Question 1

Data provided
Description Quantity Units
Length ,L 1200 m
Velocity ,v 2 m/s
Bulk Modulus of water, Eb 2 GPa
Young's Modulus of Steel , E 200 GPa
Thickness ,t 0.012 m
Diameter, D 0.6 m
Density of water,ρ 1000 Kg/m3

Solutions
Ec = 1.333333333 GPa
(a) Speed of wave, C = 1154.700538 m/s

(b) change in pressure, ΔP = 2309401.077 Pa

or 2.3 Mpa

immediately next to the valve

Time of wave from valve to reservior, ∆t = 1.04 s
complete cycle , 2∆t = 2.08 s

time, t (s) ΔP (Mpa)

0 2.3
2.1 2.3
2.1 -2.3
4.2 -2.3
4.2 2.3
6.2 2.3
6.2 -2.3

1
ΔP (MPa)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ΔP (Mpa)

-1
t(s)
-2

-3
time (s)
 t(s)
-2

-3
time (s)

666 m upstream of the valve X= 666 m

Time when ∆P is maximum (L-X)/C = 0.46 s
total Delay(Lag) time 1.15 s

time, t (s) ΔP (Mpa)

0 0
0.58 0
0.58 2.3
1.50 2.3
1.50 0
2.08 0
2.66 0
2.66 -2.3
3.58 -2.3
3.58 0
4.16 0
ΔP (MPa)

Pressure Variations a
3
ΔP

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

-1

-2

-3
t (s)
Question 1

Formula

1 1 D
 
E c E b Et
E
C  c

 P   Cv

6 7 ΔP (Mpa)

t(s)
 t(s)

Pressure Variations at 666 m upstream

ΔP (Mpa)

3 3.5 4 4.5

t (s)
 Question 2
Data Given
Reserior H(m)
A 160
B 130
C 80
Pipe L(m) D(m) λ K
JA 1600 0.3 0.015 40
JB 1600 0.2 0.015 25
JC 2400 0.25 0.025 50

(a) Trials Head at J (m) Q in AJ (m3/s) Q in BJ (m3/s) Q in JC (m3/s)

1 143.0 0.11786152009 -0.041671905279 -0.101355421491
2 142.0 0.121278503629 -0.040037071547 -0.100547795701
3 141.0 0.124601817672 -0.038332577614 -0.099733630109
4 140.0 0.127838767562 -0.036548678704 -0.098912763227
5 139.0 0.130995755719 -0.034673121053 -0.098085026807
6 138.9 0.131307279954 -0.03447995453 -0.098001868652
7 138.8 0.13161806685 -0.034285699719 -0.097918639873
8 138.7 0.131928121618 -0.034090338017 -0.097835340292
9 138.6 0.132237449409 -0.033893850282 -0.097751969727
10 138.5 0.132546055311 -0.033696216817 -0.097668527997

Positive flow means Entering Junction J

Negative flow means leaving Junction J

Q4(a) answers
Pipe Q(m^3/s)
JA 0.132
JB 0.034
JC 0.098

Q4(b) answers

Junct Elevation (m)

J 125
Head (H) 138.7
Presure head (m) 13.7

Presure gauge = 134.397 kPa

 Head loss
P  L  8Q 2
HJ  zj  J h  K   2 4  mQ 2
g  D   gd
Pipe AJ : H A  H J  mQ AJ
2

m Pipe BJ : H B  H J  mQ BJ
2

1223.78421001387
Pipe AJ : H J  H C  mQ JC
2
7486.1174721942
6132.62743322149 Fows
HA  HJ HB  HJ H J  HC
Net flow (at J) (m3/s) Q AJ  , Q BJ  , Q JC 
m m m
-0.02516580667979
-0.01930636361793
-0.013464390051202
-0.007622674369724
-0.001762392141046
-0.001174543227991
-0.000586272742894
2.4433093523402E-06
0.000591629399702
0.001181310497842
 HJ HJ  HC
, Q JC 
m m
 Question 3
Initial head difference between A to D Equivalent Pipe BC
Head difference 26 m assmumed L & λ
between A & D Data Provided Paramter
Pipe L(m) D(m) λ λ
AB 800 0.15 0.03 De
U 500 0.1 0.02
L 700 0.05 0.04 Computing for a and L
CD 300 0.1 0.02 b
Le
Workings: Neglecting Minor losses

Pipe L(m) D(m) λ N Losses (m)

AB 800 0.15 0.03 26107.3964803 4.74
BC 409.01492521 0.1000 0.02 67573.7109627 12.27
CD 300 0.1 0.02 49563.2605056 9.00
Total 143244.367949 26

Flow in pipes AB, BC,CD Q = 0.0135 m3/s

Losses between B and C h (AB) = 12.27 m

Answer:
Pipe Q(m3/s)
U 0.0122
L 0.0013
AB 0.01347
CD 0.01347
 Equivalent Pipe BC
Formulae
assmumed L & λ Pipes in Parallel
Quantity units
1 1
0.02 
 D  5 2  D 5
2 
 D
0.1000 m Q   QI   e
2 gh f  e
   
I 1 4  e Le   e Le  i 1  
Computing for a and Le
0.0011
Pipes in Series
409.01 m Q  Q 1  Q2
16Q 2  
hf  hf 1  hf 2  hf 3,  hf  
2 g 2  D
e Le 1 L1 2 L2 3 L3
 5   5
De5 D1 D25 D3
 1 1
 D 5
2 
 D 5
2
 e
    i
  b
 e Le  i 1  i Li 

16Q 2  e Le 
 hf  2  5 
 NQ 2
2 g   De 
 Question 4

Data Provided

Pipe L(m) D(m) λ ΔH = 120

i 50 0.3 0.02
ii 60 0.15 0.02

Equivalent Pipe
λ = 0.02 L= Length
Le = 110 m D = Diameter
a = 810700 ΔH= Head diffference
De = 0.168 m
K = 13.059

Stead state velocity: v= 13.427 m/s Ans.

The velocity to reach 99 % of its steady-flow value after the valve is opened suddenly
Time t= 3.084447 s

The corresponding time if the pipes can be assumed to be frictionless

Ignoring Friction
K =0

Time to reach 99% of v: t = 43.36482 s Ans.

Time to achieve velocity v

L v  v  L
t ln  0 , K   ki
1  K  v 0  v 0  v  D
Equivalent pipes in series with same 
Le L L L
5
 15  25  35  a
De D1 D 2 D3
 m

L= Length
D = Diameter
H= Head diffference

pened suddenly