Revised

Three Year Degree Course (T.D.C.) Syllabus

Under 1+1+1 Pattern
of
PHYSICS
2009

GAUHATI UNIVERSITY
Three Year Degree Course (T.D.C.) Syllabus Under 1+1+1 Pattern in
Physics
Physics (Major) Course :
1. The B.Sc. (Major) Course is a three year Course. There are three university examinations during
the course, the Part I, Part II and Part III, held each at the end of first year, second year and final
year of the course respectively.
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2. A student pursuing a Major Course in Physics has to study subsidiary course of
mathematics and other subject of TDC Subsidiary Course. For a major student Subsidiary course
subjects are completed during first two years.
3. In addition to the Physics (Major) Course, mathematics (subsidiary course) and another subject
of subsidiary course, a student has to study English as one full paper in first year and another
paper on Environmental studies in the second year.
4. A student having no Major in any subject has to study Physics Subsidiary Course as Physics
General Course; and should have also Mathematics as a general Course.

Physics (General/Subsidiary) Course :

1. A student pursuing a General Course in Physics has to study two other subjects of General
Course during the First two years. Out of these he is to study only one subject during third year
of the course. In addition to these a student has to study English in the first year and
evironmental studies in the Second year.
2. The structure of detailed syllabus for First year, second year and Third year of the Course, total
number of papers in each year is given below.

Structure for Major Course

Year Subjects
Physics Major Subjects (200)
1st Subsidiary Subject (Mathematics) (100)
1st 2nd Subsidiary Subjects (100)
English (100)

Physics Major Subjects (200)

1st Subsidiary Subject (Mathematics) (200)
2nd 2nd Subsidiary Subjects (200)
Environmental Science (100)

3rd Physics Major Subject only (600)

Structure for General/Subsidiary Course :

Year Subjects Marks
1st 1st General Subject (100)
2nd General Subjects (100)
3rd year General Subjects (100)
English (100)
nd
2 1st General Subject (200)
2nd General Subjects
3rd General Subjects
Environmental Science
3rd 1st General Subject (200)
2nd General Subjects (200)

N.B. 10% marks in each paper is allocated for internal assessment.

20% of marks/lecture should be devoted to problem solving (Tutorial).

Marks distribution for T.D.C.(Physics Major) Under 1+1+1 Pattern

(Physics Major should have Mathematics as subsidiary Subject)

Major First Year

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 Paper Topic Marks

I (Theory) Mechanics 35
Mathematical Methods (1) 35
Total 70
II (Theory) Waves and sound 25
Ray Optics 15
Wave Optics 30
Total 70
III (Practical) Test of Lab. Skill; 1 Hr 10
One experiment to be performed in 3 hours 30
Total 40
Internal Assessment : 5+5+10 = 20

Major Second Year

Paper Topic Marks
IV (Theory) Electrostatics 25
Magnetostatics 10
Current Electricity 25
Electronics 10
Total 70
Paper Topic Marks
V (Theory) Mathematical Methods (II) 25
Thermal Physics 45
Total 70

VI (Practical) Two experiments are to be

performed in six hours 20+20
Total 40
Internal Assessment : 5+5+10=20

Major Third Year

Paper Group Topic Marks

VII (Theory) A 1. Classical Mechanics 30

2. Mathematical Methods(III) 15
B 1. Electromagnetic Theory 15
2. Modern optics 30
Total 90
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 VIII (Theory) A 1. Quantum Mechanics 25
2. Statistical Mechanics 20
B 1. Special theory of Relativity 20
2. Solid State Physics 25
Total 90
IX (Theory) A 1. Atomic Physics 30
2. Astrophysics 15
B 1. Nuclear Physics 45
Total 90
X (Theory) A Electronics 75
B Computer 15
Total 90
XI (Practical) A Project 20
B Practical 70
(One practical to be performed in six hours
which included viva voce in the project report )
Total 90

Paper Group Topic Marks

XII (Practical) A Computer Programming 20
B Practical
(One practical to be performed in six hours) 70
Total 90
Internal Assessment : 10+10+10+10+10+10=60

Syllabus for TDC Physics (Major) Course, Gauhati University

Major FIRST YEAR

PAPER I (Theory) Total Marks 70

I.1 MECHANICS ( Marks 35, Lectures – 55 )

1. Non-inertial systems and fictitious forces, rotating frame of reference, fictitious/apparent force
in a rotating co-ordinate system, Coriolis force, Coriolis and centrifugal forces
produced as a result of earth's rotation. Deflection of a freely falling body, force on a bead
without friction on a rotating wire, effect of Coriolis force on the horizontal straight line motion

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 of a body on the surface of the earth.

2. Work-energy theorem, integral of the equation of motion, conservative forces, potential energy,
conservative force as the negative gradient of potential energy, curl of a conservative
force, energy diagram, small oscillation in a bound system, non-conservative forces, general law
of conservation of energy.

3. Mechanics of a system of particles, centre of mass, motion of the centre of mass,

conservation of momentum, calculation of centre of mass of (i) non-uniform rod,
(ii) semicircular arc (iii) semi-circular disk and (iv) solid hemisphere. Laboratory frame and
centre of mass frame of reference, two dimensional elastic collision in laboratory and centre of
mass frame.

4. Angular momentum, angular momentum of a system of particles in terms of the centre of mass
coordinate, conservation law of angular momentum, angular momentum and fixed axis rotation
of a rigid body, moment of inertia, calculation of moment of inertia for spherical bodies (shell,
hollow and solid). The compound pendulum, determination of g by Kater's pendulum.

5. Gravitation, gravitational field and potential due to spherical shell and solid sphere.

6. Different type of elastic constants and relation among them. Energy in a strained body, torsion
of a rod, torsional oscillation, bending of beam, bending moment, cantilever, depression
of a cantilever considering the weight of the beam.

7. Surface tension, relation between surface tension and surface energy E=ST dS/dT, excess
pressure inside a curved liquid surface.

8. Viscosity: Poiseullie's equation for flow of a liquid through narrow tube.

Suggested books:
1. An Introduction to Mechanics, D. Kleppner and R. J. Kolenkow
2. Mechanics, D.S. Mathur
3. Mechanics, .S. Hans, S.P. Puri
4. Properties of Matter, D.S. Mathur
5. General Properties of Matter, Newman and Searle
6. Physics PartI, Halliday and Resnick
7. General Properties of Matter, Sengupta and Chatterjee

I.2. MATHEMATICAL METHODS (I) (Marks – 35, Lectures - 50)

1. Generalized coordinates: General curvilinear coordinated, orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates,
plane polar coordinates, right circular cylindrical coordinates and spherical polar coordinates.
Length, area and volume elements in each of these systems.

