ENL 110 A

Summer 2016
Dr. Rita Nasrallah

APA In-text-citations and References Activity

I. Thoroughly look at each excerpt, and then derive the non-integral (parenthetical) in-text-citation.

II. Write the list of references assuming that all the sources were used in a research paper. Refer to
the handout on Bb for additional help.

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Excerpt 1: Health effects of smoking are more dangerous than

thought. (cover story)

Authors:
Late, Michele
Source:
Nation's Health. Aug2004, Vol. 34 Issue 6, p1-30. From www.proquestcentral.com
Document Type:
Article
Abstract:
A new report from the U.S. surgeon general found that smoking causes diseases in
almost every organ of the human body. Released in late May 2004, The Health
Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General, cites more than 1,600
scientific articles on the health effects of smoking. In addition to the well-known
effects of smoking, such as lung, mouth and esophageal cancers, the report found
that smoking is conclusively linked to leukemia, cataracts and pneumonia as well
as cancers of the pancreas, cervix and kidneys. Other complications linked to
smoking included diabetes complications, hip fractures and reproductive
complications. More than 12 million U.S. citizens have died from smoking since the
1964 report, and another 25 million alive today are expected to die of a smoking-
related illness, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Among the report's other conclusions was that low-tar or low-nicotine cigarettes
are not healthier than regular cigarettes. Despite the damaging effects of tobacco
use, quitting smoking has immediate and long-term effects such as improved
circulation and a decline in heart rate, the report found. In Washington, D.C.,
legislators supported new legislation that would give the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration the authority to regulate tobacco products.
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April 15, 2013 Monday

Excerpt 2: Negative Health Effects of Smoking

BYLINE: The Times of Zambia (Ndola); from www.AllAfrica.com

SMOKING accounts for nearly 90 per cent of lung cancer deaths worldwide. Additionally, smokers are at
an increased risk of cancer of the larynx, oral cavity, oesophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas.
ENL 110 A
Summer 2016
Dr. Rita Nasrallah

While some negative health effects of smoking manifest slowly over time, others can be measured
almost immediately. Sticky brown tar leaves yellow stains on fingers and teeth. Some of the inhaled tar is
absorbed by lung cells, causing them to die. Tar also damages the cilia in the upper airways that protect
against infection.

Nicotine causes arteries to constrict, lowering skin temperature and reducing blood flow to the hands and
feet. Carbon monoxide deprives the body of oxygen, binding to red blood cells in place of the oxygen
molecule and forcing the heart to pump more blood through the body.

One-third of smoking-related deaths are caused by coronary heart disease or chronic airway obstruction.
For example, the nicotine in tobacco combines with carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke to damage the
lining of blood vessels and make blood platelets stickier.

Platelets form part of the damaging plaque build-up in artery walls.

These effects in combination contribute to the development of heart diseases. Smoking also increases the
risk of stroke by 50 per cent among men and 60 per cent among women. Other research has shown that
mothers who smoke give birth more frequently to premature or underweight babies, probably because of
a decrease in blood flow to the placenta. Babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy are also at
increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome.

In addition, Cigar and pipe smoke contains the same toxic and carcinogenic compounds found in cigarette
smoke. Rates of coronary heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis are elevated for
cigar and pipe smokers and are correlated to the amount of smoking and the degree of inhalation.

Studies have found that cigarettes are addictive because an unknown component of tobacco smoke
appears to destroy an important brain enzyme known as monoamine oxidase B (MAO B). The enzyme is
vital for breaking down excess amounts of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that triggers pleasure-seeking
behaviour.

Smokers have decreased levels of MAO B and abnormally high levels of dopamine, which may
encourage the smoker to seek the pleasure of more tobacco smoke.

Even non-smokers are at risk from smoking. Recent research has focused on the effects of environmental
tobacco smoke that is, the effect of tobacco smoke on non-smokers who must share the same environment
with a smoker….

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Excerpt 3: Fertility: two experts discuss a Tool Box for tackling

infertility, the safety of reproductive technologies, and
smoking's detrimental effects on reproductive health
Mary E. Abusief and G. David Adamson
OBG Management. 25.2 (Feb. 2013): p39.
 ENL 110 A
Summer 2016
Dr. Rita Nasrallah

Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2013 Quadrant Healthcom, Inc.

http://www.obgmanagement.com/

Infertility is not just a woman's issue; it is a couple's issue. According to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, one-third of cases of infertility are caused by a reproductive problem for the
woman, one-third are caused by a problem for the man, and one-third are due to problems for both
partners or to unknown causes. (1)

Here, we discuss three developments within the past 12 months related to the treatment of infertility:

* The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Committee on Reproductive

Medicine--charged with developing evidence-based, cost-effective guidelines that would be
accepted as standards for increasing access to quality reproductive medical care in all countries of
the world--has developed The FIGO Fertility Tool Box[TM].

* Smoking cigarettes negatively affects a man's and woman's fertility, yet smoking's contribution to
infertility is underrecognized. The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive
Medicine culled the evidence, and published its review on the effects of smoking on fertility.

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Excerpt 4: Smoking behaviour and knowledge of the health effects of smoking in

patients with inflammatory bowel disease
C. De Bie1, V. Ballet1, N. Hendriks2, S. Coenen1,2, E. Weyts1, G. Van Assche1,2, S. Vermeire1,2 and M. Ferrante1,2,*
DOI: 10.1111/apt.13423

© 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics

Volume 42, Issue 11,pages 1294–1302,  2015

Summary
Background
The detrimental effect of smoking on development and progression of Crohn's disease (CD) is generally accepted.

Aim
To evaluate the awareness of smoking risks in a Belgian inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population.

Methods
ENL 110 A
Summer 2016
Dr. Rita Nasrallah

In the out-patient clinic of a tertiary referral centre, 625 consecutive patients with CD, 238 patients with ulcerative

colitis (UC) and 289 non-IBD controls, filled out a simple questionnaire. This questionnaire included data on smoking

behaviour and awareness of smoking-related health effects, including effects on IBD.

ENL 110 A
Summer 2016
Dr. Rita Nasrallah

Results
At diagnosis, more CD patients were active smokers compared to UC (40% vs. 17%, P < 0.001). Remarkably,

smoking cessation rates after diagnosis were similar for CD and UC (both 56%, P = 0.997). The great majority

recognised a detrimental influence of smoking on general health (98–99%), lung cancer (95–97%), myocardial

infarction (89–92%) and stroke (78–87%). Although CD patients more frequently acknowledged risks of smoking on

their disease, only 37% were aware of a link with CD development, 30% of increased surgical rates and 27% of

increased post-operative CD recurrence. Active smokers more frequently denied an increased risk of surgery and

higher post-operative CD recurrence. Intriguingly, within the active smokers with CD, those not willing to quit smoking

most often denied a potential bad influence of smoking. Taking into account disease duration, previous surgery,

education level, working status and nicotine dependence, we were unable to define specific subgroups of patients
requiring extra education.

Conclusion
Although patients with Crohn's disease were better informed on the detrimental effects of smoking, the awareness

rate was still low.

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II. Write the list of references below:

References