MDT

Modular Formation Dynamics

Tester
 Formation Tester (FT) 1950’s

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 Repeat Formation Tester (RFT) 1975 to date
The RFT service provides in-situ pressure
measurements and takes two fluid samples per
trip in an open hole
OD, in. 35/8 51/5
Max. pressure, psi 23,000 20,000
Max. temperature, F 400°F 400°F
Max. hole size, in 63/4 21

30 cc/min

60 cc/min

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 Cased Hole RFT (RFTT-N) 1980 to ~1990’s

RDX charge : 9.5" penetration and

0.18 entrance hole

HMX charge: ~ 10.06“ penetration

and 0.20" entrance hole

Pressure Rating: 23,000 psi

Temperature Rating: 400 F
Tool OD: 3 3/8”
Max Hole size: 13 3/8”

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 Slim Hole RFT (SRFT)
Pressure rating 20 kpsi
Temperature rating 350°F
Setting range 8 in. (10 in. with large hole kit)
Pretest volume , 5 or 10 cc
Sample options 450 cc and 2 3/8 gal
OD 3 3/8 in.
Length 46ft, with water cushion 56 ft
Weight 900 Ibm, with water cushion 1037 Ibm

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 Cased Hole Dynamics Tester (CHDT)
2001
• Drills
– Through casing
– Through cement
– Into the formation
• Measures
– Reservoir
pressure
– Fluid resistivity
• Collects
– Fluid samples
• Plugs the hole
– 10,000-psi
bidirectional seal
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 Evolution of Wireline Formation Testers
FT RFT MDT Modular
Formation Repeat Formation Formation Dynamics
Tester Tester Tester

Electrical Power
Hydraulic Power
Single Probe
Dual Probe Dual
Flow Control Packer
Optical Fluid Analyzer
Multisample
Sample Chamber
Sample Chamber
Pumpout

1955-75 1975-Present New Generation

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 “Why modules...?”
Operations

z Gives the service greater flexibility

z Tailor tool to each service

z Utilize assets more effectively

z Versatility encourages new applications

Engineering

z Allows for simpler, faster design

z Platform for future development

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 What is the basic tool?
MRPC: Power Cartridge
MRHY: Hydraulic Module
MRPS: Single Probe
MRSC: Sample Chambers
1, 2-¾ and 6 Gallon
( H2S & Non H2S )

Application: Pressure Profiles & Sampling

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 MDT tool specifications
Hole Size Maximum Rating
Max
Min Max with Kit
Single-probe 5 in. 6 in. 141/4 in. 19 in. 20 kpsi† 400°F†
(12.7 cm) (15.9 cm) (36.2 cm) (48.3 cm) (138 mPa) (205°C)

Multiprobe 6.3 in. 75/8 in. 131/4 in. 15 in. 20 kpsi† 400°F†
(16 cm) (19.4 cm) (33.7 cm) (38.1 cm) (138 mPa) (205°C)

Dual-packer 5 in. 6 in. 143/4 in.§ — 20 kpsi† 300°F‡

(12.7 cm) (15.2 cm) (37.5 cm) — (138 mPa) (150°C)

†
350°F (175°C) and 15 kpsi with the regular CQG* quartz gauge and/or the Opticalor Live Fluid Analyzer
module
‡
260°F and 225 °F (127°C and 107°C ) in oil-base mud
§
Maximum hole size depends on the packer installed. Larger packers are available for larger hole sizes.
For HPHT jobs, a WTSR-A gauge in memory mode can be used.

