SECONDARYENGLI

SHNOTES

FORM THREE
LI
STENI
NG&SPEAKI
NGFORFORM 3

PRONUNCI
ATI
ON

STRESSANDI
NTONATI
ONI
NSENTENCES

STRESS
Notall
syl
labl
esi
nawordaregivenequal
emphasi
s.Byt
hesamet
oken,
notal
lwor
dsi
na
sent
encearesai
dwi
thequall
ength.

Therel
ati
veemphasi
sthatmaybegivent
ocer
tai
nsy
ll
abl
esi
nawor
d,orcer
tai
nwor
dsi
na
sent
enceiswhatweref
ertoasst
ress.

Yousayasy
ll
abl
eorawor
disst
ressedwheni
tissai
dlouderorl
ongert
hant
her
est
.

St
ressi
sst
udi
edi
ntwol
evel
s:

(
a)Wor
dlev
el;
and

(
b)Sent
encel
evel
.

St
ressatt
heWor
dLev
el

Apar
tofacer
tai
nwor
dwhensai
dlouderorl
ongert
heni
tisst
ressed.

Rul
esofWor
dSt
ress

1.Fort
wo-
syl
l
abl
enounsandadj
ect
ives,
str
esst
hef
ir
st,
forexampl
e

Cl
oudycar
ton t
abl
e

2.Forver
bswi
tht
wosy
ll
abl
esandpr
eposi
ti
ons,
emphasi
zet
hesecondsy
ll
abl
e,f
or
example

3.Wor
dswi
tht
hreesy
ll
abl
es.

(
a)Thoseendi
ngi
n–er
,-l
y,emphasi
sputont
hef
ir
stsy
ll
abl
e,f
orexampl
e,

(
b)St
resst
hef
ir
st,
fort
hoseendi
ngi
nconsonant
sandi
n–y
,forexampl
e,

(
c)St
resst
hel
astsy
ll
abl
eift
hewor
dendsi
n–ee,
-ese,
-eer
,-i
que,
-et
te,
forexampl
e,

(
d)Lookatt
heoneswi
tht
hesuf
fi
xesbel
ow,
wher
est
ressi
spl
acedont
hesecond,

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage1

1
 -
ary
:li
brar
y

Ci
al:
judi
cial
,commer
cial

-
cian:
musi
cian,
cli
nici
an

-
tal
:capi
tal
,reci
tal

Str
essisimport
antinst
udy
ingt
heheteronyms.Apair
,orgr
oupofwordsi
srefer
redtoas
het
eronym whenthosewor
dsarespel
ledthesamewaybuthavedi
ff
erentpr
onunciat
ionand
meaning.Wehavetwomaincat
egori
esofheterony
ms:

(
a)Noun-v
erbpai
rs;
and

(
b)Ver
b-and-
adj
ect
ivepai
rs.

West
resst
hef
ir
stsy
ll
abl
eifnounandt
hesecondi
fver
b.

Exampl
esofnoun-
and-
ver
bpai
rsar
eincl
udedi
nthet
abl
ebel
ow:

Noun Ver
b Noun Ver
b

Abuse Gr
aduat
e

Recor
d Cement

Conv
ert Wi
nd

Abuse Si
n

Cont
est Pr
oduce

Dupl
i
cat
e Excuse

Pol
i
sh I
nsul
t

Rebel Per
mit

I
nsent
ences;

(
a)Manyf
act
ori
espr
oducet
hepr
oducewei
mpor
t.

(
b)Al
l
anbecameaconv
ertaf
terdeci
dingt
oconv
ertt
ochr
ist
iani
ty.

Sent
enceSt
ress

Sent
encest
ressi
saccentoncer
tai
nwor
dswi
thi
nasent
ence.

Mostsent
enceshav
etwobasi
cwor
dty
pes:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage2

2
 (
a)Cont
entwor
dswhi
char
ethekeywor
dscar
ryi
ngt
hesenseormeani
ng-message.

(
b)Str
uctur
ewordswhichj
ustmaket
hesent
encegr
ammat
ical
l
ycor
rect
.Theygi
vet
he
sent
enceit
sstr
uct
ure.

Lookatt
hesent
encebel
ow:

Buymi
l
kfeel
i
ngt
ir
ed.

Thought
hesentenceisi
ncomplete,
youwi l
lprobablyunder
standthemessagei
nit
.Thef
our
wordsar
ethecontentwor
ds.Verbs,nouns,adject
ives,
arecontentwor
ds.

Youcanaddwor
dst
othesent
encet
ohav
esomet
hingl
i
ke:

Wi
l
lyoubuymemi
l
ksi
nceIam f
eel
i
ngt
ir
ed?

Thewords:
wil
l
,you,me,si
nce,
I,ar
ejustmeantt
omakethesent
encecor
rectgr
ammat
ical
l
y.
Theycanal
sobestr
essedtobri
ngtheint
endedmeani
ng.

Nowl
et’
sst
udyt
hesent
encebel
ow:

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
.

Eachwor
dint
hesent
encecanbest
ressedt
obr
ingt
hemeani
ngasi
l
lust
rat
edi
nthet
abl
e.

Sent
ence Meani
ng

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Shedoesn’
tthi
nkt
hat
,butsomeoneel
sedoes.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. I
tisnott
ruet
hatJoant
hinkst
hat
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joandoesn’
tthi
nkt
hat
,sheknowst
hat
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. NotAki
nyi
,butsomeoneel
se.Pr
obabl
y
Nj
ugunaorAdhiambo.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joanthi
nksAki
nyi
didsomet
hingt
othegr
een
ski
rt
,maybewashedit
.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joanthi
nksAki
nyi
stol
esomeoneel
se’
sgr
een
ski
rt
,butnotmi
ne.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Shet
hinksAkiny
ist
olemyr
edski
rtwhi
chi
s
al
somissing.

Joandoesn’
tthi
nkAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenski
rt
. Joant
hinksAki
nyi
stol
emygr
eenshi
rt
.She

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage3

3
 mi
spr
onouncedt
hewor
d.

Exer
cise1

1.Thewordsthatfol
lowcanbenounsorverbsdependi
ngont
hest
ressedsy
ll
abl
e.Useeach
asbot
ht hever
bandnouninasinglesent
ence.

(
a)Cement

(
b)Addr
ess

(
c)Per
mit

(
d)Cont
ent

2.Underl
inet
hepar
toft
hewor
dinbol
dfacey
ouwi
l
lst
ressi
neachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng
sent
ences.

(
a)Theboyhasbeenaskedt
ode.
ser
tthede.
ser
t.

(
b)Myhandsomees.
cor
twi
l
les.
cor
tmet
othedance.

(
c)Af
terupdat
ingmyr
e.sume,
Iwi
l
lre.
sumemyj
obsear
ch.

(
d)Theyhav
etocon.
test
int
heannual
Mat
hcon.
test
.

(
e)I
fyoucon.
victme,
Iwi
l
lremai
nacon.
victf
or5y
ear
s.

Exer
cise2

Eachwor
dint
hesentencesbel
owcanbest
ressedt
obr
ingt
hemeani
ng.Whatwi
llbet
he
meani
ngwheneachwordisstr
essed?

(
a)Il
ovey
oursi
ster
’shandwr
it
ing.

(
b)Youcamel
atet
oday
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage4

4
I
NTONATI
ON
 I
tist
her
iseandf
all
ofv
oicei
nspeaki
ng.

 I
ntonat
ioni
scr
uci
alf
orcommuni
cat
ion.

 I
nEngl
i
sht
her
ear
ebasi
cal
l
ytwoki
ndsofi
ntonat
ion:
risi
ngandf
all
ing.

 Wecanusearrowstoshowthei
ntanoti
on–whet
herr
isi
ngorf
all
i
ng.↘r
epr
esent
sfal
l
ing
i
ntonat
ionwhi
l
e↗r epr
esent
stheri
singone.

Fal
li
ngI
ntonat
ion

 Fal
l
ingi
ntonat
ioni
swhenwel
owerourv
oiceatt
heendofasent
ence.

 Thi
susual
l
yhappensi
n:

(
a)St
atement
s,f
orexampl
e,

 Il
i
ke↘bananas.

 I
tisni
cewor
kingwi
th↘y
ou.

 Shet
rav
ell
edt
o↘El
dor
et.

(
b)W/
HQuest
ions

 Whati
syour↘name?

 Wher
edoy
ou↘l
i
ve?

 Howol
dar
e↘y
ou?

 Whoi
sthi
syoung↘man?

(
c)Commands

 Getout↘now.

 Gi
vemet
he↘money
.

 Cl
osey
our↘books.

(
d)Excl
amat
orysent
encese.
g.

 Whatawonder
ful
↘pr
esent
!

 How↘ni
ceofy
ou

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage5

5
 Ri
singi
ntonat
ion

 Whenwel
owerourv
oice.

 Usedi
n:

 Gener
alQuest
ionse.
g.

Doy
ouv
isi
tthem↗of
ten?

Hav
eyouseen↗her
?

Ar
eyour
eadyt
o↗st
art
?

Coul
dyougi
vemea↗pen,
please?

 Al
ter
nat
ivequest
ionse.
g.

Doy
ouwant↗cof
feeor↘t
ea?

Doeshespeak↗Ki
swahi
l
ior↘Engl
i
sh?

 Bef
oret
agquest
ionse.
g.

Thi
sisabeaut
if
ul↘pl
ace,
↗isn’
tit
?

Sheknows↘hi
m,↗doesn’
tshe?

 Enumer
ati
nge.
g.

↗One,
↗two,
↗thr
ee,
↗four
,↘f
ive.

Shebought↗br
ead,
↗cheese,
↗or
anges,
and↘appl
es.

Exer
cise

Usi
nganar
row,
det
ermi
newhet
herr
isi
ngorf
all
ingi
ntonat
ioni
susedi
nthesent
ences.

(
a)Thi
smusi
csoundsgood.

(
b)Il
ovewat
chi
nghor
rormov
ies.

(
c)Mysi
ster
’snamei
sAmi
na.

(
d)Bl
uei
smyf
avour
it
ecol
our
.

(
e)I
sthatt
vgood?

(
f)Doy
oul
i
ket
hatmov
ie?

(
g)Ar
eyouhungr
y?

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage6

6
 (
h)Getmemyshoes.

(
i)St
udyy
ourl
essonsnow.

(
j)Ar
eyoui
nsane?

(
k)Howmanymor
ehour
sbef
orey
ouar
edonewi
thy
ourwor
k?

(
l)Whi
chnov
eli
sthebestf
ory
ou?

(
m)Hei
sal
i
ttl
ebi
tner
vous,
isn’
the?

(
n)Youshoul
dli
stent
oyourpar
ent
s’adv
ice.

(
o)Di
dyouf
ini
shy
ourhomewor
k?

(
p)Wat
eri
sgoodf
ort
hebody
.

(
q)Thi
sisgood!

(
r)Whatacr
azyshow.

RHYTHM I
NPOETRY
 Rhy
thm i
sther
ecur
renceofabeat
.

 I
npoet
ry,
iti
sther
ecur
renceofapat
ter
nthatgi
vesadi
sti
nctbeatt
oal
i
ne(
s)i
napoem.

 Rhy
thm i
ssomet
hingt
hathappenswi
thr
egul
ari
ty.

 Tocr
eat
erhy
thm i
napoem,
apoetcanuse:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage7

7
i
. Consonancewhi
chi
sther
epet
it
ionofconsonantsoundswi
thi
nthenear
bywor
ds.

i
i
. Assonancewhi
chi
sdef
inedast
her
epet
it
ionofv
owel
soundswi
thi
nnear
bywor
ds.

i
i
i. Repet
it
ion.Awor
dorphr
aser
ecur
ri
ng.

i
v. All
it
erat
ion.Thi
sist
her
epet
it
ionofi
nit
ial
consonantsoundsi
ntwoormor
ewor
dswi
thi
na
l
ine.

v
. Rhy
mewhi
chi
sther
epet
it
ionofendi
ngsounds,
especi
all
yint
woormor
eli
nes.

 St
udyt
hepoem bel
owandi
dent
if
yway
sinwhi
chr
hyt
hm hasbeenachi
eved.

Asunshi
nyshower

Won’
tlastanhour
.

Rai
nbef
oresev
en

Cl
earbyel
even.

Mar
chwi
ndsandApr
ilshower
s

Br
ingf
ort
hMayf
lower
s.

Wi
shes

Won’
twashdi
shes.

Ear
lyt
obedandear
lyt
ori
se

Makesamanheal
thy
,weal
thy
,andwi
se.

 Rhy
mehasbeenused.Sev
eral
pai
rsofwor
dsr
hyme.Exampl
esi
ncl
ude:

Showerandhour

Sev
enandel
even

Shower
sandf
lower
s

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage8

8
  Al
l
iter
ati
on.Won’
tandwashar
eal
l
iter
ati
ve(
thesound/
w/.

 Consonancei
nthewor
ds“
heal
thy
”and”
weal
thy
”

Exer
cise

Readt
hepoem bel
owandi
dent
if
yhowr
hyt
hm hasbeenachi
evedi
nit
.

Mydoghasaspeci
altwi
st,
Shecan’
tgoadayunki
ssed

She’
snotanormaldog,
Herfur
sthecol
ourofalog

Hert
ail
saspoi
ntyasast
ick,
She’
dgeta10f
rom acr
it
ic.

Herbodyi
saslongasatel
ephonepol
e,
She’
sthet
otal
opposi
teofatrol
l
.

Hernamei
sRoxi
e,
Al
soknownasaDoxi
e.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage9

9
ASSONANCEANDALLI
TERATI
ONI
NPOEMS
Assonanceandalli
terat
ionaresoundpat
ter
nsusedinthepoem.Whi l
eassonancemakesuse
ofvowelsounds,al
lit
erati
onmakesuseofconsonantsounds.Thesesoundsar
erepeat
edint
he
wordsclosetooneanot her.

Nowr
eadt
hepoem bel
owal
oudbySt
evenHender
son.

Pat
hChoi
ces

Best
,Boy,Beli
eve
That
,There,Two
Pl
aced,Possibl
e,Pat
hs
Will
i
ng,Want i
ng, Wait
ing
Apprai
sing,Asking,Appl
ying
Lessons,Learned,Leads
Compass,Chosen,
Cour
se
Fool
s,Fi
nd,Fat
e
Si
n,Str
eet,
Set
Dri
v en,Determi
ne,Desti
ny
Sear ching,
Seeki
ng,Seei
ng
Offer i
ng,Openl
y,Oft
en
I
nt hepoem y oureal
izether
eisr
epet
it
ionoft
hebegi
nni
ngconsonantsounds.Lookatt
he
i
ll
ust rati
ons:

 Best
,Boy
,Bel
i
eves–sound/
b/hasbeenr
epeat
ed.

 Pl
aced,
Possi
ble,
Pat
hs–sound/
p/i
srepeat
ed

Thi
srepeti
ti
onofini
ti
alconsonantsoundsi
sal
li
ter
ati
on.I
ll
ust
rat
eot
heri
nst
ancesof
al
li
ter
ati
oninthepoem.

Ther
eisal
sor
epet
it
ionofv
owel
soundsi
nthewor
dscl
oset
oeachot
her
.Exampl
eswehav
e

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage10

10
seenar
e:

 Seeki
ng,
seei
ng–t
hesound/
i:
/hasbeenr
epeat
ed.

 Openl
y,Of
ten–t
hesound/
e/hasbeenr
epeat
ed.

Thi
srepet
it
iononv
owel
soundsi
nthenear
bywor
dsi
sassonance.

Fur
therPr
act
ice

Pi
ckoutal
lthei
nst
ancesofassonanceandal
li
ter
ati
oni
nthepoem t
hatf
oll
ows.

MyPuppyPunchedMei
ntheEy
e

Mypuppypunchedmei ntheeye
Myrabbitwhackedmyear
Myferr
etgaveaf r
ightf
ulcry
Androundhousekickedmyr ear

Myli
zardfl
i
ppedmeupsidedown
Mykit
tenki
ckedmyhead
Myhamstersl
ammedmet otheground
Andl
eftmenearl
ydead

Somyadv i
ce?Avoidregr
ets;
Nomatterwhatyoudo
Don’
teverl
etyourfamil
ypets
Takel
essonsinkungFu

CONSONANCE

Justli
kealli
ter
ati
on,
consonancemakesuseofconsonantsounds,onl
ythatt
hesesoundsar
ein
i
nt heinnerpart
softhewords(mi
ddl
eorend,butnotbeggi
ning).

Ther
earei
ll
ustr
ati
onsf
orthi
sinthetwopoemswehav
eread.I
nthepoem ‘
MyPuppyPunched
meintheEye’
ther
earethei
ll
ust
rati
onsasfol
l
ow.

 r
abbi
t,wacked–t
hesound/
t/hasbeenr
epeat
ed.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage11

11
  hamst
ersl
ammed–t
her
eisr
epet
it
ionoft
hesound/
m/

Note:Al
li
ter
ati
on,assonance,
andconsonancedon’
thav
etohav
ethesamel
ett
ers–i
tist
he
soundthatmustberepeated.

Rol
ePl
ayedbyAl
li
ter
ati
on,
Assonance,
andConsonance

1.Pr
ovi
demusi
cal
rhy
thm.

2.Makepoem i
nter
est
ing.

3.Maket
hepoem easi
ert
omemor
ize.

Exer
cise

Readthepoem bel
owandt
heni
dent
if
y,wi
thi
ll
ust
rat
ions,
inst
ancesofal
li
ter
ati
on,
assonance
andconsonance.

BLACKBREWRI
ESBRAVENES

ByJohnChi
zuba

Blackbr ewer iesbr aveness

I
ni nki ncor por ativ
ei ndividual
ism
Thoset innyt r acerstickingTime
Be-lit
tleblackbr avenessbasel essly
Mirrormymot ionmov esmoment ously
Directeddi agonal deeply
Hur thumanshear theav y
Becausebet terblackbel ieves
Dedi cation, det ermineddest i
nies
Ofouroddi ty, obviouslyoccupi ed
Wewel comewor l
dwor dswi thwar rant
Blacksbui ltbr avenessbuxom but terf
li
es
Enlightmentenchant ingegoenl arged
Decadebr av enessdebutdel i
ghtfully.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage12

12
ETI
QUETTE

APPROPRI
ATECHOI
CEOFREGI
STER
 Regi
sterdenot
est
hechoi
ceofl
anguage,
whet
hert
hatbef
ormal
ori
nfor
mal
.

 I
tist
hechoosi
ngofappr
opr
iat
elanguagef
ort
hecont
ext
.

 Ther
ear
efact
orst
hatdet
ermi
net
hel
anguageweuse.

 I
tisi
mpor
tantt
osel
ectt
her
ightl
anguagef
ort
her
ightsi
tuat
ion.

 Thechoi
ceofr
egi
steri
saf
fect
edby
:

(
a)Theset
ti
ngoft
hespeech;

(
b)Thet
opi
coft
hespeech;

(
c)Ther
elat
ionshi
pthatexi
stsbet
weent
hespeaker
s;and

(
d)Theage.

TheSet
ti
ng

Therearewor dsweusedependi ngont hefi

eld.Ther
earethoseweusei nthefi
eldofmedici
ne,
i
nthef i
eldoflawetc.theyarealsothosethatweuseathomewhent alki
ngtofamilymembers.
Achemi st,
forexample,wil
laskf or‘
sodium chl
ori
de’whil
eatthel
aborator
y,whil
eathomeshe
wil
lrequestfor‘
sal
t’
.Atwor kplace,peopletendtouseformall
anguagewhilei
nformall
anguage
athome.

Topi
c

 I
f,f
orexampl
e,y
ouwantt oaskforsomethi
ngval
uabl
efr
om abrot
heryouwouldsay:I
‘
waswonderi
ngifyoucoul
dlendme…. ’
.Thi
sisafor
mall
anguageeventhoughi
tisy
our

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage13

13
 f
ami
l
ymembery
ouar
etal
ki
ngt
o.

 Whenoffer
ingyourbossteaorcof
fee,
youwil
lsti
l
lusef
ormal
languagef
orexample:
Woul
‘ dyoumi ndbeingservedt
eaorcoff
ee?’andtoaf
ri
endyouwill
say
:‘Teaor
cof
fee?’

Rel
ati
onshi
p

Therear
ewordsyouusewhenspeaki
ngtodif
ferentpeopl
eindif
ferentsit
uat
ions.Moreoft
en
thannot
,ani
nti
matecouplewi
ll
usewordsli
ke‘darl
ing’
,‘
honey’
,etc.Thesewordscannotbe
usedtoaddr
essyourcol
l
eagueatwor
kplace;orevenyourpast
or.

Age

Ther
eareway
stospeakt
oachil
dandthoseofspeaki
ngt
oadul
ts.Toababy
,weusewor
dsl
i
ke
‘
popopoo’
whi
let
oanadult‘
l
ongcal
l
’,et
c.

TheWor
dsusedi
nDi
ff
erentFi
elds

Fi
eldofMedi
cine

Somewordsusedinthehospi
tal
s,cl
inicsandot
herheal
thst
ati
onsi
ncl
ude:
X-r
ay,
syr
inge,
par
acet
amol,
doctor,
nurse,mort
uary
, pati
ent
,et
c.

Pol
iceSt
ati
on

Lockup,
cel
l
,bond,
etc.

Ai
rpor
t

Ai
rcr
aft
,fl
i
ght
,ai
rhost
ess,
etc.

I
nfor
mat
ionTechnol
ogy

Comput
er,
lapt
op,
CPU,
Moni
tor
,sof
twar
e,har
dcopy
,har
ddi
sk,
etc.

School

Thewordsusedbytheteachers,st
udent
sandothersatschool
are:
chal
k,r
uler
,bl
ackboar
d,
seni
ort
eacher,
deputypri
ncipal
,deanofstudi
es,
etc.

Law

Techni
calt
ermsusedbyl awyersandinthecour t
sofl awincl
ude:adultprobat
ion,aff
idavi
t,
al
imony,AmicusCuriaebri
ef,
annulment,appeal,appell
ant
,appel
l
ee, arr
est,pl
aint
iff
,defendant
,
di
smissal
,oath,
revocati
onheari
ng,lear
nedf r
iend,etc.

Exer
cise

Readt
heconv
ersat
ionbel
owandt
henanswerquest
iont
hatf
oll
ow.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage14

14
Call
er:I
sthistheCr edex?
Receptioni
st:Yes,howmayIbeofhel ptoyou?
Call
er:I
t’
sDor othycalli
ng.
Receptioni
st:Oh,Dorothy !Howi
sthegoi
ng?
Call
er:Luncht oday?
Receptioni
st:Ofcour se..
Call
er:whattimet hen?
Receptioni
st:AfterIhav eseent
hedeput
yprinci
pal
.Ther
ear
epacket
sofchal
kIam supposed
todeli
ver.

(
a)Givi
ngthereasons,whereistheCredex?
(
b)Whatistherelat
ionshipbetweenthecal
lerandtherecept
ioni
st?
(
c)Explai
ntheformali
tyofthelanguagetherecept
ioni
standthecall
eruse.
(
d)Giveil
l
ustr
ationsfor(c)above.

SPEECHES
Hav
eyoueverst
oodinf
rontofabiggr
oupofpeopl
etopresenty
ourt
alk?Wel
lher
eweshal
l
l
ear
nhowtoprepar
eyourspeechanddel
i
veri
teff
ecti
vel
y.

Pr
epar
ati
onf
orSpeechDel
iv
ery

Therear
est
epsanyspeakershoul
dfol
l
owi
npr
epar
ati
onf
orpr
esent
ati
onofspeech.They
i
nclude:

1.Doingsomer esearchont
hetopict
opresent.Gett
hef act
saboutt
het
opi
c.I
fyoudo
enoughresearch,y
ourconf
idencel
evel
willbeboosted.

2.Pr
acti
ceinf
rontofagr
oupoffr
iendsorrel
ati
ves.Thi
scanal
sobedoneinfrontofa
mir
ror
,orvi
deot
apingy
ourr
ehearsal
s.Youwillbeabl
etocor
recty
ourgest
ures,post
ures
et
c.

3.Wri
tedownthepoi
ntsaboutt
het
opi
conanot
epad.Youcanr
efert
othem whengi
vi
ng
t
hespeech.

4.Planonhowt
ogr
oom anddr
essdecent
ly.Youshoul
dappearpr
esent
abl
etof
eel
confi
dent
.

Gr
abbi
ngandKeepi
ngAudi
enceAt
tent
ion

Youropeni
ngdet
ermi
neshowl
ongy
ouraudi
encewi
l
lli
stent
oyourpr
esent
ati
on.Oft
heyar
e

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage15

15
bor
edf
rom t
hebegi
nni
ng;
thechancet
haty
ourmessagewi
l
lef
fect
ivel
ygetacr
ossi
sver
yli
tt
le.

Themostcommonl
yusedmet
hodsar
e:

1.Aski
ngaquest
ion.Thequesti
onshoul
dmaket hem t
hinkaboutt
het
opi
c.Forexampl
e,
Howmanyofyouwoul
‘ dliketobemil
li
onai
res?’

