NATO Summit 2018 PDF

NATO SUMMIT
NATO SUMMIT 2018
2018
Strengthening Deterrence and Defence
while Projecting Stability
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NATO SUMMIT
2018
Strengthening Deterrence and Defence
while Projecting Stability
Co-Editors Fabrizio W Luciolli, Simon Michell
Editorial Director Barry Davies
Art Director J-P Stanway
Managing Director Andrew Howard
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NATO SUMMIT 2018 – BRUSSELS

5
Contents
FOREWORDS
15 Jens Stoltenberg 26 Simon Michell

Secretary General, NATO Co-Editor, NATO Summit 2018:
Strengthening Deterrence and
Defence while Projecting Stability
18 Fabrizio W Luciolli
President, Atlantic Treaty Association
OPEN DOOR POLICY
INTRODUCTIONS 27 Zoran Zaev

Prime Minister, Former Yugoslav Republic
20 Federica Mogherini of Macedonia*
High Representative of the European Union
for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy;
Vice President of the European Commission
STRENGTHENING DETERRENCE AND DEFENCE
21 Kay Bailey Hutchison 30 General Tod D Wolters

U.S. Ambassador to NATO Commander of U.S. Air Forces in Europe,
U.S. Air Forces Africa and Allied Air Command
24 Camille Grand
Assistant Secretary General for Defence 31 The EU-NATO Strategic Partnership:
Investment, NATO the Way Forward
Ioan Mircea Pascu, Vice President
of the European Parliament
25 Elena Poptodorova
Vice President, Atlantic Treaty Association
33 Global threats
NATO Deputy Assistant Secretary General
Dr Jamie Shea talks about the issues and
challenges facing the Alliance
35 NATO and ATA in the

Black Sea Region
Alex Serban, Founder, Euro Atlantic
Council of Romania; Senior Fellow,
Atlantic Council of the US; Former
Vice President, Atlantic Treaty Association
37 Growing Security
Concerns in the Aegean
Admiral Evangelos Apostolakis HN, Chief of
Hellenic National Defence General Staff
* Turkey recognises the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name

AMMAR SAFARJALANI/XINHUA NEWS AGENCY/PA IMAGES

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1806_GA-ASI_NATO Summit_(Jul).indd 1 7/2/2018 9:21:33 AM

CONTENTS
48 Making Peace Possible: NATO’s

Engagement in Afghanistan
Cornelius Zimmermann, NATO Senior
Civilian Representative in Afghanistan
50 Kosovo: KFOR XXII

Major General Salvatore Cuoci, COM KFOR
52 NATO and the Fight against Terrorism

Dr Juliette W Bird, Head, Counter Terrorism,
NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division
54 NATO Strategic
Direction South Hub
Brigadier General Roberto Angius,
Italian Army, NSD-S HUB Director
MARCOM/NATO
THE CYBER DOMAIN

39 The Growing Threat from
Disinformation and Hybrid Warfare 56 Digital Endeavour
Chris Donnelly, Director, Kevin Scheid, General Manager of the NATO
The Institute for Statecraft Communications and Information Agency
(NCIA), talks about the ‘Digital Endeavour’
and the role that cybersecurity will play in
42 Women, Peace and Security this radical transformation
Professor Dr Aliki Mitsakos, MD, PhD,
Founder and Dean, The International
Center for Leading Studies; Secretary 58 Threat evolution
General, Greek Association for Atlantic Simon Michell highlights how the use of
& European Cooperation cyber weapons by non-state actors in Ukraine
serves as a showcase for the cyber threat
evolution that faces every nation
DETERRENCE AND DIALOGUE
44 Rejuvenating NATO’s
Dual-Track Approach
Professor Luca Ratti, Associate Professor
in History of International Relations,
University Roma Tre
PROJECTING STABILITY
46 NATO and Ukraine – a Mutually

Beneficial Partnership
Barbora Maronkova, Director,
NATO Information and Documentation
Centre in Kyiv, Ukraine
CCDCOE/NATO

8
Predator B
SURPASSING 5 MILLION
FLIGHT HOURS
Predator Gray Eagle
SkyGuardian Avenger
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CONTENTS
62 Developing capabilities
How embracing new cyber capabilities will
further safeguard the Alliance against the
thousands of cyber incidents that it deals
with on a daily basis
65 Taking a partnership approach

How NATO’s cyber partnerships are growing
and developing into one of the key global
cyber defence capabilities
Followed by a partner perspective from

NATO
Merle Maigre, Director of the Cooperative
Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence,
Tallinn, Estonia
75 NATO Air Command and
Control System
Mark Daly reveals how Alliance territory is
MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE AND CAPABILITIES defended against attack from the air by an
integrated network of systems that monitors
68 Supporting NATO the skies and, when necessary, plans and
Alan Dron talks to the Head of NATO’s Support executes a response to the threat
and Procurement Agency, Peter Dohmen, to
find out his priorities for the future and assess
the scope of the agency’s responsibilities 77 Airborne ground surveillance
Saving lives after natural disasters, helping to
track down terrorist cells and keeping an eye
70 NATO Adaptation: a new on enemy forces are some of the key roles
command structure in line for the Alliance Ground Surveillance
Mike Bryant highlights the changes that have system. Jim Winchester offers an update
been agreed to the NATO Command Structure on the programme
to ensure that it is fit for purpose
79 Pooled Air Mobility – SALIS and SAC

72 Enhancing land, sea and All NATO nations need to airlift troops and
air capabilities supplies, but only a few can afford strategic
Simon Michell highlights the military transport aircraft. The Airbus A400M is filling
capability of the NATO forward presence the requirement for several nations, but for
in the Baltics and Black Sea region to others the solution is to pool resources
explain its purpose and relevance
82 NATO Ballistic Missile Defence

Once fully active, NATO’s Ballistic Missile
Defence shield will stretch from Greenland to
the Azores, covering roughly 10 million square
kilometres of airspace
84 From Noble Jump to Brilliant Sword

Plans are already in progress for the Alliance
to deploy the NATO Reaction Force to
Norway as part of Trident Juncture, its largest
military exercise in a decade. Chris Aaron
explains its significance
ROB KUNZIG/NATO

11
Association du Traité Atlantique PROMOTING TRANSATLANTIC VALUES SINCE 1954
1954 WE PROMOTE
TRANSATLANTIC VALUES

Association du Traité Atlantique YOUTH ATLANTIC
TREATY ASSOCIATION
18 June 1954 November 1996
4 April 1949 9 November 1989
Washington Treaty Fall of the Berlin Wall
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FOREWORD
Jens Stoltenberg
— Secretary General, NATO
F
or almost 70 years, the nations of the NATO Alliance have stood together in defence of democracy,
individual liberty and the rule of law. Every Ally is pledged to protect the citizens and territories of the
whole Alliance – all for one and one for all.
NATO is the most successful Alliance in history because it continually adapts to change. In recent
years, with a more assertive Russia, turmoil in the Middle East and global challenges such as proliferation and
cyber attacks, the world has become more unstable and less predictable.
NATO has responded to these challenges with the biggest increase in our collective defence in a generation.
Since 2014, we have tripled the size of the NATO Response Force, deployed four battle groups to the east of our
Alliance, conducted more and larger exercises and increased the speed of our decision making. At the same time,
we remain open to dialogue with Russia.
NATO has also strengthened its efforts to fight terrorism, bolstering our Resolute Support Mission in
Afghanistan and doing more to train partner forces in North Africa and the Middle East.
At the Brussels Summit, we will take the decisions needed for the next phase of NATO’s adaptation.
We will further increase our readiness and our ability to reinforce our troops if needed, ensuring we have
the right forces and equipment in the right places at the right time. We will agree a major update of the NATO
Command Structure, including two new commands to ensure our forces can move quickly across the Atlantic

15
NATO FW01 STOLTENBERG.indd 15 14/08/2018 10:22

FOREWORD
Not only are NATO nations increasing their financial investment in defence, they are also bolstering the Alliance’s territorial
security with activities like the enhanced forward presence in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (PHOTO: NATO)
and within Europe. Our strengthened defences will extend into cyberspace, with more resilient networks and
the ability to draw on Allies’ national cyber capabilities in NATO missions and operations.
When our neighbours are more stable, we are more secure. So, at this Summit we will take further
steps to project stability beyond our borders. We will confirm our enduring commitment to Afghanistan,
with our Resolute Support Mission strengthened to 16,000 troops, and funding for the Afghan forces
extended beyond 2020.
We will launch a training mission in Iraq, to prevent the re-emergence of ISIS or any other international
terrorist group. We will also step up our support for Jordan and Tunisia, with tailored packages of support.
At a time of greater insecurity, Allies need to invest more and better in defence. In 2014, Allies pledged
to stop the cuts to their defence budgets, increase defence spending, and move towards investing 2% of GDP
in defence within a decade. Since then, we have seen four consecutive years of increased defence spending by
European Allies and Canada, amounting to an additional US$87 billion spent on defence. In 2017 alone, 25
Allies spent more in real terms than they did the year before. A majority of Allies have now outlined plans to
reach spending 2% of GDP on defence by 2024.
Allies are investing in major new capabilities, spending an additional US$18 billion on major equipment
since 2014. Allies are contributing more to operations and missions, including thousands of troops for our
increased presence in the east of the Alliance.
At this Summit, we will take stock of our progress so far in terms of cash, capabilities and commitments
and decide what more we need to do. Our security does not come for free, and we are committed to investing
more in our defence.
Also vital to our security are our relationships with our partners around the world. None more so than
our unique and essential partnership with the European Union. NATO and the EU work together in dealing
with Russia, on countering hybrid threats, and in areas like cyber defence and maritime security. We also
complement each other’s efforts in supporting our partners to the east and the south. The European Union’s
efforts on defence are an important part of transatlantic burden sharing.
NATO is committed to a vision of a Europe whole, free and at peace. At this Summit, we will assess our
support for the countries that wish to join the Alliance, and take decisions to bring them closer.
Our world is changing and NATO is changing with it. What does not change is the deep transatlantic
bond that unites Europe and North America and has been the bedrock of our shared security for so long. This
Brussels Summit will reconfirm our unity, our resolve and our strength.
As we look forward to the 70th anniversary of the Alliance in 2019, NATO remains the essential provider
of security for its one billion citizens. The NATO Alliance is a pillar of stability in an uncertain world.

16
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FOREWORD
Fabrizio W Luciolli
— President, Atlantic Treaty Association
S
ince 1954, the Atlantic Treaty Association
(ATA) has promoted Atlantic values across
generations and the civil societies of the
NATO and Partner countries. With an
average of 500 initiatives annually taking place in
its 38 member nations, ATA is translating security
needs into concrete actions and cooperative security
programmes.
Among the wide range of communication
activities, a traditional commitment is the present
ATA official publication accompanying and outlining
the agenda of the NATO Summits. In this respect,
the 2018 edition assumes a special relevance as the
Brussels Summit represents another milestone in
NATO’s continuous adaptation to the evolving
security environment.
While Collective Defence, Crisis Management
and Cooperative Security remain NATO’s core tasks, as stated by the 2010 NATO Strategic Concept, in recent
years the European security landscape has changed dramatically. The Arab uprisings of 2011 and the illegal
Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014 obliged NATO to cope with all tasks simultaneously, and to adopt a
360-degree approach able to Deter and Defend in the East while Projecting Stability to the South.
Moreover, the Russian nuclear posture, the Skripal case and the risk of CBNR proliferation, together with
the potential threat of new forms of terrorism, are also of major concern. In addition, the new cyber operational
domain, energy security, climate change and migrations are testifying the different nature of today’s threats and
challenges, often originating with unprecedented speed and challenging the Alliance’s decision-making process.
Likewise, a new Hybrid Warfare is eluding the application of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, whilst the
vicious use of disinformation and false news attempts to weaken the cohesion of the Western societies and their
free democratic processes.
In this context, NATO’s political consultation is essential to maintain the Atlantic solidarity, which could be
affected by different security perceptions among NATO Member States and across the Atlantic, as the Alliance is
called to act in three different continents, from the Baltic to Iraq and to Afghanistan. Therefore, Allied solidarity
and the Transatlantic Bond need to be strengthened by fairer burden-sharing, in line with the commitment
adopted at the 2014 Wales Summit, requiring Member States to devote 2% of GDP to defence expenditures,
with a significant portion on major new equipment and related research and development.
In this framework, the strategic partnership with the European Union acquires paramount relevance to assure
a coherent development of military capabilities and cutting-edge technologies, as well as the military mobility of
NATO forces across Europe. In fact, in the present insecurity environment, Readiness is key to deterring, as well
as preventing, a crisis. The Brussels Summit Initiative on the so-called Four Thirties recalls the number of the
mechanised battalions, air squadrons and combat vessels that must be deployable within 30 days to respond or to
anticipate a crisis. To this end, NATO is adapting its Command Structure by establishing two new Commands
that will ensure NATO forces can move quickly across the Atlantic and within Europe.
Furthermore, 30 also represents the number of future Alliance members, as the historic agreement between
Athens and Skopje on the name issue paves the way for an invitation to the Government in Skopje to begin
accession talks.
Notwithstanding the transatlantic debate between Allied Democracies and the competition of their free
markets, the agenda of the Brussels Summit testifies the enduring Unity and Resolve of NATO members in

18
FOREWORD
NATO’s new headquarters in Brussels will welcome leaders of its Member States for the 2018 summit (PHOTO: NATO)
addressing the wider challenges of the present complex insecurity environment by a 360-degree approach. Unity
and Resolve is essential to steadily improve the NATO dual-track approach towards the Russian new assertiveness,
open to a meaningful dialogue and based on a strong deterrence and defence posture. Likewise, Allied solidarity
is also key to project stability and to tackle in a more ambitious way the security challenges originating from the
Mediterranean, which will be addressed by the new NATO Strategic Direction South Hub.
Looking at the forthcoming 70th anniversary of the Atlantic Alliance, ATA is ready to complement the
NATO 360-degree approach by adding a further degree of action aimed at communicating to the public opinions
and the successor generations the enduring NATO’s values and role. This represents a natural task for ATA and
its youth component (YATA), which will strengthen the vital link between the Alliance and the civil societies of
the member countries, promoting a dialogue as transparent as the new crystal NATO headquarters hosting the
Brussels Summit.

19
INTRODUCTION
Federica Mogherini
— High Representative of the European Union for
Foreign Affairs and Security Policy; Vice President
of the European Commission
T
hese have been two intense years for
cooperation between the European Union
(EU) and NATO. After the historic
Joint Declaration signed in Warsaw, our
partnership is now closer than ever. We have moved
forward on all 74 actions we identified for close
collaboration. The more we work together, the
more we realise we are complementary and we
need one another.
PHOTO: EUROPEAN UNION
The list of our new fields of cooperation is long.

A total of 20 of our common actions relate to hybrid
threats, where our exchanges now happen on a daily
basis. Last year, our parallel and coordinated exercises
were also based on a hybrid scenario, and the same
will happen this year. Beyond hybrid, our naval
operations in the Mediterranean – Sophia and Sea
Guardian – are sharing information as well as logistical support. The first ever EU-NATO staff-to-staff
dialogue on counter-terrorism took place just weeks ago. And we have intensified our coordination on
strengthening the capacities of our partners – particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova and Tunisia,
but also in Georgia and Jordan. In Ukraine, we are working together on issues such as strategic
communications, training and security sector reform.
The clearest example is probably military mobility. Today, more than ever, rapid response has become
an essential requirement for our security. Getting our assets where they are needed, and doing so swiftly, is a
something we need to ensure at all times. This requires work on physical infrastructure around Europe, but
also to remove legal and bureaucratic obstacles.
From the EU perspective, we have - in line with the competences - identified a series of operational
measures to overcome these barriers. In addition, the new long-term EU budget proposed by the European
Commission foresees an investment of €6.5 billion in this field. And we have taken action on military mobility
in the framework of the Permanent Structured Cooperation that 25 of our Member States have launched on
defence issues. This work is happening in constant coordination with NATO. Experts from NATO have been
associated with our consultations, and NATO has shared its parameters for transport infrastructure. There is no
better example of how a stronger EU in the field of defence also makes NATO stronger.
EU and NATO are different organisations. The EU is not a military alliance, and we do not intend to
become one. NATO and the EU do different things: complementarity is in the nature of our partnership. At
the same time, increased cooperation inside the EU on defence issues can also strengthen the capabilities of our
Member States – 22 of which are also NATO Allies. Through cooperation at the EU level, European countries
are taking greater responsibility for their own security.
Not only do we share 22 members, the EU and NATO also face similar challenges and we have converging
security interests. Almost 95% of citizens of the EU live in NATO countries. Protecting our people is the first of
our shared interests. In these two years, we have realised that greater cooperation between our two organisations
can only advance our shared interests. It is a clear win-win situation. It is time to make our partnership even
stronger and closer, at the upcoming NATO Summit in Brussels and beyond.

20
INTRODUCTION
Kay Bailey
Hutchison
— U.S. Ambassador to NATO
W
hen the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization was founded in 1949,
it was the first peacetime military
alliance the United States entered
into outside the Western hemisphere. At its founding,
US President Harry S Truman summarised NATO’s
purpose as “…a shield against aggression and the
fear of aggression – a bulwark which will permit us
to get on with the real business of government and
society, the business of achieving a fuller and happier
life for all our citizens.” The Alliance was born out of
Cold War concerns as 12 western democracies came
together in common defence against a Communist
U.S. MISSION TO NATO
threat. Through our mutual commitment for our

shared security and defence of our values, the
transatlantic bond between North America and
Europe secured the peace and allowed prosperity and
stability to return in the wake of World War II.
While the modern security environment has
vastly changed over these seven decades, President Truman’s description of NATO’s ultimate mission remains
true. Today, NATO is stronger, more resilient and better aligned to confront whatever challenges arise against
the, now 29, Allies. NATO’s response after September 11, 2001, reaffirmed the essence of the Alliance,
enshrined in Article Five of the North Atlantic Treaty, that “an armed attack against one…shall be considered
an attack against them all…”.
At the Brussels Summit in July 2018, leaders of the NATO Member States will consider how to position
the Alliance to confront quickly and effectively any threats from state adversaries and non-state terrorist groups.
These decisions – including commitments to enhance military mobility, reform our command structure, and
quicken our decision-making processes – are examples of NATO’s long history of adaptability. While this
ability to adapt is the source of NATO’s longevity, our ultimate strength lies in our unity. It is our shared
commitment to each other’s security and to the defence of our values that binds us together and fuels our
collective action. The result of these efforts will ensure NATO has the right forces, in the right place, at the
right time to deliver security for our citizens.
A critical element of a strong, resilient and adaptable alliance rests with the ability of Allies to properly
resource their own national defence. As NATO leaders recognised in 2014, “our overall security and defence
depend both on how much we spend and how we spend it”. For the benefits of the transatlantic bond to expand
to future generations, we must have the political will to act across a variety of political and military spheres.
The policy decisions are not easy or simple, but they are necessary to ensure the Alliance that underwrites the
transatlantic bond has the necessary tools. It is in this spirit that the United States stands shoulder to shoulder
with our Allies to ensure NATO is as strong and vibrant today, as it was when it was founded.

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world, IT infrastructure is complex and no longer just a mission the Logistics Commodities & Services Transformation (LCST)
support function – recognising this reality, NATO and Leidos programme, which is transforming the United Kingdom’s
worked together to deliver a secure IT infrastructure. defence supply chain by automating processes, and deploying
state-of-the-art technology and data analytics that bring real-time
Could you expand on Leidos’ involvement visibility and reporting to logistics decision-making.
in the NATO Ballistic Missile Defense Across all missions, Leidos is focused on the future. We’re
(BMD) domain? looking forward to continuing our support to NATO so that
Leidos has been working with NATO on its approach to BMD the Alliance can continue to effectively meet missions in an
for more than 20 years. Our support began in the 1990s with increasingly complex and changing threat landscape.