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There is a MDT (350 °F) for 25 kpsi with 25 kpsi CQG, MRFA and MRMS.
A new HCQG exists for temperatures up to 400 F and pressure 18000 k
 MDT Technique
wellbore

Pressure Control
Pu mp

Contamination Op tics
Monitoring
& Detection of
Phase Separation

P&T

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 Wireline formation testing

Pretesting

• A probe is set onto the borehole, sealing it

from the drilling fluid

• A small volume of formation fluid is

withdrawn,
followed by a buildup

• From the analysis of the data, formation

pressure,
drawdown and buildup mobilities are obtained

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 Pretest Data

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 CQG
MRPS Single Probe
Isolation
Valve

Equalising
Valve F
l
o
w Single
Strain l
Gauge i Probe
n (MRPS)
e
Pretest
B
u
Front s
Shoe Resistivity/
Packer Temperature
Cell
Articulated
Flowline
Filter
Back-up
Probe Telescoping
Pistons Pistons
Filter
Valve
Standard
Probe
MRPS BLOCK

Standard Probe

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 MDT - Standard Probe

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 MRPS - Single Probe

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 MRPS - Single Probe

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 Single Probe Module Features / benefits

Feature Benefit

Variable pretest chamber size Increased pretest success ratio,

faster surveys, improved data quality

CQG-fast dynamic response with Faster surveys, improved data quality

Quartz Gauge resolution

Flowline Resistivity Cell Downhole fluid identification for

Can be replaced by H2S coupons better fluid samples;
Low concentration H2S detection

Telescoping backup pistons Hole size range 6 to 14 inches w/o kit

Bottomhole Testing Eliminates rat hole footage

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 MDT - Probe Options
Standard probe
Standard packer
Large Area Packer
Different Filter Sizes

Long Nosed Probe

Same options as Standard

Large Diameter Probe

Large Diameter packer
Gravel Pack Filter
Different Filter Sizes

Martineau Probe
Screen Filter
Gravel Pack Filter

MRPA Dual Packer Module

MRPD Dual Probe Module
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 Standard Probe With Large Area Packer

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 MDT - Long Nose Probe

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 MDT - Large Diameter Probe

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 MDT - Martineau Probe

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 STANDARD LARGE DIAMETER LARGE AREA

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 CQG vs conventional quartz gauge

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 Pressure Step

Both the CQG (in WCQR) and Quarzdyne gauge (in WTQR) were subjected to a pressure

step from 12.5 kpsi to atmpospheric, while keeping the ambient temperature at 125C .
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 Temperature Step

Both the CQG (in WCQR) and Quarzdyne (in WTQR) were kept at a pressure of 1517 psi,
while changing the ambient temperature from 125C to 45C then back to 125C.
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 MDT gauge specifications
Specification Strain Gauge CQG* Quartz Gauge WTSR-A

Accuracy 0.10% full scale† 2.0 psi + 0.01% 5 psi (175°C)

of reading 10 psi (190°C)

Repeatability 0.06% full scale† 1.0 psi -

Resolution 0.001% full scale at 0.003 psi at 1-sec 0.1 psi at 1-sec
0.14-sec sampling sampling sampling
(0.1 psi for 10-kpsi gauge)
Temperature rating 400°F (205°C) 350°F (175°C) 374 °F (190°C)
†90% confidence limit

HCQG exists with range: 20,000 psia and 356 °F (180 °C) or 18,000 psia and 392 °F (200 °C)
Accuracy ±[3.0 psi + 0.01% of reading]

32 SJ/WFT_HW The accuracy includes calibration fitting error, hysteresis,

repeatability and calibration system error.
 MRSC - Sample Chamber

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 MRSC - features / benefits
Sample Chamber Modules (1, 2 3/4 and 6 gal)

Feature Benefit

Several chambers can be combined Multiple samples in one trip (faster

surveys)

Throttle valve of chambers keeps Better fluid samples

sampling pressure above bubble point

With the Pumpout Module, Resistivity Cell and LFA and CFA,
it is possible to identify and discard the mud filtrate and collect
multiple fluid samples in a majority of cases

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 MDT - Optional Modules

Why
Why Optional
Optional Modules?
Modules?

