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Data Processing and Analysis Report
: ChE 2204L
: Determining Enthalpies of Formation Using the Bomb Calorimeter
: CHE2204L01MON
Lai-chi V. Arrieta
Altie Nirel A. Dionio
Sam Anthonette L. Suico
: February 10, 2020
: February 14, 2020
: March 3, 2020
: 01
: Engr. May V. Tampus
: Second Semester – 2019-2020
Grade
Engr. May V. Tampus
(Signature over printed name)
University of San Carlos – Department of Chemical Engineering
CHE 2204L FORM-2-Data Processing and Analysis Report

Summary of Revisions
Comments Actions Taken Status of Teacher’s
Implementation Remarks
Follow proper APA formatting Replaced (Atkins) with (Atkins, o Implemented
guidelines for proper format of 2018) o Not
citation (Author, Year) implemented
Remove unnecessary phrases Corrected sentence: o Implemented
(…as an agreed standard for (…as the standard for bomb o Not
bomb calorimetry, during the calorimetry.) implemented
1920’s international agreement
in applied chemistry.)
Format of y-axis values of The temperature values are o Implemented
thermogram should be one replaced with 25.5, 26.0, 26.5, o Not
decimal place. etc. implemented
Labels for Ta, Tb, Tc, Td are Thermograms are properly o Implemented
missing in all thermograms labelled by the necessary data o Not
needed for calculations. implemented
Specify mass, %purity and O2 Addition of: (99% purity of o Implemented
pressure of Benzoic Acid benzoic acid with a mass of o Not
samples 0.7000g and a pressure of 25 implemented
atm O2 )
Equation numbers have only Replaced Eq. 1.1 to Eqn (1) o Implemented
one number and no sublevel and so on. o Not
implemented
Replace “is” to “was” …an increase in temperature o Implemented
was(is) observed o Not
…taking place, Heat was(is) implemented
released and was(is) then…
Grammatical errors and Sample corrected sentence: o Implemented
articulation problems Figure 1 is a thermogram which o Not
presents the temperature profile implemented
of the combustion process of
benzoic acid in an oxygen
bomb calorimeter
5 components to the total heat Replaced with: o Implemented
and only 3 terms in the equation …during the combustion o Not
process of benzoic acid, several implemented
factors were taken into
consideration such as the heat
released by the combustion of
the nichrome wire and the
sensible heat released by
benzoic acid.
Table numbers are wrong Table numbers from “Table 1.1” o Implemented
are replaced with “Table 1” and o Not
so on. implemented
Specify initial and final Tables are supplemented with o Implemented
conditions for the nichrome the initial and final conditions for o Not
wire, temperature rise, and Ta & the temperature rise and length implemented
Tc of nichrome wire

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Waste on ink (Found on tables) Empty cells of tables are o Implemented

replaced with the lightest gray o Not
color. implemented
Naphthalene → naphthalene Sample corrected phrases: o Implemented
…combustion of naphthalene o Not
for two trials… implemented
…heat of combustion of
naphthalene…
Source of equation (2.4 and Replaced with: o Implemented
2.5) “Therefore, substituting o Not
equations 6, 7 and 8 into implemented
equation 5, we get” to avoid
confusion of equation 9
What do you mean by Replaced the word “empirical” o Implemented
empirical? Isn’t your to “theoretical” o Not
experimental data, empirical implemented
too?
Lowercase for “Enthalpy of Sample corrected sentence: o Implemented
Formation of Naphthalene” … determine the enthalpy of o Not
formation of naphthalene using implemented
a constant volume oxygen
bomb calorimeter.
What are the values of a, b, c, Values a, b, c, and d are o Implemented
d? supplemented at the tables o Not
found in the appendix to further implemented
understand calculations

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Department of Chemical
Engineering

DETERMINING ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION USING THE BOMB CALORIMETER

Objectives of the Experiment

1. To determine the calorimetric constant using a standard compound;
2. To determine the heat of combustion of a compound using the oxygen bomb calorimeter;
3. To determine the heat of formation from the heat of combustion data.

