Irregular verbs

Verb Past Tense Past Participle Notes

abide abode, abided abode, abided

arise arose arisen
awake awoke, awaked awoken, awaked

be was/were been
bear bore borne born (Adj.)
beat beat beaten (AmE, also beat)
become became become
befall befell befallen
beget begot begotten
begin began begun
behold beheld beheld
bend bent bent
bereave bereft, bereaved bereft, bereaved
beseech besought, beseeched besought, beseeched
beset beset beset
bestride bestrode bestridden, bestrid, bestrode
bet bet (BrE also betted) bet (BrE also betted)
betake betook betaken
bethink bethought bethought
bid bade, bid bade, bid, bidden
bide bided, bode bided
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten, bit
bleed bled bled
bless blessed, blest blessed, blest blessed /-Id/ adj.
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast, R broadcast, R
browbeat browbeat browbeaten (AmE, browbeat)
bust bust, (esp. AmE) busted bust (esp. AmE) busted
build built built
burn (esp. BrE) burnt, (esp. BrE) burnt,
(esp. AmE) burned (esp. AmE) burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught
chide chid chidden, chid also R= chided
choose chose chosen
cleave cleft, clove, R cleft, cloven, R
cling clung clung
clothe clad, R clad, R 42

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Verb Past Tense Past Participle Notes

come came come

cost cost cost R= to evaluate

creep crept crept R= creep sb. out

crow crew, R crew, R
cut cut cut

dare dared dared

deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dived, (AmE) dove dived, (AmE) dove
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream (esp. BrE) dreamt, (esp. BrE) dreamt,
(esp. AmE) dreamed (esp. AmE) dreamed
drink drank drunk drunken, adj. =
drunken driving
drive drove driven
dwell (esp. BrE) dwelt (esp. BrE) dwelt
(esp. AmE) dwelled (esp. AmE) dwelled

eat ate /et (Br), eIt (Am)/ eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fit, R fit, R
flee fled fled
fling flung flung
fly flew flown
forbear forbore forborne
forbid forbade, forbad forbid, forbidden
forecast forecast forecast
forego forewent foregone
foreknow foreknew foreknown
foresee foresaw foreseen
foretell foretold foretold
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
forswear forswore forsworn
freeze froze frozen
frostbite frostbit frostbitten

gainsay gainsaid gainsaid 39

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Verb Past Tense Past Participle Notes

get got got (Am also gotten) I’ve got the tickets.
(AmE) I’ve gotten the tickets.
gild gilded gilded
gird girded, girt girded, girt
give gave given
go went gone
grave graved graven, graved
grind ground ground
grow grew grown

hamstring hamstringed, –strung hamstringed, -strung

hang hung, hanged hung, hanged hanged = killed by
hanging
have had had
hear heard heard
heave heaved, hove heaved, hove
hew hewed hewn, hewed
hide hid hidden, hid
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt

inlay inlaid inlaid

input inputted, input inputted, input
inset insetted, inset insetted, inset
interbreed interbred interbred
interweave interwove interwoven

keep kept kept

kneel knelt, knelt,
(esp. AmE) kneeled (esp.AmE) kneeled
knit knitted, knit knitted, knit
know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led
lean (esp. BrE) leant (esp. BrE) leant,
(esp. AmE) leaned (esp. AmE) leaned
leap leapt leapt
(esp. AmE) leaped (esp. AmE) leaped
learn learnt, learnt,
(esp. AmE) learned (esp. AmE) learned a learned man (adj.)
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit, lighted lit, lighted 37

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Verb Past Tense Past Participle Notes

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant /ment/
meet met met
melt melted melted molten, adj.
miscast miscast miscast
misdeal misdealt misdealt
misgive misgave misgiven
mishear misheard misheard
mislay mislaid mislaid
mislead misled misled
misread misread misread
misspell (esp. BrE) misspelt (esp. BrE) misspelt
(esp. AmE) misspelled (esp. AmE) misspelled
misspend misspent misspent
mistake mistook mistaken
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
mow mowed mown, mowed