2.St
ati
nganimpr
essivef
actconnect
edtothet
opi
cofy
ourpr
esent
ati
on.Forexampl
e:
About30%ofKenyansar
‘ emi l
li
onair
es.
’

3.Tell
i
ngast orycloselyconnectedtothetopic.I
tshouldnei
therbetoolongnorint
ended
totr
yt ogl
ori
fythespeaker .Forexample:“Dearaudience,
beforeIbeginIwoul
dliketo
tel
lyouashor tstoryaboutMai naWaKamaubecameami l
li
onai
re.Don’twor
ry,i
t’
snot
toolong.…..
”

Ot
hermet
hodsofbegi
nni
ngaspeechar
e:

 Usi
nghumour

 St
art
ingwi
thaquot
ethatt
ieswi
thy
ourt
opi
c.

 Usi
ngsoundef
fect
.

Pr
esent
ati
onofSpeech

Therear
ev ar
ioust
echni
quesofdel
iv
eri
ngspeech.Theyar
ewhatwi
l
lensur
eunder
standi
ngof
yourmessage.Someoftheset
echni
quesi
nclude:

1.Usegesturesef
fecti
vel
ytoreinf
orcethewordsandideasyouaret
ryi
ngtocommunicat
eto
youraudi
ence.Forexample,whental
kingaboutl
ove,youcanuseyourhandst
ofor
m acup
shapetoindi
catehowtinysomethingis.

2.Makeeyecont
actwi
thyouraudi
encememberstostudythei
rreacti
onstoyou.Ify
ousense
bor
edom,youneedt
oimproveandify
ousenseenthusi
asm,itwill
helppumpy ouup.

3.Usemov ementst
oest abl
i
shcont
actwit
hyouraudience.Gett
ingclosertothem phy
sical
ly
i
ncreasesthei
rat
tent
ionandi
nter
est,
aswellasencouragingresponseifyouareasking
questi
ons.

4.Yourpostureshoul
dbeupr
ight
.Thewayyouconductyour
sel
font
hepl
atf
orm wi
l
lindi
cat
e
youarerelaxedandi
ncont
rol
.Donotl
eanorslouch.

5.Wearappropr
iat
efaci
alexpr
essi
onst
oshowf
eel
i
ngsandemot
ions.Smi
l
etoshow
happi
ness,f
orexampl
e.

6.Speakl
oudenought
obehear
dbyal
lyouraudi
encemember
s.

7.Pr
onouncet
hewor
dscor
rect
lyandspeakcl
ear
lyf
ory
ourmessaget
obeunder
stood.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage16

16
8.Pauseatkeypoi
ntst
olett
hemessagesi
nk.

St
ageFr
ight

Almostallspeaker
sar
enervous.Eventhemostexperi
enceddo.Fearofaddr
essi
ngagroupi
s
notwrong,buthowwedeal wi
thitiswhati
spossibl
ynotgoodenough.Thosespeaker
swho
seem r
elaxedandconfi
denthavelear
nthowtohandleanxiet
y.

Sy
mpt
omsofNer
vousSpeaker
s

Ananxi
ousspeakercanbei
dent
if
iedi
ncaseof
:

 Shaki
nghands

 Sweat
ingpal
ms

 Dr
ymout
h

 Rapi
dhear
tbeat

 Squeakyv
oice

 Knocki
ngknees

 Faci
alf
lushes

 Wat
eryey
es

 Ment
alconf
usi
ons

 j
i
tter
s

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l.
comPage17

17
CausesofFear

1.Pastf
ail
uresdur
ingpr
esent
ati
on.Pl
ant
osucceedi
nst
ead.

2.Poorori
nsuf
fi
cientpr
epar
ati
on.Not
hinggi
vesy
oumor
econf
idencet
hanbei
ngr
eady
.

3.Di
scomf
ortwi
thy
ourownbodyandmov
ement
.

Deal
ingwi
thAnxi
ety

Aspeakercant
ryt
hesuggest
ionsbel
owt
odeal
wit
hanxi
etybef
oreandont
hedayofspeech.

Bef
oret
heday
;

1.Knowyourtopi
cbydoingadequat
eandthoroughr
esearch.Youwi
llbesur
eof
pr
esent
ingaccurat
einf
ormati
onandbeabletoanswerquesti
onsaskedbyaudi
ence
members.

2.Pr
acti
cedel
iv
eri
ngy
ourspeechsev
eral
times.Thi
shel
psy
oubesur
eofy
our
or
gani
zat
ionoft
hemai
npoints.

Ont
hatday
;

1.Dosomephy
sical
exer
cisesl
i
kepr
essups,
pushwal
l
s,et
c.t
oreduceanxi
ety
.

2.Usesi
mplerel
axat
iont
echni
quesl
i
ket
aki
ngdeepbr
eat
h,t
ight
eni
ngandr
elaxi
ngy
our
muscl
es,
etc.

3.Wearclothest
hatyouf
eelconfi
denti
n.whenyoufeel
goodaboutofy oufeel
,your
confi
dencelev
eli
sboosted.Youdon’
tneedt
oadjustyourcl
othesorhai
rduri
ngy our
speech.

4.Spotf
ri
endlyfacesinthecrowd.Thesear
epeopl
ewhogiveyouposi
ti
vef
eedback(
e.g.
noddi
ng,smil
i
ng) .Suchfacesgi
veyouencour
agementt
ospeak.

5.Comeupwi
thway
stohi
dey
ouranxi
ety
.Forexampl
e,

 Whenmout
hgoesdr
y,dr
inksomewat
er

 I
ncaseofexcessi
vesweat
ing,
wearcl
othest
hatwi
l
lnotal
l
owy
ouraudi
ence
det
ect

 I
fyourhandsshake,
usegest
urest
omaskt
heshaki
ng.

Exer
cise1

I
nthenextt
hreeday
s,y
ouar
epr
esent
ingaspeechont
het
opi
c:Ef
fect
sofHI
V/AI
DS.

(
a)Wr
it
edownanyt
hreeway
syouwoul
dpr
epar
efort
hespeechdel
i
ver
y.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage18

18
 (
b)Statethetechni
quesyouwouldemploytoensur
eyouraudiencel
ist
enst oyou
throughoutandthatt
heyunder
standthemessagedur
ingthepresentat
ion.

Exer
cise2

Makuf
uli
ispr
esent
inghi
sspeech.Yourf
ri
end,
Makwer
ecl
aimst
hatMakuf
uli
isnotconf
ident
.

(
a)Whatcoul
dhav
ewar
rant
edt
hiscl
aim?

(
b)St
atef
ourr
easonst
hatcoul
dbebehi
ndMakuf
uli
’
sst
ate?

DI
SCUSSI
ON
 Di
scussi
oni
sapr
ocesswher
eexchangeofi
deasandopi
nionsar
edebat
eduponi
na
gr
oup.

 Agr
oupwhi
chcompr
isesasmal
lnumberofpeopl
eisgi
venat
opi
ctodi
scuss.

Pr
epar
ati
onf
orGr
oupDi
scussi
on

Dot
hef
oll
owi
ngbef
orey
oust
artt
hedi
scussi
on:

1.Select
/choosegr
oupleader
s.Chooset
hesecr
etar
ytowr
it
ethepoi
ntsdownandt
he
chairt
oleadthedi
scussi
ons.

2.Researchroundthetopi
ctomakesur
eyouhav
ethepoi
nts.Youcangett
hepoi
ntsf
rom
thesourcesincl
udi
ng:

 Newspaper
sandmagazi
nes

 Fr
iends,
rel
ati
vesandt
eacher
s

 Textbooks

 I
nter
net

 Tel
evi
sion

3.Arr
iveear
lyf
ordi
scussi
ons.I
tisadv
isabl
eyoudososot
haty
oust
artear
lyandf
ini
sh
ear
ly.

4.Gat
herwr
it
ingmat
eri
als–penandnot
ebook.

5.Pr
epar
ewi
thquest
ionst
oask.

Par
ti
cipat
ingi
naGr
oupDi
scussi
on

Remembert
het
ipsbel
owf
orsuccessdur
ingt
hedi
scussi
on:

1.Lear
ntol
i
stent
oeachot
herandr
espondt
owhatot
herpeopl
ehav
etosay
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage19

19
 2.Speakwit
hmoderati
on.Whatyousayi
susual
l
ymor
eimpor
tantt
hanhowmuchy
ousay
.
Quali
tyi
sneededr
athert
hanthequant
it
y.

3.Backupeachpoi
nty
ouputacr
oss.Youcanexpl
ainy
ourpoi
ntsi
nanumberofway
s
i
ncludi
ng:

 Pr
ovi
dingf
act
sorst
ati
sti
cst
osuppor
tit
;

 Quot
ingexper
topi
nion;

 Expl
ainwhysai
dwhaty
ousai
d;and

 Ref
err
ingt
oyourownexper
ience.

4.St
aycal
m andpol
i
te.Usepol
i
tewor
dsl
i
ke‘
MayI….
?,pl
ease…,
etc.
’

5.Takenot
esofi
mpor
tantwor
dsandi
deas.

6.Speakcl
ear
ly.

7.Speakl
oudenought
obehear
dbyal
lthegr
oupmember
s.

TheCommonDi
scussi
onMi
stakes

Havingl
earntwhatyoushoul
ddoduringt
hedi
scussi
on,
letusnowl
ear
nwhatunderno
ci
rcumstancesydo.Youshouldnev
er:

 Domi
nat
ethedi
scussi
on;

 I
nter
ruptabr
upt
ly;

 Bei
naudi
ble;

 Car
ryoutmi
ni-
meet
ings;
or

 Tal
kov
ereachot
her
.

Exer
cise

Youandyourgroupmembershav
ebeenassignedthet
opic:‘
Responsibi
li
ti
esofaGoodCit
izen’
byyourt
eacherofHi
stor
yandGover
nment.Youaresupposedtodiscussthi
sbef
oreyougi
ve
thepr
esent
ati
onintwodays.

(
a)St
atet
hreeway
sinwhi
chy
ouwoul
dpr
epar
ebef
orey
oust
artdi
scussi
ngt
het
opi
c.

(
b)Howwoul
dyouensur
eyourgr
oupmember
sandy
our
sel
fbenef
itf
rom t
hisdi
scussi
on?

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage20

20
READI
NGFORFORM THREE

ORALLI
TERATURE

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOORALLI
TERATURE

ORALLI
TERATUREDEFI
NED

 I
tisaf
orm ofar
tver
bal
i
zed,
dramat
izedandper
for
med.

 Or
all
i
ter
atur
ecanbecat
egor
izedasei
therf
ict
ionornonf
ict
ion.

 Nonf
ict
ioni
sinf
ormat
ional
textt
hatdeal
swi
thanact
ual
,real
-l
if
esubj
ect
.

 Fi
cti
oni
sat
extt
hatdeal
wit
hnonf
act
ual
subj
ect
.

FORMSOFORALLI
TERATURE

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage21

21
 Ther
ear
evar
iousgenr
esofl
i
ter
atur
e.

 Thesegenr
esi
ncl
ude:

1.Or
alnar
rat
ives

2.Or
alPoems/
Songs

3.Pr
over
bs

4.Ri
ddl
es

5.Tongue-
twi
ster
s

6.Puns

 Pr
over
bs,
riddl
es,
tonguet
wist
ers,
andpunsar
eshor
tfor
msofor
all
i
ter
atur
e.Thi
sis
becauseoft
hei
rlengt
h.

REASONSFORLEARNI
NGORALLI
TERATURE

St
udyofor
all
i
ter
atur
eisi
mpor
tantt
oast
udentsi
ncehe/
she:

1.I
sabl
etounder
standhi
s/hercul
tur
eandappr
eci
atet
hecul
tur
eofot
her
s.

2.I
sabl
etoappr
eci
atehi
s/herhi
stor
y.

3.Appr
eci
atest
hecr
eat
ivi
tyi
nor
all
i
ter
atur
easameansofunder
standi
ngot
herAf
ri
can
ar
ts.

FI
ELDWORK

Def
ini
ti
onofFi
eldwor
k

 I
tref
erst
othepr
ocessofcol
l
ect
ingor
all
i
ter
atur
emat
eri
alf
rom t
hef
iel
d.

 Fi
eldst
udycanbecar
ri
edoutbyany
onei
ncl
udi
ngast
udent
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage22

22
I
mpor
tanceofFi
eldwor
k

1.Si
nceor
all
i
ter
atur
eisaper
for
medar
t,ast
udentcanwi
tnessandexper
iencet
he
per
for
mance.Whent
hiswr
it
ten,
thel
i
veaspect
sar
elost
.

2.I
tenabl
esast
udentt
ohav
eacont
actwi
tht
hecommuni
tyandt
hecul
tur
eoft
hat
communi
ty.

3.Ast
udenti
sequi
ppedwi
thr
esear
chski
l
ls.

4.I
tal
soenabl
esf
orr
ecor
dingofhi
stor
yofacommuni
ty.

St
agesi
nFi
eldwor
k

Ther
ear
efi
vekeyst
agesi
nfi
eldwor
k:

1.Pr
epar
ati
on

Adequat
epr
epar
ati
onshoul
dbet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
onf
orameani
ngf
ulr
esear
ch.You
candot
hef
oll
owi
ng:

 I
dent
if
ythenar
rat
orori
nfor
mant
.

 I
dent
if
ythel
ocat
ionoft
hei
nfor
mant
.

 Pl
anwhent
ovi
sitt
hei
nfor
mant
.

 Pl
ant
henecessar
ytool
sforr
ecor
dingt
hemat
eri
als.

 Gett
headmi
nist
rat
iveper
missi
ont
oconductt
her
esear
ch.

 Deci
deont
hemet
hodofdat
acol
l
ect
iont
ouse.

 Budgetf
ort
hef
iel
dwor
k.

2.Mat
eri
alcol
l
ect
ion

 Thi
siswher
etheact
ual
inf
ormat
ioni
sgat
her
ed.

 Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentmet
hodsofcol
l
ect
ingor
all
i
ter
atur
emat
eri
als:

i
. Obser
vat
ion

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage23

23
 i
i
. I
nter
views

i
i
i. Par
ti
cipat
ion

i
v. Useofquest
ionnai
res,
etc.

 Dot
hiscar
eful
l
y.

3.Recor
dingofi
nfor
mat
ion

Youcanr
ecor
dthemat
eri
alcol
l
ect
edby
:

i
. Wr
it
ingt
hei
nfor
mat
ion;

i
i
. Tapi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ion;
or

i
i
i. Fi
l
mingi
t.

4.Pr
ocessi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ion

 I
npr
epar
ati
onf
ori
nter
pret
ati
on,
anal
ysi
sanddi
ssemi
nat
ion,
scr
uti
nizet
he
i
nfor
mat
ion.

 Putdownt
her
ecor
dedi
nfor
mat
ioni
nwr
it
ing.Youcandot
hiswor
dforwor
d.Thi
sis
cal
l
edt
ranscr
ipt
ion.

 Youcant
ransl
atei
tint
hel
anguagey
ouwoul
dli
kei
ttobeshar
ed.Thi
sist
ransl
ati
on.

5.Anal
ysi
sandI
nter
pret
ati
onofmat
eri
al

Att
hisst
age:

i
. Cl
assi
fyt
hemat
eri
ali
ntogenr
esandsub-
genr
esusi
ngpar
ti
cul
arcr
it
eri
a.

i
i
. I
dent
if
ythet
hemes.

i
i
i. I
dent
if
yst
ylesused.

i
v. I
dent
if
yfunct
ionsoft
hei
tem.

v
. I
nter
prett
hei
nfor
mat
ion.

v
i. Dr
awconcl
usi
ons.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage24

24
Met
hodsofCol
lect
ingOr
alLi
ter
atur
eMat
eri
als

1.I
nter
views

 Ani
nter
viewi
nvol
vesmeet
ingt
her
espondentf
acet
ofaceandv
erbal
l
yaski
ng
quest
ionsi
nor
dert
oseekt
her
equi
redi
nfor
mat
ion.

2.Recor
dingper
for
mance

Fi
rsthandi
nfor
mat
ionont
hingsl
i
keper
for
manceandchant
ingcanber
ecor
dedusi
ngt
ape
r
ecor
der
s,et
c.dur
ingt
hef
est
ival
sinwhi
cht
heyar
eper
for
med.

3.Obser
vat
ion

 Thi
sisawayofgat
her
ingi
nfor
mat
ionordat
abywat
chi
ngbehav
ior
,ev
ent
s,ornot
ing
phy
sical
char
act
eri
sti
csi
nthei
rnat
ural
set
ti
ng.

 Obser
vat
ioncanei
theral
l
owoneknowhe/
shei
sbei
ngobser
ved,
orwi
thouthi
m/her
notbei
ngawar
e.

4.Par
ti
cipat
ion

 Thecol
l
ect
oroft
hemat
eri
alcanal
sopar
ti
cipat
eint
heenact
mentoft
heor
alf
orms
l
i
kedanceandsong,
etc.i
fhe/
shehast
heski
l
lst
o.

 I
tisi
mpor
tantt
onot
ethathi
s/herpar
ti
cipat
ionshoul
dnotdi
str
acthi
m/herf
rom her
i
nvest
igat
iver
oles.

5.Admi
nist
eri
ngQuest
ionnai
res

 Aquest
ionnai
rei
sar
esear
chi
nst
rumentcont
aini
ngser
iesofquest
ionsandpr
ompt
gi
vent
othei
nfor
mantf
ort
hepur
poseofgat
her
ingt
hei
nfor
mat
ion.

Met
hodsofRecor
dingOr
alLi
ter
atur
eMat
eri
als

1.Memor
yoft
heResear
cher
.Ther
ear
eindi
vi
dual
swhocanr
ememberal
lthei
nfor
mat
ion
col
l
ect
edespeci
all
yifi
tisnotl
ong.

2.Useoft
aper
ecor
der
s.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage25

25
 3.Vi
deot
api
ng

4.Wr
it
tenr
ecor
ds.Youcanhav
ewr
it
ingmat
eri
alst
oputdownt
hei
nfor
mat
iongat
her
ed.

Chal
lengesLi
kel
ytobeEncount
ereddur
ingt
heFi
eldwor
k

 Anor
alr
esear
chercanencount
erpr
obl
emswhi
l
eint
hef
iel
d.

 Someoft
hechal
l
engesonei
sli
kel
ytof
acei
nanat
temptt
oseekt
her
equi
red
i
nfor
mat
ionar
e:

1. Languagebar
ri
er.I
fther
esear
cheri
sunabl
etounder
standt
hel
anguageoft
he
i
nfor
mant
,andv
icev
ersa,
noi
nfor
mat
ioni
sli
kel
ytobecol
l
ect
ed.

2.Host
il
it
yoft
hei
nfor
mantcommuni
ty.

3.Tr
anspor
tchal
l
enges.

4.I
tmi
ghtbeexpensi
ve.

5.Thei
nfor
mantmi
ghtaskf
orpay
ment
s.

ORALNARRATI
VES

Def
ini
ti
onofanOr
alNar
rat
ive

 Anar
rat
ivei
sapr
oset
hatr
ecount
sev
ent
s,peopl
e,andpl
aces.

 Anar
rat
ivecanei
therbef
ict
ional
(nonf
act
ual
)ornonf
ict
ional
(fact
ual
).

 Thet
ermsusedt
omeant
hesameasanar
rat
iv et
ear al
e,ol
f kt
al orast
e, ory.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage26

26
 Ati
tsessence,
anor
alnar
rat
ivei
sast
oryspokent
oanaudi
ence.

 Anor
alnar
rat
ivei
shandeddownf
rom gener
ati
ont
ogener
ati
onbywor
dofmout
h.

 Aswel
ear
ntear
li
er,
anor
alnar
rat
ivei
soneoft
hegenr
esofor
all
i
ter
atur
e.

 Aper
sonwhot
ell
sast
oryi
sknownasanar
rat
or.

Qual
it
iesofaGoodNar
rat
or

Agoodnar
rat
or:

1.I
sconf
ident
.

2.I
sabl
etouset
henon-
ver
bal
ski
l
lsl
i
kegest
ures,
faci
alexpr
essi
ons,
etc.

3.Usesst
agewel
l
.

4.I
nvol
vest
hei
raudi
encei
nthenar
rat
ion.

Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofOr
alNar
rat
ives

 Nar
rat
ivesar
ecat
egor
izedi
ntodi
ff
erentcl
asses.

 Thesecl
assesar
e:

(
a)My
ths

(
b)Legends

(
c)Ogr
eormonst
erst
ori
es

(
d)Tr
ickst
erst
ori
es

(
e)Et
iol
ogi
cal
Nar
rat
ives

(
f)Di
l
emmast
ori
es

(
g)Fabl
es

(
h)Spi
ri
ttal
es

(
i)Al
l
egor
y

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage27

27
(
a)My
ths

 Deal
wit
hor
igi
ns.

 Ther
eisasuper
nat
ural
bei
ngi
nvol
ved.

 Theyexpl
aint
heor
igi
nofdeat
h,or
igi
nofagr
oupofpeopl
e,et
c.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofMy
ths

1.Ast
oryt
hati
sorwasconsi
der
edat
rueexpl
anat
ionoft
henat
uralwor
ld(
andhowi
tcamet
o
be)
.

2.Char
act
ersar
eof
tennon-
human–e.
g.gods,
goddesses,
super
nat
uralbei
ngs,
fir
stpeopl
e.

3.Set
ti
ngi
sapr
evi
ouspr
oto-
wor
ld(
somewhatl
iket
hisonebutal
sodi
ff
erent
).

4.
 Pl
otmayi
nvol
vei
nter
playbet
weenwor
lds(
thi
swor
ldandpr
evi
ousoror
igi
nalwor
ld)
.

5.
 Depi
ctev
ent
sthatbendorbr
eaknat
ural
laws(
ref
lect
iveofconnect
iont
opr
evi
ouswor
ld)
.

(
b)Legends

 Al
egendi
sast
oryaboutanout
standi
ngper
sonwhohaspar
ti
cipat
edi
nthe
hi
stor
ical
event
sofacommuni
ty.

 Al
egendi
sast
oryofaher
oknownt
opeopl
e.

 Basedonf
actbutal
soi
ncl
udesi
magi
nat
ionmat
eri
al.

 Ther
eisal
soanel
ementofexagger
ati
on.

 Ther
ear
eal
sohi
stor
ical
event
s.

 Somewel
lknownl
egendsar
e:

i
. KoomeNj
ue

i
i
. WanguwaMaker
i

i
i
i. MugowaKi
bir
u

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage28

28
 i
v. Mekat
il
il
iwaMenz
a

v
. FumoLi
yongo

v
i. LuandaMager
e

 Thet
argetaudi
enceofl
egendsar
eusual
l
ythey
out
hsot
hatt
heycanemul
atet
he
her
oorher
oine.

Mai
nFeat
uresofLegends

 Ther
ear
eext
raor
dinar
yact
ionsdonebyt
heher
o.

 Fact
sinsuchst
ori
esar
ehi
stor
ical
.

 Feat
uresment
ionedar
eact
ual
ones.

 I
nsome,
ther
eisanaspectofbet
ray
al.

 El
ementofexagger
ati
oni
scommon.

 Bi
rt
hordeat
hisassoci
atedwi
thsomemy
ster
y.

 Ev
ent
sar
eint
hepr
esentwor
ld;
theonewel
i
vei
n.

(
c)Ogr
eSt
ori
es

 Anogr
eusual
l
yrepr
esent
sanev
il
.

 Ogr
ear
eusual
l
ydest
roy
edatt
heend.

 Theyhav
ehappyendi
ng.

Funct
ionsofOgr
eSt
ori
es

1.Theywar
nagai
nstst
ranger
s.

2.Theycaut
iony
out
hagai
nstmar
ryi
ngt
hepeopl
etheydon’
tknow.

(
d)Tr
ickst
erSt
ori
es

 Achar
act
ermakesupf
oraphy
sical
weaknesswi
thcunni
ngandsubv
ersi
vehumour
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage29

29
  Thet
ri
ckst
eral
ter
nat
ivesbet
ween:

i
. Cl
ever
nessandst
upi
dit
y;

i
i
. Ki
ndnessandcr
uel
ty;

i
i
i. Decei
veranddecei
ved;
and

i
v. Br
eakeroft
aboosandcr
eat
orofcul
tur
e.

(
e)Et
iol
ogi
cal
Nar
rat
ives

 Theyexpl
aint
heor
igi
nofacer
tai
nphenomenon.

 Anet
iol
ogi
cal
nar
rat
ivei
sani
magi
nat
ivest
oryt
ri
gger
edbyquest
ion“
howorwhy
”
somet
hingcamet
obei
nthewor
ld.

 Ex
ampl
esar
e:

i
. Whyr
ainbowappear
sint
heskyaf
teri
trai
ns.

i
i. Whyhar
ehasashor
ttai
l
.

WhyTur
tl
esLi
vei
nWat
er

Turtl
esusedt oliveont heland, theysay ,unt i
lthet i
meacl ever
turt
lewascaughtbysomehunt ers.Theybr oughthi mtotheirvi
ll
age
andpl acedt het urtlebef oretheChi ef,whosai d, “Howshall
wecookhi m? ”
“You’llhav et okillmef i
rst,
”sai dt het urtl
e,“andt akemeoutof
thi
sshel l.
”
“We’llbr eaky ourshel lwithsticks,”t heysai d.
“That’l
l nev erwor k,”saidt hetur tl
e, “Whydon’ ty outhrowme
i
nt hewat eranddr ownme? !
”
“Excellenti dea,”sai dtheChi ef.Theyt ookt het urtl
etotheriver
andt hrewhi mi ntot hewat ertodr ownhi m.
Theywer econgr at ulat
ingt hemsel vesont heirsuccessi ndrowning
thetur t
le, whent wol it
tlegreeney espokedupi nt hewaterandt hel
aughi
ngt
urt
lesai
d,“
Don’
t
getthosecooki ngpot soutt oo
fast,fool i
shpeopl e!”Asheswam awayhesai d, “
Ithi
nkI’
llspend
mostofmyt imef rom nowon, saf elyinthewat er.
”

Andi
thasbeent
hatwayev
ersi
nce.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage30

30
(
f)Di
lemmaSt
ori
es

 Adi
l
emmast
oryshowsachar
act
eroragr
oupofchar
act
ersf
acedwi
tht
woormor
e
al
ter
nat
ives,
noneofwhi
chi
seasyt
omake.