23
INTRODUCTION
Camille Grand
— Assistant Secretary General for Defence Investment, NATO
I
n a year from now, NATO will celebrate its
70th anniversary. The longevity and success of
the Alliance is based on the simple principle
of credibility. On the political level this means
credibility that Allies have the will to honor the
stipulations of the Washington Treaty with Article 5
at its core. On the practical level, it means credibility
that NATO has the right set of forces and capabilities
at its disposal to effectively safeguard Allied
territories and populations.
This duality of political determination and
physical means also reflects the essence of NATO’s
strengthened deterrence and defence posture. As one
PHOTO: NATO
of its most visible components of this, the enhanced

Forward Presence of four multinational combat-ready
battlegroups relies not only on Allies’ intent, but also
on their ability to deploy, sustain, and – if required –
effectively reinforce the four battle groups. The same rationale applies for most other activities NATO pursues,
including those associated with projecting stability beyond the Alliance’s borders.
Creating and maintaining these required capabilities constitutes a complex task. Proficiency in specific areas
can atrophy quickly and rebuilding them takes time and a significant amount of effort and money. This is one
of the lessons NATO had to learn when re-emphasising again high-end warfare capabilities after two decades of
primarily focusing on demanding, but more limited counterinsurgency and crisis management operations.
Sufficient and predictable funding for defence constitutes a key ingredient to ensure that the Alliance
has, at any given time, access to the capabilities it requires to meet its level of ambition. On this resource issue,
Allies have successfully reversed the past downward spiral of declining defence budgets through the Defence
Investment Pledge. The initial data points confirm that the Alliance is on the right track since 2014 and we can
see that all Allies have stopped their cuts and are investing more. Not only do we see that Allies are spending 2%
of their GDP on defence, but a majority have plans to do so by 2024. It will now be important to maintain this
positive trajectory toward the two percent defence spending goal as a share of Allies’ GDP.
At the same time, the influx of newly available defence resources creates a different set of practical questions
as Allies try to determine how to most effectively and efficiently allocate additional funds. NATO has to play a
critical role in this context by helping Allies make the most informed decisions. It is uniquely positioned to do
this due to its visibility across the activities of all 29 Allies.
Through the NATO Defence Planning Process, NATO possesses an analytical rigorous and sound tool for
determining the specific capabilities should Allies prioritise in their investment decisions. The Defence Planning
Priorities, as well as prioritised targets for individual Allies, capture the capability areas, which each Ally should
first and foremost focus on. Close coordination between NATO and the European Union is required so that
nations with memberships in both organisations receive coherent requests with regard to the capabilities needed.
Equally important than the “what” is the “how”. How should Allies develop and deliver capabilities so that
they provide the most operational benefits and the best value for taxpayers’ money? In this area NATO has been
steadily expanding its advisory role for helping Allies identify and, most importantly, implement effective and
innovative solutions for fielding capabilities. Efforts such as the Alliance Future Surveillance and Control initiative
to replace the AWACS capability or a more systematic effort to develop multinational approaches for buying,
managing and storing high-value precision munitions constitute just two examples in this regard. Through these
functions NATO ensures that it will maintain its credibility as an organisation long beyond its 70th anniversary.

24
INTRODUCTION
Elena Poptodorova
— Vice President, Atlantic Treaty Association
T
he 2018 NATO Summit convenes at a
time when the relevance, the viability
and the unity of the Alliance need to
be reconfirmed.
The 29 Member States assemble for the first
full-length summit since Warsaw in 2016 and the
first one to be held in the new NATO headquarters
in Brussels. NATO Secretary General Stoltenberg
has laid out the following summit goals: further
PHOTO: VENI MARKOVSKI
strengthen the transatlantic bond, build on NATO’s

work with partner nations to fight terrorism,
strengthen NATO’s Black Sea presence, and step up
efforts against cyber attacks and hybrid threats.
We face the most unpredictable security
environment since the fall of the Berlin Wall –
international terrorism, proliferation of weapons of
mass destruction, cyber attacks, hybrid threats and, of course, a more assertive Russia. These are our common
challenges and it is in our common strategic interest to face them together.
Following the Warsaw Summit of 2016, a number of disagreements have surfaced on the transatlantic scene.
Burden-sharing is definitely one of the sensitive issues. This Summit, though, is about more than burden-sharing.
Rather than bleating on about defence spending, NATO must celebrate the good work it has done so
far. NATO has carried out hard deterrence work on its Eastern edge; it has proven its ability to deploy fast;
European and Canadian spending has increased to $87 billion; the US contribution and engagement have
also gone up; regardless of recent disagreements, defence ties between North America and Europe have
grown even closer.
It is under these circumstances that the 29 Heads of State and Government meet in Brussels on 11 and
12 July to discuss and decide on how to create a more agile, ready and deployable NATO.
Rather than opting for publicity for its own sake, the Summit should go into the hard work to be done
– the Alliance maintenance. Maintenance work goes through a number of practical matters like, of course,
burden-sharing, but also deterrence and defence, new command structures, missions and operations, deeper
NATO-EU cooperation, the Western Balkans and the Black Sea neighbourhood. A meaningful sign in the right
direction would be an invitation to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to join NATO.
The Summit is called upon to uphold the bedrock values of the Washington Treaty – democracy, individual
liberty and the rule of law. Any impression of lack of solidarity and cohesiveness, of unity and sense of purpose
would backfire and subvert these core values.
The main message should be that the Alliance is alive and well and doing its work in projecting stability to
its members and beyond.
This is the message that should go out to the broad public of the Trans-Atlantic community and to the
world. The Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA), NATO’s civil society arm with its 37 national chapters, is an
obvious and efficient vehicle of dissemination.
The #WeAreNATO campaign conducted in all Member States on the way to the Alliance’s 70th
anniversary in 2019 needs good news from this Summit to spread around.

25
INTRODUCTION
Simon Michell
— Co-Editor, NATO Summit 2018: Strengthening
Deterrence and Defence while Projecting Stability
The collective defence of all
T
his year’s NATO Summit is being held in a
brand-new and fully occupied eco-friendly
headquarters – a symbolic event that ushers
in a new era for the Alliance, which will
celebrate its 70th anniversary in 2019. This year,
however, the 2018 NATO Summit attendees will
have a lot to consider and debate.
NATO has responded to a new geopolitical
environment in which a resurgent Russia is probing
and testing the Alliance around its outer edges.
Significant NATO troop movements have been
bedding down in the Baltics in the north and around
the Black Sea in southern Europe. There can be no
misunderstanding NATO’s intention to protect
all its members.
The threats, however, are changing; the ‘Hybrid’
warfare being prosecuted in eastern Ukraine
foreshadows the shape of things to come. As well as
posting sentinels on the outer extremes of Alliance
territory, a more technologically savvy guard must also be kept in the cyberspace that surrounds Europe and
North America. Fake news and cyber attacks designed to destabilise western democracies are very much in
evidence, from the USA to the UK, Germany and Hungary, to name but a few of the countries that have had
their general elections targeted.
As NATO comes to terms with a technologically challenging future, it is also standing firm in a more
conventional manner in peacekeeping missions in Afghanistan and Kosovo. Capacity-building efforts
continue in Iraq and the Mediterranean Dialogue countries, in particular. There is no doubt that the Alliance
is busier than ever.
NATO’s smart defence programme also continues to procure and establish state-of-the-art unparalleled
military capabilities in the form of the AGS airborne surveillance system, the ACCS airborne command and
control network and, of course, a NATO-wide ballistic missile defence shield. Recent events in the Middle East
underline the importance of these activities. But, just as infrastructure modernisation is important, so is the
business of practising the actual means to defend the territory on land, at sea and in the air. In 2018, there has
been no let-up in NATO exercises. With these in mind, congratulations must go to the NATO Cyber Team that
won the largest live-fire cyber exercise, Locked Shields, in April.
On behalf of the Atlantic Treaty Association, once again, I would like to thank all those in NATO who
have given up their time to offer us an insight into their activities. In particular, I would like to thank Jamie
Shea, Deputy Assistant Secretary General for Emerging Security Challenges, who revealed the background
behind some of the threats he has to deal with. Likewise, thanks also must go to the Heads of the NATO
Support and Procurement Agency and the NATO Communications and Information Agency, Peter Dohmen
and Kevin Scheid respectively, for allowing us to speak to them about their day-to-day activities. I hope you
enjoy this publication and that it fulfils its remit to inform and educate.

26
OPEN DOOR POLICY
Zoran Zaev
— Prime Minister, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia*
S
ince our independence in 1991, our country has come a
long way. After numerous tribulations and challenges,
both in terms of security and politics, we stand strong
in 2018 prepared for a full membership in NATO, as a
credible and trustworthy partner.
We have worked hard in the past period. Our government is
PHOTO: ZOONAR GMBH/ALAMY
dedicated to fostering interethnic cohesion by creating “One society

for all”, as our commitment states. We want to ensure all of our
citizens are equal in front of the law and have an equal opportunity
for a dignified and prosperous life, regardless of their ethnic or
religious background. Only by creating a society that takes care of all
of its citizens can we claim to have finally moved from a turbulent,
unstable region, to a region of opportunities for Europe’s stability.
The need to mend past quarrels doesn’t end at the borders of
our country. We signed an agreement on good-neighbourly relations with Bulgaria, putting an end to a decade
of damaging political statements on both sides. Ever since, trade between the two countries has increased by
11.5% and we have, once again, a true friend and ally in our corner.
A year ago, we made a promise to do our best and try to reach an agreement with Greece over the name
issue. Our consensus was not easy, but it was necessary. With the steps envisioned in the agreement signed
by myself and Prime Minister Tsipras, we lead our countries into a new era of cooperation and trade. For
Macedonia, it means an invitation to join NATO as its 30th member, and getting recognition for our past,
present and future efforts in being a stabilising factor in the region and beyond.
Our dedication to NATO is exemplified by the decisive policies we have implemented so far. We have
increased the budget for defence by 15% and the salaries of our army personnel by 10%, thus getting closer
to the NATO-envisioned goal of 2% of GDP expenditure on defence. We increased our participation in the
NATO mission in Afghanistan by 20%, as well as our engagement in the UNIFIL mission to Lebanon.
We will finish our Strategic Defence Review by the end of June, as our roadmap for resolving the long-
standing issues in the army and modernising our overall defence capabilities. In the past year, we also developed
a National Strategy on Countering Violent Extremism (2018-22) and a National Strategy on the fight against
terrorism (2018-22). Through the work of the office of the National Coordinator on combating violent
extremism and fighting terrorism, we have proven to be an effective partner in reducing these transnational
threats and contributing to the regional stability.
When thinking of the stability of our country, as well as our neighbours, we can’t be ignorant of the
external influences that aim to destabilise our democracies and societies. In view of these occurrences, our
government has taken a clear and unwavering position to see Macedonia as part of NATO and the European
Union as soon as possible. These are not empty words. Our policies will continue to focus on the hard work
needed to strengthen the institutions and regain the trust of the citizens.
Apart from the internal reforms we have adopted to anchor our country firmly on the path of Euro-
Atlantic integration, I have to mention the long-reaching impact the developments in our country will have on
the region. Our transparency in front of the citizens, our fight against corruption, our dedication to the rule
of law, and our friendly outreach to all of our neighbours are examples for other societies, stakeholders and
governments. We strongly believe that the path we are walking right now will have long-term effects on the
stability of the entire region. For the well-being of our country and for the well-being of our neighbours, we
will continue our efforts until we become full members of NATO.
* Turkey recognises the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name

27
GA-ASI’s MQ-9B SkyGuardian™:

developed to become the most
advanced RPAS in the world
MQ-9B SkyGuardian™ is the latest technological aircraft certified to fly in civil airspace, the airframe
advancement from General Atomics Aeronautical had to conform to strict requirements, many of which
Systems, Inc. (GA-ASI). The Remotely Piloted are the same as traditional passenger aircraft.”
Aircraft System (RPAS) will become the world’s SkyGuardian’s airframe is designed to meet
most advanced unmanned system when it is delivered lightning strike, damage-tolerance and turbulence-
to the Royal Air Force (RAF) as the PROTECTOR induced stress requirements specified by the NATO
RG Mk1 in the early 2020s. airworthiness standards (STANAG-4671). The
The RAF has operated RPAS for 10% of its aircraft is ready to be fitted with an integrated Detect
existence, with 2017 marking 10 years of partnership and Avoid (DAA) system that features an anti-
with GA-ASI and the MQ-9 Reaper® delivering more collision radar system.
than 100,000 hours of operational missions. The DAA system that GA-ASI has developed for
MQ-9 will continue to support RAF operations the aircraft is comprised of an air-to-air radar, Traffic
until they are replaced by PROTECTOR. Collision Avoidance System (TCAS), Automatic
“PROTECTOR will be a step change for us in terms Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), and the
of capability,” said RAF Group Captain Lyndon ability to blend that surveillance onboard in support
Jones. “The new aircraft will offer greater range and of alerting and providing maneuvering guidance
endurance, greater weapon capabilities and will be for the pilot in the Ground Control Station (GCS).
certified to fly in UK airspace.” DAA has gone through considerable initial testing on
MQ-9 aircraft being operated by NASA and the U.S.
Airworthiness certification Department of Homeland Security (DHS)/Customs
GA-ASI President SkyGuardian was first conceived as a development and Border Protection (CBP) as well as the GA-ASI
Dave Alexander
(centre) and CEO programme by GA-ASI using Internal Research and MQ-9B development aircraft.
Linden Blue (right) Development (IRAD) funding. One of the driving
hosted a group
of international
principles was to deliver a RPAS that would become Multi-mission flexibility
dignitaries when the first unmanned system to achieve airworthiness SkyGuardian is a multi-mission aircraft with nine
they unveiled
MQ-9B SkyGuardian
approval to fly in civilian airspace. hardpoints to provide unmatched configurability to
at the GA-ASI test “We took a clean-sheet approach to the design meet a wide array of mission requirements.
facility in Gray
Butte, California in
of SkyGuardian,” said Linden Blue, CEO, GA-ASI. In 2017, the MQ-9B development aircraft
January 2017 “In order to achieve our objective of developing an set a new endurance record for GA-ASI aircraft
when it flew for more than 48 consecutive hours
with a clean airframe. This unprecedented level of
endurance enables MQ-9B to provide persistent
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR)
at a significantly lower cost than is possible when the
aircraft operates with an onboard crew.
In basic ISR configuration, the SkyGuardian
will have a high-definition Electro-optical/Infrared
(EO/IR) sensor and GA-ASI’s Lynx® Multi-mode
Radar. This configuration provides highly detailed
intelligence from a significant standoff range. Other
advanced technologies, such as change detection,
allow the exploitation of raw data to meet a variety of
military requirements, and are particularly applicable
to the changing nature of the future battlefield.
SkyGuardian is being designed for a focused
military purpose and was created for use in

28
operational theatres, leveraging GA-ASI’s Predator History of performance The Royal Air Force
will replace its
family legacy of more than five million flight hours, GA-ASI has delivered more than 800 aircraft and Reapers with
90% of which have been flown in combat. The more than 300 GCS. Every second of every day, the ‘certifiable’
MQ-9B Protector
U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, UAE, France, Italy, the over 69 GA-ASI aircraft are flying in support of RG Mk1 next-
United Kingdom, and others are currently flying a variety of missions. Interoperability with other generation RPAS
the Predator series in theatre. NATO assets and its multi-mission capability makes
the MQ-9 a valued asset in a variety of scenarios
Maritime features – from environmental protection and maritime
SkyGuardian has an optional maritime radar that domain awareness to search and rescue and military
has been fielded on U.S. DHS’s MQ-9 aircraft, surveillance. Perhaps most significantly for the RAF,
though this is not currently a part of the UK it is being developed to fly in civil airspace, which
programme. This maritime kit can host a variety of will enable unrivalled aid to the civilian authorities,
radars, including those manufactured by Raytheon including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief,
or Leonardo, providing long-range surveillance, border protection and security, coastal survey and
coastal surveillance, small target detection, and protection, search and rescue and even monitoring
search and rescue operations. Further aiding flood defenses that are notable uses in the UK.
maritime surveillance, SkyGuardian can be fitted “We worked with GA-ASI right from the outset
with an Automatic Identification System (AIS) to be able to meet all of the stringent UK laws and
transponder to provide positive identification regulations that surround certification,” said Group
of vessels. Captain Jones. “I know lots of countries are watching
The new RPA can also be configured for Signals us do this. Those countries know that when the UK’s
Intelligence (SIGINT) missions. Payloads can include stringent regulations are met, then it will meet the
Electronic Support Measures (ESM), Radar Warning requirements from anywhere else in the world.”
Receivers (RWR), and a variety of SIGINT packages. With more important steps to be taken and
The aircraft also will be capable of using the Link-16 achievements to be completed, the RAF and GA-ASI
military tactical data exchange network. look forward to fielding PROTECTOR RG Mk1.
GA-ASI is developing an Anti-submarine
Warfare (ASW) capability. In 2017, the company
demonstrated remote detection and tracking of
submerged contacts using an MQ-9.

29
General Tod D Wolters

— Commander of U.S. Air Forces in Europe,
U.S. Air Forces Africa and Allied Air Command
Air Power and NATO: a 360-degree

Approach to European Security
T
he men and women of the U.S. Air Forces
in Europe, Air Forces Africa and Allied Air
Command conduct and enable Multi-Domain
Operations around the world. Our efforts in
Europe prioritise four main objectives: deliver combat
ready forces, provide robust basing access, enhance joint
interoperability and improve partner capabilities. Achieving
success of these objectives is paramount in the dynamic
security reality of 2018. Shared security requires a wide view
of both challenges and opportunities in the region.
Together with our NATO Allies, we posture to “act and
respond”, as well as seize every opportunity to strengthen
our relationships via mutual interests. Through a 360-degree
approach, we can best consider the regional complexity, the
importance of our NATO membership and the necessity for
continued interoperability of our joint forces.
We maintain a razor-sharp focus on the region from North to South, and East to West. In the North,
we participate in NATO Air Policing, which provides air superiority and enhanced posture with our Allies.
This ready posture, along with ballistic missile defense, extends westward, connecting to the Atlantic and
abutting critically defended assets of U.S. Northern Command. In the South, we deter and contain violent
extremist organisations (VEOs) in Africa, which is intimately linked with the migrant and refugee challenges
facing Europe. These challenges extend to the Southeastern flank of NATO, where the war in Syria impacts
border security, especially in Turkey, to whom we provide sustained support. In general, competitors test the
region through attempts to expand influence. To counter these indirect actions and enhance our readiness, we
maintain a robust training and exercise schedule with NATO, including U.S. rotational bomber forces and
fifth-generation assets, such as U.S. F-22s, that complement NATO fourth-generation and F-35 Strike Fighters
already in theatre.
The principle of collective defence is at the very heart of our relationship with NATO. It remains the
unique and enduring principle that guides us forward in operations, exercises and training. Our relationship
with NATO has never been stronger. The momentum of our interoperability creates the platform upon which
we train and stand ready to deliver awesome combat power. To increase our readiness posture, training and
exercises are the bedrock of what we do. Collectively, we conduct realistic exercises such as Steadfast Noon,
Steadfast Cobalt and Saber Guardian and participate in operational engagements, all while maintaining a ready,
relevant and flexible command and control network. This enables our lethality, responsiveness and resiliency in
the face of a dynamic global security environment.
An evolving security situation requires precise focus and dedication. It is critical today, more than ever, that
we foster an integrated response to security challenges. As we look to the future, we will continue to join forces
with NATO to defend the sovereign skies of the Alliance, deter aggression in the region and seize opportunities
to enhance our strong relationship and build new partnerships. Our alliance with NATO is absolutely essential;
by combining our efforts, we produce a power projection on the global stage that cannot be beat.

