According to Rebecca (2003), a narrative text is a text, which relates a series of logically,

and chronologically related events that are caused or experienced by factors. She,
furthermore, states that a key to comprehending a narrative is a sense of plot, of theme, of
characters, and of events, and of how they relate. In addition, Anderson and Anderson
(2003a) explain that a narrative is a text that tells a story and, in doing so, entertains the
audience. It has character, setting, and action. The characters, the setting, and the problem
of the narrative are usually introduced in the beginning. The problem reaches its high point
in the middle. The ending resolves the problem.

Definition of Narrative Text

A narrative text is an imaginative story to entertain people (teks narasi adalah cerita
imaginatif yang bertujuan menghibur orang).

Generic Structure of Narrative Text

# Orientation : It is about the opening paragraph where the characters of the story are
introduced.(berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa atau apa,
kapan dan dimana)

# Complication : Where the problems in the story developed. (Permasalahan muncul /

mulai terjadi dan berkembang)

# Resolution : Where the problems in the story is solved. Masalah selesai, secara baik
“happy ending” ataupun buruk “bad ending”.

# Coda / reorientation (optional) – lesson from the story

The Characteristics / Language Feature of Narrative Text:

– Past tense (killed, drunk, etc)

– Adverb of time (Once upun a time, one day, etc)

– Time conjunction (when, then, suddenly, etc)

– Specific character. The character of the story is specific, not general. (Cinderella, Snow
White, Alibaba, etc)

– Action verbs. A verb that shows an action. (killed, dug, walked, etc)
– Direct speech. It is to make the story lively. (Snow White said,”My name is Snow White).
The direct speech uses present tense.

Cinderella
Orientation
Once upon time, there was a beautiful girl called Cinderella. She lived with her stepsisters and
stepmother. They were very bossy. She had to do all the housework.
Complication
One day an invitation to the ball came to the family. Her stepsisters did not let her go, so
Cinderella was very sad. The stepsisters went to the ball without her.
Resolution
Fortunately, the good fairly came and helped her to get to the ball. At the ball, Cinderella danced
with the prince. The prince felt in love with her then he married her. They live happily ever after.

(Dahulu kala, ada seorang gadis cantik bernama Cinderella. Dia tinggal bersama saudara tiri dan
ibu tiri nya. Mereka sangat suka memerintah. Dia harus melakukan semua pekerjaan rumah
tangga.
Suatu hari sebuah undangan untuk sebuah pesta datang ke keluarga itu. Saudara tiri nya tidak
membiarkan dia pergi, sehingga Cinderella sangat sedih. Saudara tiri pergi ke pesta itu tanpa dia.
Untungnya, peri yang baik datang dan membantunya untuk sampai ke pesta itu. Pada pesta itu,
Cinderella berdansa dengan pangeran. Pangeran jatuh cinta padanya kemudian ia menikahinya.
Mereka hidup bahagia selamanya.)

Snow White
Once upon a time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She lived with her Aunt and Uncle because
her parents were dead. (Orientation)
One day she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in the castle because they both
wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White. (Major Complication)
Snow White did not want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away.
The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breakfast. She ran
away into the woods. (Resolution)
She was very tired and hungry. (Complication)
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.
(Resolution)
Meanwhile, the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow
White sleeping. Then Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs. The dwarfs said, what is your name?
Snow White said, ‘My name is Snow White’. (Complication)
Doc said, ‘If you wish, you may live here with us”. Snow White said, ‘Oh could I? Thank you.’ Then Snow
White told the dwarfs the whole story and Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily ever after. (Major
Resolution)
A.      Definition of Descriptive Text

According to Corbett (1983), descriptive text is one of the expository writing. Thedescription draws a
picture, tries to convey the sound, taste and smell of things or objects.

According to Tompkins (1994) and Stanley (1988), descriptive text is as painting pictures with words. By
reading a descriptive text, readers feel that they see the description just like they see pictures.
Descriptive text has the purpose to describe an object or a person that the writer is interested in.

According to Friedman (2010), descriptive details mean to grab the reader’s attention. A descriptive text
is considered as the simplest and easiest writing form compared to narrative, recount, or procedure,
particularly for the beginning writers.

Based on definition descriptive text from expert above, we can conclude that descriptive text is a text
which says what a person or a thing is like. The purpose of descriptive text is to describe a particular
person, place, or thing.

B.       Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

Descriptive text has Structure as below:

1.      Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described. Beside, identification is the part of
paragraph that introduces the character.

2.      Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristic.

C.      Language Feature of Descriptive Text

1.      Using attributive and identifying process.

2.      Relational process.

3.      Using specific noun.

4.      Using figurative language.

5.      Using simple present tense.

D.      Example of Descriptive Text

Jakarta City

Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia. It is the most crowded cities in Indonesia, because so many
people in this city. Most of the people work in the trade or the company around this city. Many
industries and transportations are in Jakarta, so we can find much pollution. It is a reason why Jakarta is
the worse city in the world.

Beside, Jakarta is one of the most beautiful cities in Indonesia. The most popular place in Jakarta is ( The
National Monumen). It is a symbol of Jakarta. Many visitors from Indonesia and another country come
to it. In Jakarta, we can find another place, such as: Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Ancol Dreamland,
Jakarta History Museum, and the Istaqlal Mosque.

The purpose of writing description is to describe a person, place, or thing in such vivid detail that
the reader can easily form a precise mental picture of what is being written about, or can feel that
they are part of the experience (KangGuru in the Classroom: Teacher’s Guide SMA Package,
2005). Stanley (1988) asserts that the aim of description is to convey to the reader what
something looks like. Furthermore, Johnston & Morrow (1981) states that the purpose of
descriptive text is to describe objects or persons in which the writer is interested. Therefore, the
writer should know well what he wants to describe, starts by observing the objects carefully to
take the significant details and brings clear picture to the readers and avoid ambiguities.

Wardiman, et. al. (2008) specify the generic structure of descriptive text into two parts, that is 1)
introduction is the part of paragraph that introduces the character; and 2) description is the part of
paragraph that describes the character. This indicates that a descriptive text has two elements –
an element to identify phenomenon (identification) and another one (description) to portray
parts, qualities, or characteristics. In terms of significant lexico grammatical features, the text
focuses on specific participants, contains attribute and identifying process, comprises epithets
and classifiers in nominal groups as well as uses simple present tense (Sutardi & Sukhrian,
2004).