Results & Discussion

Objective 1: To determine the calorimetric constant using a standard compound
In the determination of enthalpies of formation, this experiment specifically made use of an oxygen bomb

calorimeter. Right before a material with an unknown heat of combustion, naphthalene, is tested, the heat capacity of

the calorimeter must first be determined (Atkins, 2018). This is achieved through the process of calibrating the bomb

calorimeter using a standard compound with a known heat of combustion, which in this case was benzoic acid, as the

standard for bomb calorimetry.

During this calibration process, a known amount of heat liberated from the combustion of benzoic acid was

introduced to the calorimeter which produced the heat capacity of the bomb calorimeter for a specific temperature rise.

And since the system changes slightly with it being used over a period of time, its heat capacity is determined

empirically at regular intervals during the combustion of benzoic acid.

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29.0 Tc Td
28.5 T0 Ta Tb
28.0
Tc Td
27.5 Tb
T(°C)

27.0 Trial 1
26.5 Trial 2
26.0
25.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
t (min)

Figure 1. Thermogram for the Combustion Processes of the Benzoic Acid samples
(99% purity of benzoic acid with a mass of 0.7000g and a pressure of 25 atm O2 )

Figure 1 is a thermogram which presents the temperature profile of the combustion process of benzoic acid

in an oxygen bomb calorimeter. After the first 5 minutes of stabilization an increase in temperature was observed which

indicates the process of combustion taking place. Heat was released and was then absorbed by the water bath causing

the rise in temperature.

The temperature during the ignition is not the same for two trials. T0 is the temperature reading 5 minutes prior

to ignition with values 25.8 °C for the first trial and 27.0°C for the second trial. Ta value for the first trial is equal to

25.8 °C while 27.0°C for the second trial. The difference of T0 and Ta are used to calculate ΔT. Tb values are

temperatures found at 60% of the total temperature rise. The corresponding time of Tb is also used in calculating ΔT.

On the other hand, the Tc values for the first and second trial were 27.2°C and 28.5°C, respectively. Td values are

temperature readings five minutes past Tc. The temperature rise was then determined using the equation:

ΔT = Tc - Ta -r1 (b-a) - r2 (c-b) Eqn. (1)

Where:

Ta (°C) = Temperature at time a, during ignition

Tc (°C) = Temperature at time c, temperature begins to level off

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r1 = To–Ta (considered negligible since there is no change in temperature from time 0

to a)
r2 = Td –Tc (considered negligible since there is no change in temperature from time
c to d)
a, b, c, d = Times corresponding to the respective points of temperature Ta, Tb, Tc and Td (min.)

The temperature rise and heat released during the combustion of benzoic acid can be used to calculate the

calorimeter constant, C, by the formula:

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡
𝐶= Eqn. (2)
∆𝑇

Where in the total amount of heat liberated in the calorimeter as a result of combustion of benzoic acid, Q tot ,

is divided by its temperature rise, ΔT.

The total amount of heat liberated, Qtot , is expressed in the equation:

𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑄𝑚 𝑚 + 𝑞1 − 𝑞𝐵𝐴 Eqn. (3)

Where:

m (g) = Mass of benzoic acid

Qmm(J/Kg) = Heat released per gram of Benzoic acid, 26, 434 J/kg

q1 (J) = correction term for the combustion of nichrome wire, 9.6 (Lo – L)

qBA (J) = sensible heat of benzoic acid

Equation 3 was applied since the reaction does not take place under standard temperature and pressure
(STP). Therefore, in the calculation of heat liberated during the combustion process of benzoic acid, several factors
were taken into consideration such as the heat released by the combustion of the nichrome wire and the sensible heat
released by benzoic acid, qba, which is expressed in the equation:

𝑚
𝑞𝐵𝐴 = 𝐶 ∆𝑇 Eqn. (4)
𝑀𝑊 𝑃𝐵𝐴

Where:

m(g) = mass of benzoic acid

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MW (g/mol) = molar weight of benzoic acid

CpBA (J/ mol-K) = Heat capacity of benzoic acid

ΔT (°C) = Temperature rise

Table 1. Determination of the Calorimetric Constant using Benzoic Acid

Trial 1 Trial 2 Average

𝒎 0.7000 𝑔 0.7000 𝑔
%𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒚 99% 99%