 Theconf
li
cti
ngsi
tuat
ionar
isesf
orachar
act
ert
ochoosef
rom.

 Adi
l
emmast
oryi
samor
all
yambi
guousst
ory
,thusal
l
owst
heaudi
encet
ocomment
orspecul
ateupont
hecor
rectsol
uti
ont
othepr
obl
em posedi
nthest
ory
.

 Adi
l
emmast
oryhasaper
plexi
ngsi
tuat
ion,
whi
chpr
esent
sdi
ff
erentpossi
bil
i
ties,
andbot
hoft
hem seem pr
act
ical
l
yaccept
abl
e.

Funct
ionsofDi
lemma

1.Di
l
emmagi
vest
heaudi
enceani
nsi
ghti
ntochar
act
ers’
li
ves.

2.I
tal
socr
eat
essuspense.Thi
sisbecauset
heaudi
encewi
l
lbel
eftwonder
ingwhi
ch
choi
cet
hechar
act
erwi
l
lmake.

(
g)Fabl
es

 Feat
ureani
mal
char
act
ers.

 Ani
mal
sspeakashumanbei
ngs.

 Nowr
eadt
hest
orybel
ow.

Onceuponati
me,t
her
ewasaharewholovedtoboastofhi
sspeedinfr
ontoft
heother
ani
mal
s.Heaskedt
hetor
toi
set
otakeupthechal
l
engeinthenextcompeti
ti
onwi
thhim.

All
theani
malsweresur
pri
sedthatt
het
ort
oiset
ookupthechal
lenge.Hewasknownt obea
ver
yslowani
mal.However
,adaywasfi
xedfort
hegr
eatraceandalltheani
mal
slookedfor
war
d
toi
t.

Ont hedayoftherace, noanimalwenttothemarket

.Noonewenthunting;
allt
heanimal
s
gatheredtoget
her,excitedtowatchtheracebet
weenthet
ort
oiseandthehare.Bot
hanimal
s
werer eady,
eachoft hem fel
tconfi
dentandevery
onewonder
edwhyt hetor
toi
sewasso
confidentsi
ncetheyf el
thewasnomat chfort
hehare.

Theel
ephantst
art
edt
hem of
fwhenhebl
ewhi
sbi
gwhi
stl
eandt
hesoundr
angacr
osst
he

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage31

31
enti
rejungl
e.Ev
eryyearwasaler
t,ev
eryey
efi
xedont
het
wocompet
it
ors.Whowi
l
lwi
nthe
great
estanimalr
aceinhist
ory
?

Theharedar t
edalmostoutofsightatonce,butsoonst opped.Inordertoshowthatt hetort
oise
wasnomat chforhi
m andshouldnothav eaccept
edhi schallengei
nt hefir
sti
nstance, hel
ay
downt ohaveanap.
Sl
owl ybutsurel
y,t
hetort
oisepl
oddedon.Hehadagoal ,hehadaf ocusandhenev erlooked
back.Whent hehareawokefrom hissleep,
hesawt hetor t
oisenearthefini
shl
ine.Hej umped
upandt r
iedtocatchupwithhim butitwastoolate.Thedeedhadbeendone.

Totheamazementofal l
theanimals,
thet or
toi
sehadcrossedt hef
ini
shli
ne.I
twas
unbeli
evabl
e.Thehare
washumbl ed.Hehadnochoicebuttocongr at
ulat
ethetor
toiseandaccepthi
m ast
hewi
nner
.
Allt
heanimalslear
ntaveryi
mportantlessonfrom t
hetort
oise.

(
h)Spi
ri
tTal
es

Ghost
sorspi
ri
tsf
eat
urei
nsuchst
ori
es.

(
i)Al
legor
y

 Real
li
fei
srepr
esent
edbychar
act
ersandev
ent
s.

 Thoughembodi
esr
eal
li
fe,
iti
spr
esent
edasi
fiti
sfi
cti
onal
.

Set
ti
ngi
nOr
alNar
rat
ives

 Thr
oughacommuni
ty’
sor
alnar
rat
ive,
wecanl
ear
nal
otaboutt
hem.

 Anor
alnar
rat
ivegi
vei
nfor
mat
ionont
hef
oll
owi
ng:

1.Thephy
sical
env
ironment
.Feat
uresl
i
kel
akes,
mount
ains,
for
est
s,et
c.ar
e
ment
ioned.

2.Economi
cact
ivi
ti
es.

 Thesear
etheact
ivi
ti
esoroccupat
ionst
hroughwhi
cht
hecommuni
tyear
ns
i
tsl
i
vel
i
hood.

 Theseact
ivi
ti
esi
ncl
ude:

 Hunt
ing

 Li
vest
ockkeepi
ng

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage32

32
  Cr
opf
armi
ngorcul
ti
vat
ion

 Bee-
keepi
ng,
etc

 t
hement
ionofpr
oduct
sli
kehoney
,tool
s,sor
ghum,
mil
k,et
cwi
l
lleadus
knowt
heeconomi
cact
ivi
ti
esoft
hatcommuni
ty.

3.Soci
alact
ivi
ti
es

Thesear
eact
ivi
ti
esl
i
kecer
emoni
es,
rel
i
giouspr
act
icesandf
ormsofent
ert
ainment
.

4.Pol
it
icalact
ivi
ti
es

Her
ewel
ear
n:

 Thepowerst
ruct
ure

 Waract
ivi
ti
es

FEATURESOFORALNARRATI
VES

Or
alnar
rat
iveshav
emanyf
eat
ures.Themai
nonesi
ncl
ude:

 Useofopeni
ngf
ormul
a.Thi
sisusedt
oindi
cat
ethebegi
nni
ngofast
ory
.Ital
sor
emov
est
he
audi
encef
rom t
hewor
ldofr
eal
i
tyandt
aket
hem t
othewor
ldoff
ant
asy
.Awor
ldoff
ant
asy
i
swher
ebonesspeak,
aki
ngi
sthel
i
on,
etc.somecommonl
yusedopeni
ngf
ormul
aphr
ases
ar
e‘al
ongt
imeago…’
,‘
onceuponat
ime’
,‘
ther
eoncewas….
’
,and‘
l
ong,
longago…’

Openi
ngFor
mul
aser
vest
hef
oll
owi
ngf
unct
ions:

1.Announcest
hecomi
ngofanar
rat
ive.

2.Get
stheat
tent
ionoft
heaudi
ence.

3.Remov
est
heaudi
encef
rom t
hewor
ldofr
eal
i
ty.

4.I
dent
if
iest
henar
rat
or.

 UseofCl
osi
ngf
ormul
a.I
tmakest
heendofast
ory
.Ital
sor
emov
est
heaudi
encef
rom t
he
wor
ldoff
ant
asyandt
aket
hem backt
othewor
ldofr
eal
i
ty.Her
ear
eexampl
esofcl
osi
ng
f
ormul
ae:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage33

33
  Andt
hati
swhy…

 Andt
her
eendsmyst
ory
.

 Fr
om t
henonwar
ds…

 Tocomet
otheendofmyst
ory…

Acl
osi
ngf
ormul
aser
vessuchf
unct
ionsas:

1.Announci
ngt
heendoft
henar
rat
ive.

2.Moment
ari
l
yrel
easest
heaudi
encef
rom concent
rat
ion.

3.Br
ingsbackt
heaudi
encet
othewor
ldofr
eal
i
ty.

4.Cl
ear
sthewayf
ort
henextnar
rat
iveoract
ivi
ty.

 Useofi
diophones.Ther
eist
heuseofwor
dst
hati
mit
atet
hemov
ementorsoundsmadeby
char
act
ersi
nthest
ory
.Forexampl
e,

 Thebeesf
lewbuzzbuzz
buzz.

 Thewomanl
aughedhahahahaha.

 Thebr
anchwascutkacha.

 Repet
it
ion.Awor
d,phr
ase,
asong,
orev
enasent
encecanoccurmor
ethanoncei
nast
ory
.
Ther
epet
it
ioni
smeantt
o:

i
. Br
ingoutt
hemeani
ng.

i
i
. Emphasi
zeapoi
nt.

i
i
i. Mai
ntai
nther
hyt
hm.

i
v. Sust
aint
hemoodi
nthest
ory
.

 Useofsongs.Manynar
rat
iveshav
esongs.Thesongsper
for
mthef
oll
owi
ngf
unct
ions:

(
a)Br
ingsoutt
hechar
act
ert
rai
ts.

(
b)Br
ingsoutt
het
heme.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage34

34
 (
c)Toent
ert
ain.

 Fant
asy
.Imagi
nar
yandf
act
ual
l
yimpossi
blet
hingsar
ecr
eat
edi
nthest
ory
.

 Al
l
usi
ons.

i
. Fami
l
iarobj
ect
sorper
sonswel
lknownar
eref
err
edt
o.

i
i
. Compl
expr
obl
emsar
eex
plai
nedandcl
ari
fi
edbyr
efer
ri
ngt
osomet
hingt
heaudi
ence
i
sfami
l
iarwi
th,
eg.

 Thebi
ble

 Hi
stor
y

 Famouspeopl
e

 Useofsuspense.

 Her
etheaudi
encei
slef
twonder
ingwhatwi
l
lhappennext
.

 Thecl
i
maxi
sdel
ayed.

 Ther
eisal
sot
heuseofdi
alogue.Achar
act
erspeaksdi
rect
lyt
otheot
her
.Di
aloguei
sused
t
obr
ingoutt
het
heme,
char
act
ert
rai
tsaswel
last
odev
elopt
hepl
otoft
hest
ory
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage35

35
TECHNI
QUESOFSTORYTELLI
NG

 Ther
ear
esev
eral
stor
ytel
l
ingdev
icesanar
rat
orcandeci
det
ousewhendel
i
ver
inganor
al
nar
rat
ive.

 Thet
echni
quesanar
rat
orcanusei
ncl
ude:

 Useofgest
ures.Gest
uresar
emeantt
orei
nfor
cet
hei
dea.Forexampl
ewhent
alki
ng
aboutachar
act
ergoi
ng,
youcanst
ret
chy
ourar
mtoshowt
hat
.

 Al
ter
ingy
ourf
aci
alexpr
essi
onsaccor
dingt
otheemot
ionandf
eel
i
ngsi
nthest
ory
.Do
notf
rownwhent
heemot
ionhappy
.

 Var
yingt
het
oneofy
ourv
oicedependi
ngonwhaty
ouar
esay
ingandwhoi
ssay
ingi
t.
Thet
oneshoul
dbel
owwhenf
orexampl
easmal
lani
mal
tal
ks,
andhi
ghwhenabi
gone
speaks.

 Changi
ngt
hepaceofnar
rat
ion.Ther
ear
ethoseuni
mpor
tantdet
ail
sthatcanbesai
d
f
ast
er.

 I
nvol
vi
ngt
heaudi
encei
nthenar
rat
ion.Aski
ngt
hem t
ojoi
nyouwhensi
ngi
ngwi
l
lbe
okay
.

 Useofmi
micr
y.Her
eanar
rat
ori
mit
atest
hespeech,
act
ionorot
hermanner
ismsoft
he
char
act
er,
forexampl
e,t
hewal
ki
ngst
yleofachar
act
er,
etc.

Readt
hest
orybel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionsaf
teri
t.

Alongti
meago, ther
ewasapr egnantwomanwhosehusbandhadgonet oworkinadist
ant
pl
ace.Thehusbandwasabl acksmith.Att
hewoman’sdeli
ver
y,anogrepl
ayedmid-
wif
etoher.
Apartf
rom t
hattheogreal
soassistedheringat
her
ingfi
rewoodfrom t
hefor
estandal
so
cookedherf
ood.

Ever
ytimet heogrecamebackf rom t
heforest,hewouldpretendtoof f
erherfoodsaying,
“wagaci
arinduketuhiuhi
o”(Tr
anslat
edas:Newl ydeli
ver
edmot her
,takethi
sdelicacy
).Hethen
muncheddownt hefoodhimself
.Hewouldr epeatthi
swithwhenev eroffer
inghergruel
sayi
ng:Wagaci
” arindukegacuru.Wreganganywa. ”Anddrankithimself.

Thi
scont
inuedf
orawhi
l
e,andwhi
l
etheogr
ebecamef
atandsl
eek,
thenur
singmot
herbecame

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage36

36
v
eryt
hinandweak.

Duri
ngthosedays,womenusedtoputcast
orseedsouttodr
yinthesun.Whi
l
et heseeds
dri
ed,
thedovescouldcomeandsteal
thoseseeds.Oneday,
thewomanspottedadov eand
sai
dtohim:

“Youdov
e,y
ouhav
eeat
enal
lmycast
orseeds.Now,
ifIsendy
ouonaner
rand,
wil
lyoucar
ryi
t
out?
”

“
Yes,
Ican,
”thedov
eanswer
ed.

“
Right
,Iwoul
dli
keyout
ofl
ytot
hel
andofbl
acksmi
thsandoncey
ougett
her
e,passt
he
f
oll
owingmessage:

Mut huriuguturai bl
acksmi t
h Isay ,ohyou
Cangar ara-
il
-ca Ciangarara-I-ca
Taraturanar ua-i
l Hast entofinishwhat everyouar
edoing.
Cangar ara-
il
-ca Cangarara-I-ca
Mukaguoni aachi ari
re-I yourwi f
ei swi thchil
d
Cangar ara-
i-
ca Cangarara-i-ca
Agiciai
thioni i
rimu- I Anogr eispl ay i
ngnursetoher
Cangar ara-
i-
ca Cangarara- i
-ca
Ekwi r
uonduket uhiuhio-I Sheisbei ngof fer
edfood
Cangar ara-
i-
ca Cangarara-i-ca
Nawar egangar ia-I Buttheogr eeatseatsital
l
Cangar ara-
il
-ca Cangarar a-i
-ca
Thedov edeliveredthemessageasr equest ed.Whenshegott othelandoftheblacksmi
ths,
she
sangt hesong.Thebl acksmit
hshear
dthedov esingingandaskedeachot her,“
Whosewi fei
s
expectingababy ? ”

Oneofthem conf
essedhehadanexpect
antwif
eandhewasaskedbyt
herestt
ofi
ndoutwhat
washappeni
ngathome.Whenhegothome, thewif
etol
dhi
mt hewhol
est
ory.

Allthiswhile,
t heogrewasi nthefor
estgather
ingfi
rewood.Thehusbandshar
penedtheknifei
n
readinesstof acet heogre.Theogrecamebackanddr oppedthefi
rewoodwithat t
hud,hu.He
thenr ebukedt hemot hersayi
ng:Wagaci
“ ai
riuroguanamur ur
umoucio.”(
Newlydel
iver
ed
mot her,mayy ouf al
lwiththesamethud!)

Thenursi
ngmotherrespondedback,
“Onaweur
ogu.
”(
Youtoo!
)
Theogrewassurpr
ised.Hesaid,
“Yousur
pri
semewit
hyourar
rogancet
oday
.Coul
ditbet
hat
thebl
acksmi
thisback?”

Theblacksmi
thgotangr
yandevenbefor
etheogrefini
shedtal
king,
hespearedhim.Short
ly,
befor
etheogredi
ed,hecri
edwi
thaloudvoi
cesaying,“
Iti
sjustasIhadthought
.Thesojourner
s
havecomeback.OhdearmeIam dyingbecauseofmygr eed!
”Andwiththesewords,
hedied.
Thereendsmystory
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage37

37
Quest
ions
(
a)Whatfeat
uresoft
hisst
oryqual
if
yitasanor
alnarr
ati
ve?
(
b)Ifyouwer
etheonenarr
ati
ngthestor
y,howwouldyouhaveper
for
medt
hel
astpar
agr
aph?

Readt
henar
rat
ivesbel
owandt
henanswerquest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.

Gi
rlandt
heKi
ng

Longagot her
ewasaweal t
hyki ngwhost art
edof fonaj ourneytovi si
ttheki
ngofa
neighbouri
ngcountr
y.Onhi swayhewasaccompani edbyhi sbodyguar dandal arge
groupofmi ni
ster
s.Owi ngtot henat ureofthelandscape, t
heonl ymeansoft r
ansport
wasbycamel .Somewher ealongt heway, hefoundagr oupofgi rl
sf et
chingwaterfr
om
awel l
.Atoncehewasst r
uckbyt her esemblanceoft hegirl
s,butoncl oserobservat
ion
heidenti
fi
edonegi r
lhehadf al l
eni nlovewith.Heatoncedeci dedt hathewoulddo
somet hi
ngtoengageher .Hegavet hegi r
lhisblazer,whichhei nstr
uctedhertowear
al
waysasasi gnofidenti
fy.Hef urtherpromisedt hatoncehewasbacki nhi
scountry,
hewoul dsendforherandt heemi ssarywouldident i
fyherbyherj acket.

Aft
ertheki
ng'sdepartur
e,theothergir
lsbeguntoenvyt heluckygir
landconst
antl
y
beggedhert
ol etthem t
rytheblazeron,butshewoul dn'
tbudge.Dayspassedi
nto
weeksandthegi r
lsti
l
lfai
thful
l
ykeptwear ingtheking'scoat.Overt
imeshebegunto
wonderwhetherthekinghadforgottenhispromisebutst i
l
lshekeptweari
ngthecoat.

Onedayshewentt ocoll
ectfirewoodint hecompanyoft heot hergi
rl
s.Asshewas
movingaboutinthebushshesawapi r
atemonkeyadmi ringherandshest oppedto
gi
vei tt
heti
me.Thepirat
egr eetedherandcomment edont hebeautyoft hebl
azershe
waswear i
ng.Sheimmediatelytoldthepirat
ethestorybehindheracquisiti
onofthe
coat.Thepir
atet
henrequestedt hatshelethimtr
yitonsot hatshecouldseehow
beautif
uli
twas.

Thegirlr
eluct
antl
yagreedtoletthepiratetr
ythecoatonandnosoonerhadi tdoneso
thani
tjumpedi nt
oat r
eeandl eftt
hegi r
linwonder .Thegirlbegunt ocl
imbthet r
eeand
thepi
ratejumpedtothenextt r
ee.Ast hegir
lranf r
om treet otr
ee,thepir
atekept
j
umpingandsoondi sappearedfrom thegirl
'ssight.Thegirlret
urnedhomemi ser
abl
e
butconsoledbythethoughtthataft
erallthekinghadf orgottenhispromise.

Shortl
yaf t
erthatincidentthekingsenthi smessengerstocoll
ectt
hegirlandreminded
them thattheywoul dfindseveralidenti
calgir
lsandthatt
heywouldidenti
fythebrideby
ablazerbear i
nghissealwhi chshewoul dbewear i
ngWhent hemessengerscamet o
thevil
lagewher ethegi rl
slivedtheywereunabl et
oidenti
fytheonetheywerelooking
for,
asal lofthem resembl edoneanot her.Thepart
icul
argir
ltr
iedt
oexplainthatshe
wast heonebutt hemessenger sdi dnottakeherbecauseshedidnothavetheking's
coat.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage38

38
Theysear
chedthewhol
evi
l
lagewi
thoutf
indingthegi
rlandeventual
l
ygaveup,
and
wereonthei
rwayhomewhenoneofthem spott
edthepirat
einthetree.

Themessenger
sthenr
anaf
tert
hepi
rat
eandmanagedt
oar
resti
tandt
akei
thomet
o
theki
ng.

(
a)Cl
assi
fyt
hisnar
rat
ive.

(
b)I
dent
if
ythef
eat
uresofor
alnar
rat
ivespr
esenti
nit
.

GRAMMAR FORFORM THREE

PARTSOFSPEECH

NOUNS

(
a)TYPI
CALNOUNDERI
VATI
ONS
 Der
ivat
ioni
sawor
dfor
mat
ionpr
ocessi
nwhi
cht
her
eisaddi
ti
onofaf
fi
xest
ocr
eat
enew
wor
ds.

 Anouncanbeder
ivedf
rom t
hef
oll
owi
ngcat
egor
ies:

(
a)v
erb

(
b)adj
ect
ive

(
c)anot
hernoun

Der
ivi
ngNounsFr
om Ver
bs

Toder
iveanounf
rom av
erb,
addoneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsuf
fi
xest
othev
erb:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage39

39
Ver
b Suf
fi
x Noun

Car
ry Age Car
ri
age

Ar
ri
ve Al Ar
ri
val

Domi
nat
e Ance/
ence Domi
nance

Per
sist
ence

Wr
it
e i
ng Wr
it
ing

Manage Ment Management

Separ
ate Ti
on Separ
ati
on

Mot
ivat
e Mot
ivat
ion

Di
vi
de Si
on Di
vi
sion

Cl
ose Ur
e Cl
osur
e

Def
end Ant Def
endant

Mar
ket Er Mar
ket
er

Sai
l Or Sai
l
or

Ty
pe i
st Ty
pist

Der
ivi
ngNounsf
rom Adj
ect
ives

Toder
iveanounf
rom anadj
ect
ive,
addt
othatadj
ect
ive,
oneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsuf
fi
xes:

Adj
ect
ive Suf
fi
x Noun

Act
ive I
on Act
ion

I
ty Act
ivi
ty

Lazy ness Lazi

ness

St
rong t
h St
rengt
h

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage40

40
Exer
cise1

Cr
eat
enounsf
rom t
hewor
dsl
ist
edi
nthet
abl
ebel
ow.

Wor
d Noun

Cl
ean

Teach

Adv
ise

Ani
mat
e

Audi
t

Gov
ern

Oper
ate

Conduct

Negot
iat
e

Pl
ay

Super
vise

Det
ermi
ne

Suppl
y

Dr
um

Publ
i
sh

Obser
ve

Bui
l
d

Mat
eri
ali
ze

Capt
ure

Mov
e

Exer
cise2

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage41

41
Uset
hecor
rectf
orm ofwor
dinbr
acket
stocompl
etet
hesent
ence.

a)Your_
___
___
___
___
__t
othi
sjobhasbeenr
ecogni
zed.(
commi
t)

b)_
___
___
___
___
__oft
hiswor
disdi
ff
icul
t.(
pronounce)

c) Whati
sthe_
___
___
___
___
___oft
hist
abl
e.(
measur
e)

d)Ther
ehasbeengr
eat_
___
___
___
___
_inherl
anguage.(
dev
elop)

e) Ihav
ehear
dthi
s__
___
___
___
___ov
erandov
er.(
nar
rat
e)

f
) Ipr
efer_
___
___
___
___
___
___cour
set
omedi
cine.(
engi
ne)

g)Theyshoul
dimpr
ovet
hei
rlev
elof_
___
___
___
___
___
__.(
concent
rat
e)

h)Thi
spr
ofessori
sagr
eat_
___
___
___
___
.(hi
stor
y)

i
) Iwi
l
lpayf
ort
hisphonei
n__
___
___
___
___
__.(
inst
all
)

j
) Hecan’
twal
kal
onebecauseofhi
s__
___
___
___
___
_.(
bli
nd)

(
b)GENDERSENSI
TIVELANGUAGE
 Gendersensi
ti
ve/
neut
ral
languagei
sthatwhi
chi
sfr
eeofst
ereot
ypesandbi
ases.

 Av
oidusi
nggender
-speci
fi
cti
tl
esl
i
kepoet
ess.I
nst
eaduse“
poet
”.

 Avoi
dusi
ngexpr
essi
onswi
thgener
ict
erm man.Forexampl
e,don’
tsay“
lay
man”
.Use‘
l
ay’
in
st
ead.

 Makesureyouuseparal
l
elconst
ruct
ionsi
ncor
respondence.Forexampl
e,Mr
.andMr
s.Gy
le,
butnot
,Al
iceandMr.Gyl
e.

 Thet
abl
ebel
owshowst
hegender
ednounsandgender
-neut
ral
nouns.

Gender
edNouns Gender
-Neut
ralNouns

Man Per
son/
indi
vi
dual

Fr
eshman Fi
rst
-yearst
udent

Manki
nd Peopl
e/humanbei
ngs/
humani
ty

Man-
made Machi
ne-
made/
synt
het
ic

Thecommonman Av
erageper
son/
ordi
nar
yper
son

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage42

42
Toman Tooper
ate

Post
man/
mai
l
man Mai
lcar
ri
er/
let
tercar
ri
er/
post
alwor
ker

Pol
i
ceman Pol
i
ceof
fi
cer

St
ewar
d/st
ewar
dess Fl
i
ghtat
tendant

chai
rman Chai
r/
chai
rper
son/
coor
dinat
or

Congr
essman Congr
essper
son/
legi
slat
or

Dearsi
r Dearsi
rormadam

Cat
tl
eman Cat
tl
erancher

spor
tsman Spor
tsper
son

Cowboy Cowhand

Wor
kman Wor
ker

Newspaper
man Jour
nal
i
st

Busi
nessman Busi
nessper
son

For
eman Shi
ftboss/f
oreper
son/super
visor

Sal
esman Sal
esper
son

Cr
aft
sman Cr
aft
sper
son

Cl
ergy
man Cl
ergy
/cl
ergy
per
son

Fi
sher
man Fi
shesf
olk

Cl
ansman Cl
anmember

Wat
chman Secur
it
yof
fi
cer
/secur
it
yguar
d

Spokesman Spokesper
son

headman Chi
ef/head/
leader

Wi
thPr
onouns;

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage43

43
  Usesex-
neut
ral
thi
rdper
sonasappr
opr
iat
e.

 Wr
it
ebot
hpr
onounopt
ions.

