Metal forming technology

Forging in plane strain

Note: Refer the problem related to this given in Example

Open die forging

Cogging

• It is used to reduce the cross sectional area of the specimen by using flat tools

• Hence, coefficient of spread (S) can be written as

Spread law
If S=1 the deformation would end as spread

S=0 the deformation would go into elongation and S chiefly depends on

Bite ratio b/w0

Shape classification in forging

 Roughly 70% of the forging shapes fall in this category

Some general considerations in the designing of preform

• The area at cross section of the preform along the length must equal the area of
cross section of the finished product

• The concave radii of the preform must be larger than the radii at finished product

• The cross section of the preform should higher and narrower than the final so as to
highlight the upsetting flow and minimize extrusion flow
Forging defects
Powder metallurgy forgings
• We can relate the plastic deformation and densification of P/M preforms through
plastic poisson ratio to the theoretical density

• For frictionless compression of a cylinder the relation is given by the relative density
change is given by

First term is reffered as von mises yield criterion

Second term is referred as poisson ratio for porosity