30
The EU-NATO
Strategic Partnership:
the Way Forward
— Ioan Mircea Pascu, Vice President of the
European Parliament
T
he European Union (EU) is become even less predictable, neither relations calls for the continuation and
taking far-reaching steps to the EU nor NATO are fully equipped amplification of the cooperation between
implement the new paradigm to tackle them alone. our two organisations from the staff-to-
set forth in the European Union Since the illegal annexation of staff level to the highest political level.
Global Strategy (2016) by enhancing its Crimea in 2014, the proliferation of We believe that time is of the essence in
security and defence, most prominently conventional and hybrid threats and the further strengthening the EU-NATO
through the establishment of Permanent intertwining of internal and external strategic partnership. Several priorities
Structured Cooperation (PESCO) and challenges have brought the EU and are to be highlighted here.
the European Defence Fund (EDF). NATO closer together. Furthermore,
A stronger, strategically autonomous after the signing of the first Joint Removing obstacles
European Union (EU) in the field of EU-NATO Declaration (July 2016), Advancing our cooperation on military
security and defence inevitably means a there has been substantial progress in mobility is crucial. Removing all obstacles
stronger NATO, too. advancing the EU-NATO partnership. to the smooth mobility of our forces and
NATO remains, for its members, the The two organisations are now working equipment across Europe and across the
cornerstone of European and transatlantic together on successfully implementing a Atlantic, as well as consolidating relevant
security. And NATO’s own actions on set of 74 common actions. infrastructure, is critical to bolstering
reinforcement, readiness and military While NATO is a military alliance our deterrence and defence. Existing
mobility to consolidate its deterrence and and the EU is not, we must work in infrastructure and logistics on the West-
defence posture, as well as its efforts in complementarity, avoiding duplication and East axis should be complemented with
crisis management and counter-terrorism, in full respect for each other’s decision- necessary infrastructure and logistics
are equally strengthening our security making autonomy to counter common running north to south, which would
as Europeans. In a severely deteriorated security challenges, defend our shared confer the necessary coherence on the
security environment, in which security values in pursuit of security and peace as Eastern Flank.
threats, conventional and hybrid, coming well as ensure fair burden sharing. My Close coordination of EU and
mainly from the East and South, have recently adopted report on EU-NATO NATO processes on capability

31
A Joint Declaration between NATO and the European Union was signed on 8 July 2016 by Donald Tusk (President of the European Council),
Jens Stoltenberg (NATO Secretary General) and Jean-Claude Juncker (President of the European Commission) (PHOTO: NATO)
development, also including, where international law and norms and our be differences of opinion between allies
appropriate, non-EU NATO Member common strategic approach needs to on trade and commercial issues, EU-
States, is fundamental for transatlantic be reinforced. NATO cooperation should attempt not
burden sharing and to our joint ability Further operational cooperation only to manage these differences, but
to act promptly and efficiently to counter and joint efforts in building partner should equally insulate the commercial
the full spectrum of rapidly changing, capacities and resilience is essential for and security dimensions of transatlantic
complex security threats we are faced our ability to project durable stability relations in order to continue to
with. Capabilities developed in the in our neighbourhood. strengthen our cooperation. The EU-
EU framework should be made available
in the NATO, United Nations or other
frameworks, as required. While NATO is a military alliance
We must ensure shared situational
awareness on hybrid, cyber and terrorism
and the EU is not, we must work
threats as the basis of our common work in complementarity
together. Policy coordination and common
standards in assessing these threats are a
prerequisite, as more efficient information A stronger EU-NATO relationship NATO partnership must also ensure a
sharing between our two organisations and also means a reaffirmation of our solid security relationship with the
between their Member States. transatlantic partnership, which has kept United Kingdom after Brexit.
Both the EU and NATO are peace and security for so long and has At the Brussels Summit, we must
concerned by Russia’s more assertive underscored the rules-based international seize upon this good momentum in
military behaviour, by political order. The history, the values, the interests EU-NATO relations. We look forward
manipulation and cyber attacks. The we share run deep and there is no better to a new EU-NATO Joint Declaration
EU has reacted to Russian interference time to reaffirm the relevance of the as an important step in strengthening
in European internal affairs violating transatlantic bond. While there may our strategic partnership.

32
Global threats
— Fake news, cyber intrusions, Russian
aggression, assassination plots and the ongoing
struggle with ISIS are just a few of the things
that keep NATO’s Dr Jamie Shea awake at night.
Christina Mackenzie reveals all
T
he days when NATO’s main England. “For that event we worked with be used to steer votes and influence
threats were tanks, missiles the police, the military, the economic political campaigns,” Shea wonders,
and soldiers are long gone. actors, laboratories, intelligence, noting that NATO has understood
The Alliance now has to diplomats and doctors.” that “data is now more a more precious
consider many multi-faceted challenges. NATO is thus taking an interest in commodity than oil and gas”, but is still
“Security today is analysing how events fields that may, at first, seem outside its “developing road rules” to deal with
affect each other, and NATO is becoming remit, in order to find solutions for these the challenge. He explains that armed
aware that we need a ‘whole of society’ emerging security challenges. The two forces are increasingly dependent on
approach,” says Dr Jamie Shea, Deputy newest are what Shea describes as the data communications “so we have to
Assistant Secretary General for Emerging “weaponisation of everything” and the consider the issues of vulnerability and
Security Challenges. degree to which new technologies will redundancy and the cyber risks to our
He cites the March 2018 chemical impact the military tomorrow. grids”. The Alliance has thus established
attack on a former Russian spy and “Who’d have thought Facebook, 15 partnerships with companies in the
his daughter in Salisbury, south-west for example, could have a dark side and private sector, “which is where 95% of
cybersecurity firms are found, so they
usually have the best solutions”.
Energy consumption is another
example. “We have to study the issue of
the rising demand for electricity, because
it’s not only linked to geopolitics, but also
our military uses vast amounts of energy.”
Among the top three more traditional
threats, Russia still ranks highly, but Shea
believes this is “easily reversible.” He does
not believe Russian President Vladimir
Putin is likely to engage his country in an
armed conflict with the West.
More challenging are the failed and
failing states in the Middle East and
the Sahel region of Africa, a kick-back
NATO’s collaboration with the European Union to challenge piracy on the high seas is a prime to the Arab Spring of 2011. Since then
example of how the Alliance projects stability (PHOTO: JAKOB ØSTHEIM/NATO) more than 400,000 people have died in

33
The conflict in Syria is far from being resolved and is a breeding ground for a range of future problems that may yet
further destabilise the region (PHOTO: AMMAR SAFARJALANI/XINHUA NEWS AGENCY/PA IMAGES)
conflicts in the region – the largest loss arriving on the labour market, where to local culture”. NATO military
of life since the Second World War. there will be no jobs for them. instructors, he recounts, learned that
Some 40,000 foreign fighters, Climate change is another problem lesson when teaching Afghan soldiers
including 5,000-6,000 from European with a big geopolitical footprint. In the to dismantle improvised explosive
Union countries, are involved. More than Sahel, the climate is changing at twice devices. “The soldiers were much more
14.5 million people have fled the region the global rate. Creeping desertification at ease using sniffer dogs and good,
and it will cost half-a-trillion dollars to and intensifying droughts are straining old-fashioned sapper techniques than
set these countries back on their feet. natural resources, impacting crops and with high-tech tools, so that’s what the
Shea holds that, even if the self- leading to conflict between communities: instructors went with. We must adapt
proclaimed Islamic State has been fertile ground for terrorist groups such the technology to the users.”
defeated, the conflict in Syria is not over as Boko Haram. NATO’s way forward is to work
“because it’s not one conflict, but lots of So, in this asymmetric configuration, with local security forces, customs
smaller ones – the opposition to Syrian does NATO have a role to play at all? officials and police, so that the locals
President Bashar al-Assad; the Kurds; Shea argues that it does, but stresses become responsible for their country’s
the war of influence between Iran and that the Alliance can only be effective security. “We saw how well this worked
Israel – so we’re no nearer to an end.” in partnerships, notably with the when we joined with the European Union
Africa is the third big challenge. European Union, the African Union in the Atalanta anti-piracy programme.
According to United Nations ‘medium and local players. “We need legitimacy We not only put guards on the ships, but
scenario’ projections, the population on on the ground and must be invited worked with Somali officials to freeze
the continent will more than double to into a country by its government.” The the pirates’ cash supply, prosecute them,
2.5 billion in 2050. For Shea, this commitment is then long-term “and and find them proper jobs!” A ‘whole of
means 25 million young North Africans requires sustainability and adaptation society’ approach.

34
NATO and ATA in the

Black Sea Region
— Alex Serban, Founder, Euro Atlantic meaningful dialogue with Russia – and
fair burden sharing.
Council of Romania; Senior Fellow, The ATA’s 2018 General Assembly
Atlantic Council of the US; Former could not be more relevant, focusing
not only on analysing the decisions and
Vice President, Atlantic Treaty Association conclusions of the NATO 2018 Summit,
but on forward-looking actions for its
members, as well as NATO and Allied
governments, delivering projects, ideas
and impactful initiatives to address its
audiences: successor generations, civil
society, academia and universities, mass
media and opinion shapers, the business
T
community and those who are not yet
his year, for its 64th General the Wales and Warsaw summit priorities. convinced of our values and institutions.
Assembly the Atlantic Treaty In addition, they will be focusing With NATO and its members
Association (ATA) will meet in on building transatlantic solidarity, under severe strain from economic and
Bucharest, focusing discussions advancing NATO-EU relations, social tremors – both younger and older
on unity among partners and mutual deterrence and defence capability democracies – from immigration and
responsibilities in the transatlantic area. building – while engaging in terrorism impacting our democratic
At the July NATO 2018 Summit in
Brussels, the political and military leaders Romania is committed to contributing to NATO’s efforts to promote
of the Alliance will focus on advancing stability and security (PHOTO: NATO)

35
life, from asymmetric threats to

unconventional ‘weaponising’ of
For centuries, the Black Sea region
technology, media, cyber and digital has been an intersection of trade
space, today, more than ever, ATA’s role
should become an active and relevant one. routes and empires, of cultures and
Our organisation has always military interests in the region
offered a space for ideas, where the
disagreements are left outside and the
discussions are based on the core values
of the organisation: individual liberty,
democracy, human rights and the rule Sea region represents the intersection Division South-East Headquarters
of law to achieve sustainable peace and of the Alliance’s Eastern and Southern (NATO HQ MND-SE). In addition,
security. But, with the recent evolutions flanks with the Balkans, which in turn Romania has increased its defence budget
and disagreements registered at the level acts as a pivotal actor for the Southern to 2% of GDP in 2017 and is working
of the G7 summit in Quebec, as well as Caucuses, the Eastern Mediterranean closely with its regional neighbors
divergent views on trade, environment, and the broader Middle East. Russia sees (Bulgaria, Moldova, Ukraine and
nuclear proliferation, the members of these elements as well and is positioned to Georgia) in strengthening cooperation.
NATO and ATA need to find common advance its agenda across all directions. From Brussels to Bucharest, NATO
ground for the sustainability of all Recent years have witnessed Georgia and ATA will see an Allied member
efforts registered so far for future and Crimea become milestones that prepared to contribute to a forward
effective collective defence and to take marked a shift in the defence policy looking and prepared Alliance, recalling
concrete steps ahead. around the Black Sea. the Bucharest NATO Summit 10 years
Being aware of its strategic regional ago, even as it prepares to assume the
Black Sea security role, Romania has committed itself as 2019 EU Presidency. All of this, in
Among NATO’s many strategic an active contributor to NATO’s efforts the year when Romania’s centennial
maritime regions and priorities - the in promoting stability and security, looks back at a historical moment when
Nordic, the Baltic, the Adriatic and the providing troops and equipment to the Europe was challenged by threats and
Mediterranean – is also the Black Sea. implementation of the Enhanced dangers that led to two World Wars and
Most recently, discussions on the topic Forward Presence, both in Poland and a Cold one. Learning from our past is
of security challenges in the region have in the Black Sea region. Also, Romania paramount, but working towards our
come from the Romanian Defence and is hosting NATO’s Multinational future is our duty.
Foreign Affairs ministers, focusing on
how Romania and NATO Allies could
contribute to better security conditions
for the neighbouring countries.
Increasing its security perspective
in the region, how should NATO
answer to the existing security
challenges considering these are often
interconnected? Generically, NATO
mapped a specific set of sensitive topics
for the Black Sea region, stemming from
Russian military buildup, aggression and
A2/AD measures, all aimed at eroding
democratic institutions, leveraging
“frozen” conflicts, weakening the lines
of allied cooperation and undermining
energy security and supply.
For centuries, the Black Sea region
has been an intersection of trade routes
and empires, of cultures and military
interests in the region, an area marked
both by long periods of peace and
stability, but also by strategic and political
interests, and by wars and conflicts.
From a NATO perspective, the Black NATO’s naval presence in the Black Sea has been reinforced (PHOTO: CPO FRAN C. VALVERDE/NATO)

36
Growing Security
Concerns in the Aegean
— Admiral Evangelos Apostolakis HN, Chief of
Hellenic National Defence General Staff
T
he Aegean Sea area, at the flow of economic migrants and refugees. can effectively return the taxpayers’
crossroads of the sea lines Surrounded by a region of instability investment. Overall, we fully recognise
between the Black Sea, generated mostly by the Syria and Libya the invaluable role of NATO’s naval
Gibraltar and the Suez Canal crisis, Greece is the country most force in the Aegean as a strategic
and where three continents with different affected by the influx of people seeking deterrent factor.
cultures and religions meet, has been a entry into Europe. Another alarming issue in the
region of great strategic importance for aforementioned situation is how irregular
thousands of years. In the past decade, Adaptation and cooperation migration interconnects with terrorism.
the upgrade of Eastern Mediterranean Coping with the illegal migration flows A number of terrorist attacks conducted
to an energy hub has set new standards has been a tenacious effort that has on European soil have been attributed
for the area. absorbed a great amount of Greece’s to individuals that have used the
For Greece, the Aegean Sea consists resources. NATO wisely demonstrated migration flows from North Africa and
of a unique environment with a its reflexes of adaptation to that emerging the Middle East. Due to escalating
complex of thousands of islands, challenge and initiated the Aegean Daesh losses in Syria, Iraq and Libya,
surrounded by hundreds of thousands Activity, via patrols of Standing NATO we can expect a considerable amount
square kilometres of sea. In this Maritime Group Two. This activity has of foreign fighters to use the migration
demanding geographic area the Hellenic multiple benefits. Firstly, it contributes routes, in order to return to their home
Armed Forces perform successfully to the disruption of the routes used by countries. The returnees have the ability
their primary mission of safeguarding smugglers and for illegal migration. to change the security dynamic of their
Greece’s national sovereignty, against any Secondly, it is tangible proof of the country by bringing greater skills,
contentions and claims, always in the cooperation with European Union experience, and even ambition, and I
framework of International Law and the (EU), as NATO units in Aegean are address that, as a most probable “hybrid
principle of good neighbourly relations. working side by side with the EU’s border threat” for the Alliance.
The Aegean lies in the broad area of agency Frontex. Moreover, through this The containment of the illegal
the Alliance’s Southern Flank, where one activity we have proved that NATO is an crossings has reached a significant
of the major challenges of our times is the Alliance with a visible footprint, which downward trend since the start of the
activity, but has not been eliminated. Since
all relevant studies suggest that Europe
will continue facing challenges of illegal
The Aegean Sea is a vital region for migration, due to the nexus between
Greece, with numerous islands that have demography growth and poor security
governance in Africa, it is obvious that the
an extended area of territorial waters Aegean Sea will be affected proportionally.

37
Constant patrols by NATO’s Standing Maritime Group 2 have helped disrupt the migration routes used by both refugees and terrorists
(PHOTO: GBR N LPHOT PAUL HALL/CROWN COPYRIGHT VIA MARCOM NATO)
In this respect, we can easily argue

that NATO’s maritime presence in the
Aegean should not only be maintained,
Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 – up to June 2018
but also expanded, so that the Aegean
Activity achieves its full potential. Commander SNMG2
Firstly, the patrol areas should be Commodore Mike Utley, Royal Navy
stretched to include all affected areas.
Next, flight operations should be HMS Duncan – Flagship
initiated, in order to support the activity Royal Navy
in a more cost- effective way. D37 – Type 45-class Air-Defence
In summary, the Aegean Sea is a Destroyer
vital region for Greece, with numerous TCG Karaburun
islands that have an extended area of FGS Bayern Turkish Navy
territorial waters, where Hellenic armed German Navy P-1201 - Tuzla-class Patrol Boat
forces are continuously present. Needless F217 Brandenburg-class Frigate
to say, I express my appreciation for HS Kalypso
NATO’s Aegean Activity, and I thank all ALS Butrinti Hellenic Navy
of my colleagues who are contributing Albanian Naval Force M64 – Osprey-class Coastal
with their personnel and vessels. The P134 – Damen Stan 4207 patrol boat Minehunter
activity exhibits the coherence and
solidarity of our Alliance and should be HS Polemistis HS Grigoropoulos
seen as an “assurance measure” against Hellenic Navy Hellenic Navy
the hybrid threat that is hiding in the P-61 – HSY-55 Gunboat Class P70 Fast Attack Craft Roussen-class
migrant flows.

38
The Growing Threat

from Disinformation
and Hybrid Warfare
— Chris Donnelly, infrastructure etc. This ‘peacetime’
mentality and spending pattern has been
Director, The Institute for Statecraft reinforced by ‘peacetime’ procedures,
rules and regulations across society.
Unfortunately, this state of affairs is
now being challenged. A new paradigm
of conflict is replacing the 19th and
20th century paradigm that has not only
conditioned our (Western) thinking
about peace, war and competition in
international relationships, but has
shaped all our national and international
F
institutions for dealing with these
or the past 70 years or so, most in government spending across Europe phenomena. In this new paradigm, the
people in Europe have been that cut defence spending in favour of clear distinction that most people have
living in a secure, rules-based spending on health, education and social
system that has encouraged security. Today, most European countries
Police special forces arrive following the
the popular perception that safety and spend about two-thirds of their national 2015 terrorist attack on the Bataclan concert
stability are normal and permanent. The income on this, leaving only one-third for hall in Paris. Western expectations of stability
and predictability are being replaced by
end of the Cold War a generation ago spending on everything else, including instability and unpredictability (PHOTO:
reinforced this belief and justified a trend defence, foreign affairs, national SHOOTPIX/ABACA/PA IMAGES)

39
been able to draw in the past between

war and peace – their expectation of
stability and a degree of predictability
in life – is being replaced by a volatile
unpredictability, a permanent state
of instability in which war and peace
become ever more difficult to disentangle.
The biggest challenge this paradigm
shift brings to our way of thinking, to
our national institutions, and to our
long-established practices and procedures,
is the speed and depth of change that
globalisation brings with it. If we can
understand that, in societal terms, one
of the defining features of any war is that
it precipitates change, then to all intents
and purposes the world is at war, because
we are living through a period of change
more widespread, rapid and profound
than any we have experienced during the
last two centuries outside a world war.
Moreover, this change has been sustained
longer than any world war of the past two
centuries, and it is still increasing. Mobile roadblocks, such as this at the Christmas market in Osnabrueck, Germany, have become
However, because this is not a a fact of life where large gatherings are expected (PHOTO: FRISO GENTSCH/DPA/PA IMAGES)
shooting war like 1939-45, we in ‘Western’
countries have not adopted the ‘wartime
mentality’ essential to cope with the states, sub-state actors, big corporations, than the Western value system that we so
instability that drastic change inevitably ethnic or religious groups, and so on – are complacently take for granted.
brings. We have also, quite naturally, constantly striving with each other in a This ‘Hybrid Warfare’ in which,
selected our leaders for their abilities to “war of all against all” where everything like it or not, we are all now engaged,
shine in this ‘peacetime’ environment. is a weapon. The Western rules-based and of which the most obvious current
But ‘wartime’ rates of change need a system, which most Westerners take for manifestations are disinformation and
different form of leadership, just as they granted and have come to believe should malign influence, is not a crisis that
need different procedures and new ways of become universal, is now under attack faces us; it is a strategic challenge, and
thinking. We are facing a new reality. from countries and organisations that from several directions simultaneously.
So, if we consider what qualities and wish to replace our system with theirs. We cannot deal with this by using the
characteristics we need in those whom we In truth, not only are we at war, but few crisis-management tools we have relied
on to solve our problems for the past
quarter-century. This needs us to develop
In truth, not only are we at war, but few in a strategic response. What makes it
so dangerous is our collective failure
European societies understand this reality to realise we are under focused and
concerted attack; that there is a mind
and intent behind the disparate assaults
select for leadership today, in a period of in European societies understand this that seeks, successfully, to exploit the
rapid and profound change, in all sorts reality because the weapons in this war vulnerabilities of our system. It is this
of institutions, the conclusion is that we are not, in the main, ‘kinetic’, ie they do that makes hybrid warfare so dangerous.
need to look for people who have abilities not go ‘bang’. These weapons are more If the institutions of the West have
that suit a wartime environment rather insidious – information, energy, cyber, been slow to react to this new reality,
than a peacetime one. economics, investment, corruption, dirty not so a lot of the West’s competitors.
But what is war today? The “classic” tricks etc – but they are lethal nonetheless. Countries in what we condescendingly
understanding of conflict being between But, the target they are seeking to call the developing world – such as Russia
two distinct players or groups of players destroy is not life and property, it is our and China; sub-state actors such as Al
is giving way to a world of Darwinian democratic institutions and our faith in Qaeda or Islamic State – have all learned
competition where all the players – nation our political processes. It is nothing less more rapidly than we have about how to

40
Armed men, believed to be Russian soldiers, stand guard at a naval base in Crimea. Russia’s ability to adapt a wartime mentality has placed
the country at an advantage over the peacetime mentality of the West (PHOTO: SHEMETAS ARVIDAS/ZUMA PRESS/PA IMAGES)
cope with today’s instability, complexity NGOs are no exceptions. They all now articulated, long-term strategic vision and
and rapid change. These countries and need to react and adapt fast enough to clear objective. Simply put, we need to
organisations want to set up their own remain fit for purpose if they are to give know where we want to go in the world;
alternative world system to rival ours, their members and citizens what they what our interests are; what values do we
and they are actively attacking us to do need to feel secure. want to protect. Without that, short-term
just that. We are today in a constant, This inability to recognise the thinking can lead us astray.
existential competition with these and problem we have and to acknowledge “Tactics without strategy is just the
all other actors in the global ecosystem, its cause, ie our inability to adapt our noise before defeat”, to quote Sun Tzu.
be they nation states, sub-state groups institutions because they have become so Strategy is not ‘having a big, detailed
or big corporations. Our success in this entrenched and inflexible, is paralysing our plan’. Strategy is being able to adapt and
competition will be guaranteed only if social, economic and political system and react, to take advantage of a situation.
we learn to cope with change as they making us ever more vulnerable. Professor Adaptation, change, flexibility, these are
have and, like them, think and plan on Leon Megginson, interpreting Darwin in the key to surviving and winning. Today,
a long-term basis. societal terms (and in a quotation often we must look at our own organisation,
The truth we must face up to is that attributed to Darwin himself), put it most ATA, and ask ourselves, what is our
the speed of global change has outpaced succinctly: “It is not the strongest of the strategy? How do WE need to adapt so
all our national and international species that survives... It is the one that is that we can survive and succeed in this
institutions. They are now becoming most adaptable to change”. new, difficult and dangerous world? It
obsolescent. NATO, the European In wartime, or at a time of is hard to pose the question, but even
Union, our national armies, even our rapid change, we must have a clearly harder to answer it.