 Use“
sheorhe”or“
she/
he”

PRONOUNS

(
a)PRONOUNCASE
 Apr
onouncanbeeff
ecti
vewhenweuseanappr
opr
iat
ecase(
for
m).I
fthi
sdoesnothappen,
t
hereadermayr
emainpuzzl
edordi
str
act
ed.

 Ther
ear
ethr
eecommonpr
onouncases:

 Subj
ectpr
onouns(
subj
ect
ivecase)

 Obj
ectpr
onouns(
obj
ect
ivecase)

 Possessi
vepr
onouns(
possessi
vecase)

(
a)Subj
ect
iveCase

 Usedast
hesubj
ectofasent
enceorofasubor
dinat
ecl
ause.

 Thepr
onounsusedi
nthi
sposi
ti
onar
e:

 I

 We

 You

 He

 She

 I
t

 They

 Al
sor
efer
redt
o“nomi
nat
ivecase”
.Exampl
es,

(
i) Youcal
l
edmet
henewst
udent
.

(
ii
) Wear
ereadyf
ort
her
ace.

(
ii
i) Il
i
kei
t.

(
iv) Her
unsf
ast
er.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage44

44
(
v) Theynev
erappr
eci
ateany
thi
ng.

(
b)Obj
ect
iveCase

 Pr
onounsi
nthi
scasef
unct
ionast
her
eci
pient
soft
heact
ions.

 Theyar
eusedasobj
ect
sofv
erbsorpr
eposi
ti
ons.

 Thepr
onounsi
nthi
sfor
mincl
ude:

 Me

 Us

 You

 Hi
m

 Her

 I
t

 Them

Exampl
esi
nsent
ences

(
i) I
tnev
err
ainsonme.

(
ii
) Mor
aaboughthi
m af
lower
.

(
ii
i) Sheshowedusar
oundt
het
own.

(
iv) Thebabyhasbeennamedaf
tery
ou.

(
c)Possessi
veCase

 Theyshowwhoorwhatownssomet
hing.

 Thepr
onounsusedi
nthepossessi
vecasei
ncl
ude:

 Mi
ne

 Our
s

 Your
s

 Her
s

 Hi
s

 I
ts

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage45

45
  Thei
rs

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

(
i) Thenewphonei
smi
ne.

(
ii
) Ofal
lthesongs,
iti
syour
sIenj
oyedt
hemost
.

(
ii
i) Hi
ssoni
scomi
ngsoon.

 Al
lef
for
tsshoul
dbemadenott
oconf
useonepr
onouncasewi
thanot
her
.

Exer
cise

I
neachsent
encebel
ow,
repl
acet
heunder
li
nedwor
d(s)wi
thanappr
opr
iat
epr
onounf
orm.

(
a)Isol
dmybi
ket
oAbdi
.

(
b)Isol
dmybi
ket
oAbdi
andYussr
a.

(
c)Isol
dmybi
ket
oAbdi
andYussr
a.

(
d)Thebi
ke’
sbr
akewasbad.

(
e)Abdi
gav
ethebi
ket
oAbdi
andYussr
a’sson.

(
f) Thesonpr
omi
sedt
opayhi
spar
ent
sfort
hebi
ke.

(
g)Theson’
sgi
rl
fr
iendr
odet
hebi
kei
ntoaf
ishpond.

(
h)Thepondbel
ongst
omeandmyf
ami
l
y,andmyf
ami
l
yandIar
eunhappy
.

(
i)Thef
ish’
stemperi
sal
mostasbadasmyt
emper
.

(
j)Abdi
andYussr
ahav
eof
fer
edt
opaymeandmyf
ami
l
yfort
hedamage.

(
b)DEMONSTRATI
VEPRONOUNS

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage46

46
 Todemonst
rat
eist
oshow,
toi
ndi
cat
e,ort
opoi
ntt
o.

 Ademonst
rat
ivepr
onounr
epr
esent
sat
hingort
hings:

(
a)Neari
ndi
stanceort
ime,
forexampl
e,

 Thi
s

 t
hese

(
b)Fari
ndi
stanceort
ime,
forexampl
e,

 That

 Those

 Lookatt
heexampl
esi
nsent
ences

(
a)Thi
slast
slonger
.

(
b)Hav
eyouseent
hat
?

(
c)Thosewer
etheday
s.

(
d)Lookatt
hese.

Exer
cise

Fi
llt
hebl
ankswi
th:t
his,
that
,those,
these.

1._
___
___
___
___oneher
eismyf
ri
end.

2.Ihat
e__
___
___
___
_booksov
ert
her
e.Theyl
acksomuch.

3.Coul
dyoubr
ingme_
___
___
___
___chai
rIl
eftout
side.

4._
___
___
___
_bananasar
esweet
!Coul
dyouaddmemor
e?

5.Howcoul
dyoubuyat
hingl
i
ke_
___
___
___
?Getmet
heot
herone.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage47

47
VERBS

(
a)TRANSI
TIVEANDI
NTRANSI
TIVEVERBS
Tr
ansi
ti
veVer
bs

 At
ransi
ti
vev
erbhast
wof
eat
ures:

 I
tisanact
ionv
erbt
hatexpr
essesadoabl
eact
ivi
ty.Forexampl
e,eat
,jump,
cli
ck,
etc.

 Itmusthaveadi
rectobj
ect
.Adi
rectobj
ecti
ssomet
hingorsomeonewhor
ecei
vest
he
acti
onofthever
b.

 Ani
ndi
rectobj
ectcanal
sobet
her
ebuti
tpr
ecedst
hedi
rectobj
ect
.

 Lookatt
hesent
encesbel
owandsaywhet
hert
hev
erbsi
nthem hav
edi
rectobj
ect
s.

(
i) Joanboughthi
m anhandker
chi
ef.

(
ii
) Col
mandr
ewt
hepi
ctur
e.

(
ii
i) Ieatbananasandmangoes.

(
iv) Mywr
istwat
chcost
sal
otofmoney
.

(
v) Di
dyoumakecof
feet
hismor
ning?

(
vi) Myni
ececal
l
edmeear
li
ery
est
erday
.

 I
nt hesentencest
hatf
oll
ow,
thedi
rectobj
ect
sar
einbol
dfacewhi
l
ethei
ndi
rectobj
ect
sar
e
underl
ined.

(
i) Wecancal
lyouMar
tha.

(
ii
) Ourpar
ent
steachuspoems.

(
ii
i) Al
i
cewr
oteJuneal
ovepoem.

(
iv) Br
ingmeacupoft
eapl
ease.

I
ntr
asi
ti
veVer
bs

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage48

48
 Theycanbef
oll
owedbyacompl
ement
.

 Thecompl
ementi
susual
l
yanadj
ect
iveoranadv
erb.

 St
udyt
hesent
encesbel
ow.

(
i) Theat
hlet
esr
anf
ast
.

(
ii
) Thef
oodt
ast
esi
nsi
pid.

(
ii
i) Ther
ainr
ainsev
erymor
ning.

 I
nt hethreesentencesabove,
theact
ionsorstat
esdenotedbyt hev
erbs‘
ran’
,‘
tast
es’
,and
‘
rai
ns’ ar
erepresentedasremaini
ngi
nt hesubj
ects‘
athl
etes’
,‘
food’
,and‘
rai
n’
,andnotas
passingovertoanobj ect
.

 Thethr
eev
erbsdonotr
equi
reobj
ect
stocompl
etet
hesense.Theyar edi
ecal
l ntr
ansi
ti
ve
ver
bs.

 Ani
ntr
asi
ti
vev
erbi
sonet
hatdoesnotr
equi
reanobj
ectt
ocompl
etet
hesense.

 Somev
erbsar
eusedbot
hast
ransi
ti
veandi
ntr
asi
ti
ve.Forexampl
e,

 Thebi
rdf
les.i
i ntr
ansi
ti
vever
b

 Theboyf
li
eshi
ski
te.Tr
ansi
ti
vever
b

Exer
cise

Saywhet
hert
hev
erb(
s)i
nthesent
encear
etr
ansi
ti
veori
ntr
ansi
ti
ve.

a)Juni
orl
i
kesphones.

b)Jeni
ferbr
usheshert
eet
hev
erymor
ning.

c) Ismi
l
ewhenev
erIpl
aygames.

d)Ri
char
dsl
eeps8hour
saday
.

e) Mybossof
fer
edmeanewj
ob.

f
) Thehor
ser
unsf
ast
er.

g)Shepr
omi
sedmeshewoul
dvi
sit
.

h)Thef
ami
l
ywor
ksi
nthef
iel
dev
ery
day
.

i
) Nj
eri
cooksmedi
nner
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage49

49
 j
) Thef
oodsmel
l
sgood.

k) Iowey
ouhundr
edshi
l
li
ngs.

l
) Al
lthecandi
dat
espassedt
het
est
.

(
b)I
NFI
NITI
VES
 Ani
nfi
nit
ivei
sat
ypeofv
erbal
consi
sti
ngoft
hewor
d‘t
o’pl
usav
erb.Exampl
esar
e

 Tof
ly

 Toent
er

 Tocat
ch

 Tobel
ong

 Tobecome

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage50

50
  Todr
aw

 Tost
andet
c

 Thev
erbher
eshoul
dbei
nit
ssi
mpl
estst
em f
orm.

 Ani
nfi
nit
ivef
unct
ionsasanoun,
anadj
ect
iveoranadv
erb.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

(
i) Ev
ery
onewant
edt
oleav
e.

(
ii
) Toswi
mismyhobby
.

(
ii
i) Youl
ackt
hest
rent
htor
esi
st.

 Ani
nfi
nit
ivehast
hef
oll
owi
ngf
unct
ionsi
nasent
ence:

a)Asasubj
ectofav
erb,
forexampl
e,

Tocr
yiswhatIhat
emost
.

b)Asanobj
ectofav
erb,
forexampl
e,

Shewant
stogo.

c) Asasubj
ectcompl
ement
,forexampl
e,

Mydr
eam i
stof
ly.

d)Asanadj
ect
ive,
forexampl
e,

Hel
ackst
heski
l
ltoswi
m.

Exer
cise

Rewri
teeachofthefol
lowi
ngsent
encesusi
ngt
hev
erbi
nbr
acket
s.Becar
eful
nott
ochanget
he
meaningofthesent
ence.

a)Ist
art
edr
eadi
ng.(
read)

b)Hest
oppedsmoki
ng.(
smoke)

c) Wr
it
ingi
smor
edi
ff
icul
tthanr
eadi
ng.(
wri
te,
read)

d)Joggi
ngi
sagoodexer
cise.(
jog)

e) Il
i
kecy
cli
ng.(
cycl
e)

f
) Ienj
oyswi
mmi
ng.(
swi
m)

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage51

51
(
c)PHRASALVERBS
 Aphr
asal
verbi
sav er
bpl
usapreposi
ti
onoradv
erb,
oracombi
nat
ionofbot
h,andwhi
ch
cr
eat
esadif
fer
entmeani
ngf
rom theor
igi
nal
ver
b.

 Ther
earet
ransi
ti
vephr
asal
ver
bs.Theyar
ethoset
hatcanbef
oll
owedbyanobj
ect
.
Exampl
e

Ir
ani
ntomyol
dfr
iend.

“
myol
dfr
iend”i
stheobj
ectof“
rani
nto”

 Ther
ear
eal
soi
ntr
ansi
ti
vephr
asal
ver
bs.Theycannott
akeanobj
ect
.Exampl
e

Di
dheshowup?

 Somet
ransi
ti
vephr
asal
ver
bshav
etheobj
ectpl
acedbef
oret
hepr
eposi
ti
on.Exampl
e,

 Wekeptourr
elat
ionshi
pfr
om myf
ri
endsf
orsomet
ime.

 Somet r
ansit
ivephrasal
verbsar
einsepar
abl
e.Theobj
ecti
sonl
ypl
acedaf
tert
he
preposi
ti
on.Forexample,

 Ial
way
shandi
nmyassi
gnmenti
nti
me.

 Shei
slooki
ngf
orwar
dtomi
dter
m br
eak.

 Somet r
ansit
ivephrasal
verbscant
akeanobj
ectatbot
hpl
aces–bef
oreandaf
tert
he
preposi
ti
on.Forexample,

 Thebr
other
sputoutt
hef
ir
ebef
oret
hef
ir
emencame.

 Thebr
other
sputt
hef
ir
eoutbef
oret
hef
ir
emencame.

TheCommonl
yUsedPhr
asal
Ver
bs

1.Ask(
somebody
)out–i
nvi
teonadat
e

2.Askar
ound–asksev
eral
peopl
ethesamequest
ion.

c. Addupt
o(somet
hing)–equal

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage52

52
4.Back(
somet
hing)up—r
ever
se

5.Back(
somebody
)up–of
fersuppor
t

6.Bl
ow(
sth)up–expl
ode

7.Br
eakdown–st
opwor
king/
funct
ioni
ng(
ofamachi
ne,
orav
ehi
cle)

8.Br
eakdown–t
obeupset

9.Br
eak(
sth)down–di
vi
dei
tint
osmal
l
erpar
ts

10.Br
eaki
n–ent
erabui
l
dingf
orci
bly

11.Br
eaki
n–t
oint
err
upt

12.Br
eaki
nto(
sth)–ent
erf
orci
bly(
house,
etc)

13.Br
eakout–escape

14.Br
eakouti
n(st
h)–dev
elopacondi
ti
on(
ski
n)

15.Br
eakup–endar
elat
ionshi
p

16.Br
eakup–st
artl
aughi
ng

17.Br
ing(
sbdy
)down–causet
heper
sont
obeunhappy

18.Br
ing(
sbdy
)up–r
aiseachi
l
d

19.Br
ing(
sth)up–st
artt
alki
ngaboutat
opi
c

20.Br
ing(
sth)up–v
omi
t(onecanbr
ingt
hef
oodup)

21.Cal
lar
ound–makephonecal
l
stosev
eral
peopl
e

22.Cal
l(sbdy
)back–r
etur
naphonecal
l

23.Cal
l(st
h)of
f–cancel

24.Cal
lon(
sbdy
)–askf
oranopi
nionorananswerf
rom someone

25.Cal
lon(
sbdy
)–v
isi
tsomeone

26.Cal
l(sbdy
)up–phonet
heper
son

27.Cal
m down–af
terbei
ngangr
y,onecal
msdown

28.Cat
chup–gett
othesamepl
ace/
poi
ntassomeoneel
se

29.Checki
n–ar
ri
ve,
andr
egi
steratahot
elorai
rpor
t

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage53

53
30.Checkout–l
eav
eahot
el

31.Checkout
(sbdy
/st
h)–t
olookat

32.Cheerup–becomehappi
ert
hanbef
ore

33.Cheer(
sbdy
)up–makesomeonehappi
er

34.Chi
pin—hel
p

35.Cl
ean(
sth)up–t
ocl
ean,
ort
idysomet
hing

36.Comeacr
oss(
sth)– unexpect
edl
yfi
ndsomet
hing

37.Comeapar
t–separ
ate

38.Comedownwi
th(
sth)–becomesi
ck

39.Comef
orwar
d–t
ogi
veev
idenceorv
olunt
eerdosomet
hing

40.Counton(
sbdy
/st
h)–r
elyon

41.Cr
oss(
sth)out–dr
awal
i
net
hrough

42.Cutbackon(
sth)–consumel
ess

43.Cut(
sth)down–makesomet
hingf
all
tot
hegr
ound

44.Cuti
n–i
nter
rupt

45.Cuti
n–st
artoper
ati
ng(
engi
neoranel
ect
ri
cal
dev
ice)

46.Cut(
sth)of
f–st
oppr
ovi
ding(
elect
ri
cit
y,wat
er,
etc)

47.Cut(
sth)of
f–r
emov
ewi
thsomet
hingshar
p

48.Cut(
sbdy
)of
f–t
akeoutofawi
l
l

49.Cut(
sth)out–r
emov
epar
tofsomet
hing(
usual
l
ywi
thar
azor
blade,
orsci
ssor
s)

50.Doawaywi
th(
sth)–di
scar
d

51.Do(
sth)up–cl
ose,
orf
ast
en

52.Dr
essup–wearni
cecl
othi
ng

53.Dr
opback–mov
ebacki
naposi
ti
on

54.Dr
opby
/in/
over–comewi
thoutanappoi
ntment

55.Dr
op(
sbdy
/st
h)of
f–t
akesomeone/
somet
hingsomewher
eandl
eav
ethem/
itt
her
e.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage54

54
56.Dr
opout–qui
tacl
ass,
school
,col
l
ege,
etc

57.Eatout–eatatar
est
aur
ant

58.Endup–ev
ent
ual
l
ydeci
de/
do/
reach

59.Fal
lapar
t–br
eaki
ntopi
eces

60.Fal
ldown–f
all
ont
hegr
ound

61.Fal
lout–separ
atef
rom ani
nter
ior(
pocket
,forexampl
e).

62.Fal
lout–becomel
ooseandunat
tached(
hai
r,t
eet
h,et
c)

63.Fi
gur
e(st
h)out–f
indananswer
,under
stand

64.Fi
l
l(st
h)i
n–t
owr
it
einf
ormat
ioni
nbl
anks(
egonaf
orm,
quest
ionnai
re)

65.Fi
l
l(st
h)up–f
il
ltot
het
op

66.Fi
ndout–di
scov
er

67.Get(
sth)acr
oss/
over–communi
cat
e,makesomet
hingt
obeunder
stood

68.Getal
ong/on–l
i
keeachot
her

69.Getar
ound–hav
emobi
l
ity

70.Getaway–goonahol
i
day

71.Getawaywi
th(
sth)–dosomet
hingwi
thoutbei
ngpuni
shed

72.Getback–r
etur
n

73.Get(
sth)back–r
ecei
vesomet
hingy
ouhadbef
ore

74.Getbackat(
sbdy
)–t
aker
evenge

75.Getbacki
nto(
sth)–becomei
nter
est
edi
nsomet
hingagai
n

76.Geton(
sth)–st
epont
oav
ehi
cle

77.Getov
er(
sth)–r
ecov
erf
rom ani
l
lness,
loss,
ordi
ff
icul
ty

78.Getov
er(
sth)–ov
ercomeapr
obl
em

79.Gett
oget
her–meet(
forsoci
alr
easons)

80.Getup–getoutofbed

81.Getup–st
and

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage55

55
82.Gi
ve(
sbdy
)away–r
eveal
hiddeni
nfor
mat
ionaboutsomeone

83.Gi
ve(
sth)away–r
uinasecr
et

84.Gi
ve(
sth)away–gi
vesomeonesomet
hingf
orf
ree

85.Gi
ve(
sth)back–r
etur
nabor
rowedt
hing

86.Gi
vei
n–st
opf
ight
ingorar
gui
ngr
eluct
ant
ly

87.Gi
ve(
sth)out–gi
vesomet
hingt
omanypeopl
e(nor
mal
l
yforf
ree)

88.Gi
ve(
sth)up–qui
tahabi
t

89.Gi
veup–st
opt
ryi
ng

90.Goaf
ter–f
oll
owsomeone

91.Goaf
ter(
sth)–t
ryt
oachi
evesomet
hing

92.Goagai
nst(
sbdy
)–compet
e,opposesomeone

93.Goahead–st
art
,pr
oceed

94.Goback–r
etur
ntoapl
ace

95.Goout–l
eav
ehomet
oonacer
tai
nsoci
alev
ent

96.Gooutwi
th(
sbdy
)–dat
e

97.Goov
er(
sth)–r
evi
ew

98.Goov
er–v
isi
tsomebodywhoi
snear
by

99.Gr
owapar
t–st
opbei
ngf
ri
endsov
eraper
iod

100. Gr
owup–becomeanadul
t

101. Gr
owi
nto(
sth)
–gr
owbi
genought
ofi
t

102. Hand(
sth)down–gi
vesomet
hingt
hathasbeenusedt
osomeoneel
se

103. Hand(
sth)i
n–submi
t

104. Hand(
sth)out–t
odi
str
ibut
etoagr
oupofpeopl
e

105. Hand(
sth)ov
er–unwi
l
li
ngl
ygi
vesomet
hing

106. Hangon–wai
tashor
tti
me

107. Hangout–spendt
imer
elaxi
ng

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage56

56
108. Hangup–endaphonecal
l

109. Hol
d(sbdy
/st
h)back–pr
eventf
rom doi
ngorgoi
ng

110. Hol
d(st
h)back–hi
deanemot
ion

111. Hol
don–wai
tashor
tti
me(
for
mal
)

112. Hol
dont
o(sbdy
/st
h)–hol
dfi
rml
yusi
nghandsorar
ms

113. Hol
d(sbdy
/st
h)back–r
ob

114. Keepondoi
ng(
sth)–cont
inuedoi
ng

115. Keep(
sth)f
rom (
sbdy
)–nott
ell

116. Keep(
sbdy
/st
h)out–pr
eventf
rom ent
eri
ng

117. Keep(
sth)up–cont
inueatt
hesamer
ate

118. Let(
sbdy)
down–di
sappoi
nt,
fai
ltohel
p

119. Let(
sbdy
)in–al
l
owt
oent
er

120. Lookaf
ter(
sbdy
/st
h)–t
akecar
eof

121. Lookdownon–consi
deri
nfer
ior
,thi
nkl
essof

122. Lookf
or(
sbdy
/st
h)–t
ryt
ofi
nd

123. Lookf
orwar
dto(
sth)–beexci
tedaboutt
hef
utur
e

124. Looki
nto(
sth)–i
nvest
igat
e

125. Lookout–becar
eful
,bev
igi
l
ant
,ort
akenot
ice

126. Lookoutf
or(
sbdy
/st
h)–t
akenot
ice

127. Look(
sth)ov
er–check,
exami
ne

128. Look(
sth)up–sear
chandf
indi
nfor
mat
ionaboutsomet
hing

129. Lookupt
o(sbdy
)–hav
eal
otofr
espectf
or

130. Make(
sth)up–i
nvent
,li
eaboutsomet
hing

131. Makeup–f
orgi
veeachot
her

132. Make(
sbdy
)up–appl
ycosmet
icst
osomeone

133. Mi
x(st
h)up–conf
uset
hings

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage57

57
134. Passaway–di
e

135. Passout–f
aint

136. Pass(
sth)out–gi
vet
hesamet
hingt
osev
eral
peopl
e

137. Pass(
sth)up–decl
i
ne(
nor
mal
l
ysomet
hinggood)

138. Pay(
sbdy
)back–r
etur
nowedmoney

139. Payf
or(
sth)–bepuni
shedf
ordoi
ngsomet
hingbad

140. Pi
ck(
sth)out–choose

141. Poi
nt(
sbdy
/st
h)out–i
ndi
cat
eusi
ngaf
inger

142. Put(
sth)down–putwhaty
ouar
ehol
dingonasur
faceorf
loor

143. Put(
sbdy
)down–i
nsul
t,makesomeonef
eel
stupi
d

144. Put(
sth)of
f–post
pone

145. Put(
sth)out–ext
ingui
sh

146. Put(
sth)t
oget
her–assembl
e

147. Putupwi
th(
sbdy
/st
h)–t
oler
ate

148. Put(
sth)on–putcl
othi
ngoraccessor
iesony
ourbody

149. Runi
nto(
sbdy
/st
h)–unexpect
edl
ymeet

150. Runov
er(
sbdy
/st
h)–dr
iveav
ehi
cleov
eraper
sonort
hing

. Runov
er/t
hrough(
sth)–r
ehear
se,
rev
iew

152. Runaway–escape,
leav
eunexpect
edl
y

153. Runout–hav
enonel
eft

cl
i
v. Set(
sth)up–ar
range,
organi
ze

. Set(
sbdy
)up–t
ri
ck,
trap

156. Shopar
ound–compar
epr
ices

f
a.Showof
f–actast
houghspeci
al.

f
b.Sl
eepov
er–st
aysomewher
efort
heni
ght

f
c.Sor
t(st
h)out–or
gani
ze,
resol
veapr
obl
em

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage58

58
160. St
ickt
o–cont
inuedoi
ngsomet
hing,
orl
i
mity
our
sel
ftoapar
ti
cul
art
hing.