Sampling
SamplingApplications
Applications
Permeability
PermeabilityApplications
Applications

Sampling Permeability
MRPO MRPD
MRFA MRCF
MRMS MRPA
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 Various MDT Modules

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 MDT - Modularity

Pump

Pump
MRHY MRPS MRPS MRHY

MRPS MRHY MRHY MRPS

Pump
Pump

Hydraulic bus
Flowline MRPS MRPD
bus

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 MRPO - Pumpout Module

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 MRPO Performance
PUMP OUT PERF ORMANCE
0.7
95% 90% 85% 75% Duty C ycl e
0.6

0.5
Flowrate (gal/min)

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

65% 50%
0
500 1000 1500 200 0 2500 3000 3500 400 0
Differential Pressu re (psi)

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 Pumpout Modes

*CAUTION

PUMP-OUT MODE PUMP-IN MODE PUMP-UP MODE PUMP-DOWN MODE

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 MRPO - features / benefits
Feature Benefit

Can pump formation fluids
from formation into the borehole
(Max. ∆p = 3500 psi, Max. rate ~45 cc/s)
Clean the mud filtrate from the
formation before collecting fluid
samples. Also used as a
flowrate source for Multiprobe,
Packer and Packer-Probe tests

Can pump formation fluids In-situ Stress Testing for

into the formation formation mechanical properties

Can pump with pump up/down Low shock sampling: reduced

mode probe plugging and less
contamination

Pumpout Module is also used to Inflate

the Dual Packer Module packer elements

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 MRCF Flow Control Module
MRPC MRPC MRPC

MRPO MRPO
MRPO

MRSC
MRSC

MRCF-CA MRSC

MRCF-CA
MRMS MRCF-CA
MRHY
MRPS
MRFA MRHY
MRHY
MRPA
MRPS MRPD

Sampling Stress Test Flowback Pulse Chamber

Applications
-Permeability testing
-Repeated “pretests”
-Very low flow rate
-Low perm sampling
-Sample validation downhole
Piston stops moving -Stress test flowback
when pressure reaches
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1/3 of hydrostatic mud
pressure
 Flow rates- different sources
MRCF-CA (X-Fine)

MRCF-CA (Fine)

MRCF-CA (Coarse)

MRSC

MRCF-BB

MRPO

1 10 100 1000 10000

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Flow Rate (cc/sec)

 MDT - Dual Probe Module

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 Multiprobe Module Configuration

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 Multiprobe Principle

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 Example of a Multiprobe Test

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 Multiprobe System &
Flow Control Module

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 Vertical Interference Testing

Possible vertical permeability tools strings

and the parameters determined.
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 Multi Probe - features / benefits
Feature
Flow Control Module can withdraw
1 liter of formation fluid with
controlled rate (Max: 500 cc/sec)
With multiprobe configuration
it is possible to pump out from
single probe and sink probe
simultaneously
Flow Control Module can withdraw
formation fluids with very low rates
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Benefit
With the Multiprobe Configuration
horizontal and vertical permeability
and porosity compressibility
product can be determined
Less time to clean the filtrate
and less contamination in
samples (Guard probe sampling)
Can sample with low drawdown: in
unconsolidated formations and in
reservoirs with pressure close to
Pb/Pd. Can do flowback test after
stress testing
Dual Inflatable Packer
Module
 MRPA Module Layout
MR PS- + 78 5/8"
BC & CA
+ 61 7/8", Top of
Packer Module

+41" to 46" (Varies

MRMU-BA with Ho le Diameter)
+ 22" to 32" (Varies
with Ho le Diameter) Packer spacing (~1.0m) can be
increased with:
MRPA- • spacer adaptor - 2.0 ft, and
CA & DA 0, Interval Int ake
and Tool Zero
-13" to -18" (Var ies • up to two spacer mandrels – 3.0 ft
MRML-BA with Ho le Diameter)
-26" to -3 6" (Var ies
each
with Ho le Diameter)

MRSE- -74 1/4", Strain

CA & DA Gauge Measure Point
-87 5/ 8", CQG
Measure Point
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of Packer Modu le
 MRPA - Packer Module

