Environmental Engineering — NN Basak : Formerly Lecturer : Department of Civil Engineering r ‘Malda Polytechnic, Malda 01. Introduction 2. Solid Waste Collection, Disposal and Rural Sanitation 3. Systems of Sanitation 4. Quantity of Sewage and Storm Water 5. Design of Sewers 6. Sewer Appurtenance 7. Characteristics of Sewage 8. Primary Treatment of Sewage 9. Secondary Treatment of Sewage 10. Miscellaneous Treatment of Sewage 11. Natural Methods of Sewage Disposal 12. Sludge Digestion 13. Sludge Disposal 14. Sanitary Fittings 15. Preparation of Sanitary Scheme or Project 16. Sanitation and Plumbing in Buildings 17. Bio-gas PlantIntroduction 1.1 DEFINITION OF DIFFERENT TERMS. 1. Refuse: ‘The rejected materials which are collected in dustbins and the foui discharges which are carried by underground drains are termed as refuse. Refuse may be of two types: (a) Dry Refuse It includes grass, leaves, paper pieces, sweepings, decayed fruits and vegetables, cloth pieces, waste cotton, rejected plasters from hos- pitas, et, (b) Wet Refuse It includes the discharge from latrines, urinals, bathrooms, kitchens and stables. 2. Garbage: The dry refuse is also termed as garbage. It includes the ‘sweepings from markets, public places, and streets, The rejected materials from residential area such as vegetable pecl, paper pieces, ash, decayed fruits and vegetables, etc. are also included in garbage. 8. Sewage: The liquid waste from a community is termed as sewage. I mainly includes the discharges from latrines, urinals and stables. The charges from bathrooms, and the storm water (i.e. rain water) are also in- cluded in sewage, The human excreta is termed as night soil. The sewage may be of the following types: (a) Sanitary Sewage The foul discharges from residential area are known, fas sanitary sewage. It includes mainly the discharge from latrines and uri- nals, (b) Industrial Sewage The discharges from the industries (.e. industrial waste) are known as industrial sewage. (6) Combined Sewage The combination of sanitary sewage and storm wa~ ter is known as combined sewage.0 Freak Sovage To eng ih pode te mens ame (eRe Sewage The senage whe sty wte eed m (D Sept Senage The sone wich andsingteanent pes ‘Rene as ee ene Altarthecmpleton ofc st cmp (pa Smee ih nd wih war doin 4. Dry Weather Flow (D.W.P.# Tes fon of tena ie he by 4. Wet Weather Flow (W.W.P) The 2aw of wage Qing he ity ‘eon of he yen termed et este fo 4 Storm Water: The urface rol dc hel way le 7 Sullage: The doce fom he bts ud isis eed ‘ge snes fou hry at est ce ba el 1. Seer: Te nero coda dus which cay the wna oe wear seven The Sever ny eof flowing pee an Seer the ne wes ws So (0) Branch Sever ‘The seer which cae the wage fo he hl {6 Comin Sree see ch sas Sones em (2 tnarnting Seer Th swe wich ci he cng fo (oLaua Sear ne ic his he ene ely fo He (Pel Sever Toe sour wich erin te acess cars fm an isting tever termed ela ene 8, Sewerage: The neon of clung ad comeing uate by we ‘tegen cog be undo sents hoor ewe 410. Manhole: Te ostngo bole heagh which aman cam ene se ‘het eo ee ed cre ar pet and len eed 1. Sot Piper “The ge which ai he hrs fo the its ‘ie seta rte ie — snemtscon on 12, Vent Pipes Ta pe wc itl he apa pi fon pstmt ep une gen nts, row ee 413, antiaiphonage Pipe: Tepe wich stile wih nat dhe ‘enn tia ne tye own pap Te Pipe mma the velaon poe and psc ein min be waters fe ap. 14. Waste Pipe Tos pipe whic cars te Bch fom th b- 2 FEATURES OF SANITARY WORKS Th etre fe sy Woes lows! 4 Dips 1. Colletion “oe ey ete (egg) a hl refine Lesage ole st) ‘hr eae t's pana way Yo pst the wn om tn) ‘tgs ap sn te en te en ee (abl and trims tah, moh selene shuld be called by {Shur nd oned pari pla for ems (9) hese fet nyt act sol dupe ds {Mee tf Or os Se ws ale (4) The tas rom oa shoul be elect sme pc pla. (©) Its tows ue consevncy Stem the ight sol sl = ‘ody the seperti fatal es Petre 6 nwa cage ste ction ot enage daca ate tie Soeped ogg th ewok of pi aes 2. Conveyance ‘Aner otton of te page and ih tay hol be remove he ‘Siopi pound iy sue Commyunre, Gee te thao alr a ‘enya torte Smveyance ohne ne The Spon ears as ‘Son mve whe westing pond ey i te ma. 8. Treatment Ja Cosetncy system th ih ef for naa eames ‘Sine The tage separa wo grows combusibe oh en cn {ihe The emit rebar artes snd mon coma ateaefy wae caag sem the ene a ane te ete a sadn ot oe fr ny tet ‘be Sere ec sne et tte oe Beis eiaecererd cca ot 1a renraro seman Pree ran Rs a Space Dagon emer ote aerate Bonga wieten cpacasa ae fake Peete Sees erence Eee eceeencenaanee Soeie ar oemeraiaare ate SEae ite en enna Eenenpayepeteeyei SE emda Reccrieacanteen eRe ieee nie aatr ee CE ac man = ee > matte elm Chose ce belated ody ERT sree! on vert ae a eae feos} ' Review Quesrions (a'Retwe 1 Gone(0 beret tow iy meena ear @ hwo psa (9 ieee ee oe Solid Waste Collection, Disposal and Rural Sanitation 2.1, SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE he i eg) in iy fe se rt (ey Market Th mht eet acetate Hoge nna {Sing notte eps every ayn the mare He tee ‘rubs dcp veneer ihm i Soe, at ‘Sm met she pe “ty Rod SdeDuthng. “Th jun ers ow dene Senn ot pwn nb pe ee (estan Aven From rete wa he Hing te Sar eka i ps (@ street Swepingn The mucin fi one oc te aiat oe oe fey et omg Te ergo me fica nsw ins ya eed vie ve (ie Theis ma ead oom ees a poe eesat ae (pent rat pe Sern Ret a ogee eet eon Sener mse venient ate etatcroueme Mammen tote siaetes Soca giesornerrenaceeoes Ep ceteearo nates Eee ce 22 COLLECTION AND REMOVAL OF SOLID WASTE batman Seaieee goaer pene, * Riera soeecerintn ‘icy ote pee oping Te cate snl bea oo REE oe earnennt yer oo feeciae erty moncinoraa (4) Theres con an alle cums aly os sl aaa weoretnnamninc esac nanan ae iatecteae nese omen Petaapomssactenemns 5 scoaten aes Fl star mc on weeny eas nae ‘os fone hb nc ne am he ei en eget Se he pty eet 10 1 ch Te ‘Foen Te ding on uno ne by mana to, sewn cumcm, Dug San AE {hess ane fence veer a empoye iemere Sissi te mein nd ede ao dy nae dg ‘ec tg weg ey ma eh 2 DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE. Trea neem een tie apen ate tease eemeaee Ei iiuen iceyen emus ERulame wackrsa snares eg (0) By lcmeraon Sey {0 By dol tea SRiatee ems crear peso nen memeenecs ee ere erences ‘Keates fed wp wih sh pring Te mb fens Gernmarsus coma eae tan te mon rae cry an sulecr tate acre cern eae en elo ener aera ease cites finaeaeentyormeer sent sa ceeent nese ier it Satria eae Sree eee eater Seat ees Re per aot alasianeere