2. Vector analysis, Derivative of a vector, ordinary and partial differentiation, concept of the
gradient, the divergence and the curl and their application to physical processes, Product rules.

3. Line integral, surface integral and volume integrals and their applications to simple
problems, Divergence, curl and Laplacian in curvilinear coordinates, Gauss's, Stoke's and
Green's theorem and their simple applications

4. Elementary introduction to Gamma function and Dirac Delta function.

Suggested Books:
1. Introduction to Mathematical Physics, C. Harper (Prentice Hall, India)
2. Mathematical methods for physicists, Arfken and Weber (Academic Press)

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 3. Mathematical Methods, M.C. Potter, J. Goldberg (Prentice Hall, India)
4. Introduction to Electrodynamics (for vector analysis part), D. J. Griffith.
5. Mathematical Physics, Rajput and Yogprakash (Pragati Prakashan, Meerut)
6. Vector Analysis, Murray R. Spiegel (Schaum Series)

PAPER II (Theory) (Total Marks 70)

II.1. WAVES AND SOUND Marks – 25, lectures 35
1. SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION: Composition of two simple harmonic oscillations at right
angles, Lissajous figures. Free, damped and forced oscillations, resonance, sharpness of
resonance. (7+3 lectures)

2. WAVE MOTION: Wave motion in an elastic medium, characteristics of progressive waves,

mathematical representation of a progressive wave. Differential wave equation in one
dimension, solution of wave equation (method of separation of variables). Energy density of
plane progressive waves. Superposition of waves. Stationary waves, characteristics of
stationary waves. (6+2 lectures)

3. SOUND WAVES: Velocity of sound in gases. Factors influencing velocity of sound in gases.
Velocity of longitudinal waves in a solid bar. Intensity of sound wave. Units of intensity.
Doppler effect, Ultrasonic waves, production and uses of ultrasonic waves. Acoustics of
auditorium, reverberation, Sabine's law. (8+3 lectures)

4. FOURIER ANALYSIS: Fourier analysis and evaluation of Fourier coefficients.

Application of Fourier analysis to square and saw tooth waves. Equation of transverse
vibration of a stretched string , energy of vibrating string, plucked string and struck string.
( 4+2 lectures)

Suggested books:
1. Text book of Sound K.Bhattacharjee;
2. Text book of SoundA.B.Wood;
3. Sound P.K.Chakraborty and S.B.Choudhury;
4. SoundM.Ghosh.
5. Vibrations, Waves and Acoustics D.Chattopadhyay and P.C. Rakshit
6. Principles of AcousticsB.Ghosh
II.2. RAY OPTICS Marks – 15, Lectures 23
1. Fermat’s principle and its application in establishing laws of reflection and refraction at spherical
and plane boundaries. Matrix method in paraxial optics. (6 + 1 lectures)
2. Lens system: Sign convention, conjugate foci, relation for refraction of paraxial rays at single
spherical surface, interrelation among lateral, longitudional and angular magnification,
Lagrange’s law and Helmholtz equation and its modification for telescopic system.
( 6 + 1 lectures)
3. Defects of image: Spherical aberration and its magnitude for thin lens for object at finite distance
and condition for minimum aberration when object is at infinity, Minimisation of spherical
aberration by using suitable lens of different radii of curvature and by aplanatic surface,
Qualitative idea about coma, astigmatism and distortion, Chromatic aberration, circle of least
confusion, achromatism of two thin lenses separated by a distance. ( 8 + 1 lectures)

II.3. WAVE OPTICS Marks – 30, Lectures 19

1. Interference: Concept of light wave and its equation, complex representation of superposition of
waves, meaning of coherence, to show that interference fringes are hyperbolic in general,
condition for straight fringes, Stokes’ law, interference due to Fresnel’s biprism, Lloyd’s mirror,
interference by a plane parallel film, wedge shaped film, colour of thin film, Newton’s rings,
Michelson interferometer and its application for finding difference in wavelengths.

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 (15+3 Lectures)
2. Diffraction: Difference between Fresnel and Fraunhofer classes, halfperiod zones and strips,
Zone plate and its lensing property, Fresnel diffraction at a straight edge and at a circular aperture
(with reference to microscope), Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single slit and transmission
grating, wavelength measurement by the transmission grating, resolving power of a grating,
theory of the concave grating. (10+2 Lectures)
3. Polarisation: Double refraction, optic axis and CaCO3 crystal, plane, circular and elliptically
polarised light, Retarding plates and their uses for producing and analysing different polarised
light, specific rotation of plane of polarisation and halfshade polarimeter. (10+2 Lectures)

Suggested Books:
1. Light – K.G. Mazumdar
2. Principles of OpticsM. Born, E. Wolf.
3. Fundamentals of OpticsF. A. Jenkins, H. E. White.
4. Principles of Optics B. K. Mathur.
5. Geometrical and Physical optics – P.K. Chakraborty
6. Optics – A. Ghatak
7. Optics – E Hecht
8. Optical Physics – Lipson and Lipson and Tannhauson

PAPER III (Practical) Total Marks 40

III.1. TEST OF LABORATORY SKILL Marks – 40 Exam time : 1 hr
1. Identification of active and passive components of an electronic circuit.
2. Familiarization with operation of basic measuring and test equipments (analog and digital
multimeters, function generator, Cathode ray oscilloscope )
3. To use a multimeter for identification of different terminals of (i) diode and (ii) transistor.
4. The find the value of resistor from colour code.
5. To make connections using soldering.
6. To measure small distances and angles using different varnier scales attached to (i) traveling
microscope, (ii) Searle’s apparatus , (iii) polarimeter and (iv) spectrometer etc.
7. To check the condition of a leadacid battery – (i) acid strength by common hydrometer, (ii) acid
level and (iii) emf etc.
8. To check the condition of capacitor using multimeter
III.2. PRACTICAL Marks – 30 Exam time : 3 hr
(One experiment should be performed in three hours)
1. To measure the extension of an experimental wire due to different pulling forces using Searle’s
apparatus and hence determine the Young’s modulus of the material of the wire.
2. To study the variation of angle of twist of a given rod with torque at different lengths from the
fixed end and then determine the rigidity modulus of the material of the rod.
3. To study the variation of time period of a bar pendulum about different axes and use the result to
find the value of g at a place.
4. To determine the focal length of a given convex mirror with the help of a convex lens.
5. To determine the focal length of a given concave lens with the help of a convex lens.
6. To determine the refractive index of a liquid by using a plane mirror and a convex lens.
7. To determine the frequency of a tuning fork by Melde’s experiment.
8. To determine the value of a given low resistance by drop of potential method using a meter
bridge.
9. To determine the end correction of a metre bridge and then to determine the specific resistance of
the material of a given wire with the help of meter bridge using end correction.
10. To study the variation of resistance of a thermistor with temperature and then to measure an
unknown temperature of a liquid with it.
11. To create a desired potential drop per unit length in a potentiometer and then determine the
e.m.f. of a given cell with the help of it.
12. To convert the given Galvanometer into a voltmeter of given range and then calibrate it with the

