Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Brain-Computer Interface Enhanced For Active Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients
Brain-Computer Interface Enhanced For Active Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients
THE HINDU
SUNDAY, AUGUST 18, 2019
DELHI
CAPSULE
Brain-computer interface enhanced for
active rehabilitation of stroke patients
A trained neural network was used to develop a system that could eff ectively benefi t stroke patients
Gravity stretches light Shubashree Desikan most informative channels
General relativity, unlike and omitting the unneces
Newtonian theory of gravity, The use of cybernetics to sary ones. “There are two
predicts that when light carry out rehabilitation the major research challenges
passes close to a strong rapies for stroke patients is a in motor imagery classifi ca Source of hope: Pretomanid is only the third antiTB drug
gravitational field it will fastdeveloping fi eld of re tion. The fi rst challenge is approved for use by the FDA in more than 40 years. AP *
How widespread is MDRTB and XDRTB?
Diamond trail
An article in Science studies
helium isotopes in diamonds
that were formed deep within
App uses AI to detect banana pest, diseases People with TB who do not respond to at least isoniazid
and rifampicin, which are fi rstline TB drugs, are said to
have MDRTB. People who are resistant to isoniazid and ri
the Earth but were thrown out fampin, plus any fl uoroquinolone and at least one of three
in eruptions, avoiding near An App using this tool can diagnose the disease and give treatment options injectable secondline drugs (amikacin, kanamycin or ca
surface contamination. Helium preomycin) are said to have XDRTB.
isotopes, which hold clues Aswathi Pacha ter for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), As per the World Health Organisation’s Global Tuberculo
about the oldest parts of the Colombia in an email to The Hindu. sis Report 2018, an estimated 4.5 lakh people across the
earth, are not easy to find. The Identifying diseases and pests on ba Dr. Selvaraj is the senior author of world have MDRTB and nearly 37,500 people have XDRTB.
researchers have found nana crops will now be just a click the paper. The App can detect India has 24% of MDRTB cases in the world. By the end of
evidence for deep primordial away. Researchers have developed a symptoms on any part of the crop, 2017, XDRTB had been reported from 127 countries, includ
rock source mixing with new artifi cial intelligence system and is even trained to read images of ing India.
sediments of subducting (AI) which can look at photographs lower quality.
plates. and tell what disease the plant has Which category of drugresistant TB patients will benefi t
and also give recommendations and Major Indian diseases from this new drug?
treatment options to the farmers. The app is now being tested across
The results showed that the model many countries and when the confi Pretomanid drug along with bedaquiline and linezolid is
was over 90% accuracy. dence of 100% is reached it will be meant for treating adults with XDRTB. In the case of MDR
available for free download. “Yellow TB, the threedrug regimen containing pretomanid can be
Training the network leaf spot and Fusarium wilt are the used only in those patients who cannot tolerate the MDRTB
The neural network was given about major fungal diseases in India and treatment or do not respond to standard MDRTB treatment
20,000 images showing diseased farmers spend a lot of money on regimen.
and healthy plants. “Just like teach fungicides. Apart from the fungal The threedrug regimen is meant only for treating pul
Brighter than the Sun ing a kid to tell an elephant from a disease, the viral disease such as Ba monary TB and should not be used for treating extrapul
When seen in the light of horse, we taught the AI to identify nana Bunchy top virus is a big pro monary TB, drugsensitive or latent TB.
gamma rays, the Moon would leaf, root, fruit diseases and pests. blem in hilly areas of Tamil Nadu,
appear brighter than the Sun, Pictures from Uganda, Colombia, Versatile: The App can detect symptoms on any part of the crop and is Kerala and Northeast region. The How eff ective is the drug in treating XDRTB and MDRTB?
as imaged by NASA’s Fermi Congo and India were fed into the trained to read even images of lower quality. SPECIAL ARRANGEMENT * App can tell the farmers in advance
Gammaray Space Telescope. system for the training,” says Dr. Siv bringing down the treatment costs,” The threedrug regimen consisting of bedaquiline, pretoma
Gamma rays are a part of the alingam Elayabalan from the De hope in Swahili, and being tested. tem for largescale monitoring. Also, says Dr. Elayabalan. “We are now nid and linezolid — collectively referred to as the BPaL regi
electromagnetic spectrum partment of Biotechnology, Imayam it is automatically GPStagged so we testing the App in Tamil, and it will men — was studied in the pivotal NixTB trial across three
having short wavelengths and Institute of Agriculture and Technol Expansion of scope know what and where the problem soon be available in Hindi and Ma sites in South Africa. The trial enrolled 109 people with XDR
are highly energetic. Fermi’s ogy (IIAT), Trichy, Tamil Nadu. He is The team is planning to add more is. We are also planning to incorpo layalam. The National Research TB as well as treatmentintolerant or nonresponsive
Large Area Telescope detects one of the authors of the study pu diseases based on regions and also rate highresolution satellite moni Centre for Banana (NRCB) and the MDRTB.
gamma rays from Moon, which blished in Plant Methods. make the App available in local lan toring to check the health of large Indian Council of Agricultural Re
appears blurred with a
According to TB Alliance, 95 of the fi rst 107 XDRTB pa
The tool is now incorporated into guages. “When users take the pho fi elds,” explains Dr. Michael Gomez search (ICAR) have shown interest tients as well as those who are treatmentintolerant or non
prominent glow at its centre.
an App called Tumaini, meaning to, it gets uploaded to a global sys Selvaraj, from the International Cen ed in the App.” responsive MDRTB were successfully treated with a six
month regimen. There was successful outcome in two other
patients when the treatment duration was extended to nine
months. The overall treatment success rate was nearly 90%.