nn ERE it cheer nd ac sarcoma ug hte ee = Sor niet Pee tg mt SIE SST{oc fw ys yen wafer ine ning pond Then ese Inet the dae ptge ene ps coe por Ta {ocr oy be dw ane Th cosy eal Sos mod ‘yee ape i ona (By Composting ie mato he ates cme ts mae Schnee tT ene me ‘Pima te mt he perc ah pea Pte. ad ‘ea spay wy acc ee Tarn ma ua by ug Sn at rao Taghe «oy to a prod terse cop mar (0 By Dloporal Ino Seu no ne ap of gets fla may bese hepge ul engl he ‘hepsee by sathg he ane anwar otra the se agnin Ta os) at ge — 2.4, RECLAMATION OF LAKD Soot te pug may eid ema ed as flings pony cee or te pone of common thr eae ular tings, cB lig ode ce ‘Si ana Tae Sel os 1 Thea toes ec wt Med ol sh ies becae ty cen cay ao Ni oe ey eta te ok i) Dn pre age cone a {Tins ced pay nae eo he po (3) Mn cpa ing near tnt fe yn ‘o itesame sen, he ema be epee one ex Then at ‘peony betta ess yl clon meets optometry noe 1 acre merce eaenseman dimers $e i guan sage ‘ef brick masonry. The pa spaced over thet of int chamber. The pie Sees erat tamer ae Ss psresci on nace Saar, Ee iesrechnoeesca ees Sth bas Tene pas tee cane any Scone omen Pe a oryBh erinn 2 Bore-tle Privy nop a ey eae cn ‘meteleth coor op 8. tubo Pall Privy 1 tp ot py a a ced Wow ee he heme Bevi od e apie Pney (Ge yeaah as ew pt eno The ey ha ei ere ew pee ey eee 5. trench Privy La Se ee eis Sprned bance pcs siren ig. 2 Tank ie ‘etl semputsen Teor he competent coed ye ‘ie aor yrac Toop my beopn om covey mae itp the int umn ns vp eb es ate The Dy swe uy empath ly oie ye Et Se open tae ema spa - sn 6. Low Ceo Latrine with Septie Tank nee aie, 4s Shas conan ch et ‘eecwocanpamcnt ate wal ‘Xarne rea oe Oe fn omar tun nig 388 farts sap syn an ‘ont age fe pn sl imo to Dot demt some Theil oat ‘So oping oot yf seme lp he et {Sum row et fo foe hath i secnd toner A suite ed ae pipe whore Rone he Te Seco tec tpn be fw Tan may ‘enamel wih ck mn Ba te op con aly gen Shon ee iad or 7. ComsPoot ‘ioe The pa of laine ems 0 he ep yt pe [RsShen nfg,h wal of hcl Cons sf eel gs es Sereda ewes pe 9 lie snl |b The tp sa conn of ks fremont he ine of cen ‘ten cept eed up isan be ei by mana aan or ein Renew Questions — uments of si wate, esrb bth sod waste ltd and remove ‘Whats he eles rhe emer prbage? Dest foci of poral ts wae is many aa Se prt pe 6 Whatarete ent ype of ves hat ext nig ae? Dest dey toe wi te 1. We thot ates oe flowing: (a) Aap 0) Boeke {9} Pept {8 papas (6) Tree poy © CopeSystems of Sanitation 3.1 INTRODUCTION “Te sytem of sat iste lesion and pen wok of sn ae un a wae wan nya a She Abs, pro el med sas prot eo mien meres {sora Te ly vee mtd cu ieectoeetine si rerten Secale gamer ae (8) Combi ten eset age sewage and arm water me colt ose fpr te wg (al Garbage Ts utge rere oy te ede Maes fm md Sess ms cia alsa ee ad cle oho {ute spar wo etme a ae Te ‘tcl atop hl eft nd he ane gage sold be ‘ied oer ow ie se, ii {tet ie fie st ene by eee ey thy etre dawn The cnt of he pas ae cleo nse kee ‘ich are rz yc. Won ego s hy aan 9 ‘tet sou eng yroma ech so be fer ama fom en tea The lumen dtr he cone he pt so pr whch sid ag mae: rete mt efor iste Sy titin. ate to mich ine cote Ssonpoton sl fa ck we dopo, {e) Storm Water and Sutlage: Tes wt al gee owed 1S tow aro te ge Ga tt iy lane dns Trt or steam They aot rae sn met Neen Diandvantages Uh The pox ie badge posh becese he ary ‘met be conc mpary td om hauling (Gi The ecompstion of ph salar te fe au oa ee of (wooo BU te set sal acl omored er tey at ‘ie Ser icrenes ht ray aca ae! he al, Tenge al eng pera eget age nore de {That nna eo i mere rc ep (0) The movement fhe mp Sse hugh he ma Wao ‘ei shy Eda (i Inn sven or foe it ail wench od may Be ster an ity Sate water to may eet epeme only sams foe chen te asec Ney Bah "Te comeraney i stn aaa 9.3. WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM Pry of wr ete em sc. Hee the 1. Storm Water; Tose wae muy be cari spars oy be lose dng ie crags rough the edt soa soe 2. Sewage and Sullage The segs sed ale ae cio by wae hough wean see Pet wrerpied ofaig ie fc nt lon ub nee od saa st bcs ‘pander cnr wae be mc py was nen for w tore tie de 0 els meee ae, he at St faraSystems of Sanitation 8.1 INTRODUCTION ‘The site of sion inves the leon and pol wok fe ‘alee (guage ang wae vag) in 9 te eat the ou uy use and gy vier aya ‘ne The fdbwang ach code of clcton sd pn ot ee TF consevany se “Teconsrvany sn ao ster and i empayes nando ton Bin mor Sse te we ave sen ‘Mop Again the ate cage son may Be he Ss 1a Suntec 8 Conn yam (6 Pal spun ye We sl sy hove tps ie lowing eto. 32 CONSERVANCY SYSTEM 1m ists gone, sage and te Ware cole a oe partly by ewig ye (al Garbager he gus verve ty the nese Maem SSSR ic cea apa tae etd ea [Poms whch ob ray tm the own Art donne poed {Ege spur guts Ammen The fm gage shoul burt sn he angus sold Re ‘hie ies ot ow Sie es (0) Sewage (Hight Soll Tee whch cla a pa a fe scp tics of icv meta ored yt sweeper ‘hy etre awn The cones of he ps ae cll esse kere ‘tere rw yn When he aes fed pe ao ‘erg sol enehig rod mich sou efron om the Swe tea The unten dacarge fs comes ote nights pe ich te ‘coved ng sag maar re mh efor aural et ‘sine ates foo much ie for sole Sonpotion nd foo {e) Storm Water and Sutlage: Te sen wt ah alae talons {Sw tw pen to fly aed ache at oe este They os ale ny ert elo ea waa Disadvantages be faving eh drags of soni mie "the ms gh ag pay cg hay ao Te desongonton of sgt va ther ve ous Gon he tine of. wetocen Bet engi salu evel tocol ee ety Set EGR'Se crs bd odor tm fy aca hound he aie, (iy Ti ng tenting ge sees tng aes yen i) Them exemly pnts nthe acy fees he meen ie gounnke ory om thee pbc hah lea dae (©) The movement of he mph So wees ugh the mae ae ‘een ren hghy ena (oy Inrany senor foe mig sail wench sod may te ‘nrg an my sate wate tito mayen weer ‘wi nals toe che te tae cs Sey WAN "Te comecany ym stn ane 2.8. WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM ‘he eux pln nd a poral nown nar eage em, Pty of we eel Worse she asic, Hee. he se of tapenade osc hoi ca. 1 Storm Water: The sm water mab cried septal ve may be ‘Soto sme wit evar apn he eserroad sone er 2. Sewage and Sullager Te seve and lig at caried by wate IRs i ery cess To guy fw sho shane mare eunes ie water fe wsersupoyrema pense fore comsiosie te de socio ese fee atsystem i hy fected. ue ak Of rte ewer Hie may be ‘Soke or be oben aya "Th iolon of wer carpe em is ry Gon, bt 2 scare nd yee met of svage ps Shem any ‘ommend br nde ou es Advantages ‘The flown ee aveiages of sa {i Those pera empor deen bling by scone [ivan anabe pa ot (a Tie engine a nat, ab be Senge arid by unsepoané uy Len oud eaten ees (Gh) The war ped ote consumer per Geman ge capita at) in ting dig e eageNo ee «0 KS ped ny st ef eine (Ga hs vag cet cee ceo (sh ete a om gs a ak yd Dinadvantages Tae allowing ae the aarasge of sso: The tytn very sy (G) nay mmo, ele volume of sewage flows wo he eset Plant which ma eased the noma capes fhe pk iy cae ny eo nate op tesyoneghlyse 3.