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 help of an ammeter and standard resistance.
*13. Determination of surface tension of fruit juice extracted from various citrus fruit using Jagers
method.
*14. Using Excel package draw graph, II diagram and Histogram of a given sample of data.
(Minimum 8 (eight) experiments have to be performed from the above)
(*Additional experiments for those Colleges having Star College Scheme)

Major SECOND YEAR

PAPER –IV (Theory) Total Marks 70
IV.1. ELECTROSTATICS Marks – 25, Lectures 45
1. Electric field, Electric field due to a uniformly charged (a) wire, (b) ring, and (c) disc.
Divergence of Electric field, Gauss’s law in integral and differential form,
Applications of Gauss’s law. Curl of an electric field, Electric potential, electric
potential due to a uniformly charged (a) wire, (b) ring, and (c) disc. Electric dipole, Potential and
field due to a dipole, dipole in a uniform external electric field, dipole dipole interaction.
Multipole expansion of electrostatic potential due to a volume distribution of charge.
(15 lectures)
2. Electrostatic boundary conditions. Electrostatic energy: Energy of (a) an assembly of point
charges, (b) uniformly charged sphere. (4 lectures)
3. Laplace’s and Poisson’s equations, boundary conditions and Uniqueness theorem,
Solutions of Laplace’s equation in one dimension: Electric potential and intensity (a) inside an
infinite parallel plate capacitor, (b) inside spherical capacitor, and (c) due to a long and uniformly
charged conducting wire. (6 lectures)
4. Method of electrical image with examples of (a) infinite grounded conducting plane and (b)
grounded conducting sphere. (4 lectures)
5. Dielectrics: induced dipoles, atomic polarisability, polar and nonpolar molecules,
polarization. The electric field of a polarized object, bound charges, The electric field inside a
dielectric, Gauss’s law in the presence of dielectrics, Electric displacement, linear dielectrics,
susceptibility, permitivity and dielectric constant, ClausiusMossotti equation. (8 lectures)
6. Solution of problems. (8 lectures)
IV.2. MAGNETOSTATICS Marks – 10, Lectures 12
1. Magnetic field, Lorentz force, Cyclotron and cycloid motion, Force on a current in a magnetic
field. Biot-Savert law, Magnetic field due to a steady current in (a) straight conductor and (b) a
circular coil. (5 lectures)
2. The divergence and curl of a magnetic field, Ampere’s circuital law: magnetic field due to a (a)
long straight conductor and (b) an infinite solenoid carrying a steady current, Magnetic scalar
and vector potential. Vector potential due to a straight conductor carrying current. Current loop
as a magnetic dipole, torque on a current loop in a uniform magnetic field. (5 lectures)
3. Solution of problems. (2 lectures)

IV.3. CURRENT ELECTRICITY Marks – 25, Lectures 43

1. Electric current, current density, continuity equation, Ohm’s law as J = ▪E. Applications
of Kirchoff’s law to solve electrical network problem, Kelvin double bridge for low resistance
measurement, moving coil ballistic galvanometer and its sensitivity. Electromagnetic
induction: Self and mutual induction, coefficient of coupling, reciprocity theorem, self
induction of a long solenoid, mutual induction of two solenoids, measurement of L and M using
d.c. source and ballistic galvanometer. Transient growth and decay of current in LR, CR
and LCR circuits, oscillatory discharge. Thermo electricity: Coefficients of thermo-emf,
thermoelectric power. (20 lectures)
2. Solution of problems. (4 lectures)
3. Alternating current: Generation of alternating current, Phasor (complex number method)

8
 method of analyzing a.c. circuits, current and potential across resistive, inductive and
capacitive elements and their phase relationships, power factor, LR, CR and LCR (series and
parallel) circuits, quality factor, resonance; Maxwell’s LC bridge and Anderson’s bridge.
Rotating magnetic field, a.c. motor, transformer, reflected impedance in transformer, use of
transformer. (15 lectures)
4. Solution of problems. (4 lectures)

IV.4. ELECTRONICS Marks – 10, Lectures 15

1. Thermionic emission and Vacuum tubes: Triode and its characteristics, idea of tetrode and
pentode and their characteristics. PN junction diode and its characteristics, photo diode, LED,
varactor diode and zener diode. (7 lectures)
2. Rectifier, half wave and full wave with resistive load, efficiency, ripple factor, RC filter, voltage
regulation. Transistors, basic transistor amplifier, load line and operating point. (4 lectures)
3. Network theorem: Thevenin and Norton theorem and maximum power transfer
theorem. (4 lectures)

Suggested Books for Electricity and Magnetism:

1. Introduction to Electrodynamics David J.Griffiths
2. Electrostatics and Magnetostatics B.B.Laud
3. Electricity and Magnetism D.Chattopadhyay and P.C.Rakshit.
4. Electricity and Magnetism Berkeley Series.
N.B. 20% of the total marks aloted for each group should be problem solving and numericals.

