Name:3/C Manuel, Jade Carlo B.

Year/Section: S2 Alpha Mar-E Date: April 18 ,2020

Research Work: Steam Boiler fuel atomization and combustion (Week 14)
Preparation and operation of Steam turbine and Associated Auxiliaries, and
Steam Systems

Precautions before starting a steam turbine such as confirming steam line, gland
steam line, lubricating oil line, condensate water line and circulating line.
1.Preparations and procedures for start of a steam turbine
The correct starting procedure for steam turbine onboard ship is as follows:

 Check turbo generator lube oil sump level and drain it for water. Replenish it if level is
less than normal.
 Start the lube oil priming pump from the local station and check the lube oil pressure. Put
the priming pump on auto.
 Check and fill up the Turbine Generator vacuum pump operating water tank to normal
level.
 Check vacuum condenser condensate level from the condensate pump. Put the pump on
auto so that the level is maintained all the time.
 Operate the steam drain valve to drain any condensed water from the steam line to avoid
excessive hammering and vibration while starting turbo generator.
 Open the main steam inlet valve for turbo generator.
 Adjust the gland steam pressure to normal level.
 Check and open the sea water valves for vacuum pump cooler, T/G lube oil cooler and
vacuum condenser are opened.
 Start the vacuum pump and bring up the vacuum in the condenser.
 Open condensate pump valves and switch on the pump.
 Check whether the condensate vacuum, gland steam pressure, steam inlet pressure, and
lube oil pressure are normal.
 Start turbo generator from the local station and close the drain in the steam line.
 Check first and second stage steam pressure.
 Check condenser vacuum and water level.
 Check lube oil pressure and vibration levels.
 Check turbo generator speed, voltage, frequency, vacuum, condenser level and other
parameters.
 Give control to remote station from the local control and take the TG on load.
2. Components constructing each associated system for a steam turbine
Steam chest and the casing: Connected to higher pressure steam supply line and the low
pressure steam exhaust line respectively. The steam chest connected to casing, houses the
governor valve and the over speed trip valve. The casing contains the rotor and nozzles through
which the steam is expanded and directed against the rotating buckets.
Rotor: Consists of shaft and disk assemblies with buckets. The shaft extends beyond the
casing through the bearing cases. One end of the shaft is used for coupling to the driven pump.
The other end of the shaft serves the speed governor and the over speed trip system.
The bearing cases: Supports the rotor and assemble casing and steam chest. The bearing
cases contain the journal bearings and the rotating oil seals, which prevent outward oil leakage
and the entrance of water, dust, and steam. The steam end bearing case contains the rotor
positioning bearing and the rotating components of the over speed trip system. An extension of
the steam end bearing housing enclose the rotating components of the speed – governor system.
Casing sealing glands: Seal the casing and the shaft. Spring backed segmental carbon
rings used for this and supplemented by a spring backed labyrinth section for higher exhaust-
steam.
Governor system: Governor systems are speed-sensitive control systems that are integral
with the steam turbine. The turbine speed is controlled by varying the steam flow through the
turbine by positioning the governor valve. Consists of spring-opposed rotating weights, a steam
valve, and an interconnecting linkage or servo motor system. The governor sense turbine shaft
speed through direct connection, worm/worm wheel, or magnetic impulse from a gear. The
turbine speed is compared to some predetermined set point and the governor output signal to a
servo motor. Change in the turbine inlet and exhaust-steam conditions, and the power required
by the pump will cause the turbine speed to change. The change in speed results in repositioning
the governor weights and subsequent repositioning of the governor valve.
Over speed trip system: The trip mechanism acts independently of the governor
controlled system and closes the trip valve to stop the flow of steam to the turbine in the event of
over speed condition. Consists of a spring-loaded pin or weight mounted in the turbine shaft on a
collar, a quick-closing valve which is separate from the governor valve and interconnecting
linkage. The centrifugal force created by rotation of the pin in the turbine shaft exceeds the
spring loading at a preset speed. The resultant movement of the trip pin causes knife-edges in the
linkage to separate and permit the spring loaded trip valve to close. Over speed governors is
arranged to trip at 10 percent over normal speed actuating a quick closing stop valve to shut off
the steam supply to the turbine.
Labyrinth seal: Labyrinth is a means of reducing leakage from high pressure side to low
pressure side by allowing a small amount of leakage. The clearance between labyrinth and shaft
is kept at the minimum possible. Gases enter the narrow passage between shaft and labyrinth
expand because of space available in the first space resulted to less pressure p1 from p.