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN CONSERVANCY. ‘SYSTEM AND WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM. Tle 3.1 tas down te atereces Berne Conteriny and Waler Cae Sen i Ri tow ier Cg Ty Cap eign beang CoG a alg ‘Tefollowing me ie dadeages of is seme (0) Tyo ett pla een eed ih he pes vole sf seageandsben at ema eget te tool ep of he (ying bay stm, he emi sever be oveown ad ar ocean ate (iy teats ues pollinate. ‘aly sop rain fal Sess, Barer eraser — Se ee Soca Sirota seeseercmecs Saovateuaroerenrene Sree ao ae stares nar rn oo Bees nara Serene ecrann Fey a aie mraumaer rire ope Been emeeee mi Poneto gtafestte fect Review Quesriows esc te cnservancy stem and water cage tem, ‘She te rng an aeetpe of omen ue ‘Site naps td ong of water crags tm. ape eles coe re ge ‘ha a the trios sins of severge Beebe te mer and Quantity of Sewage and Storm Water 4.1 mvrropuction he son he abet af on anys mee ee (be getty of evap. Toe seuage cos of oo cages to) Dare ‘or sy songe, (0 ton ae "Te sry sage ih ow dy sentanknonn a ry wear fiom (OED "fc low of snr sews anda wate i iy Season own ae tet weather ow (WW) “We tu sy he che of Seerminaon of y weane Now an 4.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUANTITY OF SEWAGE OR D.W.F. Tee lowing fas ae te quay of BW: 1. Rate of Water Supply ‘The gig of sewage rare with he eof wate sel. The mmr ‘pe coss ght e dy.vasiem e euethe . ‘Adi ae ro ay fo dy nd ee fo Sao enon. ‘Si quoty ota, he ae of water mpty ht et to ‘cman Genel rao Seage sed al othe ato a tpl Ban psc thermic senae son ety ls in he ‘TG eer spt dn srporion ea tere ee ond ‘Se ate of sonage hoa 001 pr cnt of tele WS2. Population ‘The quay of sage dope ea he plain of hte iy. With thimren onan the gy se Se these meted opin fees ee 28, Nature of area ‘The guasiy of sewage pods oh ofthe tows sch dent ‘teins we commer eae a eden sete gun Sege ken sal he gh OF wt spl cater, ‘say att ferrin Se ‘Shetty sb te detcmne! oy sa sare sy, 4. Intention Crain nit Te ns yt erie oe yer nas me ‘esknanship The ech ne see ay be ered ant srl ha. ‘ing ig ancy. Casa may ane forme yt ae he tes cag lng he sour Howeves i ay if dene my er eos ene er in ey of ‘Mer ofits adhe dancer of sewer ny SF lew of sewer 43 DETERMINATION OF DRY WEATHER FLOW ‘soy of ene (i DWF) emi y consi “Te tal Gey of sonage i ken equa 1 he guy of war ae alam fat ed nin, ‘te soppy angen, cocers nd ml wer oy ‘ne by elastin ca et be arenas ine ne wae os Quanity of DLW, = (Total qustiy of mater upp) “hen ti Siaton deo haa nd tonearm ‘bu ound by expen a gy DWE egal oD {080.4 af tl guna of wae Spc comer 44 VARIATION oF FLOW OF SEWAGE ‘ipl vate fer hr a 6. mon eatin ea ‘etn teow ef swe vais using I eng stn ‘lay he orig 5-0 but 0-09 ta, nan 12-0 eo {bah a ererng 18-00 be 30-00 be Hower be pst ow a cused te asin by deren oberon 4.5 FACTORS AFFECTING STORM WATER (eh tntenaley of Ranell te neity of rns wate come ‘fending stn oer rt) lb re Aga ths Inna co, (a) Soll Characterston Ihe chest ra coms of cocky ‘Sey sol the saa wl be ore Agi he al od. @ he gua slope ean sep these wae Se me tt roeeé ats ens a Sepesnone he oe (a Shape and Sie of Catchment: Ifthe cthmen ae ia nd {Shaped be tomate te om (ej Gnoogicat Conditions. he catchment me come of Se, (Sue tthe tras willbe woe ond ee a at Vegetative Cover in the Areas If cnc! se omits of natn re sec on wate vl be om (q) Weather Condition: te naps he se high the ap "Shon vr be ph benz te er water al Sw a cr 4.6 DETERMINATION OF RAINFALL INTENSITY When ria soe essai, she tensity of als weer bid he tng eal oem {hr too exon S520 mi) _ Quan ot (07 (= Har sem duran 20 100i) t= 222 herein net, nd ec ta 10 mi) Hi, oft ote 4.7 DETERMINATION OF RUN-OFF COEFFICIENT (K) Impermcaiy fncso eacactnum,han va f may be Ailemnc. Tee 1 sts Har ef ce os eyuy ote nt rn ar ® nee “ale Shog the aes os aren Scie ve mae sees te2. Empirical Formalae Te cena aml we hs on expences eb eprint on ‘eet nish a ase sae na nce ae emcee poppy ote ses nce. eos at ‘be eae rte at se yen nop iter ou 22a Yast he @ = Stam wae in se, nt Design of Sewers 2 Paige, ests 4s 3: Tater's mal ‘= #00 4 4. Rr fomaln 5.1 isrRopuctiON isa” In alc einer. he desig of sees eros imprint, tecane te tins ae Yes rm 45010678) 5. Dice's mal Ont cae (© conta it valu i250 for arg a 160 forsale) ese f Serre syn dopant Afr esr ne Review Quesrons AA ai tan Py ey I hsp, we sl sy al the spicy relating sence sch at fat of ee asc ete, joe In ene Sean dy weather ow? santo sos ‘ese the peste feminine qutiy of ry weather ow gan he onal met of demining ss Se 5.2. weave AND MaxiMum veLocerY ‘Sie se empl formulae fo calstng ess of tal ‘Sie some nil foe wich at slp To ci me ‘uy of am er 6 How i imperesy fatr deteiced? 7h; maim Yloky shuld ao tak io soa. The sumpended ly no ig ation btn sa of oe tet ecto. She marin pre ice a et a to curing ation may ken pace ecb manne ves ms tno uring veloc. The or-seetng kot a venom agea = ps : =a Sasa _ ae = ae ae So ‘5.2. EMPIRICAL FORMULAE POR THE DESIGN OF SEWERS 4 Mem lacy by Manin fo Vaciy, v2 be nee V7 8m and = At adore ts Velo yer an Brae’ Forma Vat, V2 S30 cm shoe. Vm = As thore 6, Mea ec by Mazen a Was ela Neo, VERS ex hee me Anaboxe| 1, Mean yl by Chey formu Vatciy, V = CF es wer, Ve mean oy in ec. “the cuays cont (canbe any soma Kater Temas 2. Ran ool Cotton aves wate 34) oe 1, Tale 54 Vat of Cees ee Stasi oer CORN Ree ae hg Ferritin te 0 3. Rae Formal ae 8)SECTION OF SEWER Cenc he apd ene a ae, erage feat (Ope sr eit itp te seer (The ae tae Soh ce ew of see ior and os ems of eno aenel a (iy The crear sorry to an edie nie hed vem ho de fre floing 1) Thy can be cosa in ah comet size md spe so hat 8 ‘eon ome he ewe clei ine = ip Tee aces of emo sany (il) The srl eves moe {i Tecmo omarion to “oe wine he once ener tha ae commonly apts (a Baskettandte Section nis stv atte bce at A Seton che stir inept ie scm ‘trough the lower postion and ring ‘memo he conte! age Bows Siow ie lectin (0) Ragshaped Section: Th oe upd stan ver may be of Seed cea al meted ecole me ‘pene epee sc, _ Design ef Severs sf (6) Horseshoe Section Ths pe of 2 See sonar foe sie Fe ‘hehrge Tis ke trl on Sle hnesboe, a town a EST ae so re a he ie (a Parabolic Section: on in fhe 5a te epee ofthese fete shape a's pana heave ate sape of ce Thing of eters sabe fr ering we Gare (e) Rectangular Section: Tht ye teeversan be ely cows, Tse Sie ale for ge sewers Yo cary Irony dcere af sewage The maine wit cay nhs econ, Fie 3 show a ocngsr cten (f Usnaped Section: As sw in Fi. 56, op of ever enbls the eer Thee stale fray eat Shape The teste woke cant nts none 90. 