𝑷 24 𝑎𝑡𝑚 24 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝐽 𝐽
𝑸𝒎 26,434 26,434
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑳𝟎 10.0 𝑐𝑚 10.0 𝑐𝑚

𝑳 5.50 𝑐𝑚 1.50 𝑐𝑚

𝒒𝟏 43.2 𝐽 81.6 𝐽
𝒒𝑩𝑨 1.1216 𝐽 1.2553 𝐽
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕 18,545.284 𝐽 18,584.14 𝐽

𝑻𝒂 25.8 °𝐶 (298.95 𝐾) 27.0 °𝐶 (300.15 𝐾)

𝑻𝒄 27.2 °𝐶 (300.35 𝐾) 28.5 °𝐶 (301.65 𝐾)

∆𝑻 1.4 𝐾 1.5 𝐾
𝐽 𝐽 𝐽
𝑪 13,246.63 12,389.43 12,818.03
𝐾 𝐾 𝐾

Table 1 shows the data needed to determine the calorimetric constant of the bomb based on the heat of

combustion of Benzoic Acid. Trial 1 had 5.50 cm of wire left after combustion. There was no soot formed after

combustion of trial 1, the sample had completely combusted. The calorimetric constant was then found to be 12 818.03

J/K as an average from the two trials.

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Objective 2: To determine the heat of combustion of a compound using the oxygen bomb calorimeter.
Measuring standard heats of formation are mostly done indirectly. Experiments on combustion reactions are

easy to do and many standard heats of formation come from the data of their standard heats of combustion, measured

calorimetrically. Data are always based on 1 mol of substance burned.

Table 2. Conditions in the Ignition of Naphthalene Samples

Trial 1 Trial 2

Mass of Naphthalene Sample 0.7000 𝑔 0.7000 𝑔

%Purity of Naphthalene Sample 98% 98%

Initial Temperature 301.35 𝐾 302.45 𝐾

Final Temperature 303.65 𝐾 304.95 𝐾

Pressure 24 𝑎𝑡𝑚 24 𝑎𝑡𝑚

Table 2 shows the conditions used in the ignition of both trials of the Naphthalene samples. There are

differences in the initial temperatures and their final temperatures. The change in the temperatures (ΔT) for the two

trials also had a difference. Although the samples are not 100% pure, its purity does not matter when calculating the

heat of combustion since the samples were weighed, not measured by their concentrations.

32.0 Tb
31.5 Tc Td
T0 Ta
31.0
30.5
T(°C)

30.0 Td
Tc Trial 1
29.5 Tb
29.0 Trial 2
28.5
28.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
t(min)

Figure 2. Thermogram for the Combustion Processes of the Naphthalene samples

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Temperature readings from the experiments are then graphed in a thermogram shown in Figure 2. The

thermogram above shows the temperature profile of the combustion of naphthalene for two trials in an oxygen bomb

calorimeter. The first five minutes of the graph shows the stabilization of temperature. The rise in temperature indicates

that the combustion process is taking place.

The heat of combustion of naphthalene can be calculated by:

∆𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝑎𝑝 = ∆𝑈𝑚𝑁𝑎𝑝 + ∆𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑇° Eqn. (5)

Where ∆𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑇° is added assuming that the gaseous substances are behaving ideally and ∆𝑈𝑚𝑁𝑎𝑝 , the change of

the internal energy of the system, can be calculated from the equation:

𝑄𝑁𝑎𝑝
∆𝑈𝑚𝑁𝑎𝑝 = Eqn. (6)
𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑝

Where 𝑄𝑁𝑎𝑝 , the heat liberated during the combustion process of Naphthalene, can be calculated from the equation:

𝑄𝑁𝑎𝑝 = −𝐶∆𝑇𝑁𝑎𝑝 − 𝑞1 Eqn. (7)

The combustion process was not done in standard conditions so the heat of combustion was easily brought

down to standard states using the sensible heat equation as it is also a state function.