Similarly the gases enter second space through the restricted passage and expand to less pressure.
Thus in last stage, the pressure will be on slightly above atmospheric which will be very small.
Thus labyrinths are used for minimizing leakage of gases from high pressure side to low pressure
side.
Carbon ring seals: Consists of carbon ring segments and these segments held together by
retaining spring. Anti rotation stops fit in the notches in the bottom half interstage diaframs
(casing) and carbon rings prevents the rotation.
Nozzle ring and reversing blade assembly: The nozzle ring is bolted to the inside
bottom half of the steam end casing. The nozzles located in the nozzle ring, direct the steam flow
from the steam chest to the Curtis stage first row blades. The reversing blade assembly is located
between the blade rows of the Curtis stage (the Curtis stage has two rows of blades) and is bolted
to the nozzle ring. The reversing blades reverse the steam flow as it exits the first row of blades
and directs the steam into the second row of blades of the Curtis stage. The reversing blade
assembly is positioned axially by spacers.
Diaframs: Stationary diaframs separate the inner stages, contain the interstage nozzles and
interstage seals. The nozzle expand the steam and direct it against the following rows of rotating
blades. The diaframs are adjusted on assembly to allow for rotor deflection and to assure that the
seals are concentric with the shaft. The bottom half of diaframs are located vertically in the
casing grooves by shims at the bottom of the grooves and laterally by means of adjusting screws
at the horizontal joint. The top halves of the diaframs are fixed in the casing by the same
arrangement and lift with the casing cover.
Sentinel valve: This is warning device located on the top of the exhaust end turbine casing,
indicates excessive turbine exhaust end casing pressure. In the event the casing pressure exceeds
a predetermined setting above the normal operating pressure, the valve releases a small amount
of visible steam to the atmosphere, causing an audible sound. This valve will not serve as a relief
valve.
Auxiliary steam valves: Auxiliary valves are used to achieve more efficient operation
with varying load or steam conditions. The valves are provided in the steam passage way (in the
bottom half of the steam end turbine casing) between the steam chest and nozzle ring. The
passage is cast in three separate compartments.

One compartment is continuously open for steam flow to a bank of nozzles in the nozzle ring.
The other two are fitted with auxiliary hand valves to control the flow of steam to two other
banks of nozzles in the same nozzle ring.

Turning Gears: Large turbines are equipped with turning gears to rotate the rotors slowly
during warm up, cool off. This is to maintain the shaft or rotor at an approximately uniform
temperature circumferentially, so as to maintain straightness and preserve the balance…

3. Fluid flows of main steam, condensate water, feed water, lubrication oil systems
in the steam turbine propulsion plant
Boilers and steam generators
A boiler incorporates a firebox or furnace in order to burn the fuel and generate heat. The
generated heat is transferred to water to make steam — the process of boiling. This
produces steam at a rate that varies according to boiler operation. High-quality treated
water known as boiler feedwater should be used to produce steam. Pressurized boiler
feedwater is pumped to boilers or steam generation systems using boiler feedwater
pumps.
Combustion 
The furnace section of a boiler should be sufficient in size for flame development and
should allow complete and efficient combustion of the fuel before leaving the furnace.
The furnace section should preferably be a single compartment. 

Air flow to boilers

To create optimum burning characteristics of the fire, air should be supplied to the fire.
Most boilers depend on a mechanical draft equipment (fan) rather than natural draft. This
is because natural draft is subject to outside air conditions and temperature of flue gases
leaving the furnace. These factors make effective draft hard to obtain and control.
Therefore, the mechanical draft equipment/fan is more economical and preferable.

Steam generation and steam flow

The goal in a boiler is to make the heat flow as efficiently as possible from the heat
source to the water to generate steam. The water is confined in a restricted space heated
by the fire. The produced steam has a lower density than the water and therefore will
accumulate at the highest level in the boiler.

Evaporator
An evaporator is one of the important sections in a multisection boiler. Different
configurations for evaporator sections are available. Evaporators of a large boiler are
usually spirally arranged water walls with smooth tubes in the flame region and vertical
smooth tubes in the upper part of the radiation zone. The furnace of such large boilers is
usually a water-cooled radiant-type, with welded gas-tight membrane wall construction,
and arranged to minimize the adverse effects of firing, such as slagging, on the boiler.

Superheater
Continued heating of the saturated steam brings the steam to a superheated state, where
the steam is heated to a temperature above the saturation temperature. The use of
superheated steam allows higher steam cycle efficiency and better operation.

4. Control system and its components including their function

  Turbine control system which includes dual controllers having microcomputer
processing circuits and capable of transmitting and receiving digital information to and
from a plurality of valve position control circuits, also including their own
microcomputer circuitry for controlling turbine steam admission valves. An operator's
panel provides for two levels of automatic control as well as a manual backup which is
communicative directly with all of the valve position control circuits. Overspeed
protection control as well as fast valving is provided by redundant speed control circuits.

5. Safety devices and their functions

Trip Block Assembly
Safety certified hydraulic trip block assembly for use in industrial steam turbine shutdown systems.

The QuickTrip trip block assembly is designed for use in steam, gas, and hydro turbine shutdown systems
for quick and reliable dumping of the turbine's trip oil header. This integrated trip block assembly is
intended for use on mechanical-drive or generator-drive steam turbines that use low pressure (5-25 bar /
73-363 psi) hydraulic trip oil headers. The QuickTrip's fault tolerant design makes it ideal for critical
steam turbine applications, where turbine up-time and availability are essential.

Overspeed Protection Device

The Woodward ProTech®-GII Overspeedis an overspeed safety device designed to safely shut down
steam, gas, and hydro turbines of all sizes upon sensing an overspeed or overacceleration event. This
device accurately monitors turbine rotor speed and acceleration via active or passive magnetic pickups
(MPUs) and issues a shutdown command to the turbine™s trip valve(s) or corresponding trip system.

Total Protection System

The Woodward ProTechTPS safety system is designed to be applied as a safety system for any size
steam, gas, or hydro turbine, or plant process equipment. This safety PLC's fast(10 millisecond) response
time, 0.5 to 32 000 rpm speed range, and integrated overspeed and acceleration detection/protection
functionality, make it ideal for application on critical high-speed rotating motors, compressor, turbines or
engines.