161. Swi
tch(
sth)of
f–st
opt
heener
gyf
low,
tur
nof
f

162. Swi
tch(
sth)on–st
artt
heener
gyf
low,
tur
non

163. Takeaf
ter(
sbdy
)–r
esembl
eaf
ami
l
ymember

164. Take(
sth)back–r
etur
nani
tem

165. Takeof
f–st
artt
ofl
y

166. Take(
sth)of
f–r
emov
esomet
hing(
especi
all
ycl
othi
ng)

167. Take(
sth)out–r
emov
efr
om apl
aceorat
hing

168. Take(
sbdy
)out–payf
orsomeonet
ogosomewher
ewi
thy
ou

169. Tear(
sth)up–r
ipi
ntopi
eces

170. Thi
nkback–r
emember

171. Thr
ow(
sth)away–di
sposeof

172. Tur
n(st
h)down–decr
easet
hev
olumeorst
rengt
h(ofheat
,li
ght
,et
c)

173. Tur
n(st
h)down–r
efuse

174. Tur
n(st
h)of
f–st
opt
heener
gyf
low,
swi
tchof
f

175. Tur
n(st
h)on–st
artt
heener
gyf
low,
swi
tchon

176. Tur
n(st
h)up–i
ncr
easet
hev
olumeorst
rengt
h(ofheat
,li
ght
,et
c)

177. Tur
nup–appearsuddenl
y

178. Tr
y(st
h)out–t
est

179. Use(
sth)up–f
ini
sht
hesi
ppl
y

180. Wakeup–st
opsl
eepi
ng

181. War
m(st
h/sbdy
)up–i
ncr
easet
het
emper
atur
e

182. War
m up–pr
epar
ebodyf
orexer
cise

183. Wearof
f–f
adeaway

184. Wor
kout–exer
cise

185. Wor
kout–makeacal
cul
ati
on

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage59

59
186. Wor
kout–besuccessf
ul

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Iwantt
obl
owt
hisbal
l
oonupnow.

2.Mywi
feandIbr
okeupl
astmont
h.

3.Thet
hiefbr
okeoutoft
hecr
owdwi
thoutany
onenot
ici
ng.

4.Wear
egoi
ngt
oaf
arof
fpl
acesoy
ouhav
etodr
essup.

5.Wewant
edt
osur
pri
seheraboutt
heweddi
ngbutshef
oundi
tout
.

Exer
cise

Fi
lli
nthebl
ankwi
thaphr
asalv
erbbegi
nni
ngwi
tht
hecor
rectf
orm ofv
erbi
nbr
acket
s.

1._
___
___
___
_thebl
ankswi
thappr
opr
iat
ewor
ds.(
fi
ll
)

2.Hi
schi
l
d’st
eet
hst
art
edt
o__
___
___
___
_att
heageofsi
x.(
fal
l
)

3.Iwoul
dadv
isewe_
___
___
___
___t
hissy
ll
abus.I
thasl
osti
tsmeani
ng.(
do)

4.Donot_
___
___
___
___
___me_
___
___
___
___whenIam l
i
steni
ngt
othemusi
c.(
cut
)

5.Ki
mut
ai_
___
___
___
___
___
___mal
ari
alastweek.(
come)

6.Akinyii
str
yingt
o__
___
___
___herpoi
nt_
___
___
___
_butt
heot
herst
udent
sar
emaki
ngnoi
se.
(get)

7.Al
lthest
udent
shav
e__
___
___
___
_fr
om t
hei
rlongDecemberhol
i
day
s.(
get
)

8.She_
___
___
___
_fr
eebookst
oyoungchi
l
drenev
erymont
h.(
giv
e)

9.Thebadboyhasf
inal
l
y__
___
___
___
_dr
inki
ng.(
giv
e)

10.They_
___
___
___t
hei
rdog_
___
___
__whenev
ert
hev
isi
tor
scome.(
hol
d)

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage60

60
(
d)I
DIOMATI
CEXPRESSI
ONS

1.
 Shewas 
ti
ckl
edpi
nk 
byt
hegoodnews.

Madev
eryhappy

2.
 Youwer
e handsdown 
thebestpl
ayeront
het
eam.

Ther
ewasnocompet
it
ion

3.
 I
'
vebeenf
eel
i
ngpr
ett
y downi
nthedumps 
l
atel
y.

Sadordepr
essed

4.
 I
'
mfeel
i
ng 
sickasadog!

Ver
ysi
ck

5.
 I
'
vebeenf
eel
i
ng 
undert
heweat
her
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage61

61
Notwel
l

6.
 Ri
seandshi
ne!

Wakeupandbehappy
!

7.
 Cl
ose,
butnoci
gar
.

Youwer
ever
ycl
ose,
buty
oudi
dnotmakei
t.

8.
 Icoul
dpl
ayout
side 
ti
ll
thecowscomehome.

Forav
eryl
ongt
ime

9.Aci
dTest
:

Aci
dtestpr
ovest
heef
fect
ivenesofsomet
hing.

10.Cutt
hegr
oundf
rom underf
eet:

Wheny
oucutt
hegr
oundf
rom undersomeone'
sfeet
,youdosomet
hingwhi
chweakenst
hei
r
posi
ti
on.

11.Chasey
ourt
ail
:

Spendi
ngal
otoft
imeandener
gydoi
ngal
otoft
hingsbutact
ual
l
yachi
evi
ngt
ool
i
ttl
e.

12.Whol
ebagoft
ri
cks-

Meanst
ryi
ngal
lthecl
evermeanst
oachi
evesomet
hing.

13.Del
i
vert
hegoods-

Dowhati
sexpect
edorpr
omi
sed.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage62

62
14.Fi
ne-
toot
hcomb-

Exami
ningsomet
hingcar
eful
l
ytonotmi
ssoutanydet
ail
s.

15.Expl
oreal
lav
enues

Tr
yingoutev
erypossi
bil
i
tyt
ogetar
esul
t.

16.Fastt
racksomet
hing-

Rat
ingsomet
hinghi
gherony
ourpr
ior
it
yli
stt
oachi
evet
hedesi
redr
esul
t.

17.Getducksi
nar
ow-

Get
ti
ngy
ourt
hingswel
lor
gani
zed.

18.Gett
heshowont
her
oad-

Put
ti
ngupapl
anori
deai
ntoact
ion.

19.Keepy
ourf
inger
sont
hepul
se-

Bei
ngconst
ant
lyawar
eoft
hemostr
ecentdev
elopment
s.

20.Meanbusi
ness-

Bei
ngser
iousaboutwhaty
ouannounce.

21.Thi
nkony
ourf
eet-

Adj
ust
ingqui
ckl
ytochangesandmaki
ngf
astdeci
sions.

22.Sai
lthr
oughsomet
hing-

-Bei
ngsuccessf
uli
ndoi
ngsomet
hingwi
thoutdi
ff
icul
ty.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage63

63
23.Tr
icksoft
het
rade:

Meani
ng-Cl
everorexper
twayofdoi
ngsomet
hing.

24.Notl
etgr
assgr
owunderf
eet-

Meani
ng-Don'
tdel
ayi
nget
ti
ngsomet
hingdone.

25.Wor
kli
keachar
m-

Wor
ksv
erywel
lorhast
hedesi
redef
fect
.

26.Back-
room boy
s-

Peopl
ewhoper
for
mimpor
tantwor
kbuthav
enocont
actwi
tht
hepubl
i
c.

27.Deadwood-

Peopl
eort
hingswhi
char
enol
ongerusef
ulornecessar
y.

28.Gett
heaxe-

Meani
ng-l
oset
hej
ob.

Exampl
e-Thepr
oject
steam wasunder
goi
ngamaj
orr
est
ruct
uri
ng,
recr
uit
mentexecut
iveswer
e
t
hef
ir
stt
ogett
heaxe.

29.Pl
um j
ob-

Desi
rabl
eposi
ti
onwhi
chi
swel
l
-pai
dandconsi
der
edr
elat
ivel
yeasy.

Exampl
e-Thi
slooksl
i
keapl
um j
obbuti
thasi
tsownbunchofcompl
i
cat
ions.

30.Shapeuporshi
pout-

Thi
sexpr
essi
oni
susedt
owar
nsomeonet
hati
ftheydonoti
mpr
ovet
hei
rway
s,t
heywi
l
lhav
eto
l
eav
ethei
rjob.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage64

64
31.Gol
denhandshake-

Meani
ng-Bi
gsum ofmoneygi
vent
oaper
sonwhent
heyl
eav
eacompanyorr
eti
re.

32.Separ
atesheepf
rom goat
s-

Exami
ningagr
oupofpeopl
eanddeci
dingt
hei
rsui
tabi
l
ity

33.Wai
ti
ngi
nthewi
ngs-

Wai
ti
ngf
oranoppor
tuni
tyt
otakeact
ion,
most
lyt
orepl
acesomeoneel
sei
nthei
rjob.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1)Si
ncetheteacheri
saboutt
oret
ir
e,t
her
ear
efi
veot
hert
eacher
sint
hewai
ti
ngwi
ngst
otake
hi
sposit
ion.

2)Athi
sret
ir
ement
,hewi
l
lbeof
fer
edagol
denhandshake.

3)Teachi
ng,
tomany
,seemst
obepl
um j
obt
omanyy
oungy
out
hs.

e)PARTI
CIPLES
 Apar
ti
cipl
eisat
ypeofv
erbal
.

 Av
erbal
isav
erbf
ormt
hatl
ooksl
i
keav
erbbutdoesnotactast
hev
erbi
nasent
ence.

 Apar
ti
cipl
efunct
ionsasanadj
ect
ivet
omodi
fyanounorapr
onoun.

 Ther
ear
ethr
eet
ypesofpar
ti
cipl
es:

(
a)Pr
esentPar
ti
cipl
eswhi
chi
sthe“
-i
ng”f
orm.

(
b)PastPart
ici
ples.Regul
arv
erbsendi
n“-
ed”
,whi
l
eir
regul
aronesendi
n–en,
-n,
-t,
or
var
iousotherendings.

(
c)Per
fectpar
ti
cipl
e

 Usedt
oshor
tenorcombi
necl
ausest
hathav
ethesamesubj
ect
.

 Oneact
ioni
scompl
etedbef
oret
henextonest
art
s.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage65

65
Pr
esentPar
ti
cipl
e

 Iam r
unni
ng.

 Thel
essoni
sbor
ing.

 Hei
saf
rai
dofswi
mmi
ng.

PastPar
ti
cipl
e

 Thedoorwasopened.

 Ihav
ewr
it
tent
hel
ett
er.

 Hewasr
eal
l
ybor
ed.

Per
fectPar
ti
cipl
e

 Sheboughtapenandr
ant
oschool
.

 Shear
ri
vedhomeandat
eherl
unch

ADJECTI
VES

(
a)QUANTI
FIERS
 Theyar
eadj
ect
ivesandadj
ect
ivephr
asest
hatgi
veappr
oxi
mat
eanswer
stot
hequest
ions
l
ike:

 Howmuch?

 Howmany
?

Exampl
esofQuant
if
ier
s

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage66

66
‘
Afew’
ver
sus‘
Ali
tt
le’

 Afew(forcount
abl
enouns)andal
i
ttl
e(f
oruncount
abl
enouns)descr
ibet
hequant
it
y
posi
ti
vel
y.

 Thesewor
dscanbeusedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

 Ihav
eaf smeansper
ewpens.Thi hapsnotmany,
butenough.

 Ther
eisal
i
ttl
emoneyl
eft
.Itmeanst
her
eisenought
oli
veon.

Fewv
ersusLi
tt
le

 Theydescr
ibequant
it
yinanegat
iveway
.

 Theycanbeusedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

 Fewst
udent
svi
sit
edt
hesi
t astweekend.Al
el mostnonevi
sit
edt
hesi
te.

 Ihav
eli
tt
lemoneyl
ef.Al
t mostnomoney

Agr
eatnumberof
/al
argenumberof
/al
argequant
it
yofar
eal
soquant
if
ier
s.

Car
dinalNumber
sver
susOr
dinal
Number
s

 Thecar
dinal
number
sli
keone,
thr
ee,
ten,
etcr
efert
othequant
it
y.

 Theor
dinal
number
sli
kef
ir
st,
thi
rd,
tent
het
cref
ert
odi
str
ibut
ion.

 I
nthesent
encesbel
ow,
wecanl
ear
nhowt
heyar
eused.

Number Car
dinal
Number Or
dinal
Number

3 Thr
eeday
sar
eenough. Wewi
l
lbet
hroughbyt
het
hir
dday
.

13 Cal
lmet
het
hir
teengi
rl
s. Thet
hir
teent
hgi
rlwi
l
lbepuni
shed.

33 Ther
earethi
rt
ythr
eest
udent
s Thethi
rt
y-t
hir
dst
udentwi
l
lhav
etor
esi
tthe
whosatfort
heexams. exams.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage67

67
 (
b)PREDI
CATI
VEANDATTRI
BUTI
VEADJECTI
VES
 Apredi
cat
eadj
ect
ivei
sanadj
ect
ivet
hatf
oll
owsal
i
nki
ngv
erbandt
hesubj
ectoft
hel
i
nki
ng
ver
b.

 Apredi
cateadj
ecti
vecontrast
swi
thanat
tri
but
iveadj
ect
ive,
whi
cht
ypi
cal
l
ysi
tsi
mmedi
atel
y
bef
orethenounitmodif
ies.

 St
udyt
het
wosent
encesbel
ow.

(
i) Thedr
essi
sexpensi
ve.

(
ii
) Theexpensi
vedr
esshasbeenbought
.

 I
nthefi
rstsent
ence,
adj
ect
ive‘
expensi
ve’
comesaf
tert
hel
i
nki
ngv
erb“
is”
.Iti
sther
efor
e
pr
edi
cati
ve.

 I
nthesecondsent
ence,
itsi
tsbef
oret
hev
erb.i
thasbeenusedat
tri
but
ivel
y.

 Lookatthesent
encesandphrasesbelow.Theadj
ecti
vei
nbol
dfacehasbeenused
att
ri
but
ivel
y,whi
letheoneunderl
ined,
predi
cati
vel
y.

 Thi
sseai
sbl
ue.

 Thebl
uewi
l
lbev
isi
ted.

 Theboy
sar
ehappy
.

 Thehappyboy
sar
ecomi
ng.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage68

68
ADVERBS

(
a)FORMATI
ONOFADVERBS
 Ther
ear
erul
est
hathel
ponef
orm adv
erbs.Theser
ulesar
e:

1.Adv
erbsar
efor
medbymost
lyaddi
ng–l
ytoanadj
ect
ive.Exampl
es

Adj
ect
ive Adv
erb

Cheap cheapl
y

Sl
ow sl
owl
y

Qui
ck qui
ckl
y

 I
ftheadj
ect
iveendsi
n–y
,repl
acet
he“
y”wi
th“
i”andadd“
-l
y”.Forexampl
e,

Adj
ect
ive Adv
erb

Easy Easi
l
y

Lucky Lucki
l
y

Happy Happi
l
y

Angr
y Angr
il
y

 I
ftheadj
ect
iveendsi
n–abl
e,“
-i
ble”
,or“
-l
e”,
repl
acet
he“
-e”wi
th“
-y”
.exampl
es,

Adj
ect
ive Adv
erb

Pr
obabl
e Pr
obabl
y

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage69

69
 Ter
ri
ble Ter
ri
bly

Gent
le Gent
ly

 I
ftheadj
ect
iveendsi
n“-
c”,
add“
-al
l
y”.Exampl
es,

Adj
ect
ive Adv
erb

Basi
c basi
cal
l
y

Tr
agi
c t
ragi
cal
l
y

Economi
c economi
cal
l
y

2.Someadv
erbshav
ethesamef
orm ast
headj
ect
ive,
forexampl
e,

Adj
ect
ive Adv
erb

Ear
ly Ear
ly

Fast Fast

Har
d Har
d

Hi
gh Hi
gh

Wr
ong Wr
ong

St
ari
ght St
rai
ght

Near Near

Lat
e Lat
e

Readt
hesent
enceandnot
ewhet
hert
hewor
dhasbeenusedasanadj
ect
iveorasanadv
erb.

 I
tisaf
astcar
.

 Thecarwasdr
ivenf
ast
.

 I
tisahar
dassi
gnment
.

 Theassi
gnmenti
shar
d.

3.“
Wel
l
”and“
good”

Wel
li
sjustanadv
erbcor
respondentoft
headj
ect
ive“
good”
.

Lookatt
hesent
encesbel
ow:

 Shei
sagoodpi
ani
st.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage70

70
  Shepl
ayspi
anowel
l
.

 Theyar
egoodwr
it
ers.

 Theywr
it
ewel
l
.

(
b)FUNCTI
ONSOFADVERBS(
MODI
FIERS)

 Adv
erbsar
ewor
dswhi
chdescr
ibeormodi
fyot
herv
erbs.Forexampl
e,

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage71

71
  Theat
hlet
eranqui
ckl
y.

 Thenewst
udentact
sst
upi
dil
y.

 Hel
efty
est
erday
.

 Adv
erbsal
somodi
fyot
heradv
erbs.Forexampl
e,

 Thest
udentv
eryeasi
l
ywr
otet
heanswer
s.

 Thest
udentbehav
esr
eal
l
yst
upi
dly
.

 Adv
erbsal
somodi
fyadj
ect
ives.Forexampl
e,

 Thev
erybeaut
if
ulgi
rlwonhi
shear
t.

 Thi
steai
sext
remel
yhot
.

 Anadv
erbcanal
somodi
fypr
eposi
ti
onal
phr
ase,
forexampl
e,

 Theboywaspuni
shedj
ustout
sidet
hest
aff
room.

 Anadv
erbatt
imesmodi
fi
est
hewhol
esent
ence,
forexampl
e,

Lucki
l
y,wemett
hemanwehav
eal
way
swant
edt
osee.

Exer
cise

Underl
i
netheadv
erbsi
nthesent
encesbel
owandt
heni
dent
if
yhoweachf
unct
ionsi
nthe
sent
ence.

a) Thegi
rlhar
dlyev
erbel
i
eveswhatshei
stol
d.

b)Thev
eryt
all
treewascutt
hismor
ning.

c) Cer
tai
nly
,themanchoset
hewr
ongway
.

d)Wenot
icedt
hatt
hecowwasal
mosti
nthewat
er.

e) Thenewst
udentgl
adl
yfol
l
owedal
lthei
nst
ruct
ionsgi
ven.

f
) Thi
swal
lwasf
rant
ical
l
ypai
nted.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage72

72
PREPOSI
TIONS

DI
STINGUISHI
NGPREPOSI
TIONSFROM CONNECTORSANDADVERB
PARTICLES
Thet
hreear
eal
lusedi
njoi
ningi
deas.

Connect
ors

 Connect
orsj
oinsepar
atei
deasi
ntwosent
encesorpar
agr
aphs.

 Connect
orsusual
l
ycomeatt
hest
artofasent
ence.

 Exampl
esar
e:

 Fi
rst
ly,
next
,meanwhi
l
e,consequent
ly,
etc

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

1.Il
i
kedanci
ng.Fur
ther
mor
e,Ienj
oyskat
ing.

2.Johnwasont
hewayt
omyhome.Meanwhi
l
e,mysonwasbusypr
epar
ingt
hem di
nner
.

Conj
unct
ions

 Theyj
oini
deasi
nasi
ngl
esent
ence.

 Exampl
esofconj
unct
ionsar
e:

 Ev
eni
f

 Because

 Ev
ent
hough,
etc

Exampl
einaSent
ence

Il
i
kehi
m becausehei
ski
ndt
ome.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage73

73
Pr
eposi
ti
ons

 Theyexpr
essr
elat
ionsbet
weenpar
tsofasent
ence.

 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
eexampl
esofpr
eposi
ti
ons:

 Abov
e

 Agai
nst

 Bef
ore

 Atet
c

CONJUNCTI
ONS

CORRELATI
VECONJUNCTI
ONS
 Theyconnectt
woequal
grammat
ical
items.

 Theymustal waysconnectt woelement

sthatar
egr ammat i
cal
l
ysimi
lar
,meaningsame
str
uct
ureapplies.
If
,forinst
ance,anounfol
lows“ei
ther”
,thenanounwil
lal
sofoll
ow“or
”.
Lookattheseexampl es,

(
i) I
ntheev
eni
ng,
Kil
onzowi
l
lei
therwasht
hecl
othesorcl
eant
hehouse.

(
ii
) Nei
thert
heboynort
hegi
rlhasv
isi
tedt
hei
rpar
ent
sint
hepastoneweek.

 Bel
owar
esomecommoncor
rel
ati
veconj
unct
ionspai
rs.

 As—as

 Bot
h–and

 Ei
ther–or

 Nei
ther–nor

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage74

74
  Notonl
y–butal
so

 Whet
her–or

 Whenusi
ngcor
rel
ati
veconj
unct
ions,
becar
eful
about
:

 Ver
bagr
eement
;

 Pr
onounagr
eement;
and

 Par
all
elst
ruct
ure.

(
a)Ver
bAgr
eement

Thesecondsubj
ectmustagreewiththev
erbt
hatf
oll
owsi
twheny
ouconnectt
wosubj
ect
s
wit
hacorrel
ati
veconj
unct
ion.Forexampl
e,

(
i) Nei
therKamaunort
het
wogi
rl
scomet
oschool
lat
e.Or

(
ii
) Nei
thert
het
wogi
rl
snorKamaucomest
oschool
lat
e.

I
tisi
ncor
rectt
osay
:

(
i) Nei
therKamaunort
het
wogi
rl
scomest
oschool
lat
e.Or

(
ii
) Nei
thert
het
wogi
rl
snorKamaucomet
oschool
lat
e.

(
b)Pr
onounAgr
eement

Whenyouconnectt
woantecedentswit
hacor r
elat
iveconj
unct
ion,
thesecondonemustagr
ee
wi
ththepr
onounthatf
oll
owsit.Fori
nstance,

(
i) Nei
therKamaunort
het
wogi
rl
sunder
stoodwhyt
hei
rteacherpuni
shedt
hem.Or

(
ii
) Nei
thert
het
wogi
rl
snorKamauunder
stoodwhyhi
steacherpuni
shedt
hem.

(
c)Par
all
elSt
ruct
ure

 Mai
ntai
npar
all
elst
ruct
urewhenyouusethecor
rel
ati
veconj
unct
ions.Thi
sisbecauset
he
t
woconnect
edelementsmustbebal
anced.

 Mostof t
enyoucancorr
ectanymismat chedgrammaticalit
emsthatpr
eventparal
lel
str
ucturebysi
mplyaddi
ngawor dtocreatethesamet ypeofphr
aseorbyr ear
ranginghowa
sentenceiswor
ded.Thetwosentencesbelowareincorrect
,

(
i) I
twasbot
hal
ongnameanddi
ff
icul
ttopr
onounce.

(
ii
) Valent
inei
sati
menotonl
yforexchangi
ngf
lower
s,butal
sof
orspendi
ngt
imewi
th
thelov
edones.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage75

75
 Whencor
rect
edt
heywi
l
lbe:

(
i) Thenamewasbot
hlonganddi
ff
icul
ttopr
onounce.Or

I
twasbot
hal
ongnameandadi
ff
icul
tonet
opr
onounce.

(
ii
) Valent
inei
sati
menotonl
yforexchangi
ngf
lower
s,butal
sof
orspendi
ngt
imewi
th
thelov
edones.

PHRASES

ADJECTI
VEPHRASES
 Anadj
ect
ivephr
aset
ell
sussomet
hingaboutt
henouni
tismodi
fyi
ng.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage76

76
 Thepr
inci
pal
wor
dinanadj
ect
ivephr
asei
sanadj
ect
ive.Exampl
es,

 Cheapbutni
ce

 Unhappywi
th

 Sohot

 Theexampl
esi
nsent
encesar
e,

 Thi
sdr
essl
ookscheapbutni
ce.

 Li
neti
sunhappywi
thherboss.

 Thi
sissohot
.

 Att
imes,
awor
dgr
oupwor
kasanadj
ect
ive.Readt
hesent
encesbel
ow:

 Hei
sadoct
orwi
thal
otofexper
ience.

 Hei
sanexper
ienceddoct
or.

 I
nthefi
rstsent
ence,
‘al
otofexperi
ence’i
sanadj
ecti
vephr
ase.I
nthesecond,
‘exper
ienced’
hasser
vedthesamepurposeasthephrasei
nthefi
rst
.

Exer
cise

Repl
acetheunder
li
nedadj
ect
ivewi
thanequi
val
entadj
ect
ivephr
ase.Thef
ir
stonehasbeen
doneforyou.

a)Hehasboughtamet
all
i
cdoor
.

Hehasboughtadoormadeofmet
al.

b)Husbandwor
eagol
denr
ing.

c) Awhi
tecowwassl
aught
ered.

d)Hel
i
vesi
nast
onehouse.

e) Ihav
epassedsev
eral
sleepl
essni
ght
s.

f
) Thewhi
teusedt
heUgandanr
ail
way
.

g)Her
oicdeedsar
ewor
thpr
aises.

h)Thei
rswasabr
aveact
.

i
)Itwasahor
ri
blemov
ie.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage77

77
 j
) ManyKeny
anst
alkaboutEngl
i
shl
eague.

k) Thi
steacheri
saweal
thyper
son.

PREPOSI
TIONALPHRASES
 Apreposi
ti
onalphr
asewil
lbeginwi
thapreposi
ti
onandendwi
thanoun,
pronoun,
ger
und,
or
cl
ause,whi
chistheobj
ectofthepr
eposi
ti
on.

 Theobj
ectoft
hepr
eposi
ti
onusual
l
yhasoneormor
emodi
fi
ersdescr
bingi
t.

