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Heat Exchangers-Week 13 & 14 PDF
Heat Exchangers-Week 13 & 14 PDF
Fig. 5: Shell-and-tube H.E with one tube pass Fig. 6: miniature shell-and-tube H.E
with one shell pass and one tube pass
CLASSIFICATION OF H.E Cont.
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.
Fouling Factor:
During normal heat exchanger operation surfaces are
often subject to fouling by fluid impurities, rust formation,
or other reactions between the fluid and wall material
leading to accumulation of deposits on heat transfer
surfaces.
The layer of deposits or scale represents additional
resistance to heat transfer and causes the H.T.R to
decrease. The net effect is represented by a fouling factor
or fouling resistance (𝑅𝑓 ).
The value of 𝑅𝑓 depends on the operating temperature,
fluid velocity and length of service of the H.E.
THE OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) Cont.
𝑑(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐 ) 1 1
= −𝑈 + 𝑑𝐴
(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑐 ) 𝑚 𝑐 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑐2 1 1
ln = −𝑈𝐴 + → (4)
𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑚 𝑐 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐
The products 𝑚 𝑐 & 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 may be expressed in terms of
total H.T (𝑞) and the overall temperature differences of
the hot and cold fluids:
𝑞 𝑞
𝑚 𝑐 = & 𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑐 = → (𝑋)
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1
Substituting above relations of Eqn. (X) in Eqn. (4):
𝑇2 − 𝑇𝑐2 𝑈𝐴
ln = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 − (𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 )
𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑐1 𝑞
THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.
𝒒 = 𝑼𝑨𝑭∆𝑻𝒎
Values of the correction factor F are plotted in Figures 3
to 6 for several different types of heat exchangers.
When a phase change is involved, P or R becomes zero
and thus: 𝑭=𝟏
THE LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE Cont.
Fig. 6: F for single-pass cross-flow exchanger, one fluid mixed, the other unmixed.
PROBLEM
In a large industrial gas turbine engine, a concentric tube
counter flow heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricating
oil. The flow rate of cooling water through the inner tube of
diameter 2.5 cm is 0.2 kg/s, while the flow rate of oil
through the outer annulus of dia. 4.5 cm is 0.1 kg/s. The oil
and water enter at temperatures of 100 and 30ºC,
respectively. How long must the tube be made if the outlet
temperature of the oil is to be 60ºC? Assume that the tube
thickness, tube wall thermal resistance & fouling resistance
are negligible small.
𝐽 𝑊
Take 𝐶𝑝,𝑤 = 4178 ; ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 38.4
𝑘𝑔.𝐾 𝑚2 .𝐾
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