outbid outbid outbidden, outbid

outdo outdid outdone
outgrow outgrew outgrown
outran outran outrun
outshine outshone outshone
overbear overborne overborne
overbid overbid overbid
overcast overcast overcast
overcome overcame overcome
overdo overdid overdone
overeat overate overeaten
overfeed overfed overfed
overhang overhung overhung
overhear overheard overheard
overlay overlaid overlaid
overload overload, overloaded overloaded, overladen /‘leidn/
overpay overpaid overpaid
override overrode overridden
overrun overran overrun
oversee oversaw overseen
oversell oversold oversold
overshoot overshot overshot
oversleep overslept overslept
overtake overtook overtaken
overthrow overthrew overthrown

partake partook partaken 46

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Verb Past Tense Past Participle Notes

pay paid paid

plead pleaded, pleaded,
(esp. AmE) pled (esp. AmE) pled
pre-set pre-set pre-set
proofread proofread proofread
prove proved proved
(esp. AmE) proven proven, adj.
put put put

quit quit, R quit, R

read read read

rebind rebound rebound
rebuild rebuilt rebuilt
recast recast recast
redo redid redone
relay relaid, R relaid, R
remake remade remade
rend rent rent
repay repaid repaid
rerun reran rerun
resell resold resold
reset reset reset
resit resat resat
retell retold retold
rethink rethought rethought
rewind rewound rewound
rewrite rewrote rewritten
rid rid, ridded rid, ridded
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung ring, R= 'to put a ring
on sb." (e.g. a bird)
rise rose risen
run ran run

saw sawed sawn, sawed

say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn, sewed
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved, shaven shaven, adj.
shear shore, sheared shorn, sheared 40

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Verb Past Tense Past Participle Notes

shed shed shed

shine shone, shined shone, shined -ed = polished
shit shit, shat, shitted shit, shat, shitted
shoe shod shod
shoot shot shot
show showed shown, showed
shrink shrank, shrunk shrunk shrunken, adj.
shrive shrove, shrived shriven, shrived
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk sunken adj.
sit sat sat
slay slew slain
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slink slunk slunk
slit slit slit slitted adj. slitted eyes
smell (esp. BrE) smelt, (esp. BrE) smelt,
(esp. AmE) smelled (esp. AmE) smelled
smite smote smitten
sneak snuck, R snuck, R
sow sowed sown, sowed
speak spoke spoken
speed sped, speeded sped, speeded
spell (esp. BrE) spelt, (esp. BrE) spelt,
(esp. AmE) spelled (esp. AmE) spelled
spend spent spent
spill (esp. BrE) spilt, (esp. BrE) spilt,
(esp. AmE) spilled (esp. AmE) spilled
spin spun, span spun
spit spat (AmE also spit) spat (AmE also spit) R= to put on a spit
split split split
spoil (esp. BrE) spoilt, (esp. BrE) spoilt,
(esp. AmE) spoiled (esp. ArnE) spoiled
spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed
spotlight spotlighted, spotlit spotlighted, spotlit
spread spread spread
spring sprang (AmE also sprung) sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank, stunk stunk
strew strewed strewn, strewed
stride strode stridden, strid, strode
strike struck struck stricken, adj. 43

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Verb Past Tense Past Participle Notes

string strung strung

strive strove, strived striven, strived
sunburn sunburned sunburned, sunburnt, adj.
swear swore sworn
sweat sweat, R sweat, R
sweep swept swept
swell swelled, swole swollen, swelled a swollen cheek (adj.)
a swelled head (idiom.)
swim swam swum
swing swung swung

take took taken

teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive throve, (esp. AmE ) thrived, (esp. BrE) thriven
thrive, thrived
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod, tread trodden, trod, tread

unbend unbent unbent

unbind unbound unbound
underbid underbid underbid, -bidden
undergo underwent undergone
underlie underlay underlain
undersell undersold undersold
understand understood understood
undertake undertook undertaken
underwrite underwrote underwritten
undo undid undone
unwind unwound unwound
uphold upheld upheld
upset upset upset

wake woke, waked woken, waked

waylay waylaid waylaid
wear wore worn
weave wove, R woven, R
wed wedded, wed wedded, wed
weep wept wept
wet wetted, wet wetted, wet
win won won
wind wound wound
withdraw withdrew withdrawn
withhold withheld withheld 42

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 Verb Past Tense Past Participle Notes

withstand withstood withstood

wreak wreaked, wrought wreaked, wrought
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written
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