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 Dual Packer - features / benefits
Feature
Can isolate 3.2 ft (or more) of
formation between two inflatable
packers
Can be combined with Single
Probe Modules
Flow area is much greater than
the area of the probe
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Benefit
A “mini-DST” can be performed
to determine permeability,
especially in cases where the probe
can not be set or used. With pumping
into the formation, Stress Tests can be
performed
Vertical Interference Tests can be
performed to determine permeability
and anisotropy
Higher rates with less drawdown
avoiding formation breakdown and/or
flowing below bubble/dew point.
Successful tests in tight, laminated,
vuggy, fractured formations
 MDT Communication with Reservoir

Single Probe Multi-Probe Dual Packer

MDT COMMUNICATION WITH THE RESERVOIR

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 Multi-Sample Module
MRMS

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 MRMS - Multi-sample Module

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 Single Phase Multi-sample Chamber
(SPMC)
• Features
– This is a sampling device that is run on the MDT string, designed to
retrieve high quality single-phase samples
– Totally compatible with MDT multi sample module MRMS
– Sample recovery pressure independent of reservoir pressure
– SPMC closes downhole - no dead volumes
• 20,000 psi MWP,
• 400 ºF,
• 250 cc sample volume,
• 2” diameter
59 SJ/WFT_HW • 36” long
 Single-phase Vs. Conventional
Bottomhole Sampling in an Oil Reservoir

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 SPMC Benefits & Applications
• Benefits
– Opening New Opportunities for Analysis
• Asphaltene deposition
• Aquifer sampling for corrosion studies
– Improved sample handling
• Monophasic sample is tolerant of leaks and partial transfer
• Applications
– All well intervention where recovering a quality sample is the
main objective
– Wherever sample recombination in the field is best avoided
• Asphaltene
• Aquifer for pH determination at P
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• Gas condensate
 Defined Tool Configurations

30-SAMPLES
30 SAMPLES IN ONE RUN
Gamma Ray
• 5 Multisample modules = 30 PVT
Electrical Power samples
Multi Sample
• Run on drillpipe (TLC)
Multi Sample

Multi Sample

Tool Length (ft) 130.08

Multi Sample

Multi Sample
Tool Weight (lbm) 4066.00
Pumpout
Max Pressure (psig) 10000.00
Optical Fluid Analyzer

Max Temp (°F) 350.00

Hydraulic Power

Single Probe
Min Hole Size (in) 6.00
6-gal Sample
Max Hole Size(in) 14.25
62 SJ/WFT_HW Max Tool OD (in) 5.00
 Example Tool Configurations

Power Cartridge Power Cartridge Power Cartridge Power Cartridge

Discharge
Hydraulic Port Multisample
Discharge Port
Sample (Low Shock)
Sample Chamber Chamber
Single Probe (Low Shock) Sample Chamber
(Low Shock)
(Low Shock)
Pumpout
Pumpout Fluid Analyzer (Up/Down) Sample Chamber
(Up/Down) (Low Shock)
Sample Chamber
Pumpout (Air Cushion)
Hydraulic Pumpout
(Up/Down)
Sample Chamber (Up/Down)
Sample Chamber (H20 Cushion)
Single Probe (Low Shock) Fluid
Fluid Analyzer
Sample Chamber Analyzer
(Low Shock) Hydraulic
Toolstring A
Hydraulic
Discharge Port Single
Probe
Single Probe
Toolstring B Dual
Single Probe Packer

Toolstring D
Toolstring C
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 Reservoir Characterisation With the MDT
Major Objectives
ƒ Reservoir fluid identification
ƒ High-quality fluid samples
ƒ Reservoir pressure
ƒ Zone productivity
ƒ Formation properties
ƒ Efficient operations
ƒ Reliable results in all environments

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 High Quality Fluid Samples
Rat-Hole Sampling PVT Sampling
ƒ Sampling efficiency has been enhanced
by stackable sample modules and the
Electric power Electric power 6x450cc multi-sample module.
module module
ƒ Flexibility of the system allows
Pumpout
Sample module
placement of the probe at the bottom of
module the string for rat-hole sampling.
Multi-Sample
Sample module
ƒ The addition of the pump-out and
module Optical Fluid Analyser (OFA) provides:
Optical Fluid
Sample Analyser ƒ Gas-liquid and filtrate identification
module ƒ Selection of sampling timing
Hydraulic power ƒ Control of sampling conditions
Hydraulic module
power
module Probe
module
Probe
module
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Sample
module
 Reservoir Fluid Identification