 Bel
owar
epat
ter
nsf
orpr
eposi
ti
onal
phr
ases:

 Pr
eposi
ti
on+Noun,
forexampl
e,athome,
ont
ime

 Pr
eposi
ti
on+Pr
onoun,
forexampl
e,wi
thhi
m

 Pr
eposi
ti
on+Ger
und,
forexampl
e,bydanci
ng

 Pr
eposi
ti
on+Cl
ause,
forexampl
e,

Hei
stel
l
ingusast
oryabout t
hel
i
onwhoki
l
ledmycat

Pr
eposi
ti
onNounCl
ause

 Pr
eposi
ti
on+modi
fi
er+noun/
pronoun/
geund/
clause,
forexampl
e,

Undert
he bi
gtabl
e
pr
eposi
ti
onmodi
fi
ers noun

 Thesent
encest
hatf
oll
owhav
epr
eposi
ti
onal
phr
ases.Under
li
net
hem andi
dent
if
ythei
r
par
ts.

 Ir
ecei
vedt
hisl
ett
erf
rom mysi
ster
.

 Bef
orebr
eak,
thet
eacheraskedust
ocol
l
ectourbooks.

 Thepenont
hef
loori
snew.

 Hedr
ovet
hecaral
ongt
hebusy
,two-
lanehi
ghway
.

Exer
cise

Compl
etet
hesent
encesbel
owwi
thappr
opr
iat
epr
eposi
ti
ons.Fr
om t
hecompl
etedsent
ence,

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage78

78
wr
it
ethepr
eposi
ti
onal
phr
asei
nit
.

(
a)Doy
ourpar
ent
sli
ve_
___
___
___
___Nai
robi
?

(
b)Wewi
l
lgooutt
odi
nner_
___
___
___
_Fr
idayni
ght
.

(
c)Thekey
sar
e__
___
___
___
___
_theki
tchencupboar
d.

(
d)Hedr
ovet
hecar_
___
___
___
___
___
__ex
cessi
vel
ywor
ryi
ng.

(
e)Hei
sst
if
f__
___
___
___
_yest
erday
’sl
ongexer
cise.

(
f)Angel
ahasbeendi
ognosed_
___
___
___
_mal
ari
a.

(
g)Thepl
anet
oucheddown_
___
___
___
__di
ff
icul
ty.

(
h)Amat
atut
ranspor
tedt
hem _
___
___
___
_thei
rhot
elcomf
ort
abl
y.

(
i)Weal
ll
aughedwhenNj
ugunacamet
oschool
___
___
___
__hi
spy
jamas.

(
j)Iwoul
drat
herhav
ecof
fee_
___
___
___
___
___ofpor
ri
dge.

(
k)Hei
sst
andi
ngher
e__
___
___
_hi
sfr
iend.

(
l)_
___
___
___
__f
ir
e,uset
heemer
gencywi
ndow.

(
m)_
___
___
___
___
__t
her
ains,
wewentout
.

(
n)_
___
___
___
_thewhol
e,t
heyl
i
ket
hatt
eacher
.

(
o)Wear
epl
easedwi
thy
ourper
fomance_
___
___
__gener
al.

CLAUSES

NOUNCLAUSES
 Adependentcl
auset
hatact
sasanouni
sthenouncl
ause.

 Anouncl
ausecanbegi
ninanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngwor
ds:

 When  Whoev
er  Whet
her

 How  Whi
chev
er  What
ever

 What  Whomev
er  Why

 Wher
e  Whom

 Nouncl
ausesper
for
mthef
oll
owi
ngf
unct
ionsi
nsent
ences:

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage79

79
 i
. Actassubj
ect
s,f
orexampl
e,

 Whoev
erwi
shest
heki
ngdeat
hisabi
gfool
.

i
nabove,“
whoeverwi
shest
heki
ngdeat
h”i
sthenouncl
auseandact
sast
he
subj
ect
.

Thi
scl
ausecont
ains“
whoever
”whi
chi
sthesubj
ect
,andaver
b“wi
shes”
.

 Thathei
sapol
ygami
sti
sknownt
oyou.

i
i
. Actasobj
ect
sofv
erbs.Consi
dert
hesent
encebel
ow.

 Theki
ngor
der
edt
hatt
hemanshoul
dbest
onedt
odeat
h.

Thenouncl
ausei
nbol
dfacei
stheobj
ectoft
hev
erb“
order
ed”
.

 Remembert
obuywhoev
erl
ovesy
ouaf
lower
.

Thecl
ausei
nbol
dist
hei
ndi
rectobj
ect
.

i
i
i. Actasobj
ect
soft
hepr
eposi
ti
ons,
forexampl
e,

 Gi
vet
hepent
owhomev
ery
oul
iket
o.

I
tist
heobj
ectoft
hepr
eposi
ti
on“
to”
.

i
v.

Exer
cise1

Under
li
net
henouncl
ausei
neachsent
ence.

1.Thaty
ouhat
ehi
misy
ourownpr
obl
em.

2.Youcannotr
elyonwhatDav
idsay
s.

3.I
tist
ruet
hathi
sfat
herhaspassedon.

4.Thenewst
hatmor
ethan100sol
dier
swer
eki
l
ledi
sabi
gli
e.

5.I
twasunf
ort
unat
ethatt
het
err
ori
stescaped.

6.Hewonder
edwhet
hert
heKi
ngl
ear
ntoft
henews.

7.Iwi
l
lpuni
shwhoev
erf
ail
sthi
stest
.

8.Icangi
vet
hist
owhomev
erpl
easesmemost
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage80

80
 Exer
cise2

Putt
hewor
dsi
nbr
acket
sint
hei
rcor
rector
dert
ofi
ll
thebl
ankspace.

1.Iwonder_
___
___
___
___
___
___
__wai
tforher
.(shoul
dhowwel
ong)

2.Doy
ouknow_
___
___
___
___
___?(
bewi
l
lwhatweat
hert
he)

3.Het
oldme_
___
___
___
___
___
_.(
notwoul
dthatgohe)

4.Idon’
tknow_
___
___
___
___.(
hegonehaswher
e)

5.Mr
.Mor
isasked_
___
___
___
___.(
wasmyhowf
ami
l
y)

1)Iwonderhowl
ongweshoul
dwai
tforher
.

2)Doy
ouknowwhatt
heweat
herwi
l
lbe?

3)Het
oldmet
hathewoul
dnotgo.

4)Idon’
tknowwher
ehehasgone.

5)Mr
.Mor
isaskedhowmyf
ami
l
ywas.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage81

81
ADJECTI
VECLAUSES
 Al
sor
efer
redt
oasadj
ect
ival
orr
elat
ivecl
ause.

 Anadj
ect
ivecl
ausemustmeetsuchr
equi
rement
sas:

 I
tcont
ainsasubj
ect
,andav
erb.

 I
tbeginswit
har el
ati
vepronoun(l
ikewho,whom,whose,
that
,orwhi
ch)orwi
tha
r
elat
ivever
b(forexample,when,
where,orwhy)

 I
tfuncti
onsasanadjecti
ve.Theadject
ivei
nthi
scaseanswer
sthequest
ions,
‘Whi
ch
one?’
,‘
Howmany ?
’,or‘Whatkind?
’

 Ther
ear
etwopat
ter
nsf
oll
owedbyanadj
ect
ivecl
ause:

(
i) Rel
ati
vepr
onoun/
adv
erb+subj
ect+v
erb,
forexampl
e,

 Whose bag wasst

olen.
rel
ati
ve subj
ect v
erbs
pronoun

 Why Ki
m cannotst
andt
hatsmel
l
.
r
elat
ive subj
ectv
erbs

adv
erb

(
ii
) Rel
ati
vepr
onoun(
whi
chi
sthesubj
ect
)+v
erb,
forexampl
e,

 Who j
umped ov
ert
hef
ence.
r
elat
ivepr
onounv
erb

(
subj
ect
)

 I
nasent
ence,
wecanhav
esomet
hingl
i
ke,

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage82

82
  Jumai
stheboywhosebagwasst
olen.

 Hei
sal
l
ergi
ctobadsmel
li
soner
easonwhyKi
m cannotst
andt
hatsmel
l
.

Punct
uat
inganAdj
ect
iveCl
ause

 Befor
ey oudecidet
ouseacomma,
youhav
etodeci
dewhet
hert
hecl
ausei
sessent
ial
or
nonessenti
al.

 Essent
ial
onesr
equi
recommaswhi
l
etheot
her
sdonot
.

 Thef
ir
stexampl
ehasannonessent
ial
clause,
whi
l
ethesecond,
anessent
ial
clause.

 Tr
ansl
i
neGal
axy
,whi
chpeopl
edon’
tli
ke,
isof
tenf
ast
.

 Thenewboywhoev
ery
onel
i
kesi
smyf
avour
it
est
udent
.

Exer
cise

Combinethepai
rofsentencest
omakeonesent
enceusi
nganadj
ect
ivecl
ause.Thef
ir
stone
hasbeendoneforyou.

(
a)ImetAki
nyi
int
own.Aki
nyi
isat
hief
.

ImetAki
nyi
,whoi
sat
hief
,int
own.

(
b)Themanwassi
ck.Hel
ookedv
erypal
e.

(
c)Hewassi
tt
ingi
ntheemer
gencyr
oom.I
twasv
erycr
owded.

(
d)Anur
sewasnear
by.Themancal
l
edt
oher
.

(
e)Thenur
secal
l
edt
hedoct
or.Thedoct
orcamequi
ckl
y.

(
f)Thedoct
oraskedhi
mtol
i
edown.Thedoct
orl
ookedv
erywor
ri
ed.

(
g)Thedoct
orgav
ethemanani
nject
ion.Thei
nject
ionmadehi
m got
osl
eep.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage83

83
CONDI
TIONALCLAUSES
 Theyareusedtoexpr
esst
hatt
heact
ioni
nthemai
ncl
ausecanonl
ytakepl
acei
facer
tai
n
condi
ti
onisful
fi
ll
ed.

 Ther
ear
evar
ioussubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ionsusedi
njoi
ningt
hecl
auses.Someoft
hem ar
e:

 I
f

 Unl
ess

 Onl
y

 Unt
il

“
If”Cl
auses

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage84

84
 I
tconsi
stsoft
wopar
ts.

 Thef
ir
stpar
tist
hecondi
ti
on.I
tist
hehal
fwi
tht
hewor
d“i
f”
.

 Theot
herpar
tist
heact
iont
ooccuri
fthecondi
ti
oni
sful
fi
ll
ed.Thi
shal
fist
hemai
ncl
ause.

 Consi
der
:

Whatwi
l
lhappenwheny
ouseet
hepr
esi
dent
?

I
fIseet
hepr
esi
dentIwi
l
lbev
eryhappy
.

Theact
iont
hatwi
l
loccurwhent
hisper
sonseest
hepr
esi
denti
sbei
nghappy
.

Exampl
esi
nSent
ences

(
i) Youwi
l
lhav
etowal
kify
oumi
sst
he6am bus.

(
ii
) I
fyouf
indt
hedooropen,
kindl
ycl
osei
t.

(
ii
i) I
ftheI
srael
i
teshadnotbr
okent
hecov
enant
,thecov
enantwoul
dn’
thav
ebeen
r
enewed.

(
iv) I
fIhav
eapr
obl
em,
heal
way
shel
p.

Unl
essCl
auses

 Basi
cal
l
y,i
tmeanst
hesamet
hingas,
”i
f….
not
.”

 Exampl
einasent
ence.

Youwi
l
lfai
lunl
essy
ouwor
khar
d.Or

Unl
essy
ouwor
khar
d,y
ouwi
l
lfai
l
.

Thef
ir
stsent
encemeans,
“youwi
l
lfai
li
fyoudon’
twor
khar
d.”

Thesecondmeans,
“Ify
ouwor
khar
d,y
ouwi
l
lnotf
ail
.
”Or“
ify
ouwor
khar
d,y
ouwi
l
lpass.
”

Mor
eExampl
es

(
i) Iwi
l
lar
ri
veat9unl
essIwakeupl
ate.

(
ii
) Unl
essIam v
erybusy
,Iwi
l
lwr
it
eyoual
ett
er.

(
ii
i) Youwi
l
lremai
nunhappyunl
essy
oust
opseei
ngher
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage85

85
Exer
cise

Uset
hecor
rectf
orm ofwor
dsi
nbr
acket
stocompl
etet
hesent
encesbel
ow.

1.She_
___
___
___
___
__(
for
giv
e)unl
essy
out
ell
hert
het
rut
h.

2.We_
___
___
___
___(
pass)t
heexamsi
fwedon’
twor
khar
der
.

3.___
_____
____
___
(if
/unl
ess)she_
___
___
___
__(
take)apai
nki
l
ler
,she_
___
___
__(
feel
)much
bett
ersoon.

4.__
_____
__(
if
/unl
ess)t
hey_
___
___
___(
be)her
enextweek,
they_
___
___
__(
try
)togot
o
Warda’
spar
ty.

5._
_____
____
___(y
ou/
go)t
othepar
ty_
___
___
___(
if
/unl
ess)she_
___
___
___(
send)y
ouan
i
nvi
tat
ioncar
d?

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage86

86
DI
RECTAND I
NDI
RECTSPEECHES
 Weof
tenhav
etogi
vei
nfor
mat
ionaboutwhatpeopl
esayort
hink.

 Togivesuchi
nfor
mat
ion,
onehast
ousedi
rect(
quot
ed)speech,
ori
ndi
rect(
repor
ted)
speech.

(
a)Di
rect
/Quot
edSpeech

 Thi
sist
hesay
ingofexact
lywhatsomeonehassai
d.

 Whataper
sonsay
siswi
thi
nquot
ati
on(
“….
”)

 Whati
ssai
diswor
dforwor
d.Forexampl
e,

 “
Iwi
l
ltakey
ououtt
omor
row,
”Ti
mot
hysai
d.

 Hecompl
ained,
“yourphonei
sal
way
sof
f.
”

(
b)I
ndi
rect
/Repor
tedSpeech

 Ther
eisnouseofquot
ati
ont
oencl
osewhatt
heper
sonsai
d.

 Whati
ssai
ddoesn’
thav
etobewor
dforwor
d.

 Thever
busuall
ychangeswhenr
epor
ti
ng.Thi
sisbecausewenor
mal
l
yrepor
tsomet
hing
sai
dinthepast
.

 Thepastt
ensei
susedaswhatwasor
igi
nal
l
yspokenwasdonei
nthepast

Dir
ectSpeech I
ndir
ectSpeech
Shesaid,“
Iti
sgoingtorain.” Shesaiditwasgoi
ngtorai
n.
Thesingersai
d,“Ihav
ebeensi ngi
ngsince2010.
” Thesi ngersai
dhehadbeensinging
si
nce2010.
Theteachersai
d,“Iwil
lteachtomorr
ow.” Theteachersai
dhewouldteachthenext
day.

 Expr
essi
onsofTi
mei
fRepor
tedonaDi
ff
erentDay

Di
rectSpeech I
ndi
rectSpeech

Thi
s(ev
eni
ng/
aft
ernoon/
mont
het
c) That

Today Thatday

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage87

87
These(
day
s/mont
hset
c) Those

Now Then

(
aday
/amont
het
c)af
ter (
aday
/aweek/et
c)Bef
ore

Lastweekend Theweekendbef
oreort
hepr
evi
ousweekend

Her
e Ther
e

Next(
week/
yearet
c) t
hef
oll
owi
ng

Tomor
row t
henextday
/thef
oll
owi
ngday

Dayaf
tert
omor
row i
ntwoday
sti
me

Yest
erday t
hedaybef
ore/t
hepr
evi
ousday

Thedaybef
orey
est
erday t
woday
sbef
ore

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage88

88
ANSWERSTOSOMEGRAMMAREXERCI
SES
PARTSOFSPEECH

NOUNS

(
a)TYPI
CALNOUNDERI
VATI
ONS

Exer
cise1

Wor
d Noun

Cl
ean Cl
eaner

Teach Teacher

Adv
ise Adv
isor

Ani
mat
e Ani
mat
or

Audi
t Audi
tor

Gov
ern Gov
ernor
/gov
ernance/
gov
ernment

Oper
ate Oper
ator
/oper
ati
on

Conduct Conduct
or

Negot
iat
e Negot
iat
or/negot
iat
ion

Pl
ay Pl
ayer
/pl
ay/
play
wri
ght

Super
vise Super
visor

Det
ermi
ne Det
ermi
nat
ion

Suppl
y Suppl
i
er

Dr
um Dr
ummer

Publ
i
sh Publ
i
sher

Obser
ve Obser
vant
/obser
vat
ion

Bui
l
d Bui
l
der
/bui
l
ding

Mat
eri
ali
ze Mat
eri
ali
sm

Capt
ure Capt
ive

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage89

89
Mov
e Mov
ement

Exer
cise2

a)Commi
tment

b)Pr
onunci
ati
on

c) Measur
ement

d)Dev
elopment

e)Nar
rat
ive

f
) Engi
neer
ing

g)Concent
rat
ion

h)Hi
stor
ian

i
)Inst
all
ment

j
) Bl
i
ndness

(
b)GENDERSENSI
TIVELANGUAGE

PRONOUNS

(
a)PRONOUNCASE

a)Isol
dmybi
ket
oAbdi
.hi
m

b)Isol
dmybi
ket
oAbdi
andYussr
a.us

c) Isol
dmybi
ket
oAbdi
andYussr
a.i
t

d)Thebi
ke’
sbr
akewasbad.i
ts

e) Abdi
gav
ethebi
ket
oAbdi
andYussr
a’sson.t
hei
r

f
) Thesonpr
omi
sedt
opayhi
spar
ent
sfort
hebi
ke.he

g)Theson’
sgi
rl
fr
iendr
odet
hebi
kei
ntoaf
ishpond.hi
s

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage90

90
h)Thepondbel
ongst
omeandmyf
ami
l
y,andmyf
ami
l
yandIar
eunhappy
.Us,
we

i
) Thef
ish’
stemperi
sal
mostasbadasmyt
emper
.It
s,mi
ne

j
) Abdi
andYussr
ahav
eof
fer
edt
opaymeandmyf
ami
l
yfort
hedamage.They
,us

(
b)DEMONSTRATI
VEPRONOUNS

1.Thi
s

2.Those

3.That

4.These

5.That

VERBS

(
a)TRANSI
TIVEANDI
NTRANSI
TIVEVERBS

a)Juni
orl
i
kesphones.Tr
ansi
ti
ve

b)Jeni
ferbr
usheshert
eet
hev
erymor
ning.Tr
ansi
ti
ve

c) Ismi
l
ewhenev
erIpl
aygames.

Smi
l
e:i
ntr
ansi
ti
ve

Pl
ay:
Transi
ti
ve

d)Ri
char
dsl
eeps8hour
saday
.Int
ransi
ti
ve

e) Mybossof
fer
edmeanewj
ob.Tr
ansi
ti
ve

f
) Thehor
ser
unsf
ast
er.I
ntr
ansi
ti
ve

g)Shepr
omi
sedmeshewoul
dvi
sit
.Tr
ansi
ti
ve

h)Thef
ami
l
ywor
ksi
nthef
iel
dev
ery
day
.Int
ransi
ti
ve

i
) Nj
eri
cooksmedi
nner
.Tr
ansi
ti
ve

j
) Thef
oodsmel
l
sgood.I
ntr
ansi
ti
ve

k) Iowey
ouhundr
edshi
l
li
ngs.Tr
ansi
ti
ve

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage91

91
l
) Al
lthecandi
dat
espassedt
het
est
.Tr
ansi
ti
ve

(
b)PHRASALVERBS

1)Fi
l
lin

2)Fal
lout

3)Doawaywi
th

4)Cut
,in

5)Camedownwi
th

6)Get
,acr
oss/
over

7)Got
tenback

8)Gi
vesout

9)Gi
venup

10)
Hol
d,back

(
c)I
NFI
NITI
VES

(
a)Ist
art
edr
eadi
ng.

Ist
art
edt
oread.

(
b)Hest
oppedsmoki
ng.

Hest
oppedt
osmoke.

(
c)Wr
it
ingi
smor
edi
ff
icul
tthanr
eadi
ng.

Towr
it
eismor
edi
ff
icul
tthant
oread.

(
d)Joggi
ngi
sagoodexer
cise.

Toj
ogi
sagoodexer
cise.

(
e)Il
i
kecy
cli
ng.

Il
iket
ocy
cle.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage92

92
(
f)Ienj
oyswi
mmi
ng.

Ienj
oyt
oswi
m.

(
d)PHRASALVERBS

(
e)I
diomat
icExpr
essi
ons

(
c)PARTI
CIPLES

a)Thest
udent
sworkedaroundthecl
ock.Theycomplet
edtheproj
ect
.
Worki
ngaroundt
heclock,t
hestudentscomplet
edtheproj
ect.

b)Thest
udentwasf
rust
rat
edbyl
ackofpr
ogr
ess.Thest
udentdr
oppedoutofschool
.

Fr
ust
rat
edbyt
hel
ackofpr
ogr
ess,
thest
udentdr
oppedoutofschool
.

Thest
udentf
rust
rat
edbyl
ackofpr
ogr
essdr
oppedoutofschool
.

c) Thedogwaswounded.Thedogst
umbl
edt
hrought
hemuddyf
iel
d.

Thewoundeddogst
umbl
edt
hrought
hemuddyf
iel
d.

Wounded,
thedogst
umbl
edt
hrought
hemuddyf
iel
d.

) Themant
hrewoutt
het
elev
isi
on.Thet
elev
isi
onwasbr
oken.

Themant
hrewoutt
hebr
okent
elev
isi
on.

e) Mar
thawasl
i
steni
ngt
oloudmusi
c.Mar
thacoul
dnothearherpar
entcal
l
ing.

Li
steni
ngt
othel
oudmusi
c,Mar
thacoul
dnothearherpar
entcal
li
ng.

f
) Themanwassi
tt
ingi
nthel
i
brar
y.Hewasr
eadi
nganewspaper
.

Si
tt
ingi
nthel
ibr
ary
,themanwasr
eadi
nganewspaper
.

g)Shewal
kedhome.Shemetanol
dfr
iend.

Wal
kinghome,
shemetanol
dfr
iend.

h)Thedogwaggedi
tst
ail
.Itbi
tthet
hief
.

Waggi
ngi
tst
ail
,thedogbi
tthet
hief
.

i
) Thet
echni
cianwaswor
kingi
nthel
ab.Hecuthi
sfi
nger
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage93

93
 Wor
kingi
nthel
ab,
thet
echni
ciancuthi
sfi
nger
.

j
) Nj
orogewasr
elaxi
ngonhi
schai
r.Nj
orogef
ell
asl
eep.

Rel
axi
ngonhi
schai
r,Nj
orogef
ell
asl
eep.

k) Themanwasdi
sappoi
nted.Hest
ompedhi
sfootandl
eftangr
il
y.

Di
sappoi
nted,
themanst
ompedhi
sfootandl
eftangr
il
y.

FUNCTI
ONSOFADVERBS(
MODI
FIERS)

a)Thegi
rlhar
dlyev
erbel
i
eveswhatshei
stol
d.

I
tmodi
fi
est
headv
erb‘
ever
’.

b)Thev
eryt
all
treewascutt
hismor
ning.

I
tmodi
fi
esadj
ect
ive‘
tal
l’
.

c) Cer
tai
nly
,themanchoset
hewr
ongway
.

I
tmodi
fi
est
hesent
ence,
‘Themanchoset
hewr
ongway
.’

d)Wenot
icedt
hatt
hecowwasal
mosti
nthewat
er.

I
tmodi
fi
espr
eposi
ti
onalphr
ase‘
i
nthewat
er’
.

e) Thenewst
udentgl
adl
yfol
l
owedal
lthei
nst
ruct
ionsgi
ven.

I
tmodi
fi
est
hev
erb‘
fol
lowed’
.

f
) Thi
swal
lwasf
rant
ical
l
ypai
nted.

I
tmodi
fi
est
hev
erb‘
pai
nted’
.

PHRASES

ADJECTI
VEPHRASES

a)Hehasboughtamet
all
i
cdoor
.

Hehasboughtadoormadeofmet
al.

b)Herhusbandwor
eagol
denr
ing.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage94

94
 Herhusbandwor
ear
ingmadeofgol
d.

c) Awhi
tecowwassl
aught
ered.

Acowwi
thwhi
teski
nwassl
aught
ered.

d)Hel
i
vesi
nast
onehouse.

Hel
iv
esi
nahousebui
ltofst
one.

e) Ihav
epassedsev
eral
sleepl
essni
ght
s.

Ihav
epassedsev
eral
night
swi
thoutsl
eep.

f
) Thewhi
teusedt
heUgandanr
ail
way
.

Thewhi
teusedt
her
ail
wayr
unni
ngt
hroughUganda.

g)Her
oicdeedsar
ewor
thpr
aises.

Deedsofher
oism ar
ewor
thpr
aises.

h)Thei
rswasabr
aveact
.

Thei
rswasanactofbr
aver
y.

i
)Itwasahor
ri
blemov
ie.

I
twasamov
ief
ullofhor
ror
.

j
) ManyKeny
anst
alkaboutEngl
i
shl
eague.

ManyKeny
anst
alkaboutt
hel
eagueofEngl
and.

k) Thi
steacheri
saweal
thyper
son.

Thi
steacheri
saper
sonofgr
eatweal
th.