Eqn. (8)
∆𝐻𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑝 𝐶𝑝𝑁𝑎𝑝 ∆𝑇

Therefore, substituting equations 6, 7 and 8 into equation 5, we get:

𝐶∆𝑇𝑁𝑎𝑝 − 𝑞1 − 𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑝 𝐶𝑝𝑁𝑎𝑝 ∆𝑇
∆𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝑎𝑝 = − [ + ∆𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑇°] Eqn. (9)
𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑝

The value of ∆𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝑎𝑝 is negative because heat is released during combustion.

Table 3. Determination of Heat of Combustion of Naphthalene

Trial 1 Trial 2 Average

𝑪∆𝑻𝑵𝒂𝒑 29,481.47 𝐽 32,045.075 𝐽

𝒒𝟏 74.88 𝐽 77.76 𝐽
𝒏𝑵𝒂𝒑 5.46𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 5.46𝑥10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙

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∆𝒏𝒈 𝑹𝑻° −4,957.6382 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 −4,957.6382 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝒏𝑵𝒂𝒑 𝑪𝒑𝑵𝒂𝒑 ∆𝑻 2.03 𝐽 2.21 𝐽
Experimental
∆𝑯𝑪 𝑵𝒂𝒑 −5,379,038.30 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 −5,847,875.92𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 −5,613.46 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Empirical
∆𝑯𝑪 𝑵𝒂𝒑 −5160.80 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
(from Matsui & Abe,
1939)

Percent Error 8.77%

Table 3 shows the values needed in determining the heat of combustion of the naphthalene samples. The

average experimental value for the heat of combustion is -5,565.69 kJ/mol. Comparing this value to the theoretical heat

of combustion, -5160.80 kJ/mol, there is an error of 8.77%. This error is may be due to the incomplete combustion of

the naphthalene sample during the second trial as seen in the soot formed at the end of the combustion process. The

error might also stem from the calibration process or the presence of unburned nichrome wire after combustion.

Objective 3: To determine the heat of formation from the heat of combustion data.

The heat of formation or enthalpy of formation is defined as the enthalpy change for the formation of 1 mole

of a compound from its component elements. A reaction is regarded as proceeding by decomposing or breaking the

reactants into their elements and then forming those elements into products. The value of Δ𝐻𝑟° is the sum of all reaction

enthalpies. Since breaking is the reverse of forming, the enthalpy of the breaking step is the negative of the enthalpy

of formation (Atkins and Paulo, 2008). Hence, the enthalpy of any reaction can be calculated using

Δ𝐻𝑟° = ∑ 𝑛Δ𝐻𝑓° − ∑ 𝑛Δ𝐻𝑓° Eqn. (10)

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

where the enthalpies of formation of each substance are multiplied to its stoichiometric coefficients. For this experiment,

the enthalpy of formation of naphthalene can be determined using its enthalpy of combustion obtained from objective

2, with the equation,

Δ𝐻𝑐° = ∑ 𝑛Δ𝐻𝑓° − ∑ 𝑛Δ𝐻𝑓° Eqn. (11)

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

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For the given reaction of combustion of naphthalene, with the balanced chemical equation of

𝐶10 𝐻8(𝑠) + 12𝑂2(𝑔) → 10𝐶𝑂2(𝑔) + 4𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) Eqn. (12)

it can be seen that the naphthalene reacted with oxygen to form only carbon dioxide and water. The purging done to

the bomb before combustion removed excess nitrogen gas. It can be assumed then that there is no formation of nitric

acid. So, the enthalpy formation of naphthalene can then be calculated using equation 3.2 with the stoichiometric

coefficients in equation 12.

°
Δ𝐻𝑐° = [ (10)Δ𝐻𝑓(𝐶𝑂 °
+ (4)Δ𝐻𝑓(𝐻 °
] − [ (1)Δ𝐻𝑓(𝐶 °
+ (12)Δ𝐻𝑓(𝑂 ] Eqn. (13)
2 )𝑔 2 𝑂)𝑙 10 𝐻8 )𝑠 2 )𝑔

The percent error can be determined by using the equation

| 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 | Eqn. (14)

%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Table 4. Determination of Enthalpy of Formation of Naphthalene.