PAPER V (Theory) Total Marks 70

V.1. MATHEMATICAL METHODS (II) Marks – 25, Lectures-35

1. Properties of matrices: Transpose matrix, complex conjugate matrix, Hermitian matrix, special
square matrix, unit matrix, diagonal matrix, co-factor matrix, adjoint of a matrix, self-
adjoint matrix, symmetric matrix, anti-symmetric matrix, unitary matrix, orthogonal matrix, trace
of a matrix, inverse matrix. (8+2 lectures)
2. Eigenvalue problems, CayleyHamilton Theorem, Diagonalization of matrices. (8+2 lectures)
3. Coordinate transformations, rotation in two dimensions, rotation in three dimensions.
(4+1 lectures)
4. Differential Equations, first order linear differential equations, series method of solutions
(Frobenius), Legendre’s differential equations, Legendre’s polynomial, generating function,
spherical harmonics, orthogonal properties and recurrence relations. (8+2 lectures)
Suggested books:
1. Introduction to Mathematical Physics, C.Harper (Prentice Hall of India).
2. Mathematical methods for physicists, Arfken and Weber (Academic Press, Harcourt India
Private Ltd).
3. Mathematical Methods, M.C. Potter, J Goldberg (Prentice Hall of India).
V.2. THERMAL PHYSICS Marks – 45, Lectures-70
1. Heat-1 : Kinetic theory of gases: pressure exerted by a gas using spherical polar coordinates,
Maxwell’s law of velocity distribution, degree of freedom, law of equipartition of energy,
Maxwellian mean free path, transport phenomena – viscosity, Brownian motion (Einstein’s –
Langevin’s theory), experimental determination of Avogadro’s number, examples of Brownian
motion. (16 lectures)
2. Heat-2 : Equation of state of a gas, Andrew’s experiment, Van der Waal’s equation of state,
critical constants and law of corresponding states. Platinum resistance thermometer,
thermocouple. Thermal conductivity: Fourier equation for rectilinear flow of heat and its
solution. (14 lectures)
3. Thermodynamics-1 : Zeroth and first law of thermodynamics, specific heats of gases,
isothermal and adiabatic processes. Reversal and irreversible processes, conversion of heat into
work, Carnot cycle, Carnot’s theorem. (10 lectures)
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4. Thermodynamics-2 : Second law of thermodynamics: Heat engine, Kelvin-Planck statement of
second law, Clausius’ statement of second law, equivalence of Kelvin Planck and Clausius’
statements, Kelvin’s thermodynamical scale of temperature and its relation to perfect gas scale,
Clausius formulation of entropy, entropy changes in reversal and irreversible processes, entropy
of ideal gas, relation between entropy and probability. Enthalpy, GibbsHelmholtz function,
Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations and their applications, Gibbs phase rule, triple point, Joule-
Thomson effect, adiabatic demagnetization. (16 lectures)
5. Thermodynamics-3: Black body radiation, Kirchoff’s law of radiation, radiation pressure,
StefanBoltzmann law, Wein’s displacement law, RayleighJean’s law, Planck’s radiation law.
(14 lectures)
Suggested books:
1. A treatise on Heat Saha and Srivastava
2. Advanced Textbook on Heat – P.K.Chakravarty
3. Heat and Thermodynamics Zemansky and Dittman
4. Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics – Sears and Salinger.

PAPER VI (Practical) Total Marks 20 + 20 = 40

(Two experiments, one from each group, should be performed in six hours)
Separate answer scripts should be provided for each group

GROUP A :
1. To determine the moment of inertia of a cylinder or a rectangular parallelopiped about two
different axes of symmetry by torsional oscillation method.
2. To determine the spring constant and mass from vertical oscillations of a loaded spring and hence
to determine the modulus of rigidity of the material of the spring.
3. To determine the coefficient of linear expansion of the material of given metal rod by optical
lever method.
4. To determine the value of J, the mechanical equivalent of heat by Joule’s calorimeter.
5. To determine the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field using deflection and vibration
magnetometer.
6. To determine the focal length of two lenses and their combination by displacement method.
7. To determine the wavelength of light emitted by a monochromatic source with the help of
Newton’s ring arrangement.
8. To adjust and focus the given spectrometer using Schuster’s method and then determine the
refractive index of the material of the prism.
9. To determine the width of a single slit by observing the diffraction pattern of monochromatic
light.
10. To determine the thermal conductivity of the material of an India rubber pipe.
11. To determine the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field with the help of a tangent
galvanometer and copper voltameter.
12.To determine the temperature of the filament of an incandescent torch bulb by studying the
change of its resistance with current and known value of temperature coefficient of the material
of the filament.

GROUP B:
1. To determine the current flowing through an external circuit using potentiometer.
2. To compare the values of two given low resistances using a potentiometer.
3. To determine the internal resistance of a given cell using a potentiometer.
4. To convert a given galvanometer into an ammeter of given range and then calibrate it with the
help of a copper voltameter.
5. To study the growth and decay of current in an RC circuit for three different values of R.
Compare the experimental values of time constant with theoretical values. (Using Breadboard)

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6. To draw the characteristic curve of a semiconductor diode and hence determine the DC and AC
resistance for a given current when the diode is forward biased.(Using Breadboard)
7. To draw the characteristic curve of a Zener diode and determine its DC and AC resistance for a
given current. Also determine the breakdown voltage of the Zener diode.(Using Breadboard)
8. To draw the static characteristic curves a given triode valve and hence find its different
parameters.
9. To draw the output characteristic curves of a transistor in CB or CE mode and find its short
circuit current gain.(Using Breadboard)
10. To study the variation in liquid column height with diameter of capillary tube and determine the
surface tension of the liquid.
11. To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity using Kater’s penduldum.
12. To determine the magnifying power of a telescope by angular method and compare this value
obtained by linear method.
*13. Scientific presentation of procedure, data analysis and results of one experiment using power
point
*14. To study the variation of absorption of light with the concentration of an organic solution using
spectrophotometer.
*15. Preparation of a scientific and technical report on a given topic through internet browsing.
Note : Total sixteen (16) experiments should be performed. Eight (8) from Group A and eight (8)
from group B in Paper VI.
(*Additional experiments for those Colleges having Star College Scheme)