41
Women, Peace
and Security
— Professor Dr Aliki Mitsakos, MD, PhD, need for new approaches, the necessity
of synergies and closer cooperation at
Founder and Dean, The International Center all levels. Threats are becoming more
for Leading Studies; Secretary General, Greek varied and more international, as well
as increasingly cross-border and cross-
Association for Atlantic & European Cooperation sectorial, with ambiguity presented in the
actors, methods, environments. The
wider context that shapes war and conflict
today requires us to redefine conflict,
violence, other forms of asymmetrical
hazards, and the methods we face
these phenomena that no longer fit the
categories of our past thinking.
T
his text comes a few days after This was also the War that led to the A new narrative
my father, a Hellenic Navy creation of the North Atlantic Alliance, The security sector can no longer just
Admiral, was honoured as one and it was my father, who having served focus on projecting power and removing
of the surviving World War II in the NATO Supreme Command direct threats. Power projections no
Veterans by the Hellenic National Standing Group in Washington, D.C., longer assure more security, they may
Defence General Staff and the Ministry introduced us to what NATO stands actually bring less. Security needs a new
of Defence for their contribution to from a very young age. narrative, focusing on a more holistic
Freedom and Peace. It has been the last The Security Agenda has changed approach and incorporating wider talent
War fought by conventional means, with radically since. The new and complex pools. People throughout the world
men and women contributing from their threats in the 21st century highlight the express their loss of faith and trust in
different posts and traditional duties,
men fighting, women supporting in the Spanish Navy Radar operators are briefed during an anti-submarine exercise in Norway
rear, keeping the societal network. (PHOTO: FRA N WO CHRISTIAN VALVERDE/NATO)

42
their governments, the international striking disparity between policy the society who will be affected
community and systems of governance commitments to gender equality and by these decisions;
that they feel excluded from, contributing women’s empowerment, and the financial 2. the different security needs
to a strong and ongoing sense of injustice. allocations to achieve them”. Unequal and priorities challenge the
More pragmatic and more impactful access to and distribution of social, dominant understanding
policies are needed for effectiveness, economic and ecological resources results of peace and security in the
ultimately leading to more public trust. in injustice, which in turn has direct international system, which
Governments and international actors and indirect links to the causes and remains mostly focused on
are called upon to undergo a seismic consequences of violence and conflict, State Security rather than
shift and recognise women and young all of which are gendered. Privatisation Human Security;
people as “the missing peace” or the of basic services, in many countries, has 3. international organisations,
“missing security link”. had a huge impact on the affordability of such as the United Nations,
Addressing diversity within the services for women, especially in health, that have made commitments
security sector, in terms of increasing jobs and education, deterring inclusivity. to women’s participation in
effectiveness, would enable societies to Recent continuing emphasis on peacemaking, often have less
tackle security more comprehensively, feminist political economy includes a power to influence the structure
as people bring different sets of focus on ‘moving the money’ from war of a peace process in today’s
competences, expertise and background. to peace in terms of global spending, changing mediation landscape.
Diversity denotes that half of the world’s identifying and engaging with the
population be involved in decision- daily realities and gendered impacts of Once women are allowed to
making, leveraging the diversity of financing for post-conflict reconstruction participate however, they need to be
ideas to commonly held assumptions and peacebuilding. well prepared, especially if their presence
with regard to youth, the role of gender is challenged.
and masculinities. As of January 2017, Leaders of change Education is the key to the
only 18.3% of government ministers It will take more than money or emancipation and empowerment for
were women, but the most commonly government action to empower women all and, foremost, interdisciplinary
held portfolio by women ministers is and strengthen the foundation for education, beyond the formal curricula,
environment, natural resources, and inclusive security, though. The perception to include development of soft skills.
energy, followed by social sectors, such as of women only as victims and Quality participation is more important
social affairs, education and the family. lacking aptitude must be challenged than quantity, and reaching an agreement
Even there, stereotypes prevail. and replaced with recognition of women is only the first step on a long and arduous
as active agents and leaders of change. road toward rebuilding trust.
Changing minds The evidence in quantitative analyses
We need to change minds. Many performed prove it. Women know the Shifting narratives
political, military and security leaders economic and security vulnerabilities at NATO, a major security provider, with
around the world still see gender equality the local levels, and they understand the the mission of ensuring peace and
as a soft issue that can be put off for a crises and conditions that provoked the freedom in Europe, and further beyond
later date. Too often women, and youth, conflict in the first place. If they are left as recently has evolved, must shift
remain on the sidelines of key discussions, out of the peace process, that valuable narratives and mentality on security,
negotiations and decision-making in knowledge is also excluded. Data has disregarding the conventional
foreign policy and economics – sectors shown that when they are empowered, masculinity default. Gender equality
closely associated with security. Perhaps, protected, trusted and invested in, there and women’s empowerment is vital
most importantly, a deeper resistance are benefits for all of us, strengthening for any attempt to stability through
to change and a reluctance to share deterrence and defense processes. sustainable development.
power is also at play. The security landscape presents The Missing Peace index must
Would it be accidental that Shakti, a number of barriers to women’s relay beyond the existence of guns. To
one of the most important goddesses in participation today that must be strengthen Deterrence and Defence while
the Hindu pantheon, is considered the addressed, to include: projecting Stability, power politics must
divine cosmic energy that represents 1. the broader end-point dilemma. be controlled, the public thought of,
feminine energy and the dynamic If the goal is only to end credible selection processes employed,
forces that move through the universe, violence, then women, rarely the and the focus on deterrence of instability
responsible for creation, and can also be belligerents, are not considered factors. There is a risk we take by not
an agent of change, manifested to destroy legitimate participants. If the actively involving all our population
demonic forces and restore balance? goal is to build peace, however, to establish a sustainable security
As the 2015 Global Study on it makes sense to gain more environment in the human context.
UNSCR 1325 found, there is a “consistent, diverse inputs from the rest of This risk must be eliminated.

43
Rejuvenating NATO’s
Dual-Track Approach
— Professor Luca Ratti, Associate Professor
in History of International Relations,
University Roma Tre
A
t both its 2016 Warsaw and Some 50 years ago, as the 20th Tasks of the Alliance’ – more commonly
2017 Brussels summits, the anniversary of the North Atlantic known as the ‘Harmel Report’ – and
Alliance made it clear that Treaty approached in 1969, the USSR’s the new doctrine of ‘flexible response’.
NATO rightfully privileges development of a formidable nuclear Although there are some fundamental
a strategy of ‘defence and dialogue’ arsenal and France’s withdrawal from the differences between now and then,
over a logic of ‘defence or dialogue’ with integrated military structure triggered a the forthcoming 50th anniversary of
Russia. Today, the dynamics faced by the major political and military shift in the this major strategic adaptation and the
Alliance in the imminence of the 70th Alliance’s strategy. The twin pillars of approaching 70th anniversary of the
anniversary of its establishment place the Alliance’s strategic reform in the late North Atlantic Treaty provide a major
NATO at a critical juncture. 1960s were the ‘Report on the Future opportunity to reflect on NATO’s
policy towards Russia and, eventually,
set relations between the Alliance and
Moscow on the path toward partnership.
In the late 1960s, in the aftermath of
a sustained Soviet military build-up and
following France’s decision to withdraw
from the integrated military structure, the
Alliance reviewed its policy towards the
Soviet threat, embracing a new strategic
concept and abandoning the nuclear
doctrine of massive retaliation. While
the Allies had endeavoured to engage the
Kremlin since the early days of East-West
détente, the adoption of these measures
institutionalised a twin-track policy of
NATO needs to bolster its defensive posture in

order to prosecute its dual-track approach with
Russia (PHOTO: NATO)

44
Following the Harmel Report, the Alliance adopted a strategy of flexible response over massive retaliation (PHOTO: INTERFOTO/ALAMY)
deterrence and dialogue, which remained The Alliance needs to deal with the Federation returns to fully respecting
an axiom of NATO’s strategy until the challenge posed by Moscow’s attempt international law and obligations.
Cold War’s end. to regain strategic advantage over In the current strategic scenario,
There are some important similarities NATO and undermine transatlantic rejuvenating Harmel’s message can
between now and Harmel’s days. The cohesion and security, by reinforcing provide the Alliance with a successful
Soviet Union then claimed to represent its defence posture. For this reason, it example and a model in order to
an alternative form of modernity to must remain committed to a coherent overcome this protracted standoff with
the Western political and institutional and integrated approach to the defence Moscow and the prospect of renewed
model, while the West was faced with the of its Eastern flank, underpinned by an tension in Europe. At a time of
consequences of decolonisation and the effective command structure, reinforced increasing global uncertainty and
emergence of the Global South. Today, in maritime posture, strong air defence, unpredictability, the Alliance needs to
a rapidly changing international system, and a viable reinforcement strategy. bolster its defensive posture.
the Russian Federation remains, in terms Increasing readiness and responsiveness However, the allies should
of history, institutions and values, closer of NATO’s forces and military mobility also strive for genuine engagement
to the West than any other international across of Alliance’s territory is essential with Moscow. A comprehensive and
and transnational agencies. for deterrence and defence. successful reengagement with Russia
Despite the persistence of important would revitalise the Alliance, counter
strategic disputes, this closeness makes Proactive engagement Moscow’s propaganda, and contribute
it compelling for the allies to rediscover However, the Allies also need to to the stabilisation of Europe and the
Harmel’s message: Russia might not supplement their reinforced defences Mediterranean with positive effects also
be willing to join the Euro-Atlantic with a strategy of proactive engagement on NATO’s Southern flank. Ultimately,
structures in their current institutional with Russia in order to promote the it might also reinvigorate NATO’s
form. However, the resumption of a stabilisation of the increasingly volatile relationship with the United Nations
cooperative dialogue should be a priority European security architecture and of and reinforce its claim to retain a
for both sides in order to avoid the risk its periphery. This objective can be premier role in the Euro-Atlantic region
of becoming entangled in a spiralling achieved through a periodic, focused and beyond it, at a time of increased
‘security dilemma’ and the shadow of and meaningful political dialogue with transatlantic turbulence, political
a New Iron Curtain – from Narva to Moscow on the basis of reciprocity, and commercial tension, and modest
Mariupol – which would benefit none. on the condition that the Russian economic recovery in the West.

45
NATO and Ukraine –

a Mutually Beneficial
Partnership
— Barbora Maronkova, Director, NATO Information
and Documentation Centre in Kyiv, Ukraine
N
ATO and Ukraine share a Ukraine has also benefited from a large Yanukovich back-pedal on Ukrainian
long partnership stretching number of support programmes and NATO membership ambitions, he
back to the early 1990s. trust funds and been one of the most also oversaw amendments to
Ukraine was one of the first active partners in the Science for Peace Ukrainian law declaring ‘non-bloc
former Soviet Republics to join the North Programme, which fosters cooperation status’ for the country.
Atlantic Cooperation Council in 1991 across the scientific community in The events of early 2014 brought
and, later, the Partnership for Peace Allied and partner countries. important changes in Ukraine, resulting,
programme in 1994. At the NATO Summit in Prague in turn, in the reorientation of the
In 1997, NATO signed a Charter on in 2002, Ukrainian President Leonid country’s foreign and security policy
a Distinctive Partnership with Ukraine Kuchma announced Ukraine’s aspiration objectives. The Maidan Revolution – or
as the basis for strengthened cooperation. to become a member of NATO. At the ‘Revolution of Dignity’ – demonstrated
The Charter established the NATO- Bucharest Summit in 2008, NATO Allies a strong desire for more democracy, a
Ukraine Commission (NUC) and led to agreed that Ukraine and Georgia will more pro-Western orientation and more
the opening of the NATO Information become members of NATO and that the accountability of the Ukrainian political
and Documentation Centre in Kyiv. Membership Action Plan will be the next leadership towards its citizens.
Ukraine has been an active step on their path to NATO membership.
contributor to almost all of NATO’s In 2009, through the NUC, the Dual-track policy
missions and operations in the past NATO Allies signed a further declaration The illegal and illegitimate annexation
25 years – including in Bosnia and with Ukraine to underpin the country’s of Crimea by the Russian Federation in
Herzegovina (IFOR and SFOR), efforts to implement important reforms March 2014 and its support to separatists
Kosovo (KFOR), Afghanistan (ISAF through the Annual National Programme in eastern Ukraine, has brought an open
and Resolute Support Mission), the as part of its pursuit of its Euro-Atlantic conflict posing a major threat to Euro-
Mediterranean Sea (Operation Active aspirations. The change of leadership in Atlantic security. Russia’s behaviour in
Endeavour) and off the Coast of Somalia Kyiv in 2010 brought a temporary halt to Ukraine has also had direct consequences
(counter-piracy operation Ocean Shield). these ambitions. Not only did President for its relations with NATO. As a result

46
Ukraine’s Minister of Defence, General Stepan Poltorak, met with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg in Brussels on 7 June 2018 (PHOTO: NATO)
of Russia’s aggressive actions in programmes to Ukrainian defence and Support and Procurement Agency
Ukraine, NATO has adopted a dual- security forces and institutions. At the (NSPA), have also grown in size and
track policy. This policy – which Warsaw Summit in 2016, Allies and scope. They work to strengthen the
remains in place – is based on deterrence Ukraine endorsed the Comprehensive Ukrainian institutions through, for
and defence, on the one hand, and Assistance Package, which brings together example, a dedicated programme for
maintenance of meaningful political all the various strands of NATO’s members of Ukraine’s defence and
dialogue on the other. support to Ukraine. These include security sector institutions, as well
Specifically, the Atlantic Alliance eight Trust funds, to which Allies have as civil servants. The NSPA continues
has suspended all forms of practical pledged up to €40 million in areas such its important work to safely dispose
cooperation with Russia. At the same as logistics, cyber defence, medical of nuclear waste and small arms
time, it has kept channels of political rehabilitation, countering improvised and ammunition.
dialogue open, including through the explosive devices and others.
NATO-Russia Council, which remains Bilateral assistance
an important forum. NATO and Russia New, larger entity In addition, several NATO Allies have
also maintain open military-to-military In 2016, two NATO offices – the NATO set up bilateral training missions in
lines of communications. The dialogue Information and Documentation Centre Ukraine, such as the United Kingdom’s
between NATO and Russia contributes and NATO Liaison office – merged ‘Orbital’ and Canada’s ‘Unifier’.
to more predictable relations and into one bigger entity called the NATO Lithuania and Poland created with its
enhanced mutual security. Representation in Ukraine. This better Ukrainian counterparts a joint brigade.
reflects NATO’s increased role in Individual Allies also provide bilateral
A new era of relations Ukraine. Today, the Representation assistance to Ukraine in various areas
In the aftermath of the events of 2014, comprises over 50 personnel from including humanitarian, medical,
NATO-Ukrainian relations entered a NATO’s International Staff and military equipment.
new era. NATO Allies provide political International Military Staff, as well as NATO’s key priority for Ukraine is
support to Ukraine and its territorial advisors and programme managers from to support comprehensive reform in the
integrity and sovereignty and do not Allied countries and local staff. security and defence sector, which is vital
recognise the illegal and illegitimate Existing initiatives, such as the for Ukraine’s democratic development
annexation of Crimea. NATO has Building Integrity programme, the and its ability to defend itself. NATO
also stepped up its practical support Professional Development Programme, recognises that Ukrainian security is key
to Ukraine through various support and programmes managed by the NATO to the Euro-Atlantic security as a whole.