Values

Heat of Combustion of Naphthalene 𝑘𝐽

(from Objective 2) −5,613.46
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Enthalpy of Formation of Water 𝑘𝐽
(from Table C.4, Appendix C, Smith, Van Ness et al. −285.830
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Enthalpy of Formation of Carbon Dioxide 𝑘𝐽
(from Table C.4, Appendix C, Smith, Van Ness et al. −393.5
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Enthalpy of Formation of Oxygen 𝑘𝐽
(from Table C.4, Appendix C, Smith, Van Ness et al. 0
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics) 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Theoretical Enthalpy of Formation of Naphthalene 𝑘𝐽

(from The Journal of Chemical Physics) 716.95
𝑚𝑜𝑙

Enthalpy of Formation of Naphthalene 𝑘𝐽

(calculated using Heat of Combustion) 535.14
𝑚𝑜𝑙

Percent Error 25.36 %

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Table 4 shows the values needed for the calculation of the enthalpy of formation of naphthalene, as well as

its already calculated value. By substituting the needed information to equation 13, enthalpy of formation is obtained.

−5,613.46 𝑘𝐽 ⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙 = [ (10)(−393.5 𝑘𝐽 ⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) + (4)(−285.830 𝑘𝐽 ⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙)] −

°
[ (1)Δ𝐻𝑓(𝐶10 𝐻8 )𝑠
+ (12)(0 𝑘𝐽 ⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙) ]

°
𝛥𝐻𝑓(𝐶10 𝐻8 )𝑠
= 535.14 𝑘𝐽 ⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙

Conclusions

The main objective of the experiment was to determine the enthalpy of formation of naphthalene using a

constant volume oxygen bomb calorimeter. In the bomb, the reaction takes place in a sealed container, submerged in

water in an adiabatic jacket. In this system, the bomb’s calorimetric constant is determined experimentally using

benzoic acid as a standard.

The calculated constant was used in determining the heat of combustion of the sample, naphthalene. The

calculated heat of combustion was found to be -5,613.46 kJ/mol. The value has an 8.77% error from the theoretical

value of the heat of combustion of naphthalene, which is -5160.80 kJ/mol. The error may have been caused by

unexpected heat losses from the system or an error in the procedures done in the experiment. The experiment was

also done not in standard conditions and could have caused anomalies in the experiment.

The heat of formation of a substance can be determined from the substance’s heat of combustion and by

applying Hess’ Law. The combustion of naphthalene in the bomb was not in standard conditions so the acquired heat

of formation was 535.14 kJ/mol. The value has an 25.36% error from the theoretical value of the heat of formation of

naphthalene, which is 716.95 kJ/mol. Soot was found after the combustion of naphthalene, which indicates that the

process was incomplete and affected the results in the experiment.

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APPENDIX 1: Raw Data

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APPENDIX 2: Processing of Data and Sample Calculations

Trial 1(Benzoic Acid):
Table 1. Raw Data acquired from the 1st Calibration of the Calorimeter with Benzoic Acid
𝒎𝑩𝑨 0.7000 𝑔

𝑳𝟎 10.0 𝑐𝑚

𝑳 5.50 𝑐𝑚

𝑻𝑨 25.8 °𝐶 (298.95𝐾)

𝑻𝑩 26.8 °𝐶 (299.95𝐾)

𝑻𝑪 27.2 °𝐶 (300.35𝐾)

𝑻𝑫 27.2 °𝐶 (300.35𝐾)

𝒓𝟏 0
𝒓𝟐 0

𝒂 5.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝒃 6.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒄 9.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝒅 14.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐽
𝑪𝑷𝑩𝑨 146
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
𝑔
𝑴𝑾𝑩𝑨 122.12
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽
𝑸𝒎 26,434
𝑘𝑔
Computation:
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝐴 − 𝑟1 (𝑏 − 𝑎) − 𝑟2 (𝑐 − 𝑏) = 𝟏. 𝟒 𝑲
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑄𝑚 𝑚 + 𝑞1 − 𝑞𝐵𝐴
Where:
𝑚
𝑞𝐵𝐴 = 𝐶 ∆𝑇
𝑀𝑊 𝑃𝐵𝐴 𝐽
0.7000𝑔 𝐽 𝑞1 = 9.6 (10.0𝑐𝑚 − 5.50𝑐𝑚 )
𝑞𝐵𝐴 = 𝑐𝑚
𝑔 (146 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 )(1.4𝐾) 𝒒𝟏 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟐 𝑱
122.12 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒒𝑩𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟔 𝑱