MAJOR (Physics) THIRD YEAR

PAPER VII (Theory) Total Marks 90
Group A1
VII.1.CLASSICAL MECHANICS Marks – 30, lectures-50
1. Central force motion, two body central force motion, two body motion as a one body problem,
general properties of central force motion, Energy and momentum as constants of
motion in central force, Energy equation involving only the radial motion, energy
diagram and nature of orbits. (12+3 Lectures)
2. Application of central force problem to motion under inverse square force field,
solution of the equation of the path to find the nature of the orbits as hyperbolic, parabolic and
elliptic. (8+2 Lectures)
3. Constraints, generalized coordinates, principle of virtual work, D’ Alembert’s principle
and Lagrange’s equations of motion, simple applications of Lagrangian formulations (i)
Atwood machine (ii) simple pendulum (iii) Keplerian motion (iv) bead sliding on rotating wire.
(12+3 Lectures)
4. Hamilton’s principle, calculus of variation, shortest distance between two points as example,
Lagrange’s equations from Hamilton’s principle, Hamiltonian of a system, Hamilton’s canonical
equations of motion, applications of Hamilton’s equations to simple problems like simple
pendulum, Kepler’s problem. (8+2 Lectures)
Suggested books:
1. Classical Mechanics, S.N. Biswas (Books and Allied (P) Ltd).
2. Classical Mechanics, H. Goldstein (Narosa Publishing House).
3. An Introduction to Mechanics, Kleppner and Kolenkow (Tata McGraw Hill)
4. Introduction to Classical Mechanics, Takwale and Puranik (Tata McGrawHill).
5. Classical Mechanics A modern Perspective, Barger & Olsson (McGraw Hill International)
Group A2
VII.2.MATHEMATICAL METHODS (III) Marks – 15, Lectures-20,
1. Review of basic concepts, Algebraic operation, Argand diagram, vector representation,
complex conjugate, Euler’s formula, De-Moiver’s theorem. (2 Lectures)
2. Analytic function of a complex variable, Derivative of F(z) and its analyticity, contour integrals,

11
 equivalent contours and their application in evaluating different integrals, Cauchy integral
theorem, Cauchy integral formula, differentiation inside the sign of integration, Series expansion:
Taylor and Laurent series and their simple applications. (8+2 lectures)
3. Calculus of residues, Zeros, isolated singular points, evaluation of residues, the Cauchy
principal value. (4+1 Lectures)
4. Introduction to tensor, contravariant and covariant tensor. (2+1Lectures)
Suggested books:
1. Introduction to Mathematical Physics, C. Harper (Prentice Hall of India).
2. Mathematical methods of physicists, Arfken and Weber (Academic Press, Harcourt India
Private Ltd)
3. Mathematical Methods, M.C. Potter, J Goldberg (Prentice Hall of India).
Group B 1
VII.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY Marks – 15, Lectures -20
1. Electromagnetic field equation in integral and differential form, displacement current, Maxwell's
equations, Energy Conservation Law-Poynting theorem and Poynting vector. (6 Lecture)
2. Electromagnetic wave equation, velocity of electromagnetic wave, Monochromatic plane wave
equation in free space and conducting medium. (6 Lecture)
3. Reflection and Refraction of plane electromagnetic wave for normal and oblique incidence,
Snell's law, reflection and transmission coefficient, Fresnel's equations, Polarisation of
electromagnetic wave, linear, circular and elliptical polarization, Brewster's law. (8 Lecture)
Suggested books:
1. Electrodynamics by Griffith
2. Electricity and Magnetism by Laud
GROUP – B 2
VII.4. MODERN OPTICS Marks – 30, Lectures-40

1. Multiple beam interferometry: Fabry Perot etalon, Febry Perot interferometer, Lummer-Gehrcke
plate, Interference filters. Fraunhofer diffraction: Limit of resolution: Rayleigh criterion. Optics
of crystals: Wollaston prism, Rochon prism, Jones calculus, Interference of polarized light:
interference due to crystal plates in plane polarised light, Babinet compensator. Principle of
liquid crystal display. (16Lectures)
2. Lasers: Characteristics of laser light, Spontaneous emission, Stimulated emission, Stimulated
absorption, Einstein coefficients, Population inversion and light amplification, Essential
components of the laser, Ruby and He-Ne laser (principles only). Holography: Formation of a
hologram, Reconstruction of the hologram, Requirements, Application. Optical Fibers: Types of
fibers; propagation of a ray through step index fiber: numerical aperture, multipath dispersion;
propagation through graded index fiber. (16 Lectures)
3. Optical components & Spectrographs: General construction of eye piece and objective, oil
immersion objective, constant deviation spectrograph, Prism spectrograph (Glass and quartz),
Grating spectrograph. (8 Lectures)
Suggested books:
1. Optics A Ghatak.
2. Optical Communication SystemJ. Gower.
3. Laser and Non linear optics – B.B. Laud
4. Optoelectronics and fiker optic communication – C.K. Sarkar and D.C. Sarkar

PAPER VIII (Theory) Total Marks – 90

Group A1
VIII.1. QUANTUM MECHANICS Marks – 25, Lectures-40
1. Development of quantum mechanics: Black body radiation, failure of classical idea, Plank's
quantum hypothesis, photoelectric effect, Compton effect. (5 lectures)
2. Matter wave: Wave particle duality, de Broglie wave associated with moving
particles(i) non relativistic and (ii) relativistic case, verification of matter waves by (i)

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 Davisson Germer's experiment and (ii) G.P. Thomson's electron diffraction experiment.
Complimentary principle of Neils Bohr, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, Gama ray
microscope experiment, application of Uncertainty Principle. (10 lectures)
3. Wave function and its probabilistic interpretation as probability amplitude; Continuity equation,
probability density and probability current density J; Normalisation condition and
normalised wave function; properties of well behaved wave function in quantum mechanics.
Superposition of waves, phase velocity and group velocity and their relation. (8 lectures)
4. Dynamical variable as operator (position, momentum and Hamiltonian), Eigenvalues and
eigenfunction; Expectation value, Ehrenfest’s theorem. Schrodinger wave equation – (i)
time dependent and (ii) time independent. Reflection and transmission coefficients.
Correspondence Principle. Application of Schrodinger's wave equation – (i) One dimensional
step potential, (ii) one dimensional potential barrier and tunneling effect, (iii) a particle in a one
dimensional potential well of infinite depth and (iv) one dimensional harmonic oscillator.
Heisenberg's equation of motion. (15 lectures)
5. Analogies between classical and quantum mechanics. (2 lectures)

Note: At least 20% of the marks should be considered for problem solving and numericals.

Suggested Books:
1. Perspectives of Modern PhysicsBeiser A. (1969)
2. Introduction to the Quantum Theory Park D. (1974)
3. Theory and Problems of QUANTUM MECHANICS Schaum Series
4. Introduction to the Quantum MechanicsGriffiths D.J.
5. Classical MechanicsN.C. Rana and P.S. Joag.