47
Making Peace Possible:

NATO’s Engagement
in Afghanistan
— Cornelius Zimmermann, NATO Senior Civilian
Representative in Afghanistan
O
ver the three days of the
holy festival of Eid in June,
Afghanistan witnessed
an unmatched period of
ceasefire. Extraordinary scenes were
played out across the country, and for
the entire world to see. Taliban
embracing members of the Afghan
Security Forces in the streets, many of
them armed with nothing more than
flags, riding on motorbikes through
the streets of Kabul. These unparalleled
scenes were captured in photographs
and selfies taken by Taliban fighters,
government troops and members of the
public alike caught up in the moment,
and then posted on social media.
When the Taliban leadership
declared not to extend the ceasefire,
their rank and file seemed to only Afghan President Ashraf Ghani has offered peace talks to the Taliban (PHOTO: DOD PHOTO/ALAMY)
grudgingly accept this decision. It was
a profound moment for Afghanistan.
It gave the population a taste for peace, NATO, through its sustained Security Forces’ successes and our
which many of the younger Afghan support to Afghanistan, contributes to continued Train, Advise, Assist mission.
generation have not seen in their creating the conditions for such moves And, while the means of NATO’s
lifetime. It showed the craving of towards peace. We have always said that engagement have changed over the
the Afghan people for peace, and the Taliban need to understand that years, the end has always remained the
put a spotlight on the possibilities they can never win on the battlefield. same: projecting stability in order never
in this country. This message is reinforced by the Afghan to let Afghanistan become a safe haven

48
NATO’s Train, Advise and Assist mission in action in Afghanistan (PHOTO: RESOLUTE SUPPORT MEDIA/NATO)
for terrorists. NATO and the Afghan engagement. NATO continues to been taking bold steps in offering the
Government have a mutual commitment financially support the Afghan National Taliban unconditional peace talks and
to ensure long-term security and stability. Defense and Security Forces, including initiating the ceasefire and in driving
The stability the Alliance projects into through the Afghan National Army forward regional cooperation,
Afghanistan projects back into our own Trust Fund. Such support is necessary, particularly with Pakistan.
territories, be it by eradicating terrorist as Afghanistan is moving towards, The Alliance’s presence and role is
sanctuaries, or by giving young Afghans but still some years away from, taking not determined by a time frame, but
good reasons to remain in and rebuild full responsibility for the financial is dependent on the conditions on the
their country, rather than seeking sustainment of the Afghan National ground. NATO is willing to see contested
refuge abroad. Defense and Security Forces. Also, issues surrounding the international
NATO’s Enduring Partnership offers community’s future role in Afghanistan
Progress made a long-term framework for political- being addressed in an Afghan-led and
Resolute Support, with its Train, Advise, military dialogue between the Alliance Afghan-owned peace process.
and Assist mission, is the most prominent and Afghanistan. At the same time, we also convey to
element of NATO’s engagement in However, military engagement alone our Afghan partners that the Alliance’s
Afghanistan. Our continued military will not solve the Afghan conflict. A conditions-based approach cannot
effort to help further strengthen the negotiated, political solution is necessary, be a one-way street. The Alliance’s
capabilities of the Afghan forces is and, as we saw in June, it is also possible. expectations towards our Afghan
successful. Progress has been made by NATO has clearly recognised this. partners have been clearly spelt out and
the Afghan security forces, and the Our military effort is thus embedded continue to be communicated to them.
development of the Afghan Special in a comprehensive, conditions-based This includes the Afghan government’s
Forces and Air Force stands out in approach, which aims to help move commitment to holding fair, timely and
particular. The ceasefire indicates that towards a political solution of the Afghan inclusive parliamentary and presidential
the Taliban may be starting to realise conflict. In April this year, NATO elections in 2018 and 2019, and
that a negotiated settlement is the only Foreign Ministers clearly noted their commitments on the promotion of good
way to end this conflict. full support for a negotiated political governance and human rights.
The progress achieved by the settlement that would end violence, cut NATO’s support for our Afghan
Resolute Support Mission is underwritten ties to terrorism and respect human partners in reaching an Afghan-led and
by the two other strands of NATO’s rights. President Ashraf Ghani has Afghan-owned peace remains steadfast.

49
Kosovo:
KFOR XXII
— Major General Salvatore Cuoci, COM KFOR
K
FOR is a success story for
NATO, the longest-running
operation with more than 4,000
troops on the ground belonging
to 28 nations, Allies and partners. KFOR,
according to its mandate, contributes
to ensure a safe and secure environment
(SASE) as well as freedom of movement
(FOM) for all the citizens in Kosovo,
regardless of their ethnicity.
For 19 years, KFOR has been making
Kosovo a safer place and it has contributed
to the progressive normalisation of the
region. KFOR monitors anything that
could affect the security situation, which A marketplace in Kosovo highlights the successful efforts of KFOR in delivering stability and
is assessed to be calm and stable, but security for all (PHOTO: GIANNIS PAPANIKOS/SHUTTERSTOCK)
consistently vulnerable due to the fragility
of many factors, such as: the challenging
relationship with Serbia; the ambition Within KFOR’s task of capacity- partners are very clear that it should
of visa liberalisation for Kosovo citizens; building, one of the major issues we happen only through constitutional
the fight against corruption and organised are dealing with is the process for the procedures, but Institutions in Kosovo
crime; a difficult economic situation; transition of the Kosovo Security Force (IiK) are also pushing to get it through
the hesitant establishment of the (KSF) to transform it into an armed force. as part of the normal legal process and
Association/Community of Serb majority KFOR supports all the Institutions and this could become the next challenge for
Municipalities (A/CSM); the critical Security Organisations in Kosovo and, NATO’s future in Kosovo.
management and improvement of energy in particular, supports the development In addition, IiK have also to face
sources; environmental degradation; the and the improvement of KSF capabilities political instability due to the weakness
strong rhetoric and the use of symbols that under its current mandate. Referring to the of the ruling coalition that is impeding its
saturate the communication in the region. transformation, NATO and International efforts to achieve tangible results.

50
KFOR troops practise crowd and riot control techniques in November 2017 (PHOTO: KFOR/NATO)
Within this framework, KFOR

is ready to act as the third security
For 19 years, KFOR has been making Kosovo
responder, being the Kosovo Police a safer place and it has contributed to the
(KP) and European Union Rule of Law
Mission in Kosovo (EULEX), respectively
progressive normalisation of the region
the first and second responder. Although
Rule of Law is not part of KFOR
mandate, we are closely monitoring any
development related to the work of the shared solutions that should bring to the operation. Regional contributions to
Specialist Prosecutor and the Specialist normalisation of bilateral relations. the KFOR mission help to consolidate
Chamber, bearing in mind that the stability and security in the Balkans.
delivery of indictments could cause events Close cooperation Recent developments in FYROM are
that will affect SASE and FOM. KFOR is working in close cooperation a very positive sign that promises to
Furthermore, considering that in with all the countries bordering its Area produce yet another regional partner
recent years all countries have experienced of Responsibility to support dialogue and a valuable contributor to the
the threat of religious extremism and and mutual military understanding KFOR mission.
radicalisation, no place in the world to enhance the security situation in At the same time, the Kosovo Force
is nowadays totally immune from the Western Balkans. The KFOR maintains excellent relations with Serbia.
terrorism. Local institutions are placing Commander regularly meets the Chiefs Indeed, KFOR and Serbian Armed
much attention on efforts to combat this of Defence and Ministries of Defence of Forces cooperate as partners across the
phenomenon and KFOR is fully aware all the Nations around Kosovo in order Administrative Boundary Line (ABL),
in order to manage any occurrence that to keep a strong cooperation in support keeping it secure. We count on everyone
could endanger the SASE. of the stability and security in the region in the region to show moderation,
Also, KFOR fully supports the that contributes to the stability and and KFOR, through its “Enduring
EU-facilitated dialogue between security in Europe. Commitment”, continues to support the
Belgrade and Pristina to enhance In June 2017, we welcomed development of a stable, multiethnic and
regional stability and security through Montenegro into the NATO family and peaceful Kosovo and it is performing its
the implementation of the existing KFOR is looking forward to receiving mission to ensure a better future, with
agreements and the implementation of Montenegro’s contribution to the special regard to the youth in Kosovo.

51
NATO and the Fight

against Terrorism
— Dr Juliette W Bird, Head, Counter Terrorism, As a political-military Alliance, NATO
is uniquely placed to act at this civilian/
NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division
military interface.
In Afghanistan, as the result of
NATO’s first and only use of Article 5 in
response to the attacks of 9/11, NATO’s
biggest operation provides Training,
Advice and Assistance through the
Resolute Support Mission. As a member
of the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS,
T
NATO supports the biggest current
oday, the fear of terrorism to be most effective, must be coupled with international counter-terrorism effort.
touches all nations and all a parallel external approach to reduce NATO also works directly to build
parts of society. From local future threats. Counter-terrorism is made partner capacity in Iraq and plans to
extremism to international up of a range of actions and considerations. launch a new training mission at the
ideology, the reasons given for political Only a few are purely military, but many 2018 Summit. When the Alliance
violence are many and varied, but all are ound in the activities where military contributes to partners’ security capacity
exploit open societies and hard-won and civilian capabilities come together. and crisis-management ability through
individual liberties. Tackling terrorism
has become an important element of An Afghan soldier from the ANA 215th Corps undergoes room-clearance drills overseen by a US
domestic security for Allied nations and, military trainer from Task Force Forge (PHOTO: KAY MAGDALENA NISSEN/NATO)

52
British Tornado jets have played a key role in counter-Daesh operations in the Middle East (PHOTO: NICK ANSELL/PA WIRE/PA IMAGES)
operations, it has considerable counter- contribution that NATO can make to a new, post-Caliphate era, with an
terrorism impact as part of the wider international counter-terrorism efforts increased focus on capacity-building,
stabilisation agenda. through its engagement with partners, the repercussions of the conflicts in
NATO’s tools and capabilities can both individual partner nations and Iraq and Syria pose problems that
also be put to good use to support Allies wider groupings, including international demand a cross governmental response,
directly, to reduce potential safe havens organisations. As an example, the Defence including through civilian and military
for terrorists and to reinforce our partners’ and Related Security Capacity Building cooperation. Terrorists are increasingly
abilities to defend themselves against Initiative has brought increased focus using, or misusing, off-the-shelf
terrorism. Since the adoption of a Counter and intensity to cooperation with several technologies such as drones. The moral
Terrorism policy in 2012 Allies have countries at the front line of the fight with barrier to the use of chemical and
returned several times to the challenge of terrorism, specifically Iraq and Jordan. biological agents appears lower.
optimising what NATO does. Preparative work with Tunisia has shown As part of the international response,
here, too, NATO might usefully support Allies have committed extra resources
Increasing concern counter-terrorism relevant capacities. to Afghanistan, and are preparing a
The involvement of our Heads of State Such issues include resilience to dedicated mission for Iraq. NATO
and Government bears witness to the potential chemical, biological and works to strengthen other partners’
level of concern attached to this threat. radiological attacks, to manage crises in a abilities against the threat of terrorism
Last year, NATO leaders agreed an coherent cross-governmental fashion, an and deconflicts these efforts with those
ambitious set of actions that tap into improved border-management approach, of other international organisations.
the full range of Alliance strengths, implementation of best practices in dealing NATO’s long-term work to defeat
from intelligence to force protection with improvised explosive devices (IED) asymmetric threats – be this through
measures and from exercises to political – from an overarching policy down to the standoff detection of explosives or a
engagement with new international technicalities of IED disposal. Many of concerted approach to hostile drones –
counter-terrorism partners. Foreign these issues are handled by both military is also an important pillar of the
and Defence ministers have refined our and civilian services, so NATO and Allies’ Alliance’s counter-terrorism role. Such
efforts throughout the year, adding new wider assistance to partners’ defence and efforts, boosted by improvements to
focus areas and ensuring the closest of security sectors is also important. NATO’s own internal military and
links with other, mutually reinforcing At the NATO summit, fighting civilian structures, should ensure
work streams, including on Projecting terrorism will remain an important that NATO retains a unique ability
Stability and NATO’s Framework for the concern for the Alliance. As the to contribute to the international
South.Allies are well aware of the unique Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS enters community’s fight against terrorism.

53
NATO Strategic
Direction South Hub
— Brigadier General Roberto Angius, and criminal activity in many of the
countries to its South has created an
Italian Army, NSD-S HUB Director environment that poses a real threat
to NATO members. Terrorism and
migration, in unprecedented numbers,
are having a real impact on European
countries and are a major concern to
Europeans and their political leadership.
The NATO Strategic Direction South
Hub (aka ‘the Hub’) is the Alliance’s
response to the changing security
environment in the South.
F
or nearly 70 years, the most from NATO’s South. A combination of Better informed
successful alliance in history political instability, lack of economic The Hub’s remit is to make NATO better
has developed strategies and opportunity, rapid population growth, informed about the multiple security
relationships to deter mass war environmental degradation, radicalisation challenges emanating from the South, so
and ensure collective defence. As NATO
continues to adapt the way it deters a
Romanian Army Colonel Florin Liuta; Brigadier General Roberto Angius, Italian Army, NSD-S HUB
resurgent Russia, new challenges and Director; General Curtis M Scaparrotti, Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR); and
unconventional threats continue to arise Admiral James Foggo, Allied Joint Force Command Naples Commander (PHOTO: NATO)

54
that it is better placed to respond to them

Its overall goal is to identify challenges
and opportunities by providing actionable
recommendations to optimise NATO
efforts concerning the South. It is not
another think tank and it is not an
intelligence organisation. It comprises of
a multinational group of NATO military
and civilian personnel, based at Joint
Forces Command Naples, that works in
a new way (for the Alliance) to seek to
better understand the problems.
The Hub has three separate, but
linked, activities which combine to enable
it to achieve its goal.
Optimising activity
Firstly, it seeks to optimise NATO
activity within the region. Numerous
NATO organisations have been
conducting activity with partner nations
in the South, in addition to multiple
bilateral activities that take place. To
date, there has been little visibility or
coordination of these activities, with The inauguration of the NATO Strategic Direction South Hub (PHOTO: NATO)
the result that some opportunities are
missed or some partner nations don’t have
the capacity to participate fully in the organisations, prioritising regional ones, of insecurity and instability. Never
training activities on offer. to improve our understanding of the again should NATO be surprised by
If the Hub can contribute to issues. It participates in workshops and an event that takes place in the South,
more effective and efficient training conferences, builds networks and is as it was with the so-called ‘Arab
activity with partner nations, then we engaging with multiple organisations. Spring’. This requires continuous
will start to see an improvement in the Of course, all of this takes time and it innovation and adaption of new
technology as it emerges, particularly in
the world of social media.
Solving many of the problems emanating Although the Hub is new, its mission
from the South is a huge challenge that

fits in well with Article 2 of the 1949
treaty that created NATO, which states:
goes far beyond security “The parties will contribute toward
the further development of peaceful
and friendly international relations by
security capabilities of these partner has only been operating for 10 months, strengthening their free institutions, by
countries. Information is the key to but it is heading in the right direction. bringing a better understanding of the
success here and Hub staff is engaging NATO, represented by the Hub, needs to principles upon which these institutions
with multiple NATO entities to ensure have a presence and to be recognised as are founded and by promoting conditions
that they build a picture of all activity an organisation which can be part of the of stability and well-being.”
that is planned. solution to the multiple challenges being Solving many of the problems
Secondly, the Hub seeks to build experienced by the people living in the emanating from the South is a huge
relationships with other organisations countries to the South. challenge for the international community
operating in the region. In addition to that goes far beyond security. However,
the conventional military-to-military Building understanding creating the Hub is, for NATO, a step in
relationships that NATO has been Thirdly, and finally, the Hub has a the right direction. It has already started
conducting for many years, the Hub is horizon-scanning capability. With a to engage with a range of stakeholders and
cultivating links with non-governmental small group of specialists, it is starting is seeking to build long-term relationships
organisations, academic institutions, to build its understanding of the based on openness, trust and sharing of
think tanks and international countries of the South and the drivers knowledge and ideas.

55
THE CYBER DOMAIN
Digital
Endeavour
— Kevin Scheid, General Manager
of the NATO Communications and
Information Agency (NCIA), tells
Simon Michell about the ‘Digital
Endeavour’ and the role that
cybersecurity will play in this
radical transformation
T
he raison d’être of the need for collective defence on a major In addition, his 3,000 military and
NATO Communications operation, we are right there with the civilian staff are also engaged in a Digital
and Information Agency is – deployed forces to make sure the troops Transformation that will see NATO
according to Kevin Scheid, can collaborate effectively, that they can acquire an IT infrastructure on a par with
the organisation’s General Manager – visualise the battlespace and that they can that of the most modern international
rooted in articles four and five of make the optimal use of the information corporations. The transformation
NATO’s founding Washington Treaty. they gather to help them make the best includes a large-scale IT Modernisation
These two critical parts of the baseline possible decisions,” says Scheid. (ITM) programme to update the way
international agreement that created the military commands communicate,
the world’s largest and most successful Long history as well as the implementation of the
military Alliance cover consultation The Agency has come a long way from IT infrastructure for the new NATO
and collective defence. its origins in 1955, when its predecessor, headquarters (HQ) that was officially
Responding to them requires the SHAPE Air Defence Technical opened in 2017.
ensuring that the Alliance can Centre, was established. “Nowadays, “These two huge activities are
communicate with itself across all the we implement very complex software projecting the Alliance into a new era of
Member States at all levels – from intensive programmes for a range of mobility and collaboration. It includes the
the static military commands and the Alliance projects, including command very latest in video-teleconferencing and
mobile deployed bases to individual and control for Airborne Ground virtual meeting rooms. It introduces more
end users on their phones, laptops and Surveillance (AGS), Ballistic Missile connected devices, such as phones that
tablets. “We help the Member States Defence (BMD) and, of course, air are integrated with laptops that are also
communicate so they can work together defence as part of the Air Command and integrated with tablets, which themselves
in smart ways. And, when there is a Control System (ACCS),” he explains. are integrated with desktops. All these
Kevin Scheid and the NCIA are masterminding a Digital Endeavour that will see NATO’s IT infrastructure enter a new era (PHOTO: NATO)

56
THE CYBER DOMAIN
NATO’s
DIGITAL ENDEAVOUR
Global Communications
In the future, the information gathered by NATO will be stored in ‘Big Data’ lakes so that AI and
Highly Effective
machine-learning techniques can make better use of it (PHOTO: NORTHROP-GRUMMAN VIA NATO) MIL/CIV/CTR Workspace
new end-user devices that are the norm NCIA’s team of experts narrowly edge
in today’s business community are new to the French team out of the top spot after
NATO,” reveals Scheid. three days of a gruelling and exhausting
The NCI Agency General Manager is struggle against a malevolent cyber
keen to underline that this transformation aggressor. Kevin Scheid is delighted with Agile Governance
is so fundamental and far-reaching that the result: “I could not be more proud of
it should not be seen as a single activity our cyber team. They have demonstrated
with a start and end date. Rather, it the technical expertise that resides within
is something that will continue for NATO’s technology agency,” he says. He
decades. This is why Scheid prefers the is not just proud of the cyber team, he
term Digital Endeavour over Digital also acknowledges that the overall success Resilient Static/Deployed
Transformation. The Digital Endeavour, of NCIA is firmly based on the efforts of Infrastructure
he explains is a technological pathway the men and women in the Agency. “They
“We help the Member States communicate

so they can work together in smart ways” COTS & NATO
Tailored Applications
that ensures NATO has a highly work very hard, and they do a great job.
effective and technically advanced We have a lot of talent in the Agency.”
military/civilian workforce, and that it Talent, however, is getting harder to
has access to resilient infrastructure that tap into, especially in IT. To counteract Strong Cyber Security
is both mobile and able to communicate the scarcity of IT professionals, NCIA
globally. All of that needs to be secure, is trying to open up its competitive
which is why NCIA puts so much procurement process. Scheid is helping
emphasis on cybersecurity. NATO policymakers establish a
process for not-for-profit (NFP) R&D
Winning team organisations to be able to bid for NCIA Physical/Digital Workplace
NCIA is a very effective cybersecurity contracts. “This is all part of our effort
organisation. In fact, on 27 March to expand the ecosystem, which goes
2018, the NATO Blue Team, led by the beyond the NFPs into academia,” he
NCI Agency, won the world’s largest explains. “We may not have the money
live-fire cyber exercise, Locked Shields. that Google and Microsoft have to lavish
The competition, hosted by the NATO on their projects, but we do have a very Big Data
Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre compelling mission – the safety and
of Excellence in Tallinn, Estonia, saw security of almost a billion people.”

57
THE CYBER DOMAIN
Threat
evolution
— Simon Michell highlights how the use of
cyber weapons by non-state actors in Ukraine
serves as a showcase for the cyber threat
evolution that faces every nation
W
hen masked and unbadged Even before the annexation, a flow the BlackEnergy 3 virus, which had
troops stormed the of malware attacks designed to achieve been introduced by the notorious
Supreme Council in the key aims of a cyber campaign – Sandworm Team.
Simferopol and a raft of cyber espionage and cyber sabotage US cyber security firm iSIGHT,
other strategic sites in February 2014 to – has streamed through cyberspace to revealed that, having analysed the cyber
assist in the annexation of the Crimea, the destabilise Ukraine, physically, politically trail, they had, “linked Sandworm Team
seeds were sown for yet another undeclared and psychologically. A clear aim is to to the incident, principally based on
and unattributable cyber war. This influence the Ukrainian government to BlackEnergy 3, the malware that has
campaign exhibited similar characteristics allow separatists to break away from the become their calling card”.
to cyber attacks on Estonia in 2007, country and deter Ukraine from aligning
Georgia in 2008, and Kyrgyzstan and itself too closely with the West. — 2016 Attacks against Ukraine
Kazakhstan in 2009, but with added became significantly more virulent in
ferocity and on a far larger scale. Chronology of a cyber war 2016. The electricity grid in Kiev was
In this online conflict, however, the — 2014 DDoS attacks took down hit by a new type of virus, designed
attacks are becoming bidirectional as each official government websites using specifically to demobilise, and perhaps
side attempts to assault the other across automated networks of computers even destroy, utility grids. The malware
cyberspace using a toolbox of weapons (botnets) in order to overwhelm them. that blacked out 20% of Kiev has
including, but not limited to: distributed Other attacks penetrated databases to been dubbed CrashOverride and is
denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks drive-by suck out information (names, thought to have also been developed
downloads, malware viruses, phishing usernames, passwords and personal by the Sandworm Team. Previous
emails, phone hacks, ransomware, details) that could be used later. The malware attacks hit the railway
watering holes and the invention and servers of the 2014 presidential network, government ministries and
promulgation of fake news. election commission were penetrated a Ukrainian pension fund.
Although it is difficult to assess the in a failed attempt to announce the The level of sustained onslaught
players in this war (they use colourful incorrect winner. against Ukraine was slammed by the
pseudonyms and guard their anonymity), country’s president, Petro Poroshenko.
one side is trying to destabilise Ukraine’s — 2015 On 23 December, 80,000 Reuters reported that Poroshenko
state networks and structures, while the customers of the Prykarpattyaoblenergo confirmed more than 6,500 cyber
other is trying to unmask the perpetrators power company were deprived of attacks had hit Ukraine during
of the cyberwarfare and military attacks. electricity for six hours. The cause was November and December that year.