𝐽
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = (26,434 ) (0.7000𝑔) + 43.2 𝐽 − 1.1216 𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝟓𝟒𝟓. 𝟐𝟖𝟒 𝑱
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 18,545.284 𝐽
𝐶1 = =
∆𝑇 1.4 𝐾
𝑱
𝑪𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟔𝟑
𝑲

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Legend:
mBA: Mass of benzoic acid (g) Qtot: Total amount of heat liberated in the calorimeter
L0: Initial length of nichrome wire (cm) as a result of the combustion (J)
L: Final length of nichrome wire (cm) q1: correction term for the combustion of nichrome
CpBA: Heat capacity of benzoic acid (J/ mol-K) wire (J)
MWBA: Molar weight of benzoic acid (g/mol) C1: Calorimetry Constant (J/°C)
r1: To – Ta Ta: Temperature at time a (°C)
r2: Td – Tc Tc: Temperature at time c (°C)
Qm: Heat released per gram of Benzoic acid (J/Kg) ΔT: Temperature rise (°C)
a, b, c, d: Times corresponding to the respective
points of temperature Ta, TB, Tc and TD (min.)

Trial 2(Benzoic Acid):

Table 2. Raw Data acquired from the 2nd Calibration of the Calorimeter with Benzoic Acid
𝒎𝑩𝑨 0.7000 𝑔
𝑳𝟎 10.0 𝑐𝑚

𝑳 1.50 𝑐𝑚

𝑻𝑨 27.0 °𝐶 (300.15𝐾)
𝑻𝑩 27.9 °𝐶 (301.05𝐾)
𝑻𝑪 28.5 °𝐶 (301.65𝐾)
𝑻𝑫 28.5 °𝐶 (301.65𝐾)

𝒓𝟏 0

𝒓𝟐 0

𝒂 5.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝒃 6.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝒄 8.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝒅 13.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐽
𝑪𝑷𝑩𝑨 146
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
𝑔
𝑴𝑾𝑩𝑨 122.12
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐽
𝑸𝒎 26,434
𝑘𝑔

Computation:
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝐴 − 𝑟1 (𝑏 − 𝑎) − 𝑟2 (𝑐 − 𝑏) = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑲
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑄𝑚 𝑚 + 𝑞1 − 𝑞𝐵𝐴
Where:
𝑚
𝑞𝐵𝐴 = 𝐶 ∆𝑇
𝑀𝑊 𝑃𝐵𝐴

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0.7000𝑔 𝐽
𝑞𝐵𝐴 = 𝑔 (146 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 )(1.4𝐾) 𝐽
122.12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑞1 = 9.6 (10.0𝑐𝑚 − 5.50𝑐𝑚 )
𝑐𝑚
𝒒𝑩𝑨 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟑 𝑱 𝒒𝟏 = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟔 𝑱

𝐽
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = (26,434 ) (0.7000𝑔) + 43.2 𝐽 − 1.1216 𝐽
𝑘𝑔
𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝟓𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝑱
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 18,545.284 𝐽
𝐶1 = =
∆𝑇 1.4 𝐾
𝑱
𝑪𝟏 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟑𝟖𝟗. 𝟒𝟑
𝑲
Average Calorimeter Constant:
𝐽 𝐽
𝐶1 + 𝐶2 13,246.63 𝐾 + 12,389.43 𝐾
𝐶𝑎𝑣𝑒 = =
2 2
𝑱
𝑪𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟖𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟑
𝑲

Legend:
mBA: Mass of benzoic acid (g) Qtot: Total amount of heat liberated in the calorimeter
L0: Initial length of nichrome wire (cm) as a result of the combustion (J)
L: Final length of nichrome wire (cm) q1: correction term for the combustion of nichrome
CpBA: Heat capacity of benzoic acid (J/ mol-K) wire (J)
MWBA: Molar weight of benzoic acid (g/mol) C1: Calorimetry Constant (J/°C)
r1: To – Ta Ta: Temperature at time a (°C)
r2: Td – Tc Tc: Temperature at time c (°C)
Qm: Heat released per gram of Benzoic acid (J/Kg) ΔT: Temperature rise (°C)
a, b, c, d: Times corresponding to the respective
points of temperature Ta, TB, Tc and TD (min.)

