312 NOTES AND QUERIES bodyly & peyre soules shuld go to pe peynes of hell vto pe tyme pat on were boren with foute eny maner synne in dede, wll, word, or thought, whos deth shuld be a raunsum for all mankyndl, and modyr, such was ber neuer borne saue ¥ allone, ne never shall be after ime. Wherefor modur, Y am he that muste nedes dye forall mankynd. For thaugh eny ober synfull man shuld dye, hys dep myst not avayle to be redempeion ofall mankyed for because of hys one synne, Wherefor modur, Y may not graunt youre fyrst request. ‘And where ye desyre pat my deth shuld be in no wyse peynefull, truly modur, Y may not conueniently graunt hyt for bys cause: imy deth muste be a suffiiant satisfaccion and an able amendys for all maner of synne. Of lesse pen hyt have be contrary condicion to synne, pal ys to sey, Iyke as synne ys plesaunt and delectable for be tyme to be synnefr),” ryth so pe amendys for be sym must be mediyé with penauns & peeyne, and berfor my deth shall he pe most peynefull deth pat euer was or euer shall be, for ¥ shall suffre as mony wowndes as ber ten bons & ioyates ia a mannys body in tokyn pat for eny delectacion pat euer was in eny party of eny mannes body or of hys sowle. Y shall make @ sufficient amendes by be wondurfull woundes of my peynefull passyon, and berfor modyr, Y pray yow, be not displeasyd thagh Y graunt you not your socunde request ‘As to your bry request where ye desyre to dye afore my deb, truly modur, ¥ may not sraunt hyt, with modyely worskyp. For and ye shulld dye before my dep, youre soule ust nedys goto be peynefull preson of hall, er to abyde toe tyme of my passyon, and par Y may not suffre in no ws Wherefore modyr ye must leue tyll Y be ded for pe redempcion of you and all mankyed ‘And 8 to your fourth & last request, where ye desyre to be insensible as a stocke at be tyme of my dep, not felyng peyn nor io, TEL4Se] forsothe, swete modyr, Y may not raunt hyt, and Y pray you to be remembryd 2 An 280 youre reguest F © synne sane Gener) 2015 pat at be tyme of my byeth, ye hade no maner peyne and all ober wemen han in beryng of pore chyldeen. Also Y haus 50 cordeynyd for (you)"* pat at your owne deb, ye shull no peyne haue. Wherefore par peya bar ye shuld hae suffryd at my byrth and at ‘your deb, Y pray you to suffrehyt pacyently Bt e me of my dyyng. And good, benyng modys, now be not displesyd thagh your womanly requestes be not srauntyd for bese resonable eausys pat ¥ have rehersy. Neverles,,modur, youre tendyr trew ert shall [bef reeonforted with be pret excellent ioy of my resurrexion, and feypfully Y pro- ‘mytt you pat Y shall aryse fro, deb 10 be bodily Iyfe pe bod day after! my dep, land pen euery requeste and every desyre pat ye wol pray me for: whether} byt be For your see or eny of your seruantes, Y shall truly performe to your pllesure). Maven Tacvent ‘Osaka Sangyo University 0101003011 ‘© Te Autor (2015, Pubs by Oxford Univer res, [Alright seve. or Parsons, ae etl ural persons. "Advance Ascss polation 2 Fy 215, S poalan 2 Bl ore tt a te {Sehr er te debt Hise ene tn hee ane) ‘A DIFFERENT KIND OF FLOUR’: CLASS AND GRAIN IN THE EFNYSIEN PASSAGE OF THE MABINOGI IN the second branch of the Mabinogi, when Enfysien sees the hundred sacks, supposedly full of Tour, in the house the Irish build for his half-brother the Welsh king Bendigeidfran, he says, "There is inthis bag a different kind of flour, / Champions, warriors, attackers in battle, / Against fighters, prepared Tor combat.’ Davies draws our attention to the original Middle Welsh word for ‘Nlour’, Dlawd, which has the additional mesning of lower’ or ‘bloom’, and thus puns flour with the chivalrie flower of knighthood.* This pus ‘The Mabinogi a Sioned Davies (Oxford, 2007, 3, in 8 = feng Aq sLeste WeLeiereonee: 3 82015 NOTES AND QUERIES 373 follows a passage in which Efaysicn crushes the heads of the three hundred Iesh warriors actually hidden inthe sacks as four.’ This passage and Einysien’s ations in the second branch are espocally important to scholars, because as Catherine Byfield has demon- strated, ia the eniety of the Mabinog Efnysin exists as a singular example of the reader's guining iasight into a characters internal motivation * In no other passage are 2 character’ internal motivations. m or considered. Additionally, the i Violence this englyn punctuates is the second DF three? Essien commits ithe text this is Significant because a tsiadic form inthe Mabinogi scems to denote “careful. and purposeful construction’ Bus while Davies Explores the connection between the word ‘Tour and toe Tlower of Knighthood, there 48 tmore to ths passage than « pun. Flour isl as both a concept and an item, had multiple meanings and additional significance for the original Medieval Welsh audience of the Mebinogt Flour was an important commodity to the Medieval Welsh. Gerald of Wales tells us that most ofthe Welsh population survived on oats, but litle flour bread, implying that, porridge was a staple of the Weish dic.” Wheat, buarey, rye, and possibly alt, in adiion to cats, were being grown. in. Wales after the Saxon invasion All Tour definitively known ‘steal crops were used in brewing, and wheat, barley, and eye were all milled into Tour, with ‘wheat’ being the preferred flour grain* In onirast to common practice in other British Or Celtic regions, in Wales, wheat was often Specified by name as the currency Tor fines, 3 3. + “Gharactsand Caf in the Four Branches of the Mabicon Bullie of te Board of Celie Suds a pay 3 The fein tbe mutation of the howe, aed te tug being the murder of his veptew, tbe ead King of Ingo, Man Hughes, Trac Srsture in, Mananyéan Fab Les "Dreeedngs ofthe Seventh "Symp athe Slt Coffea Nordea (Uppsala, 2007, 98-103, a ne * he Journey Moh Wale |The Desipion of Wales, tugs Leva Thorpe (Loodon, 1975, 238 Wan Hagen. lo-Sacon Dyveham, 2010, en & Dink Lie payments, and tithes; in other locations, the more, general corm is more frequently requested." This use of corm is present in ‘Wales as wel, but & penchant towards speci- fieity is found in the extant Welsh writings, for example “The king's gnvesta was a horscload of ‘wheat flour; the thre summer dawnbwyds sixty loaves of wineaten bread." Wheat, however, was expensive to grow. It required a much greater amount of fertilize and more workers, or longer —houts, to compensate for the increased weed yild of ‘wheat crops." Likewise, it was wheat flour that poets praised when it was served. On the ‘other hand, barley rivalled wheat in producto volume and utility; however, wile Welsh writers, do mention barley bread, wheat bread is far ‘more frequently in evidence.” This may not be due to the lack of barley breads existence inthe lives of the Welsh in the Middle Ages—if wheat bread was preferred by those who could afford it, the humbler barley bread may have been uti- lized by the lower classes. And as Ann Hagen tells us in Anglo-Saxon Food & Drink, “here is evidence that the Welsh also grew rye as .,.rlativ'y common crop’, but due to Britain’ high field fertility, in conjunction with high levels of damp, rye eould be passed over as main cereal grain, It cannot be understated how important bread and flour were, at lest conceptually, the Welsh mind. Gerald of Wales tells us that ‘main dishes were served on trenchers of bread.” ‘cific tlls us that “without bread all food is tured to loathing." Baking is shown to be an important and honoured profession that pro- Vided employment opportunites for both men and women, The inrease of bakers corresponds toa decrease in pottages and porridges of whole sgvains as dietary staples and to a corresponding "Wendy Davis, Wales tv the Ely Mide Ages (gjss, 198), 8 TeXteiin Que, Ancient Laws and Isis of Wats (gpdom, i. ates, Anl-Sexen Foo & Drink, 31 "tid "eid Raber, Fd ofthe ard (Cari, 1982), 22 "8 Daves, Wales ihe Early Milde Aes, 38 "apes, AnoSnaon Foo & Drink 8, "The Sure Toph Was, 287 "9 ettie®Vramarcsa| Colo ‘Garonne (Landon, 1963) fans GN = feng Aq teste WeLeiereonee: 3 8314 NOTES AND QUERIES increase of bread made from flour in the Welsh dict in the Midéle Ages.” "These data on flour inform our under standing of Efnysien’senelyn. Binysien is overly interested in his own rank, as we see ‘when he takes offence at not being egpsulted fa his sister Branwen's marriage." even though Bendiscidfran, bis brother and king, permits the union. Someone so concerned ‘with rank and protocol would be aware that he eats and has inside his body finer flour than that allotted to common Irish soldiers. Thus, there is literally a ‘different kind of four” inside the bags than inside Efnysien, “Coampions, warriors, sttackers in. battle“! with its nobler word choice refers to the noble Welsh, including Etnysien, assembled tgainst the Irish, mere “fighters, prepared for combat’. Wheat and barley, noble and ‘common, Welsh and Trish: different kinds of flour separate the victors from their enemies. By pointing this out, Efnysien shows greater scorn and malice towards a recently sigin foe, Which isin Keeping with his character * Josyun Graam University of Wales, Trinity St David 4 10109Y poe 19 ‘©The Author 2015, Published by Oars Unies Pres. All ihe tered. For Peensios, plese nal ous prisons oup com “Avance Acco potion 2 018 StS i ns Roy Sih, Tow ony Simons Care (els) Wome and Gen Early Modere Wats Ca. 200.1 Ny thks to Dr Jane Cast for be ail sine i ‘De Kee Hoan Wend ors a ARTHUR BLACKAMORE’S ‘WHISKERO™ IN 1967, Richard Beale Davis suggested that the covetous, lecherous, and hypocritical Whiskero in The Cloven-Foot, or The Anabaptist Teacher Displayed’ by Arthur Blackamore “tn The Perfo Archon, on, The Redons Druomvate, Digloy’d in Tire Estee Novels (Condon: [70 were the it novel eames onthe 2015 (1679-17237) was an attack on the Revd James Bhir (1653-174), the founding presi {den (1695-1743) ofthe College of Wiliam and Mary in Virginia” A later scholar hesiteted: Blackamore “perhaps modeled” the character fon Blair. A few further details make the connection more probable ‘One is the site of Blackamore’s narrative, which parallels precisely the location of William’ and Mary, immediately adjacent to Williamsburg, the Royal Capital of Virginia from 1699. The setting in Blackamore is “the famous City of Augusta, grand Metropolis of the Britannic islands, ear that Celebrated College’. The College building its is evoked precisely, “a Small, but compact, noted Feaifice' 4 “Another isthe physical resemblance betwee Whiskero and. the Revd Blair; Blackamore describes his character es 'a dapper Blade in Stature, but pamper. like a” Punchinall, with @ Face ike a Full Moon, and « Belly that discover’d he was not much given 10 Fasing, oF any other Works of Mortification whatever he might. dictate to his. People’ The College's two portgits of Blair exhibit especially the moon face. Several allusions aso support Davis's thesis Blackamore in his Preface dedicates his work to one of Blais especial foes, Virginia's Governor Alexander Spotswood, and specific ally refers toa question that especialy in 1719 ‘was agitating Blais opponents, whether age a8 The ClovenFoot Or the Anabaptist Teter Bate arr Backamore: The Vagina Colony andthe ary oglsh Novel The Vigan Magsine of Moy at Sigraphy ee 1Usnuary 167). 22-34 "Soe of the ‘Rater ache pcset aoe appears in the Verne Gaze (Gilarsdarg VANi8 a popular Tom, 24 Sepeber 20, Mower D_ Kemp, ames Bai ig Emory Ello (et, American Coto Wher, WM6=1794, (Dea, 198) Noted might be evidence a @ dsputed guest, wher th Calle bung today anown ache Wren Buus was dese by Si Christopher Wren. Soe James DRortwol Se Good a Design The Colonial Camp of the College af Willan ad Mars History. Bacgrovnd (nd egos (iar VA, 1989). join portats are teproducl ip Parke Rows, Je, Jam Bit of ngs (Chapel il, NC. 1971) The one ‘by ohn Harpo (1705) stefani andthe one bY Charon Brides 17359 follows = feng Aq stot WeLerereonee: 3 8