58
we keep a close eye on innovation and have an R&D

initiative to identify and embed lessons learned.
Our position within the NATO cybersecurity
environment affords us a very good enterprise-wide
view. We use this overview as activities such as
NATO’s IT Modernisation (ITM) and the Network
Communications Infrastructure (NCI) projects
are fundamentally changing the way in which the
Alliance works. We, as the cyber defence ‘Mission
Partner’, need to consider how changes to the
enterprise could be reflected in the cyber defence
profile because, as the threat surface is modified,
the attack vectors change. We need to constantly
refresh our understanding of them. Recently, we
extended our cyber protection to additional sites
within NATO and, as part of that activity, we were
able to deploy cyber security in a slightly different
way, allowing more information to be seen.
The Cloud
Nik Beecher ITM brings in the Cloud and we are working
with the teams involved to make sure that we are
Vice President of Security and providing the right level of protection and appreciate
how the information flows, so that it is protected at
Information Systems, Leonardo
the most appropriate locations within the network.
Due to the size of NATO, we need to understand
risk management, and one of the developments is
NATO is a very important and valued customer the greater use of risk automation tools. These will
of Leonardo, and cyber security is one of many likely be implemented to detect alerts and work out
capabilities we deliver to the Alliance and its which elements within the network(s) are likely to
Member States. NATO understands that securing be impacted and then take steps to protect them.
networks is a never-ending journey in a very The Cloud also introduces other advanced concepts
dynamic environment, and it is necessary to and technologies. For example, Leonardo is looking
keep the protection updated as threats change into artificial intelligence engines that will be able
and the networks evolve. Leonardo supports this to introduce machine learning in order to reveal
approach and, since 2014, the company has been otherwise-invisible patterns within the network to
NATO’s cyber defence ‘Mission Partner’, providing improve the cyber defence situational awareness.
cybersecurity to the wider Alliance networks across This work has been beneficial to both parties.
more than 68 sites in 29 Member States. In helping NATO protect its data and networks, we
As a prime contractor, we are part of an extensive have also been able to improve our cyber security
and diverse team delivering cybersecurity to NATO expertise and knowledge so that we can offer a
through the NCI Agency. This team includes very complete package of cyber protection, consultation
large vendor companies, such as Cisco and HP, as and training to both governments and industry.
well as some smaller SMEs supplying specialist items Cybersecurity is a growing capability within
that are integrated within a number of services that the company. We have been working for many years
Leonardo delivers to NATO. with the British and Italian Governments, increasing
Having been selected as the NATO Cyber the protection of their Public Sectors against cyber
Computer Incident Response Capability (NCIRC) threats, and we recently began activities on secure
provider, we started delivery in 2012 and achieved digital transformation of energy providers, and
Full Operational Capability (FOC) in 2015. We critical infrastructures in general, working with
continue to work with the NCI Agency to ensure Ansaldo Energia and with other companies in the
that the standards of cyber defence are constantly consulting and technological areas.
increased throughout the Alliance. Cybersecurity is
a constant cycle of updating software and the rules
to maintain awareness of the threats to ensure your
solution is evolving to match them. Consequently,

59
THE CYBER DOMAIN
As masked troops undertook the annexation of Crimea, cyber attacks attempted to destabilise Ukrainian government ministries
(PHOTO: GENYA SAVILOV/AFP/GETTY IMAGES)
Attacks are becoming bidirectional as each and the Donbas region, a clandestine
group known as the Ukrainian Cyber
side attempts to assault the other across Alliance (UCA) has begun to mobilise
cyberspace using a toolbox of weapons

its own army of cyber warriors. Groups
such as FancyFlame, ruh8 and Trinity
have hacked into phones, websites
and other data repositories in their
— 2017 Having demonstrated that existing Ukrainian accountancy website own WikiLeaks-type campaign to
Ukraine’s government and critical containing the virus. However, instead publish evidence and identities of the
national infrastructure were vulnerable, of denying access to computer files, warring factions.
2017 saw a massive attack on the financial NotPetya was designed to destroy them. The escalation in the Ukrainian
system. The Petya ransomware attack A multitude of commercial activities cyber war highlights the threat to every
of 2016 that infected numerous nations was impacted in Ukraine and in many nation and shows how attack capabilities
worldwide was used to cloak a more other countries with links to it. In have improved in speed and scale. The
targeted attack on Ukraine’s commercial February 2018, the BBC reported the threat is not just that the cyber techniques
enterprises and government departments. estimated cost to companies at more are becoming more powerful and
Whereas Petya was a classic ‘data ransom’ than $1.2 billion. dangerous, but that, unlike a conventional
campaign designed to extort money precision attack, these assaults are more
to enable people to regain access to In an effort to publicise, deter and akin to biological warfare or radiation.
the data on their computers, NotPetya unmask those involved in these and They cannot necessarily be contained
distributed software updates from an conventional attacks in Eastern Ukraine and their spread is arbitrary.

60
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THE CYBER DOMAIN
Developing
capabilities
— A modification in NATO’s cyber policy was He also revealed that the Defence
Ministers had agreed to create a new
signalled by the Secretary General in November Cyber Operations Centre (COC) as
2017. Simon Michell explains how embracing part of the adapted NATO Command
Structure that is being established.
new cyber capabilities will further safeguard “This will strengthen NATO’s cyber
the Alliance against the thousands of cyber defences and help integrate cyber into
incidents that it deals with on a daily basis NATO planning and operations at all
levels,” he explained. Three months later,
on 14 February 2018, NATO Defence
Ministers agreed to set up the new
COC at the Alliance’s SHAPE
L
headquarters in Mons, Belgium.
ate last year, there was a subtle, and capabilities to safeguard all of the The establishment of the COC will
yet highly significant, shift Member States from cyber attack. bring NATO cyber capabilities more
in NATO’s cyber policy and However, after a Defence Ministers’ closely into line with some of the more
military doctrine. The Alliance’s meeting on 8 November 2017, NATO advanced Member States that, according
original cyber policy of 2008 (revised Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg to the Secretary General, “have been
in 2011) laid down the framework of announced, “We must be just as effective
NATO’s cyber posture and what it in the cyber domain as we are on land,
Teams representing NATO and several
wanted to achieve in the cyber domain. at sea and in the air, with real-time Member States participated in Locked
Not surprisingly, this was a strategy based understanding of the threats we face Shields 2018, a live-fire cyber defence
exercise organised by NATO’s Cooperative
upon collective defence that saw the and the ability to respond however and Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence
consequent establishment of structures whenever we choose.” (PHOTO: CCDCOE)

62
THE CYBER DOMAIN
using cyber capabilities against ISIS in

Iraq and Syria”. In fact, he confirmed
that they had been employing these new
weapons, “in a very effective way”.
No further details were given, as
such, but one of NATO’s founding
Member States, the United Kingdom,
went on record in June 2017 to say that
its forces have been using cyber weapons
against Daesh in Iraq and Raqqa, Syria,
as part of their Operation Shader
campaign within the overall US-led
Operation Inherent Resolve. The UK’s
Secretary of State for Defence at the
time, Sir Michael Fallon, said, “I can
confirm that we are now using offensive
cyber routinely in the war against
Daesh, not only in Iraq, but also in
Raqqa and other towns on the Euphrates;
offensive cyber that is already beginning
to have a major effect on degrading
Daesh’s capabilities.”
Franklin D Kramer, Fellow of the
Atlantic Council’s Brent Scowcroft
Center on International Security,
points out the significance of the COC
and the shift in policy. “The value of the
Cyber Operations Centre is that it will The establishment of the Cyber Operations Centre in Mons, Belgium was announced by
integrate the cyber capabilities with all of NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg on 8 November 2017 (PHOTO: NATO)
the rest of NATO’s military capabilities,”
he explained, before pointing out that it
is vital for NATO’s security to have all Mature capability Defence process and now in frequent
the capabilities of the Alliance able to When the COC arrives in SHAPE it will and effective use.
work in synchronisation. share its home with the NATO Cyber Tallinn is home to the NATO-
This does not mean that NATO Incident Response Capability (NCIRC), accredited Cooperative Cyber Defence
will have its own inventory of offensive run by NATO Communications and Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) and
the Cyber Test Range that is being
upgraded thanks to a contract awarded
NATO has developed some of its own to blockchain specialists Guardtime.
NATO’s key cyber exercises (Cyber
defensive cyber tools, which it employs Coalition, Locked Shields and Cross
via a fairly extensive and growing cyber Swords) are planned and executed by
the CCDCOE using the cyber test
defence capability in two key cities range. The CCDCOE had its remit
expanded in February 2018 when it
was chosen to coordinate cyber
cyber weaponry. Just as the NATO Information (NCI) Agency. This education and training with NATO.
Member States retain ownership of their mature capability is responsible for Cyber security will, of course, feature
tanks, ships and planes, they would also defending NATO static headquarters heavily in this year’s summit in Belgium,
own their respective cyber armouries. and mobile sites (68 sites in 29 as it seems NATO Member States are
That said, NATO has, in fact, developed countries) and includes a Cyber Threat recognising that the advanced and
some of its own defensive cyber tools, Assessment Cell and Cyber Rapid persistent threat it faces from a relatively
which it employs via a fairly extensive Reaction Teams. It was the NCIRC small, but incredibly active, group of
and growing cyber defence capability in that oversaw the development of the countries needs to be faced down using
two key cities – Mons in Belgium and Malware Information Sharing Platform, the most appropriate and proportionate
Estonia’s capital, Tallinn. funded through NATO’s Smart cyber response.

63
demonstrated an innovative approach that minimised operational

disruption and maximised business continuity throughout the
implementation and migration process. This is possible thanks
to our considerable experience in IT modernization and cloud
migration, our next-generation capabilities and our robust
partner ecosystem. At GDIT, we understand the financial
challenges our customers face. We help drive down costs by
continuously testing and evaluating technology in our innovation
labs and delivering the most efficient and effective solutions.
How will ITM increase Alliance-wide

cybersecurity?
The ITM programme brings the NATO user community
together as an enterprise and, because of that, IT security can be
applied centrally. This centralisation will enhance NATO’s ability
to monitor unusual behaviour, eliminate ‘back door’ vulnerabilities
and make updates in real-time to counter threats as they
evolve. It will also allow NATO a holistic view across the entire
enterprise and rapidly introduce next-generation technologies.
What impact does NATO’s expansion of ISR

infrastructure have on IT and its security?
NATO’s acquisition of its own ISR capability, coupled with five
Bernie Guerry
Global Hawk assets coming online, will have an exponential
impact on network bandwidth. ISR-related data typically places
significant strain on enterprise IT and drives up compute,
Chief Operating Officer, GDIT storage and communications demand and resource needs. The
ITM design architecture is scalable and will allow NATO to
accommodate this demand, and store and disseminate imagery
across the enterprise.
How does GDIT approach the delivery of IT
support services? What other cybersecurity capabilities
GDIT is committed to delivering IT and mission support does GDIT offer governments and large
services that enhance the effectiveness of warfighters and the organisations?
security of the Alliance. We do this by listening to our GDIT provides a complete stack of cybersecurity solutions and
customers’ needs and truly understanding their mission customisable computer network defence (CND) operations,
requirements. We also leverage our employees’ unmatched to include monitoring and analysis services and standardised,
domain expertise to deliver innovative services that improve managed security service offerings. We have a long and
mission performance and allow our customers to achieve distinguished history of operating global incident response
operational excellence in the information domain. and security operations centres, as well as providing all-source
intelligence fusion support. We are also a critical partner in
What role does GDIT play in NATO’s IT training warfighters in computer network and cyber operations.
Modernization (ITM) programme? Our focus is on transforming legacy, procedural-based
We are proud to have been selected to deliver the most operations to a CND operating model that leverages automated
significant modernization to NATO’s technical infrastructure in response actions based on certain defensive functions. Because
decades. GDIT will implement a modern, private cloud-based of that, we are helping lead the transition from rule-based
infrastructure, support the design and implementation of the detection to a more data-centric approach. The net result is that
ITM solution, introduce automation management processes we can help our customers harden their cybersecurity defence
and migrate data, applications and users to the new capability. posture and improve workflow across architectures, while
Overall, the ITM programme will improve network resilience significantly decreasing costs.
and operational agility, while simultaneously reducing costs and
strengthening the Alliance’s cyber posture.
Why was GDIT chosen to deliver ITM?

Under the NATO acquisition processes, GDIT was evaluated to
be the best-value provider over the full lifecycle. In doing so, we

64
THE CYBER DOMAIN
Taking a
partnership
approach
— Partnering is vital for the
Alliance to keep up with the
extraordinary speed of
the cyber threat evolution.
Simon Michell explains how
NATO’s cyber partnerships
are growing and developing
into one of the key global
cyber defence capabilities
A
ccording to Ambassador Partnership (NICP) was launched at partner countries, other international
Sorin Ducaru, former NATO the annual NATO Information organisations, and of course with you,
Assistant Secretary General Assurance Symposium (NIAS). Now with industry.” She also highlighted
and first Head of NATO’s over three years old, this partnership has tangible successes resulting from this
Emerging Security Challenges Division, gone on to leverage existing structures partnership: “Working with industry, we
the big inflexion point on NATO cyber and includes NATO entities, national have developed a Malware Information
came in 2014 at the Wales Summit, Computer Emergency Response Teams Sharing Platform, a tool to exchange
when the Enhanced Policy on Cyber (CERTs) and NATO Member States’ technical information in real time, and,
Defence (EPCD) was adopted. This had industry representatives. believe me, it has already come in handy.”
two significant consequences: firstly, it The new initiative has helped the
introduced the possibility of invoking Alliance advance its cyber capabilities Benefits of partnership
Article 5 as a result of a cyber attack, by rapidly. As NATO Deputy Secretary In an interview with Vago Muradian of
linking cyber with collective defence; General Rose Gottemoeller pointed Defense & Aerospace Report in June 2017,
secondly, it established the ‘Partnership out at the last NIAS event in October Sorin Ducaru expanded on the benefits
Network’ with states, international 2017, “Cyber defence is a team sport. of the NICP, explaining that the industry
organisations, academia and – perhaps That is why NATO works closely with partnership is proving invaluable in three
most importantly – industry.
Within months of the Wales Speaking at NIAS 2017, NATO Deputy Secretary General Rose Gottemoeller declared that cyber
Summit, the NATO Industry Cyber defence is a team sport, requiring partnership between the Alliance and industry (PHOTO: NATO)

65
THE CYBER DOMAIN
Marking an historic milestone, NATO and the European Union signed a Technical Arrangement on cyber on 10 February 2016 (PHOTO: NATO)
key areas: information exchange, skills

training/education and technological
Coalition, he revealed that “exercises are
tremendously important for our cognitive
NATO partnerships
innovation. In terms of information development”. However, the area that are also beneficial
exchange, Mr Ducaru explained that
NATO had “performed well over the
Mr Ducaru thinks still needs progress is
innovation. In this area he stressed that
to non-member
three years since the launch of the cyber NATO needed to immerse itself ever nations that are
industry partnership”. He highlighted how deeper in order to generate “fresh ideas”.
direct engagement with industry at policy struggling to
level helps NATO get threat assessments
from industry “from the horse’s mouth”.
NATO-EU partnership
Without doubt, one of the most
cope with cyber
This, he explained, helps NATO significant international cyber agreements onslaughts
evolve cyber policy and acts as a guide was signed in February 2016 by NATO
to developing partnership agreements Cyber Security Chief Ian West and the
between key industry representatives Head of the European Union’s Cyber (CCDCOE) in Estonia is cementing with
and NATO organisations, such as the Emergency Response Team (CERT- other non-member nations, such as Japan,
NCI Agency. Furthermore, he said EU), Freddy Dezeure. This far-reaching which joined the Centre in January 2018.
that, “From NATO’s point of view it is Technical Arrangement facilitates In cyber defence, scale is important.
important to have access to a bigger pool technical information sharing between NATO partnerships are also
of data than the one that we get from our NATO Computer Incident Response beneficial to non-member nations that are
own system through our sensors.” Capability (NCIRC) to improve cyber struggling to cope with cyber onslaughts,
incident prevention and response in the the most obvious at the moment being
Developing skills two multinational organisations and to Ukraine. As well as adopting the EPCD
In terms of training, Mr Ducaru was share best practices. at the 2014 Wales Summit, the Allies also
equally upbeat, citing the importance of The significance of this pact is that agreed to set up a series of Trust Funds
connectivity with industry in developing it extends information-sharing for both to help Ukraine defend itself against
skills – training, education and exercises. organisations beyond their own member aggression. One of these funds, which is
Offering the example of industry countries and builds on the partnerships dedicated to cyber, has helped establish a
participating in the last two editions of that the NATO-accredited Cooperative cyber incident management centre and is
NATO’s flagship cyber exercise, Cyber Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence providing cyber skills.

66
PARTNER PERSPECTIVE
How did the competition build on

earlier exercises?
Locked Shields is designed on the basis of the
experiences of previous years and the evolving threat
landscape. While the performance of Blue Teams
is becoming better each year, the exercise addresses
areas that have proved to be most challenging for
Blue Teams in recent years, such as:
– protecting unfamiliar specialised systems;
– writing good situation reports under serious
time pressure;
– detecting and mitigating attacks in large
and complex IT environments;
– well-coordinated teamwork.
How do activities like this help NATO
Member States to defend against
cyber threats?
The exercise provides an unprecedented occasion
Merle Maigre
for nations to challenge themselves in a safe
environment, while being aggressively challenged by
a world-class team of penetration testers. The exercise
Director of the Cooperative Cyber Defence also enables civilian and military experts to work side
by side and get hands-on experience with the various
Centre of Excellence, Tallinn, Estonia
interdependencies in the cyber domain.
What were the key lessons learned

What is Locked Shields? in 2018?
Locked Shields, organised by the Cooperative Cyber This year, the exercise involved critical infrastructure
Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) since that our entire modern lifestyle depends upon
2010, is the largest and most complex international – power supply, clean water and emergency
live-fire cyber defence exercise in the world. The communications. The exercise trains the teams in
annual real-time network defence exercise is a how to protect unfamiliar environments and how
unique opportunity for national cyber defenders best to make the right decisions with incomplete
to practise protection of national IT systems and information, as computer emergency specialists
critical infrastructure under the intense pressure of often have to in real-life situations. The systems
a severe cyber attack. The exercise involves around running our critical infrastructure are in constant
4,000 virtualised systems and more than 2,500 development, and therefore we have to test and drill
attacks altogether. In addition to keeping up complex our resilience and defence on a regular basis. Our
IT systems, the Blue Teams must be effective in cyber defenders will never be completely ready;
reporting incidents, executing strategic decisions they will always have to keep learning and practise
and solving forensic, legal and media challenges. To cooperation with Allies on a regular basis.
stay abreast of market developments, Locked Shields In addition, the exercise serves as a valuable
focuses on realistic and cutting-edge technologies, platform for senior decision-makers to practise the
scenarios, networks and attack methods. coordination required to address complex cyber
incidents, both internally and internationally. In the
Who participated in this year’s event? strategic game of Locked Shields, Blue Teams had
Altogether, more than 1,000 cyber experts from to determine at what level the information should
30 nations participated in the Locked Shields be shared, who has the authority to make a decision
exercise in 2018. This included both the training and give guidelines, and what are the potential legal
audience and multinational organising team, which implications. Teams coordinated in a complex and
is responsible for designing, planning and executing dynamic environment and addressed key issues
the exercise. Altogether, 22 Blue Teams, including necessary to endure intense cyber attack. Overall,
20 nations and teams from NATO and the EU, the exercise was a success. I congratulate all the
practised defence of complex IT networks in the teams for participating, and, of course, the NATO
event of a large-scale cyber attack. team for winning.