5.5 MATERIAL OF SEWER oe loving materia aaa or seer: {al Asbestos Cement Aes conent 4 mie of cmt a tess fe igc r mae fo hte eng mak te nce The he be pono 100 The pipe ae verge and an bao sl nepal a thy aa ce by se ado cone mau The cong, Aetig eig wd ng he per sant ne ey Tse es me (0) Bricks The bcs ate ed or omatsting large si sewer The Art wort sold be done by coment wor 13 an th ne Seoplstred yh cement mora (13) acompaie by oxat cemet plsh Ko peve leant otra ssf pater The ck ‘ent ca he den aya bse lat tal es os cheap ‘Bat the senr econ shou say ec {6 Castiron The cation can etn ih intl pesre md an eur etna Ka. The se hry Bean abil amp Tose Pips so hance eae. race my be oe det ‘ea sc These se ent comin a thse cots ‘upes ten ty tay be aed by erence, caren ‘se sal or ay ode and ces wre igh ca a ot ‘Mises Th CL. pie re soe or te lowing Soon: (When te sevnge eevee der teh poe {When he eer ine ob a exo ystn or in spendin (i) When en oa i supctedn cone oe ene mone mem obs eile (a cement Concrete Toe ec concn swe cen ‘Sry ted ln he cnircton of ewer The ea pte maa. ‘ae wit il force by Saal pee Ta en 18 time pipe The amet be pipes vs a He 2c {neni fom mt tn Tee sto el ant Bt ‘ery heya ict nap The pas aby salar a (9) Platte teva. i pes wee tn a ayn ‘Se. Now the FV. pipes oe te a cue Ie for cepa see sevoge and in dame any Hg These se res’ cso, ‘hme ie ay be salle m Sameer vying fom 13 can of ‘one enghThey we tn wah aca Et cy, Stone Ware ‘Tox sow wie pipes we mse fm vised ‘hy by moaing sd bring fos ero show 00 9b Daag he poe of ang, sm Chri alone race ‘iene hep oe he es Trt from 0-10 cm. These re estan tears ad srs, ut hee tole dab damaged hand alent Tee a ec ed "hme soy eg 5.6 JOINTS IN SEWERS “The faning ah nn ns in ene (Gal ond Spe Jot See Pal Secon 48) (8) Cota Jom See Pa Seta 8) (6) Meteo See Pa Seton 0) ( Bipasion Foe Se Puch Secon 43 () (6) Plog Dan See Pu Soon 88 (0), nh, ne al we ie thks te wan eens nee Se dra. Again, pha wit ‘fe ain dpende on rege ee ‘ean The oe suas ‘Sed wn nch emt mor 19) a fun with x anes pls Te tom deer ae monde or so ‘ining ofthe sewage at own ng RRA 7" etn slate forcing Fame $3 shows te sence se Sem cg ce {Sih het coment pos ower eh ce ‘Get ple (13) The ai of he finn lenis caying ery ST a sale fr io hr 9. UShaped Section 1 tp fda, he tt sae ‘male ve nd nse ak de cm om 8 Te Stews np he seat ei sth otm caned Sa trees freer ihe sme some oe The ae srace ied et Gee pT bse te4. Venepet Section ‘Sentral wih its cement cote ‘Dit’ Soe adig ee sore ‘hy i (0 SE Ton ce os an ah ome a 8 Lane oF sEwaR Te of eo oi oe loi se 1. Marlng of he Aigament “eh cei he ees ag SERIES pe Be pom oe, eae ‘Teen cei oh cnr Tce ie ye esky Rall Ae sows S129 hi t,o es Pee ieht tacos ape angie Sat er Fra tr ih fe oe ts et ‘WMeontree the grad by pln bob wil espe 40 the mal The ‘ ebb an a 2. nxcevation of Trench resonance eter cacrmromacc! pap pe pe fle nlbrern tan ares ret geen oa hoceacatenete eres SASS Scio set 8. Bracing of he Teach rove fain on.4. Dewatering of Trench Duet preston af bail nar or den ill, he wench my te Med wp wit wate Sn Sate fhe enc old te done By pig beers tbe png fewer ie or senate, 5. Laying and Joining of Pipes ‘The es of ser se prepared yon Some cut 90) Te 130 om "Aer proper tinge Eel 0 avai acing o beak ‘la rae ct moras Mascon Io bt des of ep end wthcncce a shornia Pa 3 6. Teating of Leakage Tee sg bom en ey fae ae Pee en cdr Euan neva terion oe ae Rocca parecer amc enn Seer apt cokech ic ae Se TissaeRcea nage ESSE esate hast mereioiiy: omen jm To ne eat ig an wa a (0) By Ate Test Figure 5.16 exh the poser of ttn Ti et ‘Seed ot fore saree, The of eh he mat re teed A compre conmced oe png of oper man [Pere sage ated ih te pol fet mane The ese ‘toes bp te comprsed nr ord presen i oe {Se tr. he pee Srp blow te perl meen an ea of lenge Tie stp age od uy eink ‘Sep slton wich wl show bobbie te pe fea eae eae itl removed ima ‘7.Rack Filing ‘STTMRE SME Scot eee et ig de tse At fh cr sd athe of 1m abe te seme a ‘Sedan ume ony, Then fr er of ear fess 8c {and amme peony. Tae he tack ing topped for tot 7 ‘dau Pulse we ia up cmy wil’ pontine 13 (e tovei groua eve, 5.9. RELATION BETWEEN DIAMETER, GRADIENT, ‘VELOCITY AND DISCHARGE “ate 8.5 Tle Prepared Based on Ce arma= Ti hae Gale ne Po i= imi oe 5.10 REQUIREMENTS OF SURFACE DRAIN at ced mt eee Seen, scone or me mat Somenvetreaiaaiwencreyee tne etn i oi Easter t ser tren ee rested wt se artes engi se bamens ‘Soha rpg ma cnn ee a | ‘tage 2, Protection of Sides of Trench Hse tr la he ie recto ca ed The aioe dn tse ng wa ss om thee Sd Stage 4. Preparation of Subgrade ‘he sg oped hy ig yf sd hu 1m). Tent Sra ed ECS woo th Stage 5. Construction re cree see re oe ‘Tory wth cunt meta (1) ay be ens wih wef ‘Eee 124) nae onus ers Te rae Stage 6, arth Ping renew Questions —— 1. Hw ete cee ef ot maa on rat! 2: Hw ee omape boner ueer jon ite oe Sewer Appurtenance 6. mrmopucrion Fhe fice wig. caning epg of the sve ee ae fargens 10. Bom ese 62 MAXHOLE ‘shot wich me fom he eel he rn see fo me rein Sa a gi eo ‘Bact change tae ostom poms ‘Dyeing tone Sp he aes my be hl, soon eg he Sti (2 camden sored me ide sp ‘Sete St cone Sop mate “Rstunin rpm a ose wi ik mary ‘vt som ie The tom pron x wer eh non ‘SShse Shomer oa arper pa tomer wb ir how Seah Tire al ey ogy ntorate apy ‘he wing we he compones of dep me: ey Acoen Shape The ash aye ecg ala Te tere tant as wer 10cm mi ees Zh a eo 90cm Se iho he a ‘Sita uc tra ac reng ner hs hat tes Pore See Ss tome and sans peso be rs 1 working Chamber Toe pr of wong amber oie Saget ee Tans fr eye er Sn ota ‘Sihroncl es Te i oe wang ul be? mo Sieve care sey. Tec of cage cers SSS Stl dno contr hme aoa be Do {0 stpe Te seep nt wal fe ole fr my SetPte Re we fe sep my we me tw We Sik tataprag nar bem be hen Sirah smite tap {alter Then eet oe mate Ae (Qtr ine omc cont Be ee atper chant