ENGLISH *PARODY – to imitate the techniques and/or style of some

person to ridicule it.

MODAL PERFECT AND MODAL PERFECT PASSIVE *REVERSAL – to present the opposite of normal order.
Reversal can focus on: the order of events, hierarchical order

MODAL PERFECT: modal + have + past participle

*OXYMORON

a.) may/might/could + have + past participle

*INCONGRUITY – (contradiction) to present things that are
- When we are not sure what happened in the past
out of place or are absurd in relation to it’s
* I can’t find my mobile. I might have left it at school.
surrounding

b.) could + have + past participle

*INVECTIVE – is speech or writing that abuses, denounces or
- When we had the ability to do something in the past but
attacks. It can be directed against a person, cause,
did not do it
idea or system.
* I could have borrowed a bicycle, but I decided to walk
instead.
*SILLY/INHERENTLY FUNNY WORDS

c.) can’t + have + past participle

*SARCASM/VERBAL IRONY
- When we are sure that something did not happen
* They can’t have closed the museum yet. It’s too early.
*UNDERSTATEMENT

d.) must + have + past participle

*PUN – presenting two different ideas
- When we are quite sure about a past action
* My math notebook isn’t in my bag. I must have left it at
WHAT DO SATIRISTS ATTACK?
home.

e.) should/ought to have + past participle 7 DEADLY SINS:

- When expectations were not fulfilled *Pride
* He should have/ought to have told us he wasn’t coming *Greed
- When a piece of advice was not taken *Anger (Violence)
* You should have/ought to have been more careful. *Sloth (Laziness)
*Lust
*Envy (Jealousy)
DISTINCTION BETWEEN MODAL & MODAL PERFECT
*Gluttony

MODAL: He could love you if he wants to.

OTHER VICES:
MODAL PERFECT: He could have loved you if he wanted to.
*Stupidity
MODAL: You should take your medicine so your flu will not *Poor – decision making
get worse. *Prejudice
MODAL PERFECT: You should have taken your medicine so *Self – centeredness
your flu would not have gotten worse. *Selfishness
*Corruption
MODAL: I might go home early if I won’t have any meeting. *Wastefulness
MODAL PERFECT: I might have gone home early if I did not *Hypocrisy
have any meeting. *Dishonesty

WIT – is most commonly understood as clever expression,

SATIRE
SATIRE – use of humor to attack or ridicule something such as
a person, habit idea, etc., that is, or is considered to
be foolish flawed or wrong.
- the goal of satire is to improve society and/or
behavior
whether aggressive or harmless.
SARCASM – is intentional derision, generally directed at
another person and intended to hurt.
- Greek word: “to tear flesh like dogs”
RIDICULE – the use of words intended to belittle a person or
idea and arouse contemptuous laughter.

SATIRICAL TECHNIQUES TYPES OF DIRECT SATIRE

SATIRISTS – people who makes satire
*HYPERBOLE – to enlarge, increase, or represent
something beyond normal bounds so that it
becomes ridiculous and its faults can be seen.
*HORATIAN SATIRE – pokes fun at human follies with a witty
even indulgent tone.
- named after Roman satirist “Horace”
*JUVENALIAN SATIRE – denounces, sometimes with invective,
human vice and error in dignified and solemn tones.
 - named after Roman satirist “Juvenal”
STRUCTURING INFORMATION FOR EMPHASIS
[e.g., What they can do, we can do]
[Such at least was his observation]
[Far more serious were the severe devastation of the rice
field]
[Enclosed is a photograph of her late father on site just after
the war]

Information in sentences can also be emphasized. It means *INVERSION – refers to a reversal of the normal word order
putting that information in important part or portion of the so that the verb preceded the subject. (adv. + hp + subj.
sentence. + main v.)

WAYS TO EMPHASIZE INFORMATION: Adverb inversion

*PASSIVE – the receiver of the action is emphasized
[The winners have been announced.]
[The schedule of the exam is already posted.]
Up we go.
Never did they imagine that they would win the lottery.
Preposition inversion
Next to it stood the engine which ran the machine.
Beside the lake stands the family’s grand mansion.

*EXISTENTIAL ‘THERE’ – conveying more information than Notes on Inversion

the mere existence of something, e.g., by indicating
when and where it exists.
[There were bystanders at the the gate when the
incident happened.]
[There are three stars and sun in our flag]
Inversion is used in giving emphasis to some particular parts
of the sentence. In inversion, particularly adverb inversion,
the verb comes first than the subject of the sentence.

*CLEFTING – breaks information in a sentence into two parts

in order to provide an extra focus to one piece of
information.

Two Types:
a.) It – cleft
It is through hard work and perseverance that one could
achieve success.
b.) What – cleft
What she needed was a solid core of self.
What he urges is that they should have a better
knowledge of the past.

*EXTRAPOSITION - it means moving subject or object clauses

outside their normal positions.

Four types:
*Extraposed that-clause
[It is obvious that the political members have had a good
time.]
[It seems unlikely that this provisional arrangement will
last.]
[It appears that he is afraid of me.]

*Extraposed wh-clause
[It is not clear how the suspects were able to escape from

the police.]
[It is obvious why they did that.]

*Extraposed infinitive clause

[It is essential to study very well especially for the coming
exam.]

*Extraposed gerund clause

[It is very difficult getting a US visa.]

*FRONTING – it refers to placing initial position a clause

element which normally follows the verb.
- this is used for achieving focus and cohesion.