67
MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE AND CAPABILITIES
Supporting
NATO
— Alan Dron talks to the Head of NATO’s Support The organisation has also
established an Acquisition and Planning
and Procurement Agency, Peter Dohmen, to find Development Office (APDO), whose role
out his priorities for the future and assess the is to scan the horizon for future initiatives
that could bring advantages to the agency,
scope of the agency’s responsibilities so it can anticipate future projects and also
identify multinational solutions where
nations can band together on individual
programmes. “As soon as there’s a
new requirement, these guys will start
discussing this with the customer and will
define the project plans, milestones and
other factors in the procurement. When
T
a project team is established for this
he role of the NATO Support particular acquisition, APDO will hand
and Procurement Agency over responsibilities for it.”
(NSPA) is steadily increasing in NSPA NSPA also acts as a single point
importance. In 2010, NSPA’s
corporate of contact for anyone who may have
turnover was €1 billion. Today,
support questions about an acquisition project,
its purchases amount to more Real Life Support while simultaneously further
than four times that figure. and APOD developing its internal processes
services
Contracts placed by the Infra and tools for acquisition.
Management of
agency can be substantial. C17 fleet Deployable Some idea of the scale
Support to
It is responsible, for management NATO assets operations and of NSPA’s activities comes
example, for the purchase Exerciese in Dohmen’s comment
of aircraft for the Contingency that, at the height of
Life Cycle Planning
Alliance’s Multinational NATO’s involvement in
Multi-Role Tanker-
Disposal Management
Customers Fuel Storage Afghanistan, the NSPA
Transport Fleet (MMF), and was handling more than
Transportation
which has expanded 3,500 contracts in that
Acquisition
from its original two country to support troops
Services Stock
aircraft operated on In-Service based there. This support
Exchange
behalf of the Netherlands Support came in forms such as the
and Luxembourg to eight, GPSS
provision of deployable
following the 2017 decision of camps, food and water, waste
Random
Germany and Norway to join Brokerage water and power supplies.
the pooling arrangement. It also handled a wide range of
construction and engineering services;
Expanded role indeed, almost all the buildings at Kabul
Other examples of acquisitions by NSPA International Airport were built under
include Dingo 4x4 armoured vehicles in-service support when those items NSPA supervision. The agency was also
for Luxembourg and unmanned aerial are delivered and, eventually, disposal, responsible for the provision of air traffic
vehicles. The agency’s procurement dismantling and demilitarisation when control services at all of Afghanistan’s
role has expanded in recent years into they are no longer required. “The idea airports except Bagram airbase, which
what General Manager Peter Dohmen is that, from cradle to grave, we deliver was wholly manned by US personnel.
describes as “full life-cycle management”, services to NATO entities, NATO With the current changing geo-
incorporating not only acquisition, but nations and partners of NATO,” he says. political situation, NSPA’s focus is

68
On 29 May, NSPA General Manager Peter Dohmen signed the construction contract for the provided by three pooled Boeing C-17
Alliance Ground Surveillance Civil Works Project at Sigonella (PHOTO: NATO)
strategic transports based at Papa,
Hungary. NAM remains open to the
possibility of using other types of aircraft,
switching back to Europe, but its Antwerp and Rotterdam, fuel – as the C-17 is now out of production.
experience of providing support services mainly for military jets – is pumped NSPA’s priorities for the near
and equipment in places like Afghanistan across half the continent in a network future are very clear, says Dohmen.
over the past 15 years has been of pipelines, connecting both military “One, customer satisfaction. If we don’t
invaluable, says Dohmen. airfields and civilian airports such as perform, our customers will not come
“As NATO is now planning again Amsterdam Schiphol and Brussels to us. We want to be a reliable, well-
for the European theatre, this experience Zaventem. The equivalent of 1,000 performing agency. Two, the future
is relevant. We are already engaged at
a similar level in the Baltic states,
mainly with fuel and transport. I expect “I am a strong believer that a future logistic
system will be based on a mix of military
that if NATO starts planning for
follow-on forces there will be a need
for contract support. I am a strong and commercial support”
believer that a future logistic system
will be based on a mix of military and
commercial support.” road-tanker loads passes through the development of our capability in
One of NSPA’s constituent parts is pipelines every day and the system has a support of operations and exercises.
the Central European Pipeline System storage capacity of 1.2 million sq m. And, finally, three, the future
Programme (CEPS), which this year Also, under NSPA’s control is the development of the acquisition role of
marked 60 years since its inception at NATO Airlift Management Programme this agency. That will be a more
the height of the Cold War. From (NAM), under which member nations evolutionary approach, getting more
starting points at Marseilles, Le Havre, pay for a certain number of flying hours engaged in acquisition programmes.”

69
NATO Adaptation:
a new command
structure
— Mike Bryant highlights the changes that have
been agreed to the NATO Command Structure
to ensure that it is fit for purpose within Europe, was agreed. “We need
a command structure which can make
sure that we have the right forces, in
the right place, with the right
equipment at the right time,” NATO
Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg told
a press conference held alongside the
I
meeting on 8 November.
n early November 2017, NATO recent fluctuations in Europe’s security That outline design of a new
Defence Ministers met to discuss environment by introducing an improved command structure was reinforced by
a number of issues and to agree a NATO Command Structure (NCS). NATO’s highest military authority, the
pathway forward on resolving them. The need for new commands to Military Committee, which met in mid
The assembled Ministers concurred facilitate the improved movement of January 2018 at NATO Headquarters in
that there was a need to respond to troops, both across the Atlantic and Brussels. On 16 January, the first day of
General Curtis M Scaparrotti (Supreme Allied Commander Europe), General Petr Pavel (Chairman of the NATO Military Committee) and General Denis
Mercier (Supreme Allied Commander Transformation) at the Military Committee Chiefs of Defence session on 16-17 January 2018 (PHOTO: NATO)

70
A meeting of the North Atlantic Council –

Defence Ministers’ session (PHOTO: NATO)
deployable headquarters, as well as joint

and combined forces across the full range
of the Alliance’s military operations,
missions, operations and tasks.
ACO operates at three overlapping
levels: strategic, operational and tactical.
Supreme Allied Commander Europe –
or SACEUR – has overall command of
operations at the strategic level and
exercises his responsibilities from Supreme
Headquarters Allied Powers Europe
(SHAPE), based in Mons, Belgium.
ACO is one of two Strategic Commands
at the head of NATO’s military command
structure. The other is Allied Command
Transformation (ACT), which is
responsible for the overall transformation
of NATO, including its military structure,
forces, capabilities and doctrine.
the Chiefs of Defence (CHODs) session, ACT and ACO form ACT is headed by the Supreme Allied
attention was turned to – among other Commander Transformation (SACT),
things – plans for the NCS. As a result the bulk of the NCS, who is based in the United States in
of the discussions, a recommendation
was adopted on a proposal intended
the function of Norfolk, Virginia. SACT is responsible
to NATO’s Military Committee for the
to deliver a structure that meets the which is, first and transformation and development of the
requirement for effective command Alliance to ensure it is capable of meeting
and control across NATO’s core tasks foremost, to address the challenges of today and tomorrow.
“in the face of current and future security threats and – The Military Committee is the senior
challenges”. The Chiefs of Defence also military authority in NATO and comes
provided guidance for the additional should deterrence under the overall political authority of
work that should be undertaken for the
implementation phase of the NCS,
fail – react to an the North Atlantic Council (NAC).
once political consensus on the issue armed attack Critical role

has been reached. Together, ACT and ACO form the
The following month, the Secretary bulk of the NCS, the function of which
General confirmed that the Alliance is, first and foremost, to address threats
intended to establish two new commands: NATO Defence Ministers would decide and – should deterrence fail – react to
one for the Atlantic theatre, and a support on the required timelines, locations and an armed attack against the territory
command for military mobility within increased staff levels associated with of any of the NATO Member States.
Europe. On 14 February, Ministers the proposed improvements. Ultimately, the NCS plays a critical
confirmed their intention to modernise The top-level aim of NATO’s role in preserving the Alliance’s cohesion
the NCS, with a greater focus being Allied Command Operations (ACO) and solidarity, maintaining and
placed on maritime security, logistics and is to maintain the integrity of Alliance strengthening the vital transatlantic link
military mobility, and cyber defence. territory, safeguard freedom of the seas and promoting the principle of equitable
Ministers agreed to establish a and economic lifelines and preserve sharing among Allies of the roles, risks
new Joint Force Command for the or restore the security of its members. and responsibilities, as well as the
Atlantic, to help protect sea lines of Responsible for the planning and benefits of collective defence.
communication between North execution of all Alliance operations, The changes now being firmed up will
America and Europe, as well as a ACO consists of a small number of represent an important improvement to the
new support command for logistics, permanently established headquarters, NCS, to create a “fit-for-purpose, robust
reinforcement and military mobility. each with a specific role. It exercises and agile NCS capable of responding to
They also agreed that, in June this year, command and control of both static and any threat from any direction”.

71
Enhancing land, sea

and air capabilities
— Simon Michell highlights the military
capability of the NATO forward presence
in the Baltics and Black Sea region to explain
its purpose and relevance
T
he forward presence in the
Baltics and Black Sea region,
consisting of troops, fighter
jets and warships, is a tangible
and unmistakable sign of NATO’s
unwavering commitment to protect the
territory and populations of its Member
States, particularly those on the eastern
and southern edges.
On land, the enhanced forward
presence (eFP) in Poland and the
Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania consists of four multinational
battlegroups led by Canada, Germany,
the United Kingdom and the United
States. These predominantly army
formations have been assembled and
deployed as a deterrent force located at
the forward edge of NATO territory
to send a clear signal that the Alliance
will protect the Baltic states and Poland Welsh Guards in front of a Warrior infantry fighting vehicle as part of the
from any military incursion by Russia. UK-led Estonian battlegroup (PHOTO: NATO)
The battlegroups are carefully
constructed infantry units built around equipped with both wheeled and dedicated roles including air defence,
a headquarters and containing a mixture tracked armoured vehicles. In addition, reconnaissance, artillery and
of specialities that enable them to the UK-led battlegroup in Estonia is engineering tasks.
operate autonomously. complemented by main battle tanks. Logisticians are deployed alongside
Each battlegroup is made up of Each battlegroup’s autonomy is the battlegroups to ensure that
1,000-1,400 troops based around a highly delivered via a range of complementary everything they require gets delivered
mobile mechanised infantry regiment, specialist teams, able to provide and maintained. In light of the potential

72
Type-45 Destroyer HMS Duncan patrols the Black Sea in 2018 as part of SNMG2 (PHOTO: RN L PHOT PAUL HALL/CROWN COPYRIGHT)
adversary, they are also accompanied by Group 2 (SNMCMG2). These standing Alliance airspace. So far, in 2018,
CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological maritime groups are typically (but not French Mirage 2000-5s have transited
and nuclear) teams. always) comprised of an air-defence to Ämari and Portuguese F-16s and
destroyer and a number of frigates for Spanish Typhoons to Šiauliai to
Tailored Forward Presence anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare, undertake Quick Reaction Alert (QRA)
The tailored forward presence in as well as smaller armed patrol boats. sorties for the three states (Estonia, Latvia
Romania is based around the Romanian- The mine-hunter groups are typically and Lithuania) as they are unable to
led multinational brigade, which was equipped with the most modern mine- support an indigenous QRA capability.
created after NATO agreed to transform countermeasures and survey vessels Other aircraft that have deployed to
Romania’s 2nd ‘Rovine’ Infantry available from across the Alliance the Baltics include Czech JAS 39C
Brigade into a multinational brigade naval capability. Gripens, Spanish E/F-18 Hornets and
commanded from the newly established US Air Force F-15 Eagles. These all
Multinational Division South East in Air Patrols BAP and SAP represent varying degrees of fourth-
Craiova. This six-battalion structure of In April 2017, Royal Air Force (RAF) generation to 4.5-generation fighter
up to 4,000 troops, boosted by 15 Typhoon jets flew to Romania’s Mihail technology and are a match for the
NATO partner forces, complements Kogalniceanu Airbase, near the Black Sea Russian intruders, many of which are
additional NATO military presence in port of Constanta, to begin preparations relatively old Tu-95 long-range bombers,
Romania, most notably the Aegis Ashore for the Southern Air Patrol (SAP) aimed with the occasional more advanced
ballistic missile defence site at Deveselu, at deterring Russian aircraft incursions Su-27 fighter making an appearance.
as well as 900 US troops that are also into NATO airspace in the region. After However, when the F-35 starts
stationed in Romania. an initial five-month tour, the RAF replacing the front-line fighters of a
NATO is also increasing its maritime Typhoons were replaced with Royal group of NATO nations (Belgium,
activity in the Black Sea by bolstering Canadian Air Force CF-118 Hornets. Canada, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands,
existing naval patrols, increasing visits by This operation mirrors the 14-year Norway, Turkey, the UK and the US),
NATO warships to NATO naval ports Baltic Air Patrol (BAP) mission that the introduction of a fifth-generation
in Bulgaria and Romania and non- began in April 2004. Ever since then, low-observable fast jet, especially if
NATO ports in Georgia, and ramping NATO has been rotating fighter aircraft armed with the Meteor air-to-air
up maritime exercises with Standing into the Estonian and Lithuanian missile, will be a significant capability
NATO Maritime Group 2 (SNMG2) and airbases in Ämari and Šiauliai every enhancement that will not go unnoticed
Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures four months, to protect the integrity of by the Russian military planners.

73
PROMISES
PROMISESKEPT.
KEPT.
L3T.COM
L3T.COM
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
AEROSPACE
AEROSPACESYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
SENSOR
SENSOR
SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
MISSION
MISSIONINTEGRATION
INTEGRATION
NATO Air
Command and
Control System
— Mark Daly reveals how Alliance territory is deliver an integrated defence against
ballistic missile threats.
defended against attack from the air by an The system so far encompasses
integrated network of systems that monitors the networking of 300 sensors with 17
control positions located above and below
the skies and, when necessary, plans and
ground at sites across the NATO area. All
executes a response to the threat air operations covering defence, attack
and support are handled by the ACCS,
which can cover planning and tasking,
control of missions, surveillance and
identification, control of surface-to-air
missiles and management of airspace.
At its head is the NATO Air Command
Headquarters at Ramstein, backed by two
O
supporting Combined Air Operations
ften referred to as NATO’s Alliance is continuing to enhance and Centres (CAOC) at Uedem in Germany
first Smart Defence expand ACCS by integrating the core for the north and Torrejon in Spain for
programme, the ACCS (Air functions of military aircraft control with the southern area.
Command and Control air traffic control (ATC), command and Development and testing of core
System) is designed to protect the entire control (C2) and airspace surveillance. software was the first phase of ACCS, and
European Alliance territory from surprise Once fully operational ACCS will offer this was completed by 2014. Validation
attack by enemy aircraft and missiles, overarching interoperability of Alliance of the network was handled at four
as well as the possibility of terrorist air power across an area from Norway to European sites: Glons in Belgium, Lyon
attack via commercial air traffic. Having Turkey, as well as provide a capability to Mont Verdun in France; at Uedem, and
launched the system back in 1999, the deploy outside the NATO area to Poggio Renatico in Italy.
It was at Poggio Renatico that part
of ACCS was first declared operational,
being used to handle Italy’s Quick
Reaction Alert against intruding air
threats in 2015. The ACCS has since
been rolled out (or ‘replicated’, in NATO
terminology) at: Stará Boleslav, Czech
Republic; Karup, Denmark; Cinq-
Mars-la-Pile, France; Larissa, Greece;
Veszprém, Hungary; Nieuw-Milligen,
the Netherlands; Soerreisa, Norway;
Krakow, Poland; Monsanto, Portugal;
and Eskisehir, Turkey.
At the heart of ACCS is a
common database, enabling access
across the network for all users having
The Patriot interceptor missile has been integrated into the ACCS as part of its security entitlement. At each location
ballistic missile defence capability (PHOTO: RAYTHEON) is a combined Air Control Centre,

75
Recognised Air Picture Production and clearer situational awareness for Intruders into NATO airspace will be met by
an immediate Quick Reaction Alert response
Centre and Sensor Fusion post (ARS). system operators. IFF is the system executed by the ACCS system (PHOTO: NATO)
Enlargement of the system is planned, based on transponders that enable
with locations in 11 other countries, using friendly aircraft to illuminate themselves
a more compact version based on personal on radar displays. both population centres and NATO-
computer workstations; this is known as deployed forces against ballistic missile
ACCS Software Based Entity. Missile defence threats at ranges up to 3,000km.
The ACCS has also provided NATO NATO launched a programme for The NATO Communications and
with a capability to deploy its command defence against ballistic missile attack Information (NCI) Agency supports and
and control for tactical operations out-of- in 2004, and Theatre Ballistic Missile maintains the system through the main
area. In this case it is packaged in shelters Defence (TBMD) has increasingly contractor – the ThalesRaytheonSystems
and containers, comprising work stations, become a major role of the ACCS. (TRS) joint venture, which is a
satellite terminals and radios, together TBMD in Europe uses many of the partnership between Raytheon of the
with supporting vehicles. This deployable same weapons, sensors and systems US and European company Thales,
unit is based at Poggio Renatico and networked by the core architecture of alongside hundreds of sub-contractors
can be delivered by air, land or sea to ACCS for all air operations. It specifically engaged across Europe.
any operating location. Full operating uses national assets such as interceptor ACCS has been described by defence
capability was announced in 2016. missiles, including Aster and Patriot and analysts as the most comprehensive
Capability packages are being the Aegis and Shared Early Warning and complex of NATO’s programmes,
applied to update and enhance systems. An interim missile defence interconnecting 40 different types of
ACCS, which has advanced by using capability was established by 2013 and radar through 160 standard interfaces,
spiral development philosophy, this has been expanded. links and data types, with around 3,000
where improvements are introduced TBMD was tested in the NATO physical interfaces. It has required
in increments. An example is the Steadfast Alliance exercise in April 2016 more than 14 million lines of computer
contract announced in August 2017 for and was, afterwards, declared ready code and its operational tools span 200
incorporation of a higher-level Mode-5 for operational use. It is being further commercial, off-the-shelf components.
Identification Friend or Foe IFF System developed to eventually cover more than It will continue to be introduced into the
into ACCS which will enable faster 10 million sq km of airspace, protecting 2020s, with continual upgrades.