wi mane ce et ce! oe Seuboceistnoas bung iene ne MBE ee pied owt send te ied {Siig th ne ete ro Won sao sa le mandate Cover Cel snl rr ad mu of reefs Cone a i sy ade esp wt Ae adc cel by mong tee Te am of nee Sete) i cms mun concn ee iy Te Pai Sect ad pee sd eet dos {gen fl a be wn over Incomesicee tthe worker ranch pipe is plugged and vertical dropping pipe is taken fom the branch [ip tt Sonn th anos nara alow te wos {alana sewer snocy Sup ne poem sis mane oe he hay ad et he wees 64 LAMP HOLE ch pe An oping ih evi ‘real pp ud of toca wh cratic a ree yi Mer {bu Aro top a tebe Som feud td in Big 62 ‘The comsctono ln ae earl rhe lowing enon i Mi he aie ms ei (i Wek change of reson cr chang of dees nt eer ‘esis wea tn fi He {Penne scl, ol be vem be cen a ole ae ay atacuon. te igh wi tbe ale en tes Thc he prin ering wil be dane nc (G) Ferceang th aon Msn devises Be sped gh ‘emg (i) He Cer x mae poe te wil sere te pups af 65 caTcH paste {Bow tr ee wey sain lt‘oe bain comarca wih ck maar wt pero CL cover ‘ache op Te sr nat the pvemen ety ener heb re ‘BCCI tover Moreover the rnc prod hing fr ny ‘aon wat io te bn he a cmc oe sey ‘Shine hood within te aun a shown In ig Tar pen te sagen oe sraeer past “The sa its eth openings pve by ese fan allow he sto wae oe ie beer dency wht seem he oa ovement Te sing fis shal be 20 al Sou poe om “nl may he elo havnt A box impceticone ‘sd nh bok ny tn eal yt tng viedo ‘deat at he eof ot aa shorn F634), peecyppteetce a Spa am sere sppnennce 6.7 GREASE AND OML TRAP “The ep or tbr eh ai nd nh ever for xchng pein fom nc ena ebm Bae nd tape sewn ‘ca reed ats he met re of sever aed sc ea See cen et Sacra we sowohl repaiagwoMlshop Aico of hl and ‘tne of titer Tc eae al be pred Sparen he locaton of ne es ie ws te peel on Te op ten fie Te device eure a ples tbr slang Yel toe {over ctor be nines de ome eon Fre 67 shows fing {inch comico Use mes {cpr The Jog tt tendedn the water wnt Sn bl Sod sped over the ee end. ‘Te bone ws coma te Co et na ae ands ates The wt ede Seta ough flow replat,‘Heener Claman «wage cme hone soi son a nd oe ‘Stra thgh sewer Geasg al te semen Te nat 09 ‘don ope ae ell ces thee al ead AA ‘Sire ttre ewe he Ube tan sgn ate he The Ne gate eager fing th oe ie 69 IWERTED SIPHON ‘ernie ning ves ne postion may cme wea nt pole (eatin se pete some barton ach ig of ‘layne, oe aha ne, hr sion sole ro. ‘ccm of ipo weton that he peo tel sal al he ie, Bui dy eso he cape may ot be sie Imereti neato ong ity ese ae ste ns Sand $a proves Tew of seve ped 6 ewes (i id Wy, sown mg dy pre te ewe ts over "ee Wand ows tah ep aly, Waes tee be above te weir Wye Senage ws oop pes Sy ant Sy In ys ‘ten te som water nue th vane 9 cua a th vl fs Bee eee Soe Awe ee St | __ Serer apmenance 197 Fe oath nia ncn wr, a pe Dict Sete. seconde: nae fe pin pekenal cease Se pay lay cae Slane Saas me q ihans uate Sinatra : Shot ces meee Seana has : Literate a Rovees oie tenia, att (AE G11 STORM REGULATOR I ey sen, the combined sewer cay sma ag of sewage ‘rm rt Smetine te tcl of tal bcos ft a ty of em war etme ean, a pera Spal ml cy acon ore ny ‘ew re doped forte divaion af he ecen sor wate he err rem The oonna e e comme devices {al Leaping Weir Ths srangenent is doe win anil coi ‘Sita nce an ip wich ae aed uc nny a te Female dag of sevace aged fom overt et tthe ne {in dea alin he mary ewer When he henge ston sh ny i ec cw ao Seca Fe 0 eps he mening apa wr {9 Onefiw Wei. nani, ont ee mae wen {hve he pen cael But whee gy ‘ofstrm eater ces int ene cca wa sive ewer and leon te sr a ‘ever whch crn he wate te nal atshown a 6etree Be ented scr too nd commodo ‘Som war seme A ove a FE. 122 ming pies come ‘oer te cowbied tver a ete espn The fncton of ‘Sedge play owe "0 Te a the po pe munis perme eve (0) The ts oe ds se wen he ov fhe aid (a) Whee eet nthe eine st on hve the hot en indie moa oping pipe sere teste pe ‘cd oy ho twig wat heey pont ain ne Tee the ect war srs flown othe at water tence (oy The apa acon emma the mat te mig pe = (oy Ae dcharing te cs ter, th mou pp ge exposed ‘tarenes he pie The the spore ton spp Ths ‘iss epee nde sve enn come ap 6.12. NECESSITY OF SEWAGE PUMPING The puna of sage x een sh llming ons: ("Te woke pro oom o ky ay mtd in ¢ ee ond, Some fein sane ay be cont a ow level epitope enemy ea fo () Whee ener slope fom ory sch a he eid aoe be aed co Hees cn ie ops ou can (cen ean pa eos te ich her tn (6:13. SEWAGE PUMPS “he aosing peo pase vi re pup of eae (cet ang and {5 Rcatne Reap (9 Ab Reet ong Bit “he camel wl cing Pans Sed Caer ot eet W Se ‘Air Pressure Pump or Ejector ‘Te are my jects mace by ite compe at of ih ‘She's Air Ee commony sta srl Sel [Components Fete 18 sows «Shon sce, Hot ofthe le ‘ioe mene (3A ca ‘nile guia caren cept al ie, (©) Thorlo ven we prov te cnc eed the at ean we (6 Rice ete te oat i 9 omanan iin wit io ‘Sj t's way tit nea one valve bee other wave set Se ssl dwt of ple "MST alk repinnng fe eonped ove ax ax ae erin © utd nthe ref valet eda Ye eas open Si migieere es oon eee oe INS REGEE cap dv ee pe oe Sa eceeenn to as a nw ep a ‘Se a pan i's i (Talore ach hy ita ae cd Miele rps tans do Tecan ct meets BS tah ee ie Spiraea ree (Tahoe gta i be eae ha ie (oe ide se aly oer ac eh Therap ta Laas ica Hse ae its deter the por nny ny. | ‘Adwantagen The avage oo Ai Proms a ot or “ethan tor tome sa ac pron (6) Te pinay sen of vena a mewn (0 Bote che cogging {8 No pean a es Disadvantages Te cy dvsings of i em fat mt Se ors Erg recy ow Review Questions 1, Dea he component pare of mato Ri ta hae Hw eons? 2 Dove ares nl tp wie, ‘ta ened pho Deserts tnt wih eh ‘Wnt is mph? Menon abject Desa an le with 4, Metin he ito tam ego Name he pes af tam reg 1 Eipnthe working fleeing weit with et seh. 5 Deka et wei heh Ha wing aon py wh ee (a Set ne (8) Automate tig nk {© vere spon (@ Leap we {Drop male (0 Gee and expCharacteristics of Sewage he ty of reno eg he eet ey ‘meringue he pose of tment ald be termined mee Iago he Charset gun the eset sod ah a he ‘Shane dap of oh nat water sacs safe. Te cans 1 hye chamois 2: Coemea eens “etre ngs eng of eae sing sol be one heen ines lowe TF Peles edt Bett evan he enon of mag 1 Bhstemialeypee drat 8.0.0) 2 Chenkal oxygen demand (COD) yin i her cain ee se 1 Algae ‘The unsliarpea which contin crop eho eb ‘ieee sige ss carrie a eles ene by he pes eriosnbes. 