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Chapter 7 - Lecture notes 7

Human Anatomy and Physiology (Athabasca University)

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Chapter 7
The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton
Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to

1. distinguish between the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton.

2. classify bones on the basis of shape and location.
3. describe the major surface markings on bones and the brief functions of each
(no examples).
4. identify the names, locations and the listed surface markings of the bones of
the skull.
5. identify the principal sutures, sinuses, and fontanels of the skull, as well as the
hyoid bone.
6. identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the
vertebral column.
7. identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the
thorax.

Keywords and Topics

Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed
below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts.

1. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular divisions of the skeleton.

A. axial skeleton
B. appendicular skeleton
2. Classify bones on the basis of shape and location.
A. types of bones
I. long bone
a. compact bone tissue: found in the diaphysiscenter part
of the bone
b. spongy bone tissue: found in the epiphysis  towards the
ends of the bone

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II. short bone: same length as height, primarily made of spongy

tissue
III. flat bone: thin, made of two parallel plates, made of spongy
tissue, easy for muscular attachment
IV. irregular bone: complex bones that can be made of either spongy
or compact tissues
V. sesamoid bone: “sesame seed” shaped bones, they vary in shape
person-to-person but their role is to protect the tendons from
wear and tear
VI. sutural bone: small bones located between sutures and facial
bones.
3. Describe the major surface markings on bones and the brief functions of each
(no examples).
A. bone surface markings, Table 7.2: fissure (slit), foramen (hole), fossa
(shallow depression), sulcus (grove), meatus (tube like opening),
condyle (round part between bones that allows movement), facet
(connecting the lateral mass of vertebra together), head (round part of
the bone), crest, epicondyle, line, spinous process (sharp or pointy
projection), trochanter, tubercle (rounded projection), tuberosity
(bumpy surface).
4. Identify the names, locations and the listed surface markings of the bones of
the skull.
A. skull (details in the Exhibits)
I. cranial bones
a. frontal bone
i. supraorbital margin, foramina, notch, frontal
sinuses
b. parietal bones (2)
c. temporal bones (2)
i. zygomatic, mastoid, and styloid processes
ii. mandibular fosa,
iii. zygomatic arch
iv. external auditory meatus
v. internal auditory meatus
d. occipital bone
i. foramen magnum
ii. occipital condyles
iii. external occipital protuberance

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e. sphenoid bone
i. sella turcica
ii. optic foramen
f. ethmoid bone
g. superior and middle nasal conchae (turbinates; singular is
concha)
II. facial bones (details in the Exhibits)
a. nasal bones (2)
b. lacrimal bones (2)
i. lacrimal fossa
c. palatine bones (2)
d. inferior nasal conchae or turbinates (2)
e. vomer
f. maxillae (2; singular is maxilla)
i. maxillary sinus
ii. infraorbital foramen
g. zygomatic bones (2)
h. mandible
i. body
ii. rami (2; singular is ramus)
iii. angles (2)
iv. condylar processes (2)
v. coronoid processes (2)
vi. temporomandibular joints (2)
vii. alveolar process
III. nasal septum
IV. orbits or orbital cavities
5. Identify the principal sutures, sinuses, and fontanels of the skull, as well as the
hyoid bone.
A. suture
I. coronal suture
II. sagittal suture
III. lambdoid suture
IV. squamous sutures (2)
B. sinus
I. paranasal sinuses
C. fontanels
D. hyoid bone

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I. body
II. lesser horns
III. greater horns
6. Identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the
vertebral column.
A. vertebral column or spine, backbone, or spinal column
I. vertebra (plural is vertebrae)
II. normal curves
a. cervical and lumbar
b. thoracic and sacral
III. intervertebral disc
a. nucleus pulposus
IV. parts of a typical vertebra
a. vertebral body
b. vertebral arch
c. vertebral foramen
d. vertebral (spinal) canal
e. intervertebral foramen
f. transverse processes
g. spinous process
h. superior articular processes
i. inferior articular processes
V. regions of the vertebral column (details in the Exhibits)
a. cervical vertebrae (7; C1-C7)
b. atlas (C1)
c. axis (C2)
d. dens or odontoid process
VI. thoracic vertebrae (12; T1-T12)
a. vertebrocostal joint
VII. lumbar vertebrae (5; L1-L5)
VIII. sacrum
a. anterior sacral foramina
b. median sacral crest
c. posterior sacral foramina
d. sacral canal (sacral hiatus)
e. sacral promontory
f. sacroiliac joint
g. lumbosacral joint

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IX. coccyx
7. Identify the names, locations and major surface markings of the bones of the
thorax.
A. thorax, thoracic cage (details in the Exhibits)
I. sternum or breastbone
a. manubrium
b. body
c. xiphoid process
d. sternal angle
e. suprasternal notch
f. clavicular notches
II. ribs (12 pairs)
a. costal cartilage
b. true ribs (1–7)
c. false ribs (8–12)
d. floating ribs (11–12)
e. head
f. articular facets
g. tubercle
h. body
i. costal angle
j. costal groove
III. disorders
a. herniated disc or slipped disc
b. abnormal curves of the vertebral column
c. spina bifida

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