Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan Batangas City
College of Engineering, Architecture & Fine Arts
www.batstate-u.edu.ph Tel. No. (043) 425-0139 loc. 118

ChE 530

Industrial Waste
Management and Control

Submitted by:
Hernandez, Jez Jaycris L.
Jumarang, Mitzi V.
Layosa, Dianne H.
Lopez, Aubrenica Rose Pauline T.
ChE- 5201

Submitted to:
Dr. Eufronia M. Magundayao
SOLID WASTE
 Waste is solid substances generated as a result of human activities, and, being no longer of value
for the respective economic, physiological or technological process, are removed from it.
 Solid waste in a broader sense is understood as any household, industrial and agricultural
materials that have been used up. Since such waste accumulates in the territories managed by
municipalities responsible for its removal and storage, it is termed ‘municipal solid waste’.

BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
 Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originating from plant or animal sources, which
may be degraded by other living organisms.
 Waste that cannot be broken down by other living organisms are called non-biodegradable.
 Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in municipal solid waste as green waste, food
waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics.
 Other biodegradable wastes include human waste, manure, sewage, slaughterhouse waste.
 In the absence of oxygen much of this waste will decay to methane by anaerobic digestion.
 Biodegradable waste can often be used for composting or must be a resource for heat, electricity
and fuel in future. This produces additional biogas and still delivers the compost for the soil.
GREEN WASTE
 Green waste is biodegradable waste that can be composed of garden or park waste, such as grass
or flower cuttings and hedge trimmings, as well as domestic and commercial food waste.
 The differentiation green identifies it as high in nitrogen, as opposed to brown waste, which is
primarily carbonaceous.
 Green waste is often collected in municipal collection schemes or through private waste
management contractor businesses.
FOOD WASTE
 Food waste or food loss is food that is discarded or lost uneaten.
 As of 2011, 1.3 billion tons of food, about one third of the global food production, are lost or
wasted annually. Loss and wastage occurs on all steps in the food supply chain. In low-income
countries most loss occurs during production, while in developed countries much food – about
100 kilograms per person and year – is wasted at the consumption stage.

CONSTRUCTION WASTE
 Construction waste consists of unwanted material produced directly or incidentally by the
construction or industries.
 This includes building materials such as insulation, nails, electrical wiring, as well as waste
originating from site preparation such as dredging materials, tree stumps, and rubble.

INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Industrial waste is the waste produced by industrial activity which includes any material that is
rendered useless during a manufacturing process such as that of factories, industries, mills, and mining
operations.

The following problems are generally encountered in cities and towns while dealing with industrial solid
waste
·There are no specific disposal sites where industries can dispose their waste;
· Mostly, industries generating solid waste in city and town limits are of small scale nature and
even do not seek consents of SPCBs/PCCs ;
· Industries are located in non-conforming areas and as a result they cause water and air
pollution problems besides disposing solid waste.
· Industrial estates located in city limits do not have adequate facilities so that industries can
organize their collection, treatment and disposal of liquid and solid waste;
 · There is no regular interaction between urban local bodies and SPCBs/PCCs to deal such issues
relating to treatment and disposal of waste and issuance of licenses in non-conforming areas.

DESCRIPTION OF IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE

Coal Ash/Fly Ash

The thermal power plant should take into account the capital and operation/maintenance cost
of fly ash disposal system as well as the associated environmental protection cost, vis-a-vis dry
system of collection and its utilization by the thermal power plant or other industry, in evaluating the
feasibility of such system. The research and development carried out in India for utilization of fly ash for
making building materials has proved that fly ash can be successfully utilized for production of bricks,
cement and other building materials.

Integrated Iron & Steel Plant Slag

The Blast Furnace (BF) and Steel Melting Shop (SMS) slags in integrated iron and steel plants
are at present dumped in the surrounding areas of the steel plants making hillocks encroaching on
the agricultural land. Although, the BF slag has potential for conversion into granulated slag,
which is a useful raw material in cement manufacturing, it is yet to be practiced in a big way.
Even the use of slag as road subgrade or land-filling is also very limited.

Phosphogypsum
Phosphogypsum is the waste generated from the phosphoric acid, ammonium phosphate and
hydrofluoric acid plants. This is very useful as a building material. At present very little attention has
been paid to its utilization in making cement, gypsum board, partition panel, ceiling tiles, artificial
marble, fiber boards etc.

Red Mud
Red mud as solid waste is generated in non-ferrous metal extraction industries like aluminum and
copper. The red mud at present is disposed in tailing ponds for settling, which more often than not
finds its course into the rivers, especially during monsoon. However, red mud has recently been
successfully tried and a plant has been set up in the country for making corrugated sheets.

Lime Mud
Lime sludge, also known as lime mud, is generated in pulp & paper mills which is not recovered
for reclamation of calcium oxide for use except in the large mills. The lime mud disposal by dumping into
low-lying areas or into water courses directly or as run-off during monsoon is not only creating serious
pollution problem but also wasting the valuable non- renewable resources.

Waste Sludge and Residues

Treatment of industrial wastes/effluents results in generation of waste sludge/residues which, if
not properly disposed, may cause ground and surface water pollution.

WASTE MANAGEMENT APPROACH

A two-tier approach should be thought of for waste management:

1. Prevention - aims at minimization of industrial wastes at source

Generally, waste minimization techniques can be grouped into four major categories:
Inventory Management and Improved Operations
· Inventory and tracing of all raw materials
· Purchasing of fewer toxic and more non-toxic production materials
· Implementation of employees’ training and management feedback
· Improving material receiving, storage, and handling practices.