Group A2
VIII.2. STATISTICAL MECHANICS Marks – 20, Lectures – 25
1. Macroscopic and microscopic states, Boltzmann Entropy equation, phase space, postulate
of equal a priori probability, Ergodic hypothesis, density of distribution in phase space,
Liouville theorem, condition of statistical equilibrium. (10 lectures)
2. Transition to quantum statistics: Indistinguishability of particles and its consequences, classical
and quantum limit on the basis of uncertainly principle, symmetry of wave function, effect of
symmetry counting and degeneracy, MaxwellBoltzmann, Bose Einstein and FermiDirac
statistics, Fermi energy. Maxwell Distribution law from M B statistics. (10 lectures)
3. Application of BE and FD statistics (qualitative): Blackbody radiation, BE ondensation,
electron gas in metals, electron specific heat. (5 lectures)

Suggested Books:
1. Statistical Mechanics B. K. Agrwal and M. Eisner
2. Statistical Mechanics R.K. Pathria,

Group B1
VIII.3. SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY Marks – 20, Lectures – 25
1. Formulation of Special Theory of Relativity And Relativistic Kinematics: The need for a new
model of kinematics (relativity). Electromagnetism and null result of Michelson-Morley
experiment, negation of ether concept. Postulates of special theory of relativity. Galilean
transformation (Newtonian kinematics) and Lorentz transformation. Application of Lorentz
transformation, timelike and spacelike events. Length contraction, time dilation and their
examples and application to physical situations (viz. muon decay). Relativistic transformation
of velocity. Relativistic Doppler effect and twin paradox. (18 Lectures)
2. Relativistic Momentum and Energy, Spacetime Relativistic momentum and energy.

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 Equivalence of mass and energy. Massless particles (i.e. photons). The geometry of spacetime
and spacetime interval. Concept of fourvectors and Minkowski space. (5 Lectures)
3. Problem solving (2 lectures)

Suggested Books:
1. Concepts of Modern Physics A Beiser, 2002 or later editions.
2. An Introduction to Mechanics D Kleppner and R J Kolenkow, 1987 or later editions.
3. The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. R P Feynman, R B Leighton, and M Sands, 1997 or
later editions.

Group B2
VIII.4. SOLID STATE PHYSICS Marks – 25, Lectures – 40
1. The idea of amorphous and crystalline solids, The crystal lattice and transition vectors, unit cell,
types of crystal lattice, Bravais lattice, Miller indices, diffraction of X-rays, Bragg’s law and its
application to the determination of lattice constants. (10 lectures)
2. The different types of crystal bonding: ionic, covalent, metallic and hydrogen bondings, cohesive
energy of ionic crystal, Madelung constant. (3 lectures)
3. Free electron theory of metals, Boltzmann’s equation of state, electrical and thermal conductivity
of metals, electronic specific heat, Wiedemann-Franz law. (5 lectures)
4. Bloch theorem in one dimension, Kronig-Penny model of energy bands of solids (deduction not
necessary), distinction among metal, insulator and semiconductor, intrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors (no quantitative relation necessary), cyclotron resonance and the Hall effect.
(8 lectures)
5. Introductory concept of superconductivity, Meissner effect, type I and type II superconductors.
(4 lectures)
6. Magnetic properties of solids: Magnetization, magnetic intensity, magnetic susceptibility,
permeability, hysteresis, BH curve and energy loss in hysteresis, different classes of magnetic
material, magnetic moment, Bohr magneton, Larmor precession, Langevin’s theory of
aramagnetism, Weiss theory, Ferromagnetic domain. (10 lectures)
Suggested Books:
1. Introduction to Solids by L.V. Azarof
2. Introduction to Solid State Physics by C.Kittel
3. Solid State Physics by A J Dekker
4. Solid State Physics by S O Pillai
PAPER IX (Theory) Total Marks – 90
Group A1
IX.1. ATOMIC PHYSICS Marks – 30, Lectures 45
1. Positive rays and their analysis – thomson's mass parabola method; Aston's mass spectrograph,
Bainbridge mass spectrograph. (4 lectures)
2. Rutherford's nuclear atom model, alpha scattering expt; deduction of the scattering formula.
(4 lectures)
3. Atomic spectra: Bohr's theory of hydrogen spectra; energy level diagram; Titz combination
principle; response , excitation, critical and ionization potentials; fine structures of the spectral
lines; Sommerfield's extension of the Bohr's theory. (68 lectures)
4. Vector atom model : Spectra of alkali atoms; Bohr magneton; spinning electron; quantum
numbers; Pauli's exclusion principle; explanation of the periodic classification of the elements;
spectroscopic notations; source of radiation in external fields normal Zeeman effect; anomalous
Zeeman effect; PaschenBack effect; Stark effect; SternGarlach experiment. (145 lectures)
5. X-rays – production; continuous and characteristic Xrays and their spectra; Mosley's law;
diffraction of Xrays by crystals; Bragg's law; Compton effect (6 lectures)
6. Scattering of light: Rayleigh scattering formula; colour of the sky; polarisation of the scattered
light; Raman effect; experimental study of Raman effect; quantum theory of Raman effect;
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 application of the effect. (8 lectures)
Suggested Books:
1. Atomic Physics – John Yarwood
2. Concept of Modern Physics – A. Beiser
3. Atomic and Nuclear Physics – S. N. Ghosal
Group A2
IX.2. ASTROPHYSICS Marks – 15, Lectures – 25
1. Astrophysical Co-ordinates Celestial coordinate systems. The right Ascension and Declination.
Annual motion of the Sun across the sky. The ecliptic and the Signs of Zodiac. Constellations
and identifications of the bright stars. The Altitude-Azimuth coordinate system. Problems.
(4 lectures)
2. Concept of time Sidereal Time, Sidereal time and solar time; Greenwich Mean Time; Standard
time and local time; The Julian date and its importance in Astronomical observation. Problems.
(4 lectures)
3. Stellar Magnitude system and Distance measurement The Stellar magnitude system and its
relation with luminosity. Apparent and absolute magnitude and its relation with distances.
Trigonometric and spectroscopic parallax methods to determine the distances. Difference
magnitude system. (5 lectures)
4. Spectral Classification and H.R. Diagram Spectral classification, Color index H-D classification
and H-R Diagram. The steller evolution. The evolutionary track of a star, Protostars, Premain
sequence stars, Main Sequence stars. The Red giant stars, Giant stages and The last stages of the
stellar evolution. White Dwarf, The Neutron stars, and Blackhole. The Energy sources of the
Stars, the thermonuclear reactions. P-P chain and The CNO cycle. Problems. (7 lectures)
5. Cosmology Basic assumptions and limitations of cosmology; Expansion of the Universe and its
evidence; Hubble's Law: Big bang theory and thermal history of the Universe. Size and age of
the Universe. (5 lectures)
Suggested Books:
1. Introduction to Astrophysics – H.L. Duorah & Kalpana Duorah
2. ASTRONOMY – a Self Teaching Guide – Dinah L. Moche
3. Sky Atlas2000.0 Wil Tirton (Cambridge, 1981)
4. University Astronomy – JM Pasachoff and ML Kutner
5. Introduction to Astrophysics – Badyanath Basu.