NII unravels how diet restriction delays ageing, increases lifespan How safe is pretomanid for clinical use?
Besides the NixTB trial, the safety and effi cacy of the drug
Worms exposed to moderate stress early in life are able to handle chronic stress that comes with ageing has been evaluated either alone or as part of the combina
tion therapy in 19 clinical trials conducted in 14 countries in
R. Prasad fence mechanism to combat stress gets up volving 1,168 patients.
regulated and tries to fold the proteins cor The FDA has approved the drug based on limited clinical
The role of dietary restriction in delaying rectly or degrade them. safety and effi cacy data, and so the drug should be restrict
ageing and increasing longevity across or The priming helps the endoplasmic reti ed to specifi c population of patients. Safety and eff ective
ganisms starting from worms to primates is culum to handle stress as the worm ages. ness of the drug has been studied and established only
well known. Now, a multiinstitutional team “We observed about 20% increase in worm when used in combination with bedaquiline and linezolid.
from India has unravelled one of the me lifespan when the small molecule was only The threedrug combination should not be used in pa
chanisms by which worms (C. elegans) ex used,” says Dr. Matai. tients for whom bedaquiline and/or linezolid drug is not re
posed to an earlylife moderate stress in the “By using the small molecule, we were commended (contraindicated).
form of dietary restriction are able to handle able to mimic the stress in mouse cell lines. The safety and eff ectiveness of the drug has not been test
chronic stress that comes with ageing. We then induced the cells to produce pro ed in pregnant women and children.
tein aggregates and we could see the cells
Role of stress suppressing and degrading the aggregates What are the adverse drug reactions caused by the drug?
The team led by Dr. Arnab Mukhopadhyay better than the controls. As a result, the cells
from the National Institute of Immunology survived better,” says Dr. Mukhopadhyay. In the Nixtrial, the threedrug regimen was reported to have
(NII), Delhi also showed that certain orga caused serious adverse reactions including liver toxicity (he
nelles in the cells (endoplasmic reticulum) if Delaying disease onset patotoxicity), suppression of bone marrow activity leading
stressed early through diet restriction can Besides delaying ageing and increasing the to reduced production of red blood cells, white blood cells
do its job more effi ciently later in life thus de lifespan, priming the endoplasmic reticulum and platelets (myelosuppression), as well as damage to pe
laying ageing and increasing longevity. Mod Early priming: The worms subjected to diet restriction early in life showed 3040% increased with small stress helps delay certain ageon ripheral and optic nerves (neuropathy).
erate stress early in life essentially primes longevity compared with controls. SPECIAL ARRANGEMENT
*
set diseases such as Huntington’s and Alz Pretomanid drug was found to cause a reduction in the
the endoplasmic reticulum to cope with age heimer’s. size of the testes and probably even the function (testicular
related stress later in life. It also delays the misfolded proteins. Normally, the ability of “We can bypass diet restriction to induce With ageing, the protein folding mechan atrophy).
onset of agerelated diseases such as Hun the endoplasmic reticulum to fold proteins stress by using a small molecule.” A small ism generally gets impaired and so protein The drug can cause lactate accumulation in the body
tington’s and Alzheimer’s. and destroy misfolded proteins gets com dose of the molecule, which is a form of glu tends to get misfolded and aggregates tend leading to sharp reduction in the pH of the blood (lactic
In lieu of diet restriction, the researchers promised with ageing. “The priming helps in cose that cannot be used by the cells, given to form. Protein aggregates cause Hunting acidosis).
used a small molecule early in life in small delaying the deterioration of endoplasmic for 24 hours early in life was found to prime ton’s and Alzheimer’s. “In C. elegans sub Prolongation of the QT interval of ECG (due to changes in
doses for 24 hours to produce the same kind reticulum in folding the proteins,” says Dr. the endoplasmic reticulum and improve the jected to stress, we could observe a delay in the electrical activity of the heart) was reported when the
of stress in C. elegans. They were able to de Latika Matai from NII and cofi rst author of a proteinfolding capacity and degradation of protein aggregation as well as a reduction in threedrug regimen was used. The QT prolongation can lead
lay ageing and increase longevity. paper published in the Proceedings of the aggregated proteins in adults. aggregate numbers. The delay in aggrega to an abnormal and potentially fatal heart rhythm. The QT
National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Endoplasmic reticulum requires glucose tion was more prominent (50%) than what prolongation is caused by bedaquiline.
Protein folding “The worms subjected to diet restriction for folding proteins optimally. So, when the was seen in the controls,” says Dr. Matai. Other common adverse reactions seen were peripheral
The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible early in life showed 3040% increased lon small molecule is used, the glucose availabil “It is now important to test it on mouse neuropathy, anaemia, indigestion (dyspepsia), lower respi
for much of the cellular proteinfolding re gevity compared with C. elegans that were ity is restricted and the organelle is stressed models for Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s,” ratory tract infection, visual impairment, hypoglycaemia,
quirements and destruction of terminally not diet restricted,” says Dr. Mukhopadhyay. by the load of misfolded proteins. The de says Dr. Mukhopadhyay. abnormal loss of weight and diarrhoea, to name a few.
CM A ND-NDE
YK