ƒ Optical Fluid Analysis

Electric power module ƒ The OFA module combined with the
Pumpout module provides the
Pumpout module capability to identify and monitor:
ƒ Gas
Hydraulic power module ƒ Infra-red absorption spectra
ƒ Mud filtrate fraction
Optical Fluid Analyser
module ƒ Pressure Differential
Probe module ƒ The ability to combine probes with
high precision quartz gauges allows
Probe module determination of pressure gradients
with higher precision
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 Fluid Analyzer family (OFA, LFA, CFA)
Pumpout module

Multisample module(s)
(Six 450cc samples)
Sample chamber(s)
(1, 2 3/4, or 6 gallon)

Single probe
module

Packer module
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 OFA Optical Fluid Analyzer
Differentiate and quantify oil, water, and gas

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 OFA-OBM Spectral Presentation
Optical Absorption
Visible Spectrum
Spectrum
10 Discreet λ Channels
Oil/Water
Fraction Water
channels “6 & 9”

Hydrocarbon
channel “8”

4.0

Water
Highly
Optical W
Absorbing Fluid Density
(OD)
Fluid Flag Coloration
“Mud” Hydrocarbon
Diesel
0.0
500 1000 1500 2000
Wavelength (nm)
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1
 Live Fluid Analyzer (LFA)
0.8
Principle based on Oil Peak
Optical
Methane
Optical Spectroscopy Density 0.7
Peak
0.6
LFA measures the
0.5
absorption peak of
methane. Monitors the 0.4

change in CH4 vs time. 0.3

0.2
Liquid Methane
0.1
Dead Oil
Live Crude Oil 0
1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950
Wavelength (nm)

70 SJ/WFT_HW OBM contamination monitoring

Downhole GOR measurement
 LFA - features / benefits
Feature Benefit

Can identify mud filtrate, oil, water Better samples with less contamination,
or gas in the flowline including oil Optimized rig-time
based mud.

Has two independent gas detectors Clear identification of Gas in flow line
Better sample quality and In-situ bubble
point determination

Responds to color contrast between Real time quantitative OBM

OBM filtrate and dark oil contamination for sampling optimization

Responds to methane content of Real time quantitative OBM contamination

the flow stream without the need of color contrast, better
sampling of light oils/condensates.
In-situ Gas/Oil Ratio (GOR) determination

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 Composition Fluid Analyzer - CFA
Lamp

Spectrometer (Gas Analyzer): Fluorescence Detector

Measure the hydrocarbon gas spectrum

based on the Optical absorption Sample Flow
Flowline
- Gas composition
Spectrometer
(Wt % of C1, C2~C5, C6+~, CO2) (Gas Analyzer)

- GOR calculation
Light A bsorption of G as
- Combine with LFA
2

(total 20 CH spectrometer) C H4
CO2
1.5 C 2H 6

Fluorescence Detector : 1
C 3H 8

OD
Measure the fluorescence emission to
identify condensate 0.5

- Condensate (dew) identification 0

1000 1500 2000 2500

-0.5
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 CFA Answer Product

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 CFA - features / benefits
Feature Benefit

Spectral analysis for C1,C2-C5, Compositional analysis

C6+ and CO2 fractions of downhole samples,
including volatile oils and
condensates,

Better Gas/Oil Ratio values

Compositional Gradients

Fluorescence Measurement Better gas

condensate samples,
Validates sampling above
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 High Pressure MDT

Enhanced MDT designed for 25 Kpsi operation

– First FT tool to deepwater market
– MRPC, MRHY, MRPS, MRPO, and MRSC modules
completed
– HP Fluid Analyzer developed
– New 25 Kpsi CQG gauge (HCQG) included in HP
MRPS

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 THANK YOU

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