Group B
IX.3. Nuclear Physics Marks – 45, Lecture – 60
1. General properties of Nuclei: Concept of Nuclear spin & parity, Experimental
determination of spin & parity. Concept of magnetic dipole moment & electric
quadropole moment of nuclei. Isobaric spin and mirror nuclei. (3L+2T=5)
2. Nuclear forces and Stability of Nuclei: Concept of packing fraction and binding energy, binding
energy curve and its significance. Nucleonnucleon forces – qualitative discussions on
nuclear force considering the case of 2D, 3T, 3He & Mirror nuclei. Brief outline of Yukawas
meson theory. Nuclear stability: neutron proton ratio in stable nuclei, stability curve, oddeven
rules of nuclear stability. (4L+2T=6)
3. Natural Radioactivity & radioactive decays: Type of radioactive decays, theory of radioactive
disintegration, radioactive constants, Meanlife of a radio element, radioactive equilibrium,
half life of a radio element, determination of decay constant and half life, natural radioactivity,
radioactive dating, Activity of radioactive sources, its unit. Radioisotopes – their production &
uses. Alpha decay: cause of alpha decay, basic α-decay process, range and energy of α-decay,
α-decay systematics – Geiger Nuttle rules, Qualitative discussion on the theory of α-decay. β-
decay: Types of β-decays, conditions of β+ & β‾ decay and K capture, β-ray spectrum, Pauli’s
neutrino hypothesis. γ-rays and their origin. (8L+3T=11)
4. Nuclear models: Evidence in favour of liquid properties of nuclei, Liquid drop model,
Bethe-Weisackar’s mass formula. Applications of mass formula – estimation of fission energy,
prediction of most stable member of an isobaric family. Statistical model and excited levels
15
 (Basic concepts only). (7L+2T=9)
5. Nuclear Reactions: Types of nuclear reactions, conserved quantities of nuclear reaction, energies
of nuclear reaction–Q-value & its experimental determination. Exoergic & endoergic reactions.
Cross-section of nuclear reaction and its unit. Nuclear fusion reaction – basic concepts of fusion
reactions, fusion barrier, fusion and thermonuclear reactions (PP chains only) (5L+2T=7)
6. Nuclear Instrumentation: Mass spectroscope: Nuclear mass measurement– principle of ion
optics, production and detection of positive ions, Bainbridge’s mass spectrograph. Accelerators:
Necessity of charge particle acceleration–construction and working principle of linear
accelerator. Construction and working principle of a cyclotron. Detector: Principles of detection
of charge particles. Construction and working principle of gas filled detectors. Ionization
chamber – its construction & working principle. Interaction of γ-particle with matter.
Construction and working principles of scintillating detector. (9L+3T=12)
7. Elementary particles: Classification of elementary particles. Their mass, charge and spin.
Fundamental interactions. Concept of quark model. (3L+2T=5)
8. Cosmic rays: Origin of cosmic rays, primary & secondary cosmic rays and their composition.
The East West effect. Latitude, longitude & altitude effect, Extensive Air Shower (EAS).
(4L+1T=5)
L : Lecture T: Tutorial
Suggested Books:
1. The Atomic Nucleus R. D. Evans
2. Concept of Modern Physics y A. Beiser
3. Source Book of Atomic Energy S. Glasstone
4. Nuclear Physics S. N. Ghosal
5. Introductory Nuclear Physics K. S. Krane
6. Nuclear physics I. Kaplan
7. Atomic & Nuclear Physics A. B. Gupta & D. Ghosh
8. Nuclear Radiation Detectors S. S. Kapoor & V. S. Ramamurthy

Note:
Number of actual working days considered : 140 days = 20 weeks
Number of Nuclear Physics classes per week : 3

PAPER – X (Theory) Total Marks – 90

X.1. Electronics Marks –75, Lectures – 105
1. Power supplies: Amplifiers and oscillators Electronically regulated Power Supply, Switched
mode Power supply Transistors: Stabilization of Q point of transistor; circuit to transistor
biasing, two port device and Z, Y and h parameters, h parameter equivalent circuit, analysis of
transistor amplifier, (CB, and CC) with h parameters, current and voltage gain, input and output
impedance, Class A, Class B and Class C amplifiers, small signal RC coupled amplifier (CE),
voltage and current gain in low, mid and high Frequency, response curve, Phase between input
and output , cascade amplifier, large signal Push Pull Amplifier (Class A and Class
B). Concept of feedback, advantages of negative feedback in amplifier (qualitative
treatment), Barkhousen criterion, tuned oscillator, Hartley & Colpit, R-C Phase shift and Wein
bridge oscillator, Multivibrators (free running, monostable and flipflops) (38+5= 43 lectures)
2. DC amplifiers and OPAM: (8+2=10 lectures) Direct Coupled Amplifier, differential
amplifier, introduction to IC, OPAM, characteristics of an ideal OPAM, uses of OPAM as
inverting, noninverting, scale changer, adder and integrator. (8+2=10 lectures)
3. CRO Working and use (2 lectures)

4. Modulation and EM propagation Modulation: Theories of AM and FM, power and bandwidth
concept on AM and FM, modulators, amplitude modulation, circuits, circuit of square
law modulation and detection, SSB transmission, AM Transmitter (block diagrams),
superheterodyne receiver (block diagram), concept for detection of FM. Introduction to
radio wave propagation, ground or surface wave, space or tropospheric wave and sky

16
 wave (qualitative treatment) (25+5=30 lectures)
5. Digital Electronics: Binary Number System, Decimal to binary conversion, binary to decimal
conversion, binary addition and subtraction, OR, AND and NOT Logic gates by using P-N
junction, diode and transistors, theorem of Boolean Algebra, De Morgan's Theorem, NAND and
NOR gates. Introduction to binary transmission – PSK, FSK RS flip flop, MSJK flip flops
Introductory idea of microprocessor. (25+5=30 lectures)