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Heat of Combustion of Naphthalene

Trial 1(Naphthalene):
Table 3. Raw Data from 1st Combustion of Naphthalene
𝒎𝑵𝒂𝒑𝒉 0.7000 𝑔

𝑳𝟎 10.0 𝑐𝑚

𝑳 2.20 𝑐𝑚

𝑻𝑨 28.2 °𝐶 (301.35𝐾)

𝑻𝑩 29.9 °𝐶 (303.05𝐾)

𝑻𝑪 30.5 °𝐶 (303.65𝐾)

𝑻𝑫 30.5 °𝐶 (303.65𝐾)

𝒓𝟏 0
𝒓𝟐 0

𝒂 5.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝒃 6.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒄 10.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝒅 15.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Computations:
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝐴 − 𝑟1 (𝑏 − 𝑎) − 𝑟2 (𝑐 − 𝑏) = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟎 𝑲
𝐶∆𝑇𝑁𝑎𝑝ℎ − 𝑞1
∆𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝑎𝑝ℎ = − [ + ∆𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑇° − 𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝐶𝑝𝑁𝑎𝑝ℎ ∆𝑇]
𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑝ℎ

Where:

𝐽
𝑞1 = 9.6 (10.0𝑐𝑚 − 2.20𝑐𝑚 )
𝑐𝑚
𝒒𝟏 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟖𝟖 𝑱

𝐽
12,818.03 (2.30𝐾) − 74.88 𝐽 𝐽
∆𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝑎𝑝ℎ = − 𝐾 + (−2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∗ 8.314 ∗ 298.15𝐾)
0.7000𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
𝑔
[ 128.1705
𝑚𝑜𝑙

0.7000𝑔 𝐽
− 𝑔 (161.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 ) (2.30𝐾)
128.1705 𝑚𝑜𝑙
]
𝑱
= −𝟓, 𝟑𝟕𝟗, 𝟎𝟑𝟖. 𝟑𝟎 (𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
𝒎𝒐𝒍
Legend:
mNaph: mass of Naphthalene (g) MWNaph: molar weight of Naphthalene (g/mol)

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nNaph: moles of Naphthalene in sample
L0: initial length of nichrome wire (cm)
L: final length of nichrome wire (cm)
TA: Temperature at time a (oC)
TC: Temperature at time c (oC)
C: Calorimetric constant (J/K)
R: gas constant
ΔHcNaph: Enthalpy of combustion of naphthalene
(KJ/mol)
a, b, c, d: Times corresponding to the respective
points of temperature Ta, TB, Tc and TD (min.)
q1: correction term for the combustion of nichrome
wire (J)
T°: standard temperature (25°C)
ΔTNaph : rise in temperature due to the combustion
process (°C)
Δng : difference of number of moles in gaseous
products and reactants from the balanced chemical
equation
CpNaph: standard heat capacity of Naphthalene

Table 4. Raw Data from 2nd Combustion of Naphthalene

𝒎𝑵𝒂𝒑𝒉 0.7000 𝑔
𝑳𝟎 10.0 𝑐𝑚

𝑳 1.90 𝑐𝑚
𝑻𝑨 29.3 °𝐶 (302.45𝐾)

𝑻𝑩 30.9 °𝐶 (303.05𝐾)
𝑻𝑪 31.8 °𝐶 (304.95𝐾)

𝑻𝑫 31.8 °𝐶 (304.95𝐾)