12. Fungi The fea sho ull plas, ty do nt contin i They ae clarion a ean depo shbapa clos ipl oe he yen snd of ng 13. Protozoa Tinea sell worms They cn detroy abo snc bry vie by ening te ce 44. Bocteria Th wisi ucla rene re ma base ‘She tat ccna forthe decompose of oe ‘Semele ten pu ce known a eogec 1, Nompathagentc Bacteria Te i whic harl 1 ‘tan bea nou os or topo te 4 role Bacteria Thee ch eee ad ese {8 Anaerable Bacteria Ths ain wich oot qe lg un fave forte srl mw ace bce 2. Facultative Bacterta The isa wich cn sive Wil oh ‘Ste pen fp ade ogo known a cece 40, Bott The putoneie and aon pate bara frm «He ‘i chron scr sa pope rcp srl noun Be. ‘Tsetse reat inte tts wa eg aia {ehh sey known au aT perme of Ex we dha om Teecr eet of man on 7.9 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ‘The alloying ae he pel eae of sng: 1 Bec Gravy The se ene feat hy me 12 Colour The fh sage hs ylish ey solar Ate dca ‘ise gem he strpos on taging teams Bink ene ‘Een sti he so ge Te era the nal tema ph 12 Odour The fh swags has apy er oy ou But he sl yt semng bs eamane wa ue dope aie he {4 Temperature ‘The tempore of ewge ily Nghe than the Speight eo [BTurbdley To wii of emi id te sapenel ples 0, Sotide The ownge contin 1% of wd wats ad 989% of wa. (he ule uy Be erga gre Te orp a et sun. (Sand epi sole clone, gar atch“Te flowing ee tema crc of sea: Ihe aca aie ao me eg ai 2. Organic Compounds i) Stogenens Copan Head ea. peta es (i) Nowogecoscompennis Mane fie ap cabo | nergante Compounds Kinlae und, pel ek oe 44 Colloidal Matters cise it, cy. 78 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS “Te sewage conan the flowing tir ad micros: 1. Bacteria ‘The cea be of he folowing pe (0 Pathgente Bari: Tis the nt fl wer bre ces (iy Non pone acre pracy harms honan Ding {iy Aerobie Becta eps he dsomonon sere noon {ef Som Her: pe drpitn of cma () Fcntre Becta: Tis cts futon a eae ener 12. mleroorganlams The mrscreanioy ike aie, og ol pions pit proces of econ ef ovae 8 pores tens 7.6 SAMPLING OF SEWAGE “The flowing ae he proce of alecting he same segs fo the Ger seagate fon ag (ip Te sein oe hal of cpu 10 e110 (a) The oes shade lane property efor ne he as, (is) Th trl oa be ced ayy ope nm ied (0) The tule hold btn cont ple (6) Th slr sed be es nies pit of tse (5 Te aia lt an wo har oye i i ce cn fap sl mtn cna eens a 11.7 NECESSITY OF TESTING OF SEWAGE “The florins piste maybe csr te rnc Fre mech of ‘Todt the sent, hrater and he tage a Sova o aS Ine poe eaten of wage se he ted dopo ip Taplin he ween pat acorig oto a he mae of ete poe spe ioe = za mwas rsre ares neha tes tine aeeaeesecrts areas ee eitaevcesatoccnee Sepiftcter Seee ras ere phaare ean rae eat een oes il ao ms ae reece oneaitasarsees snes mer et arcs Heir et aatirarene soe ear eee ena ree ee baal tiet cams raetetroamrecm isaaiant coon ane Sree eee cena ae join mere acer iSeeerar eect ase Shien nena he ee Se bgchomrn imo oie ese Sop nano ec Sees sna ening 6 if kno ge 79 CHEMICAL TESTS ‘The cums neve he eter flowing fasts 7 Toa so* iis 4 Mechel ape ema ¢Stegen m 2. Total solids ‘every neil ow he uty of tl is svg, Boa. ele nom teat of Sp sage othe rary eleneaion ‘a en inns el re "kaw smoam of ease Ga |) ken ad the wate po ‘ue a °C The es eed poe wes Te neh Sy redo eres hol mA het sl ny bt (i Shee a (oy Volatile sole Te dit tl Ke cin pei) se (hs nsf er mn ne ei Se ‘eed ier wild te oe a peer (a) Stapended Slide The is wich ete wa te te pen Sonia atc ocr we hve cme onan ae head spre a {ow te tein, The ame of se eo ty he a hen he aca homed re frat ‘our The amas of te 1: nout of eee rte the tweed 2. Chlorine Demand [isco htnown a et ema his det hy te re of 9. Dimotved Oxygen ‘Tre oye in isaed eat swag raed fr eigen ‘Operon tesco Ai er) een in epg ‘ldhngiugens base Tye noun sated yen de ‘edt om ih emcee sews Howes the deer of ‘ined snggen maps cy cmd pees Be termined ine any by ming Oe Ragen mangnee mp, ena ‘Siphon ck ach a, er Wotline 4. Blochemical Oxygen Demand (8.0.D.) tthe ons spose fr the eo ectpbstan oo ‘ims mate When he onger kasd be aie eempoton ‘eid ull Now: he guano open ead SRLS a tli ot egg Ineo Wostose ey > Senundor BOD Dvueof BOD b preninwe 713) 1. Chemical Oxygen Demand (€.0.D.) The ant a ge ic red re, emi cmp {eas fr COD. route te hnow te comnts of rpc mates ‘hh hid be wine eho sea Deals or COD. 0. Nitrogen. "or my be rin sen ms eran stoi Falowing sage Te tcc of fie demi ines a te ewap i te (GN The pve of sume ten ines absorp ‘uy Nite nde the sage of conversion of ganic mates 19 sable 7. plwatae She wate Te team nebo rend me ee lew ou The cs ua mare ce beage Howethea sages dtm yehebomnnc no or couric (eo esac in Cher Pat 8. Grease, Fat and O11 ‘The presen of sree, fo ol oe unesiae n seas me 'teament pasa hse we lina by pea ved ‘Samy of fy bec deere by vapor bese eee ‘hen the reining sittnees Me solved seer When eer ‘The lg! et ec oo ao th ene of cei, ag, 1 te pagent Hace The pease of fing ged proce ces te Geant of tape The boll tf aed ot ‘Sewncope and ty ning te opel cater of the tera Te Kifer facta at eels arc eee fowl cane “hy erm clon and po rope the nae ates Pet a “Tefen of acter in eng oe he comes epic com 1. Aerobie Decomposition ‘Aric esommstion seas the moc ata in presence fer Fee pth craic mates ad th rae es ate old fo ‘ine congo Aer ston te cbepens Ie cabon oss me tts, snes eae fre. The neve desomposion ein "ht fas cae pond cling 2. Anserobie Decomposition Aol ecangstion i cue by the ani ata hence af ‘gen, Tos ype fate sete oat ange. Ts cconpsn [Nita m pfcion The emer bases beak op he omelet rz pound emer the in shh abd ges. Ae smerpadaee tomo ui cored Te sneobic econo ces 5 ‘Sp una nk snp dienes 7.12 CYCLES OF DECOMPOSITION ‘a por nivera athe mates rai coms, he hang of te ‘cle, Slt Bchemcl each dope ‘Svclped ikea nln cham. A forenampl rei mer a Woke {ry Schema tio a sia compo frm The ps ‘Sent thw snp fre growth an ormaton fod ra ‘Sum he arnanarbaman bmp ovume te ts fo Ba or ‘rt iat ne a ee ne oa este oner 2 Niven eee 5 Supnrssve 1. Carbon Cycle ‘Toe desmponton of rane carne mar forme cron dose. Tie pane conte we eas une ty te Joc Oem ‘Ths pln cata a a se re fee. Asa cenore ‘hel dhs he aia a ads oe pi he we [peso tina foo the rane cbrmoss mats. nh a the ak of carbon compte The oxen see a sewn a Fe 72. ieee ee ain aa { sz } © ayraspmtan / en‘Te alc) we by fo ine md he ed ies So te sunday eel af rhea fo cule Te) Duss pansy become rane ences mates (8) Te pln exon aon nse amg yreraon, {o) he mas ae chun atone by tesprton. 