Suggested Books:
1. Basic Electronics – B.L. Tereja
2. Electronics fundamentals and applications – Chottopadhya and Rakshit
3. Electronic fundamentals and Application – Ryder

X.2. Introduction to Computer Programming Marks–15,Lect.20+5=25

1. Functional organisation of a digital computer CPU, memory, input/output unit (3+1 lectures)
2. Computer languages, algorithms, flowcharts, programming in high level languages (examples in
BASIC/FORTRAN/C), data types, different types of variables, important commands, I/O
statements, relational and logical statements, transfer statements, string manipulation.
(5+1 lectures)
3. Programming exercise (BASIC/FORTRAN/C): simple mathematical series generation and
summation, solution of quadratic equation, solution of simultaneous linear equation
(two unknowns only), least square straight line fitting of given data, sorting of numbers largest
of n numbers, sorting a list ascending/descending order. (7+2 lectures)
4. Numerical computing technique, iterative methods, implementation of Runge-Kutta method of
solving differential equation and Simpson's rule to do integration using computer. (5+1 lectures)

Suggested Books:
1. Programming in Basic – S. Venit
2. Programming with C – B. Gotterfield
3. Understanding Fortran 77 – M. Boillot
4.Fundamentals of Computer – V. Rajaraman
5. Introductory methods of Numerical Analysis – S. Sastry
6. Let us C – Kenetkar

PAPER – XI (Practical) Total Marks – 20+70=90,

(Project and Practical)
XI.1. Group A : Experimental project work on any relevant topic within the syllabus of Physics to
be guided by a teacher and to be submitted along with a report. (Marks 20)

XI.2. Group B : One practical should be performed in the examination from the following list, in
six hours which includes viva-voice on the project report. (Marks 20)
1. The determine Q factor of a series resonant circuit containing L, C and R for three different
values of R. (Using Breadboard)
2. To draw the frequency response curve of RC coupled common emitter amplifier and hence
determine 3dB points and band width.(Using Breadboard)
3. To trace the output wave form of a free running multivibrator for three different frequencies using
CRO and hence measure the width of the output pulses and compare with theoretical values.
(Using Breadboard)
4. To assemble (a) OR (b) AND and (c) NOT (d) NAND gate with resistance, diode and transistors
using bread board and verify their truth tables.(Using Breadboard)
5. To study variation of potential drop with frequency across the inductor, capacitor and non-
inductive resistor of a series LCR circuit for an ac signal and hence find the resonant frequency.
Compare it with theoretical value.
6. To draw the characteristic curve of a photo cell and find the maximum velocity of the emitted
electrons.

17
7. To determine the value of self-induction of a coil with the help of Anderson’s Bridge.
8. To determine the value of Planck’s constant with the help of photo cell and monochromatic filter.
9. To determine the value of Stefan’s constant by electrical method using an incandescent electric
bulb.
10.To determine the constant of a ballistic galvanometer by using a capacitor charged to a known
potential difference.
11.To study the input and output characteristics of a transistor in CB and CE configurations. (Using
Breadboard)
12.To determine resolving power of a plane transmission grating.
13.To measure the phase difference between the signal across R and C of an RC network using
CRO and hence find the value of the resistor and frequency of the signal source. (Using
Breadboard)
*14. Determination of surface tension of water solutions of minerals or organic compounds using
capillary method and study the variation of surface tension with concentration.
*15. Draw a calibration curve for the variation of ionic conductivity of a solution with the pH value
and then determine the ionic conductivity of a solution for a given pH value of the solution from
the calibration curve.
Note: Minimum number of experiments to be performed in third year from this list is 8.
(*Additional experiments for those Colleges having Star College Scheme)

PAPER – XII (Practical) Total Marks – 90, Exam time : 6 hours

Computer Programming and Practical
XII.1.Group A : Computer Programming Marks – 20
At least five programs (FORTRAN/BASIC/C) (using relevant flowchart and algorithm) from the
following list are to be developed and practiced in computer and these are to be recorded in a
separate note book. There will be viva voice and brief practical test on the programs during the
practical examination.
(i) To determine (a) mean, (b) standard deviation and (c) standard error of the given
experimental data.
(ii) To analyse the supplied experimental data between two variables using least square
straight line fitting programme.
(iii) To rearrange the supplied numerical data in ascending/descending order.
(iv) To find the largest/smallest number in a given list of numbers.
(v) To solve for the two unknown variables in the given pair of simultaneous equations.
(vi) To find roots (real and distinct, real and repeated and imaginary) of a quadratic equation.
(vii) To generate Fibonacci numbers up to 200.
(viii) To check whether the given number is a prime number.

XII.2. Group B : Practicals Marks – 70

(One practical is to be performed in the examination from the following list.)
1. To determine the boiling point of the given liquid with the help of a Platinum Resistance
Thermometer.
2. To construct and calibrate a thermocouple and hence determine the melting point of given solid.
3. To calibrate a spectrometer with spectral lines of known wavelength and hence determine
unknown wavelength of spectral lines emitted by a given source.
4. To study the variation of refractive index of the material of a prism with known wavelengths of
spectral lines of a source and hence determine the unknown wavelength of a spectral line emitted
by a source.
5. To determine the wavelength of a monochromatic light emitted by given source using a biprism.
6. To study the hydrogen spectrum by using plane transmission grating and spectrometer and hence
determine the Rydberg constant.

7. To study the ripple factor of a half-wave and full-wave rectifier using semiconductor diode and L
18
 and ▪section filter. (Using Breadboard)
8. To study the variation of optical rotation with concentration for sugar solution using polarimeter
and sodium light and hence determine the specific rotation of sugar.
9. To determine the value of `J’ (the mechanical equivalent of heat) by Callender and Bern’s
method.
10.To assemble and study the frequency response of an OPAMP in inverting negative feedback
mode for three different feedback resistances and hence calculate upper half power point and
band width. To study the transfer characteristic of an OPAMP in negative feedback mode for
different feedback loop.(Using Breadboard)
11. To verify De Morgan’s theorem using IC 7400 and 7402. (Using Breadboard)
12. To determine the temperature coefficient of the material of a given wire.
*13. To study the detection of the cosmic ray on the earth surface using G.M. counter.
*14. Calculation of mean, mode, median, co-relation, regression, analysis of variance,χsquare of
given data using Excel or SPSS. (Sample size should be large. It may be collected from
Internet)
Note: Minimum number of experiments to be performed in third year from this list is 8
for Paper XII.
(*Additional experiments for those Colleges having Star College Scheme)

******

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