), “Extension de la méthode Karman-Pohlhausen aux régime transitoires de convection libre pour
Pr>0.6“, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t. 328, Séri II b, p. 766.
Abboud, T., Salaun, M., Salmon, S., (2002), “Integral method for Stokes problem“ , C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris,, Séri I 334, 71-76
Thierry, F., and Grégoire, C., (2003), “Cannel flow induced by wall injection of fluid and particles“, phys., Vol. 15. No. 2.
Bourgois, S., and Favier, J., Sommier, E., Tensi, J., Alvi, F.S.,(2005), “Etude Expérimentale du Contrôle des Décollements
de Couche Limite par Aspiration et Soufflage“., Actes du colloque FLUVISU11, 7-9 juin 2005, ECL, Ecully, France.
Courty, J., Kouta, A., Petit, G., Rosenblum, J., (2003). gabriel_petit@hotmail.com. “Simulation Numérique de contrôle de
décollement par soufflage pulsé au bord d’attaque“, 16ème Congrée Français de Mécanique, 1-5 Septembre 2003 Nice.
Mezaache, E., and Daguenet, M., ( 2005), “Effects of Inlet Conditions on Film Evaporation along an Inclined Plate“, Solar
Energy, Vol. 78, pp. 535-542.
Padet, J., (1997)], “Principes des transferts convectifs“, Polytechnica

Laouar, Teggar and Mezaache 6

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