2. Nitrogen Crete ‘As town in ig 73 Oe desompton of cee nope mate tS aid ion ps oo emt ‘Shum thes ocean pit pecan os i lana sual pce fred The wate plo et {mas toga wns maser ae Th thems ee ps he allowing a the aby el "ay Benno oon gon aopenc me. {8 ten eet on oe by de a ream omen. (nets ee Gay ign Pot) F 6 73, mwpor ce © Rel gain may se yvonne (ay rasan gan may aso be tia Wy te decomposition of she pos aa ‘3. Sulphur cycle yiogen side fv the decomposton of organi sgh tecre Sapir ae forme! y the oxen fog supe. At ‘Bowne ps7, pune cscs he pater an as plot ec a ‘psn te wise prot Sh f nil frm he rae phos tert compl he eye Ta Sle ows sabre Tere Tetmosuinsiny eyes a) The det of pln aye oer woes mater $3 Me sShhaeag wus piven oes 7.49, DETERMINATION OF BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (5.0.0) ‘he dena of ng te ohenl croton of ogai atere in scvage Kaw totum oryendematd B.D) eo you sma of mp aie by (dyear ia ys sadder of 9 Te et ow he ‘gh of eng ao rome sou ear Waar mes) for he pon of enage by on "Foe BOD st card eu by he Win th his ei te faowing proce aoped a) The Gled ten cle mar rt od at ade (8) The sgl of sage tel yh wnt ete to ato ‘ed Genery the ition ao 100 e) Teed omage ethan apna i sb fe 3 dys ZB for nsnaton, Dang pened some own of aised a) ter nie patheamoua of ied exjan remsning In he(© The BOD. ten clea by ‘BOD. = dnt of cygen tion to) ps 7.14 DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (C.0.0.) 1d af sp th nid enim il oa yw ey lol at te bt ees maicon Th Cnn ey ir nee ad say § sour or aompeios ope mae Wines BO ta Sry dene meh Ws Saye Scempoaton of epic man” Apin Cen rey ‘hime aout of cee Oasys we ROD he ea {yeftn vin qed baton Of erate feopne eae "pci ensuing pes (0A aor ont i ip see ket A ove aoe pen oon CESS ad eth acid (H;8O,) are ale tothe sample, np (The me ep on hw {8 Dicer whee ee plas nc CO a {e) A ie txeton, main moto posi chroma i ‘ected ie wi ees sn we PAN 60 (0 Te Saton of Go ncaa fee Review Questions Desi the scl pope of ease ‘Way ee ula of evap ee? sce te meta ct Iesigsple f suage Discs the seal tof eg (a) beta BOD. {8 itis seein (o) Whats tr tmporance sewage tis? 6. Whats COD! How ne dca? Whar he ies ewsen Copan BOD! (a) eine dspeponton {9 Niopen le (© Sapr eye (6 Chien deme Dire Domes te owing (2) Ace eve ounce cei Bape ce oe {@) Gre emg sdk eee (@ Bop micon. (6) Poesia pianPrimary Treatment of Sewage ‘8. IrRopUCTION ‘Tae serge cons cous genie, fing ad ily sabes. By Se eemepeneteertmareerel irra eoraned ‘Sort escimenry setmet nts may be en md ow 89 mane be pen of he nts The ste pay ‘a Sec (8) Ge camer (9) Dest ae {@ Stinmig ok (6) Primary edeenaton tn (82 FLOW DIAGRAM OF PRIMARY TREATMENT "The mis Fig 81, ae san acing the tequne of primary Penetions of 1. Srens To imine ag Ding mates. 2: Got Chamber To eine ae Se organi 2 ign ates, __ Prey mt Serge a 2 barns Task To ie rnc el eg siege Tennant ‘Pinar Sein Tot To anne coli pice. ‘83. SCREENS, ‘Plena sh i of iin ven pt Th on oe ‘desperate dsl =e Me ing nti es oan, ify stoetie pensar may cane dame te preg [Construction ‘The sens ma be contd of M.S. tar or a fig re meter oe pra He The MS tac meen mae 9) iy pri bs wh sing accor flowing (a) Coane Seen Te cing of art ae re thas 4 mi cee (4) Maso Sern Ts ping es On. (fie Sram “Th ies fa 15 m8 seni son tm 0 60 Ts ccs fad deg iin eo clog cag camber Te ns of chm Tei comic wk many. Teast it ‘Sed and ie ih cent pol. Apron chanel ‘Soviet ep fe seen for clon of st SiacWorking. To 1 wvap lied 0 eer te cher tou he Ip ee ey oe cet ‘Ct tengeconuing he te pended mans uses oh he Sine and taken to eet ak Ge cham Cleaning The cis nay be lee by mana boa: o metic {otc Iman pute dtr re ie yao late nth (eceoed chun! fou wists te dined oe eect orl ‘ren dig nm ine can) Is poved whch coche Seti ot ‘Spl eral nl wei lng tn ton why tse ae ot Disposal Te dees my be goal a by he ftwing Wa o) Dumping ‘The debi ae dae now ig aes fa ay Gm hs as (8 Brnng er Syn hei aa te. (o) Compntag Good gulty zie may b ond by cuposing he coe at 84 RIT CHAMBER tention tate 0 eon menage satan he ‘ana eer pened mals The vel of ow he git hae Ieheg tm sh eon pt be for he sete of Siete wah rckimony” As shown hg 8 fo och ‘Tne net calico pt a ular ce. The emer ‘Semel! a ned renee os ‘hh ave sve he a oe canbe fr ele se Te gh wi an ee denen ord me Working The ene fom te ces camber lowed Wet te ~ tbe now a ow recy of 39 cn 30 mes aw oe inet Be std et tid oe tb f e et ey, ee ae we Svantegpaae wee Dispel Th te ea dmg a ow-ying aes ee 98.5 DETRITUS TANK EOeaaectoe norm rence SoS amen ee Canereton costa tt Sete, retiree tegen Sheer ee reretge nee oe eee sw ae Pray resent Sena Koopa ‘ Linger Working The erage fom ep caer alee nee ede ‘ue tanfhrogetpipeThe sewage Rows te the ka ow ‘os Teint ec ul ested owt an loaning Te Spike! vines ae camel edly ugh the ‘Rival ew tht a as sa isposat Ths sediments may te dpsed of by dace in owing tte or he emai ondNoro he ese andl a are yh peat an a tap bef te ‘tng erste sewer Une te ema cant te opel) ‘acl y ee. The sinned remove De el ‘ae tin see a fom he sewage Osea ese ly ae ‘Sho hte dances ctv hp recess an wicking hee ‘Construction Is 4 resaqaar ak comic wih Wick mace) 2eSttecs pore! athe Bom Othe nk ugh Wc con Present lo ue he evap, shown Pig 83. Bat cme nat aC sey se (Mare eld othe sce ‘Cain By opening the Caste um fh ily subse ae ‘sowed pc spon Te oily sbncer ae ose fy ening 4 [PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK. ‘he primary siren ake aio gown os prin aio i ‘Tie pr of ea re ia pe ‘Seon teen, Gongs may be we vse. Construction” gue 86 shins the ima seine ak I ‘Simro sects th i an. Bale walle ron Sigman ttn tn of of mr ae Stes A seen! ie ried ott bo of Be ak Working The senies ctr te ok th ei pie an ws omega Bence th elay oo ed Te ‘eng Send fr» somasele peti te ak. Th sala ‘Glo aepui bens ae set wa he tomo he a The omar cle ea pss thong ee Be {teaming The ses ened pray gh Re onl by ‘pean ale howe wi Dlaposal ‘The slsge may be dnponed of Wy dang a is Fw Ing eas maybe ed i ge ding ds tf Be ad ms — “Review Quesrions 1, Wy te ens pve ey tate? Deseret mtd ening wish Deceit chanter ih keh ‘Deed toi she Bose nig i etSecondary Treatment of Sewage ‘9.1 merRODUCTION a epic ramen the rz soi sage ae renova he ‘wcll Conn yan mater ber call mater ce Sach Stet tt ct no wr Snag ‘oper a val fr Gris re Tart porn [ets gear) Acne sge proces sd) son of eae “Tce weer ons whih ae aed wit hve man ea 9.2 FLOW DIAGRAM OF SECONDARY TREATMENT “secon ent Senge a Fanctions ofthe Unite of Secondary Treatment i ge i (i Whip at yen om hl the cer ea pth