Modification of Equipment
· Installation of equipment that produce minimal or no wastes
· Modification of equipment to enhance recovery or recycling options
· Redesigning of equipment or production lines to produce less waste
· Improving operating efficiency of equipment
· Maintaining strict preventive maintenance program.
 Production Process Changes
· Substitution of non-hazardous for hazardous raw materials
· Segregation of wastes by type for recovery
· Elimination of sources of leaks and spills
· Separation of hazardous from non-hazardous wastes
· Redesigning or reformulation for products to be less hazardous
· Optimisation of reactions and raw material use.

Recycling and Reuse

· Installation of closed-loop systems
· Recycling off site for use
· Exchange of wastes.

2. Control of environmental - treatment and disposal of wastes.

Practice of Industrial Solid Waste Management

1. Collection and Transport of Wastes

2. Storage and Transportation
3. Disposal of Industrial Solid Waste

Treatment and Disposal of Wastes

1. Landfill

• Disposal - Disposal is the discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or

placing of any solid waste or hazardous waste into or on any land or water
• Land Disposal - is defined to include, but not limited to, any placement of hazardous
waste in a landfill, surface impoundment, waste-pile, injection well, land treatment
facility, salt dome formation, or underground mine or cave.
• Landfill - Landfill means a disposal facility. Examples are trenches and pits.
• Land Treatment Facility - means a facility or part of a facility at which hazardous waste
is applied onto or incorporated into the soil surface.
• Surface Impoundment - means a facility is a natural topographic depression, man-made
excavation, or diked area formed primarily of earthen materials that is designed to hold
an accumulation of liquid wastes or wastes containing free liquids

This is the most popular solid waste disposal method used today. Garbage is basically spread
out in thin layers, compressed and covered with soil or plastic foam. Modern landfills are
designed in such a way that the bottom of the landfill is covered with an impervious liner which
is usually made of several layers of thick plastic and sand. This liner protects the ground water
from being contaminated because of leaching or percolation. When the landfill is full, it is
covered with layers of sand, clay, top soil and gravel to prevent seepage of water.

2. Incineration
This method involves burning of solid wastes at high temperatures until the wastes are
turned into ashes. Incinerators are made in such a way that they do not give off extreme
amounts of heat when burning solid wastes. This method of solid waste management can be
done by individuals, municipalities and even institutions. The good thing about this method
is the fact that it reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or 30% of the original volume.

3. Pyrolysis
This is method of solid waste management whereby solid wastes are chemically decomposed by
heat without presence of oxygen. This usually occurs under pressure and at temperatures of up to
430 degrees Celsius. The solid wastes are changed into gasses, solid residue and small quantities
of liquid.

4. Manifest System
 Designed to track hazardous waste from the time it leaves the generator facility where it was
produced, until it reaches the off-site waste management facility that will store, treat or dispose
of the hazardous waste. A manifest system has to be framed to identify what category of waste
has to be transported for disposal and treatment.

5. Monitoring

Monitoring will tell the operating agency about the dividing line between hazardous and
nonhazardous waste, about the treatability of the hazardous waste, about incompatibility of
different wastes, about the performance efficiency of hazardous waste treatment and disposal
facility, about the impact, about the quality of the recovered material, and about the post-closure
effects if any.

6. Recovery and Reuse

Recovery of resources is the process of taking useful but discarded items for next use.
Traditionally, these items are processed and cleaned before they are recycled. The process aims
at reducing energy loss, consumption of new material and reduction of landfills.

Table 1. Area of Application of Some Important Industrial Wastes

Waste Areas of Application

1. Flash
2. Blast Furnace Slags (stony waste
matter separated from metals during
smelting or refining of ore.)
3. Ferro-alloy and other metallurgical
slags.
4. Red Mud
a. Manufacture of oil well cement
b. Structural fill for roads, construction
on sites, land reclamation.
c. As plasticizer
d. As water reducer in concrete and
sulphate.
a. Making expansive cement
a. As structural fill
a. As a binder
b. Making construction blocks
c. In making floor and tiles

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
PD 825 (Nov. 7, 1975)- Providing penalty for improper disposal of garbage and other forms of
uncleanliness and for other purposes
RA 9003 (January 26, 2001) - An act providing for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program,
creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain Acts and Probibited and
Providing Penalties, Appropriating Funds Therefor, and for other purposes
AO 1993-90 (October 19, 1993) - Creating a project management office on Solid Waste Management
under the presidential task force on waste management
DAO 2019-21 (November 26, 2019) - Guidelines Governing Waste-To-Energy (WtE) Facilities for the
Integrated Management of Municipal Solid Wastes
DAO 2001-34 (December 20, 2001) - Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act 9003
DAO 1998-50 - Adopting the landfill site identification and screening criteria for municipal solid waste
disposal facilities
DAO 1998-49 - Technical Guidelines For Municipal Solid Waste Disposal
EMB MC 2019 – 008 (September 16, 2019) - Adopting the National Solid Waste Management
Commission (NSWMC) Resolution No. 669 Series of 2016 “Guidelines Governing the Establishment and
Operation of Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste”
EMB MC 1988-39A (March 21, 1994) - Amending Memorandum Circular No. 39-A, Dated January 19,
1988. By Reconstituting The Presidential Task Force On Waste Management