76
Airborne ground
surveillance
— Saving lives after natural disasters, helping to Luxembourg, Norway, Poland, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia and the United States).
track down terrorist cells and keeping an eye on All members are contributing financially
enemy forces are some of the key roles in line for to the establishment of the main
operating base and communications and
the Alliance Ground Surveillance system. Jim life-cycle support of the AGS fleet. The
Winchester offers an update on the programme United Kingdom and France will make
their Sentinel (manned) and Heron TP
(unmanned) systems available as
national contributions in kind. The
T
AGS Core will be supplemented by
he Alliance Ground real-time, continuous information about these and other national airborne
Surveillance (AGS) system friendly, neutral and opposing ground stand-off ground surveillance systems
will be the first NATO-owned forces and to support targeting. from NATO countries, thus forming
and operated Intelligence, The AGS Core system is being a system of systems.
Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) acquired by 15 Member States (Bulgaria, Responsible for acquiring the core
system and will give a massive boost Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, capability on behalf of the partner
in Alliance ISR capability when it Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, countries is the NATO Alliance Ground
comes on stream in 2019. The role of
AGS is to provide NATO command The Alliance Ground Surveillance system will help NATO protect troops and civilians on the ground,
authorities down to brigade level with as well as contribute to humanitarian operations (PHOTO: NORTHROP GRUMMAN VIA NATO)

77
Surveillance Management Organisation

(NAGSMO) and its executive body, the
NATO Alliance Ground Surveillance
Management Agency (NAGSMA)
in Brussels, which is responsible for
the procurement of the NATO AGS
capability until it has reached Full
Operational Capability.
AGS consists of three main parts.
The Air Segment comprises five Northrop
Grumman Global Hawk unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs), with the Ground
Segment comprising associated fixed
and mobile ground stations. A Support
Segment includes pilot and crew trainers,
simulators and initial spares. The Global
Hawk is a high-altitude, long-endurance
UAV. It is the largest UAV in military
service, with a wingspan of 39.8m
(130ft 7in), greater than that of an Airbus
A320 or Boeing 737 airliner. It offers up
to 32 hours’ flight endurance, or 24 hours
at 2,222km (1,200nm) from base.
Images of the situation on the ground will provide commanders a better impression of
Operation centre what is happening across a range of missions, including disaster relief (PHOTO: RELEASED BY
NATO’s aircraft are based on the US SOUTHERN COMMAND VIA NORTHROP GRUMMAN)
RQ-4B Global Hawk Block 40, the latest

iteration of the series first flown in 2013,
and will be designated RQ-4D in the Authorisation to proceed with AGS was delivered to Sigonella for integration
USAF system. All five RQ-4Ds had been was given in 2012, and a procurement in May 2015. The MGGS itself is a
completed at Palmdale, California, by contract was signed at NATO’s Chicago containerised unit that is operated
October 2017. However, currently under Summit in July that year. This was valued and deployed by a six-person crew.
construction, the NATO AGS Operation at €1.2 billion and covers all five UAVs Transportable General Ground Stations
Centre (NAOC) at the AGS Main and the ground stations to fly them all (TGGS) are built by Leonardo in Italy,
Operating Base (MOB) in Sigonella, who are also developing and delivering
Italy, will host mission support, training, the Logistics Information System (ALIS)
maintenance and logistics functions,
all owned by NATO. Approximately
Approximately for AGS, including the supply of spare
parts and operator training.
600 personnel will form peacetime 600 personnel Other parts of the AGS Ground
establishment of the NATO AGS Force,
with the largest single group being
will form peacetime Segment are being made by various
member nations. Slovak company
imagery analysts within the ISR field. establishment Konštrukta-Defence has delivered
The spectrum of AGS operations the Mobile General Communication
includes force protection, airfield and base of the NATO Component, while Danish group Terma
security, humanitarian relief protection,
border surveillance, maritime surveillance
Alliance Ground will deliver and install an automated
target recognition and identification
and damage assessment. Flying at up to Surveillance Force system, to assist the operators in the
18,288m (60,000ft), AGS can detect and control room in interpreting Synthetic
track moving objects, and with its MP- Aperture Radar radar data. Further
RTIP (Multi-Platform Radar Technology simultaneously. Additionally, there are subcontractors are in Bulgaria, Romania
Insertion Program) active electronically mobile and transportable ground stations and other partner countries.
scanned array (AESA) radar, provide that can be deployed to support AGS The ongoing acquisition phase will
radar imagery of areas of interest on out-of-area deployments. be followed by the operations and support
the ground and at sea at up to 370km The Mobile General Ground Stations phase, once the Global Hawks fly to
(220nm) distance, complementing (MGGS) are made by Airbus Defence and Sigonella. This had been expected in early
NATO AWACS capability. Space in Germany. The first MGGS truck 2018, but will now take place in 2019.

78
Pooled Air Mobility –

SALIS and SAC
— All NATO nations need to airlift troops and soon flew their first operational missions,
supporting KFOR forces in Kosovo and
supplies, but only a few can afford strategic troops in Afghanistan. Managed by the
transport aircraft. The Airbus A400M is filling the NATO Support Agency (NSPA), the SAC
user group currently comprises 10 NATO
requirement for several nations, but for others nations: Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary,
the solution is to pool resources and share Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Slovenia, Romania and the
airlifters. Jim Winchester reports United States, as well as Partnership for
Peace (PfP) nations Finland and Sweden.
Since 2009, HAW has supported
exercises and deployments across Europe,
as well as operations further afield –
these include relief efforts after the
2010 Haiti earthquake, the 2010
Pakistan floods and the 2017 Caribbean
T
hurricanes, and, since 2013, stabilisation
wo agreements are in place to Management Agency (NAMA), procured operations in Mali. Increasingly, the
provide NATO’s heavy airlift three Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft Member States require the capability to
capability: the Strategic Airlift and established operations at Pápa in perform airdrops, and the HAW is able
Capability (SAC) and the Hungary in support of a newly established to support single-ship paratroop drops
Strategic Airlift Interim Solution (SALIS). Heavy Airlift Wing (HAW). The C-17s and can drop Container Delivery System
Beginning in 2008, the arrived in the second half of 2009, and (CDS) bundles and heavy equipment.
multinational Strategic Airlift Capability
(SAC) supported by a NATO Airlift NATO operates three C-17 strategic transport aircraft from the Pápa Air Base in Hungary (PHOTO: NATO)

79
The NH90 was designed and produced by NHIndustries for NATO and export (PHOTO: NHI)
SAC infrastructure Antonov An-124 ‘Condor’. While the C-17 sufficient airlift capability for NATO’s
improvements can carry 77 tonnes of oversized cargo for strategic airlift operations. Negotiations
SAC continues to develop and evolve. In 4,500 km, the An-124 can lift 120 tonnes between NSPA and Antonov SALIS are
November 2016, a 20,000 sq m hangar the same distance and carry outsized loads. currently well on the way to deal with
complex was opened at Pápa, designed to SALIS involves 10 NATO nations: the situation, and to get a new SALIS
support SAC operations for the next 30 Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, contract in place after 2018.
years. In June 2017, SAC took delivery of Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg,
a spare C-17 engine, one of only 50 such Norway, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Helicopters
spares located worldwide. SAC C-17s are The current SALIS contracts, managed In rotorcraft, European NATO
part of a ‘virtual fleet’, where parts and by the NSPA in Capellen, Luxembourg, countries are looking to pool resources
personnel can be obtained from other are providing the 10 nations with assured to develop next-generation vertical lift
C-17 operators worldwide when needed. access to up to six An-124 during a crisis: capabilities for service entry by the early
This has contributed to much-reduced two within 72 hours’ notice; two more 2030s. Accordingly, NATO set up an
maintenance costs and mission readiness on six days’ notice and another two on Industrial Advisory Group in 2016 to
rates of up to 94 per cent. A full-motion nine days’ notice. Furthermore, two An- study Next Generational Rotorcraft
flight simulator, called a Weapons 124 are operated on part-time charter, Capability (NGRC).
Systems Trainer, has been ordered providing strategic airlift capabilities for Several new technologies are in or
for delivery in July 2021. Currently, routine national missions. The aircraft approaching service, such as tiltrotors
SAC crews travel to the UK or US for are currently operated by subsidiaries of and compound helicopters. The challenge
simulator training. Ukraine’s Antonov Airlines (Antonov is that, although NATO Member States
SALIS GmbH) and Russia’s Volga-Dnepr expect them to provide a “step change”
SALIS (Ruslan SALIS GmbH). in range, speed, endurance and payload
What was the Strategic Airlift Interim Ruslan SALIS announced in April capabilities, in order to make best use of
Solution, introduced to cover airlift 2018 that Volga Dnepr would not be investments, any future rotorcraft should
shortfalls arising from delays in the able to provide An-124 capabilities post ideally be interoperable with legacy fleets.
A400M programme, was renamed the 2018 and therefore it would not be able The NGRC study will therefore look at
Strategic Airlift International Solution to extend the current contract, which will ways of pooling resources to develop the
(SALIS) in 2017. It was established to terminate at the end of 2018. However, greatest capability for the best value for
address the ongoing shortage of airlift Antonov Airlines has indicated that it money and inform the requirements that
for outsized cargo, involving the giant will stay committed and is able to provide will be issued in the next few years.

80
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NATO Ballistic
Missile Defence
— Once fully active, NATO’s Ballistic Missile
Defence shield will stretch from Greenland to
the Azores, covering roughly 10 million square
kilometres of airspace. David Winchester reports
A
s a core element of the made in providing full coverage and through Allied Air Command at
Alliance’s increasingly unified protection for all NATO European Ramstein, and critical information
Air Command and Control civilian populations – as well as home- would then be transmitted to all
System (ACCS), tactical based and deployed forces – against the appropriate command centres, sensors
control and oversight for all aspects of increasing threat posed by the global and weapons systems. Long-range
air policing, including Ballistic Missile proliferation of ballistic missiles. As a detection capabilities – such as those
Defence (BMD) resources, are centred key factor of the NATO Integrated provided by the American AN/TPY 2
at Allied Air Command in Ramstein, Air and Missile Defence (NIAMD), and AN/SPY 1, or the Dutch Navy’s
Germany. These resources include an the NATO Integrated Air and Missile SMART-L radar systems – would
ever-widening array of early-warning Defence System (NATINAMDS) is then track the missiles and forward
satellites; sea- and land-based radar
systems, and anti-missile missile batteries
at bases located throughout Europe. Remarkable progress has been made in
Airborne threat detection is monitored at
Ramstein on a 24/7 basis by the Ballistic
providing full coverage and protection for
Missile Defence Operation Cell. all NATO European civilian populations
In the event of a hostile launch,
flawless detection, monitoring and
response to missiles fired at any responsible for detecting, tracking, information to all command and control
NATO Member State from outside the identifying and monitoring any (C2) systems for intercept option analysis.
Euro-Atlantic area would need to be potentially hostile aircraft, UAVs or Upper-layer intercept capability is
accomplished in a matter of minutes. ballistic missiles and, if necessary, currently mainly the responsibility of the
The need for seamless interoperability intercepting them using surface-, US Navy’s Aegis-equipped ships, with the
between land-, air-, sea- and space-based ship- or airborne weapons systems. Aegis system capable of simultaneously
sensors and interceptor systems – in tracking as many as 100 airborne objects.
what has very rapidly become the world’s Heat-detecting satellites Lower-level missile interception could be
largest and most sophisticated multi- Early warning of incoming missiles accomplished by Patriot missile systems
layered defence system of its kind – is would be provided by heat-detecting operated by Germany, the Netherlands or
clearly of paramount importance. infrared satellites. These would then the USA, or by SAMP/T batteries of the
Since the 2010 Lisbon Summit, transmit information to ground French or Italian militaries.
where the Alliance formally committed stations for analysis. Following threat The Euro-Atlantic BMD network
to developing a territory-wide BMD confirmation, ongoing analysis and may also eventually be bolstered by US
system, remarkable progress has been response planning would be coordinated Terminal High Altitude Area Defense

82
NATO Ballistic Missile Defence Architecture as of 2017

Protecting NATO’s Populations, Territory, and Forces
Aegis Ashore
“Sensor, Shooter”
Deveselu, Romania
2016 Aegis Ashore Redzikowo
Satellite provides “Sensor, Shooter”
early warning for
NATO BMD Poland – 2018
NATO Command Center
4 US Aegis BMD-capable BMD Tracking Radar

Ships “Sensor, Shooter” Ramstein, Germany “Sensor”
Rota, Spain Kurecik, Turkey
Patriot / SAMP-T Sea-based Land-based Ship Force

Radar Radar Protection
IMAGE: NATO
(THAAD) land-based interceptors, joint forces base in Redzikowo, Poland The DACCC includes 10 shipping
capable of hitting short-, medium- and (set to include a SPY-1 radar system and containers, 360 tonnes of support
intermediate-range ballistic missiles. SM-3 Block IIA interceptor missiles), equipment, seven antenna systems and
Within the US Department of would be delayed until at least 2020, a multinational team of controllers
Defense’s European Phased Adaptive due to slow construction progress. responsible for air missions that may
Approach (EPAA) programme, which involve fighter aircraft or surface-to-air
is specific to Washington’s long-term Rapid deployment missiles. As part of exercise Ramstein
BMD expansion and integration policy, The Deployable Air Command and Dust II-17 last September, elements
American military resources in Europe Control Centre (DACCC) has been of the DACCC deployed more than
presently include a radar installation at developed to answer the demand for 2,000km from their headquarters at
Kürecik, Turkey, as well as four Aegis- NATO air assets to be quickly and fully Poggio Renatico Air Force Base in Italy
equipped destroyers with SM-3 Block 1B deployable, wherever in the world they for deployment and readiness exercises in
interceptors operating out of the US Navy may be needed. Consisting of personnel Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.
base at Rota, Spain. Moreover, since 2016, from the Deployable Air Control These were held under the tactical
the Deveselu Air Base in Romania has Centre, RAP Production Centre/Sensor command of Combined Air Operations
hosted the Aegis Ashore SM-3 defensive Fusion Post (DARS) and the Deployable Centre (CAOC) Uedem, Germany,
missile battery system, which is nearly Air Operations Centre (DAOC), the which is responsible for NATO air
identical to current ship-based systems. DACCC provides NATO with a unique policing across northern Europe. The
In March, however, the US Department force projection capability that is successful trial deployment was yet
of Defense announced that the second deployable, sustainable and configurable another step closer to the end goal of
Aegis Ashore site, being developed at the for air operations, anywhere. assured NATO BMD.

83
From Noble Jump

to Brilliant Sword
— Plans are already in progress for the Alliance
to deploy the NATO Reaction Force to Norway
as part of Trident Juncture, its largest military
exercise in a decade. Chris Aaron explains its
significance and outlines NATO’s military exercise
N
ATO military exercises have
three main functions: to
evaluate how multinational
staffs and units operate
together; to develop and test new
capabilities; and to demonstrate NATO’s
military strength and readiness. In other
words, they have operational, tactical and
strategic/geopolitical usefulness.
To ensure that NATO forces can
cope with all potential threats on land,
at sea and in the air, the Alliance exercise
programme spans a six-year cycle, with
the general focus of each exercise agreed
years in advance. Closer to the date of
each exercise, a month-long planning
period specifies the details of each
training opportunity.
Given the range of Article 5, crisis More than 13,000 troops from 13 countries practised territorial defence in Estonia,
response and civil disaster relief and including anti-tank and mortar live-fire drills (PHOTO: ROB KUNZIG/NATO)
humanitarian missions for which NATO
prepares, and the variety of exercises troops and hundreds of vehicles from through Greece and Bulgaria to
– from Live Fire Field Exercises to 10 Member States took part in ‘Noble staging locations in Romania, and then
Command Post scenarios and workshop Jump II’, designed to practise deployment on to front-line positions. Joint Force
seminars – the matrix of pre-planning, of NATO’s Very High Readiness Joint Command Naples (JFCNP) led the
exercises and lesson-learning has become Task Force (VJTF), in this case to overall exercise, while Headquarters
increasingly complex. Large-scale field Romania. This was, in part, a logistics Multinational Division South-East
exercises, understandably, draw the most exercise, evaluating NATO’s ability to (HQ MND-SE) in Bucharest executed
attention and, in June 2017, around 4,000 transit components of the VJTF the Reception, Staging and Onward

84
Noble Jump II tested how effectively NATO could deploy its Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF) (PHOTO: NATO)
Movement (RSOM), and the reverse the Special Operations Component defend and deter in any geographic part
RSOM, of incoming VJTF elements. Command (SOCC) for NRF 18, and of the Alliance. And so, we will bring
During the exercise, Greece Exercise Brilliant Sword 2017 was used as 35,000 soldiers, sailors, airmen and
provided Host Nation Support (HNS) a Special Operations Forces Headquarters marines, over 60 ships and about 130
to units from Albania (149 troops, 19 and Units Evaluation (SOFEVAL). aircraft into the exercise.”
vehicles), Spain (227 troops, 105 vehicles) The Command Post exercise, carried The exercise will also be used by
and the United Kingdom (274 troops, out at Spain’s Joint Special Operations Norway to evaluate the ‘Total Defence’
241 vehicles) as they moved through Command training ground in concept it has been putting in place
the country to Romania. Such transit- Menorca, validated the organisation, over recent years, and after the Field
country support includes, for example, interoperability and readiness of the HQ, Exercise in October, a follow-up
provision of airport and seaport facilities, and tested component capabilities by Command Post exercise will be carried
force protection, communications and exercising NRF missions and tasks. out in Naples to certify JFC Naples
medical services. and subordinate commands for the
Once deployed in Romania, at the Baltic exercises role of NRF 19.
Cincu training area, the VJTF elements Throughout 2018, several major exercises A rather different exercise will be
carried out a series of exercises involving are focused on the Baltic region, reflecting administered from Estonia in November,
movement to contact with the enemy concern over the past few years about the when NATO will hold Cyber Coalition
and air assault operations, among others. security of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania. 2018 – one of the biggest cyber defence
In addition to the improvement of These include Hedgehog 18, BALTOPS, exercises in the world. Fresh from
interoperability between national elements, Ramstein Alloy, BALTOPS, Saber NATO’s success during the April cyber
the exercise provided a test of VJTF’s Strike, Summer Shield, Trident Juncture, defence exercise, Locked Shields, where
command and control, strategic and Cyber Coalition. a NATO team of 30 cyber defenders
communications and ISTAR (intelligence, Trident Juncture, NATO’s largest defeated an intense range of attacks
surveillance, target acquisition and exercise in 2018, will involve the on communications networks, Cyber
reconnaissance) performance. deployment of the NRF to east and Coalition 18 will bring hundreds of
Exercises are also used to prepare central Norway. US Navy Admiral James participants together, physically and
and certify units, so that they can Foggo, commander of JFC Naples, virtually, to further develop NATO’s
participate in the NATO Reaction Force explains, “It is very important for capabilities in this increasingly important
(NRF). For example, Spain is providing NATO to show that it is ready to dimension of potential conflict.

85
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PubThalesRaytheonSystem_DefenseMattersA4_Exe.indd 1 19/06/2018 15:01

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NATO SUMMIT

NATO SUMMIT 2018

THIS PUBLICATION IS SUPPORTED BY Atlantic Treaty Association

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Published by An official publication of

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NATO SUMMIT 2018 – BRUSSELS

15 Jens Stoltenberg 26 Simon Michell

OPEN DOOR POLICY

INTRODUCTIONS 27 Zoran Zaev

21 Kay Bailey Hutchison 30 General Tod D Wolters

35 NATO and ATA in the

* Turkey recognises the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name

NATO SUMMIT 2018 – BRUSSELS

1806_GA-ASI_NATO Summit_(Jul).indd 1 7/2/2018 9:21:33 AM

48 Making Peace Possible: NATO’s

50 Kosovo: KFOR XXII

52 NATO and the Fight against Terrorism

THE CYBER DOMAIN

DETERRENCE AND DIALOGUE

46 NATO and Ukraine – a Mutually

NATO SUMMIT 2018 – BRUSSELS

Predator Gray Eagle

1806_GA-ASI_NATO Summit_(Jul).indd 2 7/2/2018 9:21:44 AM

Maritime search and rescue operations

Sea control and maritime power projection

Unconventional warfare and land operations

V.I.P. protection and escort

Counter terrorism and emergencies management

We design and develop high technology solutions able to cover

65 Taking a partnership approach

Followed by a partner perspective from

79 Pooled Air Mobility – SALIS and SAC

82 NATO Ballistic Missile Defence

84 From Noble Jump to Brilliant Sword

NATO SUMMIT 2018 – BRUSSELS

Atlantic Treaty Association

4 April 1949 9 November 1989

Washington Treaty Fall of the Berlin Wall

NATO & ATA ATA non-NATO

PUBLIC SPEECHES STUDY VISITS

POLICY MAKERS INTERNATIONAL

STUDENTS ECONOMIC ACTORS

Leonardo ensures networks and data security for customers worldwide.

Helicopters | Aeronautics | Electronics, Defence & Security Systems | Space

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NATO SUMMIT 2018 – BRUSSELS

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NATO SUMMIT 2018 – BRUSSELS