organic ater gic (0) secondary Sedimentation Tank "o hrcmores evry Oe nde arses ithe ey of xa ton (a) Nocatee wh ve eve in oie (6 Suge Digestion Tak “ess rc ats ol nd ing compnts recs he hoe tg (0 ven ee cone dae, {i Kemer te se no tie (0) i odsc sone ps whch maybe ed fl nt ion et “ the ih fit (8) Wi rin ding faery (6) THekting Fitor "oH remoes ea s fewae Ai) reds he BOD: (a) I ges clea tae vag yr Ai) perenne como cee (eevee ome fle nd ta lan ie in see 9.3 AERATION TANK ‘Te paces of sein x) 26 fo a now aeration. The arin ierage ema tal opens i ard aie pce. Doe Sea he spe contaming arte comer ere pore i cme fosne be swage qu Hence, the ~ coment Sain ep sey sicatiacn in nies nk Rea a eee? farm be of he following te _ Spee 7 ‘Stapenol ur drown wag wes CIDP tec vee a met tt ro the cae srsiown mg 92. The ec ARRshe rth fad ee pa ef bts: Tiss {te cuage apd ad arb ones em en (@) Pate Difuser ths mat. he compe a oma ough 2 Serorand dee neha sot gh the eso he ie iin pre am fates shown Fg 93. Ts (6) Tube Diuser Hine 94 stows sae se I tet 60 ct {Ghgund ret tur? cm Ta aoe abe ele wl. lp The tte perl win og nes snd eae se ine pape ad seed tr op equ ph, The com: eked te ah he fc os eb 12) Bede ad fro pe a 8) Spin tow pe a (a) Ridge and Farrow Type Tank Pete 95 sows the ize wd ‘aon peta. etre tak wi ge ad fro oe i Ta cone sco Tenet a tenon. The pair as pol he frau. Te nwa a ila eg ei ie pot aan ni he ten engender ese ieee a Ree camponer pode tae ‘EG doe ps egy os gph competed a ‘Stee ft fh croup be eso b= (0 Spat Fw Type Tonk Kn mein tenant Se Ne ele cease banged acne bya tips Tinh somen era stn poh ce eal Binet om at Ste, w awn 9 Wher te ce Frese ase togh es u ere ced SOAS tte tne paral mei itn Bet Ti a ie area ent oor of eget be one (94 SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK “The scandy semen tk a Son sect aero Monin sling un Te follwing at ore oe a (Contraction I ecg cosy wh ick macy: A ‘Sinope ae tak de timo ose The fo ot Sih vn tale sping va he em shown P97 The et Rta rampsmens cma owe e chanson eh seer ae BEA 3 rom “Seta‘nr es pred ntti, Gey, gh ek SLABS VER ene psd py Working The ao ove bun oe he a eh he ‘Berend a ote nar kT te ‘Spottt hu fh sd cessed ‘Sie hte tel as sc th Recirculation of Sludge. Son rin te rd sae ‘sates ty fog Dlponal of Bross Sludge Tec dn hee ae Sion ak gsi ea ap 9.5. ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS Definition ‘The slg whic sma paver by he proces of sao i non ‘gee Sn pS ah a Action ‘he loving wet sis acted sd; 16 The mtn singe mon med wih Saget mrss ‘ny ei uy Theat de xd te oan abc py (00 Keone ats mates bene ie pl Operational Features gu 98 how he Vrs sof acts sage ce. Te at ‘Sd dpe procs coir fe bing opersans| secon Tennent of Semge a ein goers che Se naval semes Senet Se on Sete Bereta acc achieved by (i) Jet dfser, (i) Plate diffuser or (i) Tube diffuser. These sawinone air hey ae Aa Sete a ea eee eet repre sensei ae renreateetee nt mepmatnactig tarps ap eee Sass ishecepeeos 9.6 SLUDGE DIGESTION TANK. Reta eetigtatenat oon med eae 9.7 DOSING TANK ‘Sci cnn. ls ie ‘Same sq spied comet abu tigge Id oil oer he ee ‘mst ae” Wien tll ‘tad yas he se 4" a sponte The sie ‘Sw coins ote veces 9h Te off ist {nok athe mg ie eed ry 1 mes 9.8 TRICKLING FILTER ‘Theory “The iyo tng er i ne poi he ata hm (Grown i) wc seed sede erin aesformation of te bce Thee cen depo fhe fr vo Soh ing ker seve he poet eae inte cgi oeanc moter by esing me Sc ‘Blements of Texting Piter ‘re fllonng re heen of ting he (a) Construction of Filter Fg: 910 sins a ing hes, Gee Shih wating ir ema apc fe nerf (2) Dosing of iter soni ing ak is pied wie ike Ieee eet up et nh ig mot (6) Per Media Te ier en com hey ners, ‘lt he ung om 50 a Th ge se ae acd ‘Sebo let al he sl noms rng tomar ep ‘The oer or ldo ud uly (0) Underdrainage Sytem Te wnieeisae wen caine of ‘Su ny ete pan sme (a) Vedilation The yenaton of Sh ess fr he sect or the ote er The estan ache by pv et po he peepten (am shoe nf) working ‘The cunts sea ove he ring ea 9 woken ‘tansy am Te fetus dente tein! ee ised te hae The Cane ara he ea he Sl pe ‘hoop wh the em en saat (a) Cleaning Sie waning fe oe pid te ppt sue of he ‘te ay he ge y sds Theos may ace ‘sped dts Ah ete wpe er sce ag ‘ite te er oes ose see eed pope. _ Seay reste of Senge 9.9 CHLORINATION OF SEWACE Necessity “he chinton one et forthe flowing 08 (tiem tse fn em wen (2) Lfwees ibe ep (@) ishminge rom eae chlorination Tank ‘recone unk stan ante cna of ck man. ‘eof ete sino a Ts iol ht os ‘svn pe sched sing aT cere ‘Edie nding omer dng al esta i 91. Genel. the Sve ssa ot pp and ect ad 3 mane “Teese neu fi ad 9 he ae in sig ta stn i inet ciate ee hr noah aed th ene 6 rtm he fies” Aer TS ‘Sin dni pre eee swe fo fo he eal 9.10 contact BED Like king ie he itn ed a me of Sn swab, Ba ‘nerf een ow oman sein he Theory nota bi he seme og onc te lene Fo tne speed peed Durie nee. etal ‘Bred und ule the terme ae sei ses Fermin nbs ae ene or han opeSE fom st es he ae mt fe em ‘Construction rng ak wich olin weal ede {esse Th bel en 0 9 oo ed eo 12 Tho ete nae fae van 30a pe ‘hig tan prove he py sewage oa te sh ss Der Gony. et to Se pt a fe mc Working Tecate assigning sae Stage 1 The et ed wih seme hah te ini Sg ty he th a Stage 2 The segs is llomed sy in he her i freak 2 ‘Stage 9 The ten allow ww hgh ie en pipe fer te ‘peat onal ween Thr may esau? hus Stage 4 Ta locos amy at # hc Th he Disadvantages (8) Terao! ace ow {e) nile ens, 9.1 DeTERMITTENT SAND FILTER TeoryIs ernest snd bs he eve pried bye pane ‘aon cl mechan ang he Sd ed acento i i cere fers er omc et “la W's 4 revtangiarchaber conus below the ground lve wth Choe mater ater SaSSe ahi cee Sahara in are » Se cman Reales o Mittra arom gna pad ober ec ies oy Roars e ieee ober ae Ronee wine ieee Si oo apie Pas Duta tne ne (a) When he proces fitetion iy sured deo he Formation ioe toratemeaamaee SSeS scm pms Ma) fon ey ca (8 RewreReview Quesrions id Yt meaty sexy smo snag ie i (Pum cna ee Eee a, ction dering coma Be Det orm seek ae ty ie eae ty hr ‘What tate? Deke acd sap pce wise Miscellaneous Treatment of Sewage heony The cdo od an cca oxy ih a Ie Te eee es part ne eB Ih fa tops ssn! by team of ae er oven sma Tht many hel do ena eee ‘Teens brett ne te pr {net ep be rane maser nee is ont ontracton an Operation in pn oy oes Easton ate 1a Terns Sake ete pe eens pce fe tercoenie ccomputon sat ior espe) med wh aye eto tu (Fe 103) (artes tel med Scompaon ti cha conn cone Ean (OWE nro 8.