PREPOSI
TIONALPHRASES

a)I
n,i
nNai
robi

b)On,
onFr
idayni
ght

c) I
n,i
ntheki
tchencupboar
d

d)Wi
thout
,wi
thoutex
cessi
vel
ywor
ryi
ng

e) Fr
om,
from y
est
erday
’sl
ongexer
cise

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage95

95
 f
) Wi
th,
wit
hmal
ari
a

g)Wi
thout
,wi
thoutdi
ff
icul
ty

h)To,
tot
hei
rhot
elcomf
ort
abl
y

i
)Inhi
spy
jamas

j
)I nsteadof,inst
eadofporri
dge
k) onbehalf
,onbehalfofhisfr
iend
l
)i ncaseof ,
incaseoffir
e
m)inspiteof,inspi
teoft
her ai
ns
n)on,ont hewhol e
o)in,i
ngener al

CLAUSES

NOUNCLAUSES

Exer
cise1

1)Thaty
ouhat
ehi
misy
ourownpr
obl
em.

2)Youcannotr
elyonwhatDav
idsay
s.

3)I
tist
ruet
hathi
sfat
herhaspassedon.

4)Thenewst
hatmor
ethan100sol
dier
swer
eki
l
ledi
sabi
gli
e.

5)I
twasunf
ort
unat
ethatt
het
err
ori
stescaped.

6)Hewonder
edwhet
hert
heKi
ngl
ear
ntoft
henews.

7)Iwi
l
lpuni
shwhoev
erf
ail
sthi
stest
.

8)Icangi
vet
hist
owhoev
erpl
easesmemost
.

Exer
cise2

1.Iwonderhowl
ongweshoul
dwai
tforher
.

2.Doy
ouknowwhatt
heweat
herwi
l
lbe?

3.Het
oldmet
hathewoul
dnotgo.

4.Idon’
tknowwher
ehehasgone.

5.Mr
.Mor
isaskedhowmyf
ami
l
ywas.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage96

96
ADJECTI
VECLAUSES

(
a)ImetAki
nyi
int
own.Aki
nyi
isat
hief
.

ImetAki
nyi
,whoi
sat
hief
,int
own.

(
b)Themanwassi
ck.Hel
ookedv
erypal
e.

Themanwhowassi
ckl
ookedv
erypal
e.

(
c)Hewassi
tt
ingi
ntheemer
gencyr
oom.I
twasv
erycr
owded.

Theemer
gencyr
oom,
wher
ethehewassi
tt
ing,
wasv
erycr
owded.

(
d)Anur
sewasnear
by.Themancal
l
edt
oher
.

Themancal
ledt
henur
sewhowasnear
by.

(
e)Thenur
secal
l
edt
hedoct
or.Thedoct
orcamequi
ckl
y.

Thedoct
or,
whowascal
ledbyt
henur
se,
camequi
ckl
y.

(
f)Thedoct
oraskedhi
mtol
i
edown.Thedoct
orl
ookedv
erywor
ri
ed.

Thedoct
or,
whol
ookedv
erywor
ri
ed,
askedhi
mtol
iedown.

(
g)Thedoct
orgav
ethemanani
nject
ion.Thei
nject
ionmadehi
m got
osl
eep.

Thedoct
orgav
ethemanani
nject
ion,
whi
chmadehi
m got
osl
eep.

CONDI
TIONALCLAUSES

1.Shewi
llnotf
orgi
vey
ouunl
essy
out
ell
hert
het
rut
h.

2.Wewi
llnotpasst
heexamsi
fwedon’
twor
khar
der
.

3. I
fshet
akesapai
nki
ll
er,
shewi
llf
eel
muchbet
tersoon.

Unl
essshet
akesapai
nki
ll
er,
shewi
llnotf
eel
muchbet
tersoon.

4.I
ftheywi
llbeher
enextweek,
theywi
llt
ryt
ogot
oWar
da’
spar
ty.

Unl
esst
heywi
llbeher
enextweek,
theywi
llnott
ryt
ogot
oWar
da’
spar
ty.

5.Wi
lly
ougot
othepar
tyi
fshesendsy
ouani
nvi
tat
ioncar
d?

FORM 3WRI
TING

BUI
LDI
NGSENTENCESKI
LLSANDPARAGRAPHI
NG
duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage97

97
COHESI
ONI
NPARAGRAPHS

 Cohesi
onref
erstohowagr oupofsent
ences"
hangt
oget
her
."
 Consi
dert
heparagraphbel
ow:

Someast oni
shi
ngquestionsaboutthenatur
eoftheuni v
er sehavebeenraisedby
sci
ent
istsstudy
ingblackholesi
nspace.Ablackholeiscr eatedbythecoll
apseofa
deadstarint
oapointperhapsnolargert
hanamar ble.Somuchmat tercompressed
i
ntosolit
tlevol
umechangest hefabri
cofspacearoundi tinpuzzl
ingways.

USI
NGTRANSI
TIONALWORDSANDPHRASES

 Transi
ti
onsarewor dsorphrasesthatspecif
yarel
ati
onshi
pbet
weensent
encesand
betweenparagr
aphs.
 Theyhelpdi
rectthereaderf
rom onei deatoanot
her.
 Belowaresomecommont r
ansit
ionalwords:

ToSpeci
fySequence again,
also,and,
andt
hen,besides,f
inal
ly
,fi
rst...second...t
hir
d,
fur
thermore,l
ast,
mor
eover,next,st
il
l,
too

ToSpeci
fyTi
me aft
eraf ewday s,afterawhile,after
ward,aslongas, assoonas, atl
ast
,
atthatti
me, before,earl
ier
,immedi atel
y,i
nthemeant i
me, i
nthepast,
l
ately,
later
,meanwhi l
e,now, present
ly,si
multaneously,si
nce,sofar
,
soon,then,t
hereaf t
er,unti
l,
when

ToSpeci
fy agai
n,al
so,
int
hesameway
,li
kewi
se,
oncemor
e,si
mil
arl
y
Compari
son

ToSpeci
fyCont
rast al
though,but,
despite,eventhough, however,
incontr
ast
,inspi
teof
,
i
nstead,never
thel
ess,nonet heless,onthecontr
ary
,ontheonehand...
ontheotherhand,regardless,stil
l
,though,
yet

ToSpeci
fyExampl
es aft
eral
l,f
orexampl
e,fori
nstance,
indeed,
infact,ofcourse,
speci
fi
cal
ly,
suchas,
thefoll
owingexample,t
oi l
l
ustrate

ToSpeci
fyCauseand accor
dingl
y,asaresult
,because,consequentl
y,f
orthi
sreason,
hence,
Ef
fect i
f...then,
since,
so,then,t
herefore,
thereupon,
thus,t
othi
send

ToSpeci
fyPl
ace abov
e,adj
acentt
o,bel
ow,
bey
ond,
closert
oel
sewher
e,f
ar,
far
theron,

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage98

98
 her
e,near
,near
by,
opposi
tet
o,t
her
e,t
othel
eft
,tot
her
ight

ToSpecif
y al
thoughitistr
uethat
,gr
ant
edt
hat
,Iadmi
tthat
,itmayappeart
hat
,
Concessi
on natur
all
y,ofcourse

ToSpecifySummar
y, asaresult
,ashasbeennoted,asIhav
esaid,
asmentionedearl
i
er,as
Repet
it
ion,or wehaveseen,inanyevent
,inconcl
usi
on,
inotherwor
ds,inshor
t,on
Concl
usion thewhole,
ther
efor
e,tosummar i
ze

PUNCTUATI
  ON

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage99

99
TheCol
on
 Thecol
onexpandsonthesentencethatpr
ecedesit
,of
tenint
roduci
ngal
i
stt
hat
demonst
rat
esorelabor
ateswhateverwasprevi
ousl
ystat
ed.

Exampl
es

 Ther
ear
ethr
eet
hingsIhat
e:eat
ingwhi
l
ewal
ki
ng,
bei
ngl
atef
ort
hel
esson,
andbei
ng
abused.
 Shebroughtv
ari
ousfr
uits:bananas,
mangoes,
guav
as,
andappl
es.
 Yourprobl
em i
sone:
talkingtoomuch.

 Thecol
oni
sal
sousedt
odi
vi
det
hehourf
rom t
hemi
nut
esi
nwr
it
ingat
imei
nEngl
i
sh.

Exampl
es

 12:
30
 11:
10

THESEMI
COLON
 Thesemicol
oni
ssomewher ebetweenaf ul
lst
opandacomma.
 Semicol
onscanbeusedt ojoi
nphrasesandsentencest
hatar
ethemat
ical
l
yli
nkedwi
thout
havi
ngtouseaconj
unct
ion,forexample,

Idi
dnotgoout
;itwasr
aini
ng.

Janei
stal
l
;Al
ber
tisshor
t.

DASHES

 Dashescanbeusedtoaddpar ent
heti
calstat
ementsorcommentsinmucht
he
samewayasy ouwouldusebrackets.
 Informalwr
it
ingyoushouldusethebracketrat
herthant
hedashasadashi
s
consi
deredl
essfor
mal.
 Dashescanbeusedtocreateemphasisinasentence.

Exampl
es

 Hemightemergethewi
nner–youcan’
ttel
l.
.
 Shemightcometothepar
ty-y
ouneverknow.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage100

100
PERSONALWRI
TING

(
a)REMI
NDERS
 Wekeept
rackofev
ery
thi
ngweneedt
odo.

 Yourr
eminderwi
l
lhel
pyougett
hingsdonebyi
ncl
udi
ngr
elev
anti
nfor
mat
ionl
i
kephone
numbers.

 Ar
emi
nderhel
psoner
ememberi
mpor
tantoccasi
onsandappoi
ntment
s.

Sampl
eRemi
nder1

REMI
NDER

APPOI
NTMENTWI
THMR.KANJI
RA
11thFebr
DATE: uar
y,2016

TI
ME:
4.15p.
m.

PLACE:
Staf
froom

Iwi
ll
behav
inganappoi
ntmenti
nthest
aff
room wi
thMr
.Kanj
i
ra.To
car
rywi
thmear
e:

 Twopens(
blueandbl
ack)

 Not
ebook

Ishoul
dbepunct
ual
.

Sampl
eRemi
nder2

MYREMI
NDER

DAY DATE TI
ME EVENT PLACE

Sat
urday 13thMar
ch 3.
00pm Pschol
ogy Room 45
Lect
ures

Fr
iday 19thMar
ch 2.
00pm Appoi
ntment StJoseph’
s
wit
hDrJames Hospit
al

Monday 22ndMar
ch 8.
00am Guidanceand Col
l
egechapel
counsell
i
ng
l
esson

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage101

101
Tuesday 23rdMar
ch 4.
30pm Shoppi
ng TRM

(
b)Per
sonalJour
nal
s

Asdi
scussedear
li
er.

1.SOCI
ALWRI
TING

(
a)NOTESOFTHANKS
 AThankYouNotei
st houghtf
ulwaytoexpr
essy
ourgr
ati
tudeandappr
eci
ati
onf
orsomeone
whohasdonesomethinggreatf
oryou.

 Thenot
edoesn’
thav
etobel
ongt
obemeani
ngf
ul.Yourt
hought
scountmor
e.

El
ement
sofaThankYouNot
e

1.Dat
e

2.Sal
utat
ion

3.Personali
zi
ngt
henot
e.Thi
nkofoneort
wospeci
fi
cinst
anceswheny
ouwer
ehel
pedby
theperson.

4.Concl
udi
ngt
henot
e.Sayt
hanky
ouagai
ntot
heper
son.

5.Si
gn

Sampl
eThankYouNot
e

9thApr
il
,2016

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage102

102
DearMsBecky
:

Iam wri
ti
ngtot
hankyouf
orev
ery
thi
ngy
oudi
dlasty
eart
ohel
pme
prepar
eformyexams.

Ireal
lyappr
eciat
edwheny ouaskedmet obecomingtoseeyou
wheneverIhaddiff
icul
tyi
ny oursubj
ect
.Youalsoadv
isedmetowork
harderi
nclass.Butmorethanthat,y
ouguidedmeonhowt oanswer
questi
onsintheexams.

Allthesupportyougavemehelpedmereceivet
hegradeIhav
e
receiv
ed.Icouldhaveneverr
ecei
vedany
thingneart
hisgr
adewit
hout
you.Thanky ou.

Si
ncer
ely
,

Mur
komenAbdi

(
b)CONGRATULATORYNOTES
 Weal
way
srecogni
zet
heaccompl
i
shment
sbyot
her
s.

 Wr
it
ingacongr
atul
ator
ynot
eaddswar
mtht
other
elat
ionshi
ps.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage103

103
 Wewr
it
econgr
atul
ati
onsnot
esi
ncaseoft
hef
oll
owi
ngachi
evement
s:

 Pr
omot
ion(
job,
class)

 Ret
ir
ement

 Gr
aduat
ion

 Newt
it
le

 Newj
ob

 Schol
arshi
p

 Successf
ulspeech

 Bi
rt
h

 Engagement

 Mar
ri
age

 Wi
nni
ngcompet
it
ion

TheDoswhenWr
it
ingCongr
atul
ati
onsNot
e

 Wr
it
esoonaf
terhear
ingt
henews.

 Uset
hewor
d“congr
atul
ati
ons”ear
ly.

 Tel
ltheper
sonhowi
mpr
essedy
ouar
e.

 Expr
essy
ourwi
shesf
ort
heper
son’
scont
inuedsuccess.

St
epst
oWr
it
ingCongr
atul
ator
yNot
e

STEP EXPLANATI
ON EXAMPLE

Wr
it
ingSal
utat
ion Theper
sonmi ghtl
i
keseet
hei
rown DearAl
i
ow,
namewrit
ten.

Off
eri
ng  Doneear
ly. Congr
atul
ati
ononyour
Congr
atul
ati
ons pr
omotiontodeput
ypr
inci
pal
!
 Ment
iont
heoccasi
on.

Expressyour Tel
lthem howi
mpr
essedy
ouar
e. Iwasthr
il
ledwhenIhear
dthe
happiness. news!

Relatetheper
son’s Relat
esomethingabouttheper
son Eversi
nceweworked
achievementwit
h thatcoul
dhaveledtothei
r toget
heratMar
aguaMusl
i
m

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage104

104
somet
hing. achi
evement
. Girl
s’School,Iknewyouwer e
oneoft hebest.Iam verygl
ad
thatyourpassionforteachi
ng
hasbeenr ecognised.

Sendi
ngwishesfor  Assur
ethem t
hatther
e Bestofl
uckinyournew
conti
nuedsuccess. achi
evementi
sjustoneofthe posi
ti
on.Ihopethatt
hisi
s
manyother
sonnt heway. j
ustthestar
tofthemany
moresuccessestocome.
 Wi
sht
hem t
hebest
.

Cl
osi
ng  Addacl
osi
ngr
emar
k. BestWi
shes,

 Choosef
rom t
hel
i
st:

(
i) Si
ncer
ely
, Far
dol
yMohamed

(
ii
) Si
ncer
elyy
our
s,

(
ii
i) Regar
ds,

(
iv) War
mregar
ds,

(
v) Your
sTr
uly
,

(
vi) Cor
dial
l
y,

(
vii
) Bestwi
shes,

 Wr
it
eyournameaf
tert
his

Exer
cise

JumaMaxwel,yourel
serbrot
herhasjustgotanewjobaft
erwor
kinginanot
hercompanyfor
twoyear
s.I
nhisnewplaceofwor khewillber
eceiv
ingt
wicet
hesalar
yheusedtobeoffer
edin
thepr
evi
ouscompany.Wr i
tehi
m anotecongratul
ati
nghi
m.

(
c)Condol
encesNot
es

 Writ
ingacondolencenot
eisnotaneasyt
hingt
odo.Thi
sisbecauseweoft
endon’tknow
whattosay.Becauseoft
his,
wemayev enputt
het
askoffunt
ilt
hetimet
owr i
tehas
seemingl
ypassed.

 I
nacondol
encenot
e,wer
efl
ectourgenui
net
hought
sandf
eel
i
ngs.

 Keepy
ourmessageshor
tyett
hought
ful
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage105

105
 Tryasmuchaspossi
blet
oment
ionaf
ondorf
unnymemor
yoft
hedeceasedi
fyouknew
them.

St
epst
oWr
it
ingCondol
enceNot
e

(
i) I
ntr
oducey
ournot
e.Exampl
e,

Iwasdeepl
ysaddenedwhenIl
ear
nedaboutJoan’
spassi
ng.

Or

Iwasdeepl
ysaddenedbyt
henewsofJoan’
spassi
ng.

Or

Wear
ever
ysaddenedt
oheary
ourr
ecentl
ossofJoan.

(
ii
) Expr
essy
ourcondol
ences,
ref
err
ingt
otheper
son’
sdeat
hasa“
loss”
.Forexampl
e,

Pleaseacceptmyhear
tfel
tsympathi
esf
ory
ourl
oss.Myt
hought
sar
ewi
thy
ouand
yourfamil
yduri
ngthi
sdiff
icul
tti
me.

(
ii
i) Shareashortst
oryormemor yyouhaveaboutthedeceased.I
twil
lall
owthebereaved
knowhowmucht hei
rlovedonesmeantt oyou.Probabl
yitwil
lgi
vethem areasontoat
l
eastsmilei
fnottolaugh.Ifpossi
ble,
tel
lthem t
hatthedeceasedwil
lbemissed.For
example,

Joanwasasour
ceofi
nspi
rat
iont
ome.Iwi
llnev
erf
orgether
!

Or

Joanspenthert
imeser
vingot
her
s.Iam v
erygr
atef
ulohav
eknownher
.

I
fyoudon’
tknowt
heper
sonwhohaspassed,
youmaysay
:

Iwi
llal
way
sremembery
ourst
ori
esabout
…..

Or

Iwi
llal
way
srememberhowmuchy
oul
oved….

(
iv) Acknowledgethecauseofdeat
hespeci
all
yifi
tcomesaf
teral
ongper
iodofsuf
fer
ingor
i
ll
ness.Forexample,

IknowJoanexperi
encedagreatdealofsuf
feri
ngsinceshewasdiognosedwit
h
cancer
.Ipr
aythatyoufi
ndcomf or
tinknowingthatshei
snolongerinanypai
n.

(
v) Of
fersomeassi
stance.Gi
vespeci
fi
cway
sinwhi
chy
ouwoul
dli
ket
ohel
p.Forexampl
e,

I
nthi
sst
ressf
ulmoment
,pl
easel
etmeknowwhet
herIcanhel
pinanyway
.Iwoul
dli
ke

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage106

106
 t
o……….

(
vi) Sum upy
ournot
eusi
nganappr
opr
iat
ephr
ase.Youcanchoosef
rom t
hel
i
stbel
ow:

 Youar
einmyt
hought
s

 Wi
thDeepestSy
mpat
hy

 Wi
thHear
tfel
tCondol
ences,

 Thi
nki
ngofy
ou

 Mysi
ncer
esy
mpat
hy

 I
’
m pr
ayi
ngf
ory
ou

Exer
cise

Yourf
ri
end’
ssisterhaspassedonfoll
owingtheroadacci
dentontheeveofthenewyear
.That
samedayyouspendmostoft hetimewithherbefor
eshemeet shert
ragedy.Wri
teanot
eto
Angel
aexpr
essinghowy oufeelaboutt
hesuddendeathofMar y,
hersi
ster
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage107

107
 (
d)TELEGRAMS
 At
elegr
am i
sat
extmessagesentbywi
reusi
ngMor
secode.

 Thecodesar
etr
anscr
ibedi
ntol
anguageandpr
int
ed.

 Tel
egr
amscanbesental
lov
ert
hewor
ldwi
thi
nacoupl
eofhour
s.

1.Wor
dingt
elegr
ams

 Ther
ightwayofwor
dingi
seconomi
cal
,whi
l
ethewr
ongwayi
swast
eful
.

 Avoidunnecessar
ywor
ds—wor
dst
hatmi
ghtbeomi
tt
edwi
thouti
mpai
ri
ngt
hesense
ofthemessage.

. Wr
it
ingf
igur
es

 Thesuf
fi
xes‘
th’
,‘
rd’
,‘
nd’
appendedt
ofi
gur
esar
ecount
edaswor
ds.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage108

108
  Spel
lthewor
dsas‘
four
th’
inst 4th’
eadof‘ etc.

3.Getr
idofsmal
lconnect
ingwor
dssuchas‘
a’
,‘
the,
etc’
.

4.Makeuseofshar
psent
encesandphr
ases.

Sampl
eTel
egr
am

KENYANPOSTANDTELEGRAM
TELEGRAM

Sender
’sName:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
__-

Sender
’sAddr
ess:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

Recei
pient
’sName:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___

Recei
pient
’sAddr
ess:
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
___
_

DearAl
l
an,

HEARDYOUWERELITTLEBI
TUNDERWEATHERATTHEMOMENT
[
STOP]JUSTRESTUPANDLETTHEDOCTORSDOTHEI
RMAGI
C[STOP]
YOUWI LLBEUPANDABOUTINNOTI
ME

Exer
cise

Yoursi
sterwholivesi
nChicago,USA,
hasdel
iver
edofababygi
rl
.Wr
it
eherat
elegr
am
congr
atulat
ingheronarr
ival
ofthenewbaby.

2.PUBLI
CWRI
TING

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage109

109
 (
a)Let
ter
sofAppl
icat
ion
 Alsoknownascoverl
ett
er,
alet
terofappl
i
cat
ioni
sadocumentsenttogetherwi
thy our
curr
icul
um vi
taet
oprovi
deaddi
ti
onali
nfor
mati
ononyourski
l
lst
oy ourprospect
ive
employer.

 Det
ail
edi
nfor
mat
iononwhyy
ouar
equal
i
fiedf
ort
hej
obshoul
dbepr
ovi
ded.

 Thi
slet
terwi
l
llety
ourpr
ospect
iveempl
oyerknowwhatposi
ti
ony
ouar
eappl
yi
ngf
or.

Let
terofAppl
icat
ionFor
mat

I
nthet
abl
ethatf
oll
ows,
all
thatshoul
dbei
ncl
udedi
nal
ett
erofappl
i
cat
ionar
ecapt
ured.

I
tem Expl
anat
ion Exampl
e

Sender
’sAddr
ess  Writ
ethename(your
s KI
MITINJERI
oraninst
it
uti
on’
s)
P.
O.BOX777–40400
 Postal
addr
ess
SUNA-
MIGORI
fol
l
ows.

 Writ
ethenameoft
he
ci
tyaft
er.

Dat
e I
nful
l 23RD Jul
y,2016

Recei
ver
’sAddr
ess  Startwi
ththeposi
ti
on
ofthereci
pient
.

 Wri
tethenameoft
he
i
nst
itut
ion.

 Addt
heboxnumber
.

 Last
ly,
wri
tet
het
own
orci
ty.

Sal
utat
ion Leti
tbef
ormal
.

I
nregar
dst
o(wr
it
ten‘
RE’
)

Fi
rstPar
agr
aph Her
e:

 Ment
ionthej
obyou
ar
eapply
ingf
or.

 Ment
ionwher
eyou

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage110

110
 f
oundt
hel
i
sti
ng.

Mi
ddl
ePar
agr
aphs  Ment i
onwhyyour
skil
l
sandexperi
ence
areagoodfitf
orthe
j
ob.

LastPar
agr
aph  Saythanky outoy
our
reci
pientfor
consideri
ngyourl
ett
er.

 Not
ehowyouwi
l
l
f
oll
owup.

Cl
osi
ng

Si
gnat
ure  Endyourlett
erwit
h
yoursi
gnature.

 Wri
tey
ournameaf
ter
i
t

Sampl
eLet
terofAppl
icat
ion

Vi
j
anaWer
evuHi
ghSchool

P.
O.Box888–30200

MACHAKOS

31STJanuar
y,2016

TheDi
rect
or

Makusudi
Secondar
ySchool

P.
O.Box434–50000

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage111

111
NAI
ROBIKENYA

DearSi
r/
Madam:

RE:
ENGLI
SH/
LITERATURETEACHER

Iam wr i
ti
ngtoexpr
essmyi nter
estinthepositi
onofteachi
ngEngl ishandLit er
aturethathas
st
ari
senwi thy
ourschoolandthatwaslistedintheWednesdayNat ionon31 December ,2015.I
beli
eveIam anexcell
entfi
tforthi
sposition,
givenachance.Besidesteachingt hetwo, Ial
so
teachHistor
yandPhysicalEducat
ion.Iam a2013,dipl
omagr aduat ef
rom Ni kufunzeTeachers’
Traini
ngColl
ege.

Iam aconsci
enti
ouspersonwhowor kshardandpay satt
enti
ont odetai
l
s.Iam al
soquickt
o
l
earnnewskill
saswellast ol
earnfr
om others.Iam keentowor kforaschoolwit
hagreat
reput
ati
onli
keMakusudi Secondar
ySchool.Ihavetheenthusiasm anddeter
minati
ont
omake
ensuret
hatImakesuccessoft heposi
tionwhenof feredit
.

Ienjoytr
aini
ngstudentsandhelpi
ngthem bui
ldconf
idenceinthei
rabi
li
tyt
oachieve,bot
h
academicall
yandsoci all
y.I
naddi
ti
on,Ihavecomputerski
ll
sthatwil
lbeagreatassetwhen
developi
ngclassresources.

Fi
ndmycur
ri
cul
um v
itaeat
tached.

Thankyoufortaki
ngtheti
met oconsi
dert
hisappl
i
cat
ionandIl
ookf
orwar
dtohear
ingf
rom y
ou
atyourear
li
estconveni
ence.