𝒓𝟏 0
𝒓𝟐 0

𝒂 5.0 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒃 6.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝒄 10.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒅 15.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Computations:
∆𝑇 = 𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝐴 − 𝑟1 (𝑏 − 𝑎) − 𝑟2 (𝑐 − 𝑏) = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 𝑲
𝐶∆𝑇𝑁𝑎𝑝 − 𝑞1
∆𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝑎𝑝 = − [ + ∆𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑇° − 𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑝 𝐶𝑝𝑁𝑎𝑝 ∆𝑇]
𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑝

Where:

𝐽
𝑞1 = 9.6 (10.0𝑐𝑚 − 1.90𝑐𝑚 )
𝑐𝑚
𝒒𝟏 = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟔 𝑱

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 𝐽
12,818.03 𝐾 (2.50𝐾) − 77.76 𝐽 𝐽
∆𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝑎𝑝 =− + (−2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∗ 8.314 ∗ 298.15𝐾)
0.7000𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
𝑔
[ 128.1705
𝑚𝑜𝑙

0.7000𝑔 𝐽 𝑱
− 𝑔 (161.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾) (2.30𝐾) = −𝟓, 𝟖𝟒𝟕, 𝟖𝟕𝟓. 𝟗𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 (𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒖𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏)
128.1705 𝑚𝑜𝑙
]
Average Calorimeter Constant:
∆𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝑎𝑝 + ∆𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝑎𝑝 𝐽 𝐽
−5,379,038.30 𝑚𝑜𝑙 + −5,847,875.92 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 2
∆𝐻𝐶 𝑁𝑎𝑝 = =
𝑎𝑣𝑒 2 2
∆𝑯𝑪 𝑵𝒂𝒑 = −𝟓, 𝟔𝟏𝟑, 𝟒𝟓𝟕. 𝟏𝟏
𝒂𝒗𝒆
Legend:
mNaph: mass of Naphthalene (g)
MWNaph: molar weight of Naphthalene (g/mol)
nNaph: moles of Naphthalene in sample
L0: initial length of nichrome wire (cm)
L: final length of nichrome wire (cm)
TA: Temperature at time a (oC)
TC: Temperature at time c (oC)
a, b, c, d: Times corresponding to the respective points of temperature Ta, Tb, Tc and Td (min.)
C: Calorimetric constant (J/K)
R: gas constant
ΔHcNaph: Enthalpy of combustion of naphthalene (KJ/mol)
q1: correction term for the combustion of nichrome wire (J)
T°: standard temperature (25°C)
ΔTNaph : rise in temperature due to the combustion process (°C)
Δng : difference of number of moles in gaseous products and reactants from the balanced chemical equation
CpNaph: standard heat capacity of Naphthalene

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Percent Error of Enthalpy of Combustion of Naphthalene:

𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
−5160.80 𝑚𝑜𝑙 − (−5613.46 𝑚𝑜𝑙 )
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | × 100
−5160.80
%𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝟖. 𝟕𝟕%
Heat of Formation of Naphthalene
Reaction:
𝐶10 𝐻8 (𝑠) + 12𝑂2 (𝑔) → 12𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 4𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)

Computations:

∆𝑯°𝒇𝑵𝒂𝒑𝒉 = ∑ 𝒏 ∙ ∆𝑯°𝒇 (𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒔) − ∑ 𝒏 ∙ ∆𝑯°𝒇 (𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒔)

Where:
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻°𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂 = −285.83
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻°𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2 = 0
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻°𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑂2 = −393.5
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
∆𝐻°𝑐 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑝ℎ = −5613.46
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
−5613.46 = [(10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑠) (−393.5 ) + (4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑠) (−285.83 )]
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
− [(1 𝑚𝑜𝑙)(∆𝐻°𝑓𝑁𝑎𝑝ℎ ) + (12 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑠) (0 )]
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝐽
∆𝑯°𝒇𝑵𝒂𝒑𝒉 = 535.14
𝑚𝑜𝑙
Percent Error of Enthalpy of Formation of Naphthalene:
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
716.95 𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 535.14 𝑚𝑜𝑙
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = | | ∙ 100
𝑘𝐽
716.95 𝑚𝑜𝑙
%𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟑𝟔%
Legend:
ΔH°fNaph: Enthalpy of Formation of Naphthalene
ΔH°f: Standard Enthalpy of a compound
ΔH°c: Enthalpy of combustion of Naphthalene from Objective 2

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