Your
sfai
thf
ull
y,

[
signher
e]

SeenLat
er

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage112

112
Exer
cise

Ajobhasjustbeenadver
ti
sed.Youhavebeenadoctorf
orthreeyears.Whenyouseet
his
adver
tyoufeell
ikeyouhavetoappl
yfort
hejob.Wri
teyourcurr
icul
um vit
aeyouwil
lat
tachedi
n
yourl
ett
erofappli
cati
on.

3.STUDYWRI
TING

(
a)SYNOPSI
S
 Sy
nopsi
sanswer
sthequest
ion:
Whati
sthest
oryoft
henov
el,
play
,et
c?

 Justwr
it
ewhathappensi
nthebook.

 Of
tennotl
ong,
sot
ryt
ocapt
ureonl
yper
ti
nentdet
ail
s.

 Goi
ntot
hedet
ail
aboutt
heset
ti
ng.

TheRi
verandt
heSour
ceSy
nopsi
s

THERI
VERANDTHESOURCE

Thenovelbegi
nswi
tht
hebi
rt
hofagir
l
chi
ld.……….………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………

Exer
cise

Assumey ouaretheauthorof“Caucasi
anChalkCir
cle”.Thepl
ayhasnotbeenpubli
shed.When
youaskthepubli
sherstopubli
shit,t
heytel
lyoutowr i
tethesy
nopsi
softheplaybefor
ethey
consi
derpubl
ishi
ngit.Writ
eitssynopsi
s.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage113

113
 (
b)REPORTS
 Ar
epor
tisasy
stemat
ic,
wel
lor
gani
zeddocumentwhi
chdef
inesapr
obl
em,
andanal
ysesi
t.

 Repor
tsar
ewr
it
tenf
oll
owi
ngr
esear
chorst
udyonacur
rent
lyt
rendi
ngt
opi
c.

 Ther
ear
eshor
tandl
ongr
epor
ts.

 Ar
epor
thassect
ions,
andsubsect
ions

 Ther
ear
eel
ement
sfoundi
nbot
htheshor
tandt
hel
ongr
epor
ts.Theyi
ncl
ude:

 Headi
ng

 I
ntr
oduct
ion.Her
ewei
ncl
udet
hingssuchas:

(
i) Dat
e

(
ii
) Of
fi
cert
owhom t
her
epor
tispr
esent
ed

(
ii
i) Commi
tt
eemember
s(i
fdoneasagr
oup)

(
iv) Ter
msofr
efer
ence.Thi
siswher
ewewr
it
etheobj
ect
iveoft
hest
udy
.

 Methodsofdat
acollect
ion.Howt hei
nfor
mati
onwasgat
her
edi
sdi
scussedher
e.
Thedif
fer
entmethodsofcollect
ingdat
aareuseof
:

(
i) Quest
ionnai
res

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage114

114
 (
ii
) Obser
vat
ion

(
ii
i) I
nter
views

 Fi
ndi
ngs.St
atewhaty
oul
ear
ned.

 Concl
usi
ons

 Recommendat
ions.St
atehowt
hef
indi
ngscanhel
pimpr
ovet
hesi
tuat
ion.

 Repor
tsar
eal
way
s:

 Accur
ate;

 Conci
se;

 Cl
ear
;and

 Wel
lst
ruct
ured.

Sampl
eRepor
t

REPORTONWHYMOSTGI
RLSATNAI
VASHACHRI
STI
ANSCHOOLDROPOUTOFSCHOOL

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Thepr
inci
palaskedagroupofstudent
stof
indoutthereasonswhyt
her
eishi
ghdr
opout
amonggir
lsatNaivashaSchool
.Thecommitt
eeincl
uded:

1.Nj
agi
Cool

2.Ki
mot
hoMacha

3.JaneKi
l
onzo

Thest
udyst
aredon3rdFebr
t yandendedon10thoft
uar hesamemont
h.

Pr
ocedur
e

Thegroupuseddif
fer
entmet
hodst
ogat
hert
hei
nfor
mat
ion.Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethemet
hods
usedcol
lectdat
a:

(
a)Quest
ionnai
re

Aboutf
ivest
udent
s,amongt
hem t
hreegi
rl
swer
eissuedwi
thquest
ionnai
rest
hatt
heyf
il
led

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage115

115
wit
hease.Atfi
rstt
heywerenotreadyt
odosobutwhentheywereassur
edatoken,theywere
morewill
ingt
orespond.Theyt
ookapproxi
mat
elyt
enminuteseacht
oprovi
deresponsetothe
quest
ionsandprompts.

(
b)I
nter
views

Oneoft hecommi t
teemembers,Ki
mothoMacha, wasappoi nt
edtoleadinint
ervi
ewingtwo
student
s.Thet wostudent
sgavesever
alr
easonsf ort
hehighdr opout.Oneofthem ev
en
wantedt ohavebeenincl
udedi
nthecommi t
tee.Theinter
viewswereconductedattheschool
quadrangle.

(
c)Obser
vat
ion

Oneweekwasenoughf orthecommitt
eemember stost
udytheotherstudent
s.Itwasnot
ed,i
n
thewaytheytal
kinsmallgr
oups,whytheydropout.I
nfactoneofthefemalestudent
slef
tthe
school
beforetheact
ualdayofsubmit
tingt
hisreport
.

Fi
ndi
ngs

I
twasf
oundoutt
hat
:

(
a)Sincemostgi
rl
sar eidl
eduri
ngt heweekends,
theyyi
eldtopr
essur
ef r
om thefel
l
ow
student
swhopusht hem i
ntoleavingt
heschool.Whi
leathome,majori
tyf
ailt
oget
admissi
oninotherschool
s.

(
b)Someoft hest
udentsar
enotsat
isf
iedwit
hthequal
i
tyoft
hemeal
scooked.Theyf
eel
theydon’
tmatchtheamountofmoneytheypay
.

(
3)Addot
hert
wo

Concl
usi
ons

Thecommi
tt
eeconcl
udedt
hat
:

(
1)Someoft
hegi
rl
sdonotknowhowt
omakeuseoft
hei
rfr
eet
ime.

(
b)Someoft
hest
udent
sval
uef
oodmor
ethaneducat
ionser
vicesof
fer
edatt
heschool
.

Recommendat
ions

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage116

116
 (
a)Thest
udent
sshoul
dbegui
dedonhowt
obenef
itf
rom t
hei
rfr
eet
ime.

(
b)Thequali
tyofmeal
sshoul
dbei
mpr
ovedoratl
eastpr
ovi
deal
ter
nat
ivedi
ett
othosenot
sat
isf
ied.

Repor
tcompi
ledby
:AmosNgot
ho

Si
gnat
ure:

Posi
ti
on:FORM 2STUDENT

Exer
cise

I
thasbeennotedthatstudent
satKi
nyaHi
ghabusedrugs.Thedeput
ypr
inci
palcal
lsyouone
dayandasksyoutoform acommitt
eetoi
nvest
igat
ethecausesofdr
ugabuseatyourschool
.
Writ
etherepor
ttocontain:

(
i) I
ntr
oduct
ion

(
ii
) Thr
eemet
hodsofdat
acol
l
ect
ion

(
ii
i) Fourf
indi
ngs

(
iv) Fourconcl
usi
ons

(
v) Fourr
ecommendat
ions.

(
c)ARGUMENTATI
VEESSAYS

 Theargument ati
veessayisagenr eofwri
ti
ngthatr
equiresthestudenttoi
nvest
igat
eatopi
c;
col
lect
, generate,andeval
uateevidence;
andestabl
ishaposi t
iononthetopi
cinaconci
se
manner.
 Thestructureoft heargumentat
iveessayishel
dtogetherbythefoll
owing.

 Acl
ear
,conci
se,
anddef
inedt
hesi
sst
atementt
hatoccur
sint
hef
ir
stpar
agr
aphoft
he
essay
.

I
nthefi
rstpar
agr
aphofanar
gumentessay
,st
udent
sshoul
dsett
hecont
extbyr
evi
ewi
ngt
he
t
opici
nageneralway
.

 Cl
earandl
ogi
calt
ransi
ti
onsbet
weent
hei
ntr
oduct
ion,
body
,andconcl
usi
on.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage117

117
Wit
houtl
ogicalprogr
essi
onofthought,t
hereaderisunabl
etofol
lowtheessay’sar
gument,and
t
hestr
ucturewill
coll
apse.Tr
ansit
ionsshoul
dwr apuptheideafr
om t
heprevioussect
ionand
i
ntr
oducetheideathati
stofoll
owi nt
henextsecti
on.

 Bodypar
agr
aphst
hati
ncl
udeev
ident
ial
suppor
t.

Eachpar
agr
aphshoul
dbel
i
mit
edt
othedi
scussi
onofonegener
ali
dea.

 Ev
ident
ialsuppor
t(whet
herf
act
ual
,l
ogi
cal
,st
ati
sti
cal
,oranecdot
al)
.

Theargumentat
iveessayrequi
reswel
l-
researched,accurat
e,detai
l
ed,
andcur
renti
nfor
mat
ion
tosuppor
tthethesi
sstatementandconsiderotherpoint
sofv i
ew.

 Aconclusi
onthatdoesnotsi
mpl
yrest
atet
het
hesi
s,butr
eaddr
essesi
tinl
ightoft
he
ev
idenceprov
ided.

Donoti nt
roduceanynewi nf
ormat i
oni
ntotheconcl
usion;
rather,synthesi
zet
heinfor
mat i
on
presentedinthebodyoft heessay
.Restat
ewhyt hetopi
cisimpor tant
, r
evi
ewthemainpoints,
andr ev
iewy ourthesi
s.Youmayal sowanttoincl
udeashortdiscussionofmoreresearchthat
shouldbecompl etedinli
ghtofyourwork.

4.I
NSTI
TUTI
ONALWRI
TING

(
a)NOTI
FICATI
ONSOFMEETI
NGS
 Anot
iceofmeet
ingi
ssentt
omember
sofapar
ti
cul
argr
oupt
oinf
ormt
hem oft
he:

(
i) Ti
meoft
hemeet
ing

(
ii
) Dat
eoft
hemeet
ing

(
ii
i) Locat
ionoft
hemeet
ing

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage118

118
 (
iv) I
nfor
mat
iont
obedi
scussed.Thi
siswher
etheagendacome.

Wr
it
ingaNot
iceofMeet
ing

Towr
it
eagoodnot
iceofmeet
ing,
fol
l
owt
hest
epst
hatf
oll
ow:

 Wr
it
ethenameoft
heor
gani
zat
ion/
inst
it
uti
onatt
het
opoft
hepage.

 Wr
ite“
Noti
ceofMeeting”af
ewl
i
nesdown.Wr
it
e“Not
iceofPubl
i
cMeet
ing”i
fyourmeet
ing
wi
l
lbeopentothepubli
c.

 Bel
owwr
it
ethenameoft
hegr
oup.

 I
nthebodyoft
henot
ice,
incl
udesucht
hingsl
i
ke:

(
i) Ti
meoft
hemeet
ing

(
ii
) Dat
eoft
hemeet
ing

(
ii
i) Locat
ionoft
hemeet
ing

(
iv) Agendaoft
hemeet
ing

(
v) Anyper
ti
nenti
nfor
mat
ion

 Si
gnof
f

Sampl
eNot
iceofMeet
ing

USHI
KWAPOSHI
KAMANAMI
XEDDAYSECONDARYSCHOOL
NOTI
CEOFMEETI
NG

DRAMACLUB

ToAl
lDr
amaCl
ubMember
s:

RE:
DRAMACLUBMEETI
NG

Thi
sist
oinf
orm al
lmemberst
hatt
hecl
ubwi
l
lhol
dameet
ingon2ndFebr
uar
y,2016f
rom 4.
20
p.
m.att
heschoolchapel
.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage119

119
Thef
oll
owi
ngbusi
nesswi
l
lbet
ransact
eddur
ingt
hismeet
ing:

 Pr
eli
minar
ies;

 Conf
ir
mat
ionofpr
evi
ousmi
nut
es;

 Mat
ter
sar
isi
ng;

 Rehear
sal
sfordr
amaf
est
ival
;

 Wel
comi
ngt
het
rai
ner
;

 Rai
singmoneyt
obuycost
umes;

 Anyot
herbusi
ness;
and

 Adj
our
nment
.

Youarerequest
edtobepunct
ual
fort
hemeet
ingandt
ocomewi
thwr
it
ingmat
eri
als.
Ref
reshmentswill
beser
ved.

Your
sSi
ncer
ely

[
signher
e]

Ki
j
ikoKi
ref
u

CLUBSECRETARY

Exer
cise

Youar
etheschool
headpr
efect
.Youwantt
ocal
lfort
heur
gentpr
efect
s’meet
ing.Not
if
ythem
oft
hemeeti
ng.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage120

120
 (
b)AGENDA
 Anagendai
sthel
i
stofact
ivi
ti
esi
nameet
ingandt
heor
deri
nwhi
cht
heyshoul
dbet
akenup.

 Anyor
gani
zedmeet
ingr
equi
resawel
lwr
it
tenagenda.

 I
ftheagendai
snotclear
lywr
it
ten,
ther
esul
twi
l
lbet
hatt
hemeet
ingwi
l
lbecomeov
er-
long,
i
neff
ici
ent
,orev
enslog.

 Agendai
swr
it
tenandhandedt
othemember
spar
ti
cipat
ingi
nameet
ingpr
iort
othe
meeti
ng.

 Mostsecr
etar
iespr
eferi
ncl
udi
ngt
heagendai
nthenot
iceofmeet
ings.

St
epst
oWr
it
inganAgenda

(
i) Wr
it
ethenameoft
hei
nst
it
uti
on.I
fpossi
ble,
hav
eat
hei
nst
it
uti
onl
ett
erhead.

(
ii
) Gi
vey
ouragendaat
it
le.Wr
it
e“AGENDA”
,“MEETI
NG”andt
henameoft
hegr
oupt
ohol
d
t
hemeet
ing.

(
ii
i) I
ncl
udet
hedat
e,t
ime,
andv
enueoft
hemeet
ing.

(
iv) I
ntr
oducey
ouragenda.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage121

121
(
v) Listtheitemst obedi scussed.St
artwit
hpreli
minari
es,t
henreadingandconf i
rmationof
previousmi nutes,fol
lowedbymat ter
sarisi
ng(
somepeopl ewrit
e:unfi
nishedbusiness)
,
thenl i
stalltheotheritemstobediscussed.Fr
om thereadd“anyotherbusiness”and
l
ast l
y,“adjournment ”
.

Sampl
eAgendaNot
etoGr
oupMember
s

NI
PENI
KUPEMUSLI
M BOYS’
HIGHSHOOL
AGENDAOFTHEMEETI
NGOFSCOUTSCLUB

24TH JANUARY,
DATE: 2016

TI
ME:
9.00AM

VENUE:
SCHOOLREFECTORY

Ther
ewi
l
lbet
hesecondmeet
ingoft
hey
earwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ngi
temst
obedi
scussed:

 Pr
eli
minar
ies

 Readi
ngandconf
ir
mat
ionofpr
evi
ousmi
nut
es

 Mat
ter
sar
isi
ng

 Campi
ngt
ri
p

 Pl
ant
ingf
lower
s

 Anyot
herbusi
ness

 Adj
our
nment

Si
gn

Deni
sBenj
am

CLUBSECRETARY

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage122

122
 (
c)MI
NUTEWRI
TING
 Mi
nut
esofwhati
sdi
scussedi
swr
it
tensoonaf
tert
hemeet
ing.

 Dur
ingt
hemeet
ing,
thesecr
etar
yonl
ytakesnot
es.

 Mi
nut
esar
etheof
fi
cial
recor
dsofagr
oupi
nanor
gani
zat
ion.

 I
tiscr
uci
alt
hatt
heybeaccur
ateast
heyar
elegal
recor
doft
hepr
oceedi
ngsoft
hatgr
oup.

Mi
nut
esFor
mat

ELEMENT EXPLANATI
ON

Headi
ng Theheadi
ngcompr
ise:

 Nameoft
hegr
oup;

 Dat
eoft
hemeet
ing;

 Ti
meoft
hemeet
ing;
and

 Pl
acewher
ethemeet
ingwashel
d.

Pr
esent Wewr
it
ethenamesofal
lthemember
spr
esenther
e.

NotPr
esent  Member
swhof
ail
toat
tendt
hemeet
ing.

 Attimestheyar
ecl
assi
fi
edf
ir
st,
asAbsentwi
thApol
ogy
,
then,asAbsent
.

 I
notherorganizat
ions,secr
etari
esonlywri
te“Member
s
Absent
”.Theywr i
teinbrackets“Pr
e-Arr
anged”f
ort
hose
whosendt hei
rregret
s.

 Ei
therway
sseem accept
abl
e.

I
nAt
tendance Name(
s)ofpeopl
ewhoat t
endthemeet
ingbutar
enonmember
s
oft
hegroupar
ewrit
tenundert
his.

Pr
eli
minar
ies  I
tist
hei
ntr
oduct
oryr
emar
kmadebef
oret
hemeet
ing.

 Incl
udedareprayer
s,wel
comi
ngmembersbythechai
r,
andcongratul
ati
ngmembersonbei
ngpunct
ual.

Confi
rmat
ionofPr
evi
ous Wei
ncl
ude:
Minut
es
 Readi
ngoft
hemi
nut
es;

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage123

123
  Confi
rmati
onoft
hemi
nut
esbyamember
,andsecondi
ng
byanother
;

 Appr
oval
oft
hemi
nut
es.

Mat
ter
sAr
isi
ng  Pr
obl
emsorquesti
onsar
isi
ngf
rom t
hepr
evi
ousmeet
ing
ar
edi
scussedher
e.

 I
tisal
sor
efer
redt
oas“
unf
ini
shedbusi
ness”
.

NewBusi
ness Keyt
obecapt
uredar
e:

 Thei
ssuedi
scussedasapr
obl
em.

 Thesol
uti
onr
eached.

Anyot
herBusi
ness Subj
ect
sthatmember smentionaf
terthemainsubj
ect
shave
beendi
scussed.Notdi
scussedexhausti
vel
yasthemainones.

Adj
our
nment Whenmeet i
ngends.Dat
eandt
imeoft
henextmeet
ingi
susual
l
y
announced.

Appr
oval
ofMi
nut
es  Theminut
esofonemeet
ingar
enor
mal
l
yappr
ovedatt
he
nextmeet
ing.

 Onceapprovedbotht
hesecr
etar
yandt
hechai
rappend
t
heirsi
gnatures.

Sampl
eMi
nut
es

WILDLI
FECLUBMEETI NTHESCHOOLREFECORYON13TH
NGHELDI
FEBRUARY,
2016,
AT4.00PM

MEMBERSPRESENT

1.Noi
semakerAwuor–Chai
r

2.BeakerLabor
aor
y–Secr
etar
y

3.Cat
her
ineNj
agi
–Tr
easur
er

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage124

124
4.SukumaWi
ki–Member

5.Ki
j
ikoPov
u

6.Jemi
mahAki
nyi

7.Jer
emyKany
ari

MEMBERSNOTPRESENT

1.Al
otManumu

2.Ki
nyAbi
ro

I
NATTENDANCE

Ki
baki
Akel
l
o–Cl
ubPat
ron

MI
N1/
2/2016:Pr
eli
minar
ies

Meeti
ngwascalledtoor
derat4.
01pm byt
hecl
ubchai
r.Shewel
comedal
lmember
sand
congr
atul
atedev
eryoneonkeepi
ngt
ime.

MI
N2/
2/2016:Conf
ir
mat
ionoft
hePr
evi
ousMi
nut
es

Minut
esfr
om t
hemeet ngon12thJanuar
i y,2016wasread.I
twasconfi
rmedasthetr
uer
ecor
ds
ofwhatwast
ransact
edbyAnnabelandsecondedbyFeli
xKimut
ai.I
twasther
efor
eappr
oved
wit
houtmodi
fi
cati
on.

MI
N3/
2/2016:Mat
ter
sAr
isi
ng

1.Amemberwant
edt
hedat
eforcommenci
ngt
reespl
ant
ingbeannounced.

2.Amemberaskedt
hatdr
inksshoul
dbeser
vedwhenev
erameet
ingi
shel
d.

MI
N4/
2/2016:Regi
str
ati
onofNewMember
s

I
twasdiscussedthatnewmember swast ober egist
ered.Thiswasaresul
tofmanystudent
s
whohadcompl et
edschooll
astyear.Regi
str
ationwast ostar
tinaweek’st
ime.Eachnew
memberwast opaysum ofsh.250beforebeingr egi
stered.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage125

125
MI
N5/
2/2016:Tr
ipt
oMauFor
est

Membersdiscussedthetri
pt oMauForestscheduledfor1stMarch.Eachregi
ster
edmember
wasrequestedt
or emitt
heirSh.300contr
ibut
ionthroughtheclubpatronbefor
et heendof
Febr
uary.Amemberr equestedthatt
heschool managementbeaskedt oassi
stinmakingt
he
tr
ipasuccess.

Ot
hert
hingst
ocar
ryi
ncl
uded:

 Toi
l
etr
ies

 Snacks

 Enoughcl
othi
ng

MI
N6/
2/2016:AnyOt
herBusi
ness

1.Amemberaskedwhet
hernewmember
swer
eel
i
gibl
etov
isi
ttheMauFor
est
.

2.Amemberwantedtoknowwhentherabbi
tsownedbyt
hecl
ubcoul
dbesol
dinor
dert
o
suppl
ementt
hei
rbudgetf
ort
hetr
ip.

MI
N9/
2/2016:Adj
our
nment

12thMar
ch,
20165.00pm andschoolr
efect
orywer
efi
xedasthedate,
timeandplacef
ort
he
nextmeeti
ng.Therebei
ngnootherbusi
ness,t
hemeet
ingwasadjour
nedat6.13pm.

MI
NUTESAPPROVEDBY:

SECRETARY CHAI
RPERSON

NAME …………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………

SI
GN …………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………….
.

DATE …………………………………………………………………….
.………………………………………………………………

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage126

126
 (
d)MEMORANDA
 Amemorandum i
sabri
efwrit
tenmessagesentf
rom oneper
sonordepar
tment
,toanot
her
per
sonoragroupi
nanorgani
zati
on.

 Amemohast
wof
oldpur
pose:

 I
tbr
ingsat
tent
iont
oapr
obl
em;
and

 I
tsol
vest
hatpr
obl
em.

 Theyinformthereaderaboutnewi
nfor
mat
ionsuchaspr
icei
ncr
eases,
orbyper
suadi
ng
them t
ot akeanacti
on.

MemoFor
mat

FORMAT EXPLANATI
ON EXAMPLE

I
nsti
tut
ion/
Organi
zat
io I
fpossi
bleaddt
hel
ett
erhead. HABANAHABAMI XED
n’
sName SECONDARYSCHOOL

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage127

127
Headi
ng  St
atet
hatthi
sisa I
nter
nalMemo
memorandum.

 Thewords“i
nter
nalmemo”are
usual
l
ywrit
tenthenunder
li
ned.

Ref
erence Wri
tt
endif
fer
ent
lydependi
ngont
he Ref3/
2015
or
ganiz
ati
on.

“
To”f
iel
d  Writ
ethejobti
tl
eoft
heper
son TO:
All
Teacher
s
youaresendi
ngthememo.

“
Cc”f
iel
d  I
ndi
catewhowil
lrecei
vea CC:
Pri
nci
pal
“
Court
esyCopy
”oft hememo.

 Iti
sdi
rect
edtoapersonwho
shoul
dremai
ninf
ormed.

“
From”f
iel
d Wr
it
eyourj
obt
it
le. FROM:
TheDeput
yPr
inci
pal

Dat
e Writ
ethecompl
etedat
e,spel
l
ing 11thJanuar
DATE: y,2016or
outthemont
h
DATE: y11th,
Januar 2016

“
Subj
ect
”fi
eld  Iti
salinet
hatgi
vest
her
eader SUBJECT:
SUBMISSI
ONOF
anideaofwhatt
hememois ENDTERM EXAMSRESULTS
about.

 Bespeci
fi
cbutconci
se.

Body  Twoi
ssuesar
ediscussed:
the Asof3rdAugust,2015, onlytwo
pr
obl
em andt
hesoluti
on. teachershadsubmi t
tedt heend
oftermt woexamination
 I
ntr
oducethepr
obl
em i
nthe resul
ts.Theresul
tswer e
f
ir
stparagr
aph. supposedt ohaveenteredi nt
o
r
d
 Givet hesoluti
ont ot
hepr obl
em thecomput erby3 .
i
nt hesecondpar agr
aph.
Suggestt heactionsthatshould
bet aken. Youar erequest
edt oincrease
yourspeedi nmarkingthe
 Thet hirdparagraph(
normally remainingpapers.Before7thof
thelast)closethememowi t
ha t hi
smont h,ensurey ouhave
positi
v eandwar m summar y. enter
edt hemarks.

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage128

128
 Wewillbegl
adtoseeal
lthat
donebythenewl
ysetdeadl
ine.
Wewishallt
hebestasyou
worktowar
dsmeeti
ngthat
deadl
i
ne.

Si
gni
ngof
f  Si
gn Your
sSi
ncer
ely
,

 Wr
it
eyourname [
signat
ure]

Mr
.MambogaJaphet
h

duncanomondi
227@gmai
l
.comPage129

129